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Guan C, Zhao G, Sun C, Zhang M, Liu S, Jiang Z, Li W, Peng Y, Zheng J. Metabolic Activation of Pesticide Isoprocarb Mediated by CYP3A4 and the Possible Correlation with Its Cytotoxicity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2390-2398. [PMID: 36706223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Isoprocarb (IPC), one of the most important carbamate pesticides, is used to control pests, such as rice planthoppers in crops. Studies have found that IPC induced hepatotoxicity in poultry chicken. However, the mechanisms of IPC-induced hepatotoxicity are unclear. The objectives of this study were to characterize reactive metabolites of IPC in vitro and in vivo, to identify cytochrome P450 enzymes for metabolic activation, and to define a possible correlation between the metabolic activation and cytotoxicity of IPC. In GSH- or NAC-supplemented microsomal incubations, one GSH conjugate (M6) and two NAC conjugates (M7 and M8) were detected after exposure to IPC. The corresponding GSH conjugate and NAC conjugates were found in the liver homogenates and urine of mice after IPC administration. IPC was found to be metabolized to a quinone intermediate reactive to GSH in vitro and in vivo. IPC was found to induce marked cytotoxicity in cultured mouse primary hepatocytes. Ketoconazole, a selective CYP3A4/5 enzyme inhibitor, attenuated the susceptibility of hepatocytes to IPC cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjing Guan
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Guode Zhao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Chen Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Ziying Jiang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
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Gu H, Yuan Y, Cai M, Wang D, Lv W. Toxicity of isoprocarb to earthworms (Eisenia fetida): Oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, biochemical responses and detoxification mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118038. [PMID: 34523524 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Isoprocarb (IPC) is a conventional carbamate with high insecticidal activity, however, generalized use of it may cause soil contamination and adversely implicate non-target biota. Following OECD standardized toxicological protocols, the toxic effects of IPC on Eisenia fetida at lethal and sublethal concentrations were examined to elucidate its toxic modes of action as well as biochemical and detoxification responses of E. fetida. Acute toxicity tests showed that IPC induced a concentration-dependent rise of mortality, with LC50 of 8.20 μg/cm2 (48 h) in FPCT and 3.37 mg/kg (14 d) in AST, respectively. The ecotoxicological effects of IPC chronic exposure were measured by physiochemical, qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. Specifically, ROS, MDA and 8-OHdG contents were enhanced and T-AOC, SOD, CAT and POD activities diminished with increasing concentrations. While activities of CYP3A4 and CarE as well as expressions of Hsp70, GPx and GST were elevated upon IPC treatments, responsible for detoxifying mechanisms as implied by principal component analysis (PCA). Meanwhile, IPC diminished NRRT and inhibited AChE activities along with expressions of AChE-related genes. All these striking alterations between IPC-exposed earthworms and controls were illustrated in PCA model. More importantly, growth, reproductive and regenerative toxicity of IPC were observed with reduced cast production and soluble protein content, suppressed ANN protein and gene expressions, reversely modulated TCTP and Sox2 gene and protein, respectively. Taken together, deleterious perturbations could be induced by IPC in biophysiological homeostasis of E. fetida primarily through oxidative stress and neural dysfunction. This study not only highlighted potential hazard of IPC to earthworms in the terrestrial ecosystem, but also expounded upon mechanisms underlying toxic modes of action for IPC and detoxification of earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Gu
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Yongda Yuan
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Min Cai
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China.
| | - Weiguang Lv
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China; Agricultural Environment and Farmland Conservation Experiment Station of Ministry Agriculture, Shanghai, 201403, China
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Tang F, Gao M, Zeng F, Xu Z, Tian G. An old story with new insights into an ignored issue of metabolites in biochar-amended soil: Effect of biochar on dissipation of carbosulfan as an example. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148100. [PMID: 34380258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbofuran (CAS) is one of extensively used carbamate pesticides, which is considered as a derivative or a candidate of carbofuran (CAN) for its lower toxicity and persistence. Nevertheless, CAS could be degraded into its toxic metabolites, imposing potential risks on ecological safety. In this paper, biochars, derived from rice straw (RS), chicken manure (CM), corn straw (CS) and tire rubber (TR), were applied in CAS-contaminated soil to explore their effects on the dissipation of CAS and its metabolites. The dissipation rate of CAS was depressed by the amendment of biochar, mainly because biochar inhibited the hydrolysis of CAS by elevating soil pH value. Nevertheless, CS has efficiently enhanced the dissipation of CAN by almost 2-times for its promotion in hydrolysis and biodegradation. CS and CM improved biodegradation by altering the composition and structure of the microbial communities, exhibiting potential for facilitating bioremediation of CAS and CAN. Moreover, steam activated biochar accelerated the dissipation rate by 1.7-2.9 times and 1.3-2.4 times for CAS and CAN, respectively. This study investigated the effects of biochar on CAS and its toxic metabolites as well as possible governing mechanisms, providing rational instruction for biochar application in ambient atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Tang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mao Gao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fanjian Zeng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhenlan Xu
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Guangming Tian
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Chen S, Yu Y, Ma J, Wen C, Wang X, Zhou Q. Simultaneous determination of carbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran in duck liver by an UPLC-MS/MS. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2020.00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCarbofuran is a carbamate pesticide, a broad-spectrum, high-efficiency, low-residue, and highly toxic insecticide, acaricide, and nematicide, widely used in agriculture. Carbofuran is most harmful to birds, and birds or insects killed by furan poisoning can be killed by secondary poisoning after being foraged by raptors, small mammals, or reptiles. In this paper, an UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of carbofuran and its metabolite, 3-hydroxycarbofuran, in duck liver. Liver tissue was first ground into a homogenate and then passed through ethyl acetate liquid-liquid extraction processing samples. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used for quantitative analysis, m/z 222.1 → 165.1 for carbofuran, m/z 238.1 → 180.9 for 3-hydroxycarbofuran and m/z 290.2 → 198.2 for an internal standard. The standard curves of carbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran in duck liver were within a range of 2–2000 ng/g, where the linearity was good, the lower limit of quantification was 2 ng/g. The intra-day precision of carbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran was <14%, and the inter-day precision was <13%, the accuracy range was between 91.8 and 108.9%, the average extraction efficiency was higher than 75.1% with a matrix effect between 93.4 and 107.7%. The developed method was applied to a situation of suspected duck poisoning at a local farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Chen
- 1Institute of Forensic Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yang Yu
- 2Analytical and Testing Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jianshe Ma
- 1Institute of Forensic Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- 2Analytical and Testing Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Congcong Wen
- 1Institute of Forensic Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- 2Analytical and Testing Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xianqin Wang
- 1Institute of Forensic Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- 2Analytical and Testing Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- 3The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui 323000, China
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Yan W, Lin X, Yao Q, Zhao C, Zhang Z, Xu H. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve uptake and control efficacy of carbosulfan on Spodoptera frugiperda in maize plants. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:2812-2819. [PMID: 33538074 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in soil can promote the uptake of nutrients and xenobiotics by plants. In this study, the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (including Glomus intraradices and Glomus mossea) on the growth of maize, the uptake of carbosulfan and the control efficacy on Spodoptera frugiperda were investigated through maize seed coating. RESULTS Results from the pot experiment showed that carbofuran reduced the mycorrhizal colonization of AM fungi in the early stage of the experiment. The inhibiting effect disappeared in 21-49 DAP, whereas the mycorrhizal colonization rate under the G. intraradices treatment was maintained at ≈90%. Compared with noninoculated treatment, the fresh weights of roots in G. intraradices and G. mosseae treatments increased by 20-41% and 10-23%, respectively. Mycorrhizal treatment could significantly increase the transmission rates (root/soil and leaf/stem) and the carbosulfan accumulation in maize. During the harvest period, the control efficacy against S. frugiperda in mycorrhizal treatment was significantly higher than that in noninoculated treatments (P < 0.05) in both Guangzhou and Nanning. CONCLUSIONS Inoculation with AM could accelerate the degradation process of carbofuran in soil and the propagation of carbofuran from soil to plants. Glomus intraradices showed more pronounced effects than G. mosseae on both plant growth and carbosulfan content in plants and soil. The experimental results showed that inoculation of AM fungi increased the accumulation of carbofuran in plants, improved the effective utilization rate and enhanced the control efficacy against S. frugiperda. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yao
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Li C, Zhang Y, Cai W, Zhang X, Xie Y, Guo Y, Yu H, Yao W, Qian H. Mechanism insights into the transformation of carbosulfan during apple drying processes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 201:110729. [PMID: 32485491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of carbosulfan (CSN) in apples was investigated during oven-drying, microwave drying, and sun-drying. CSN transformed primarily into carbofuran (COA) during these drying processes. The conversion kinetics of CSN and COA was fitted by curve regression and mainly conformed to quadratic models (R2 = 0.70-0.97). Oven-drying promoted the transformation of CSN into COA. Microwave drying resulted in the highest scavenging capacity against CSN and COA (41%-100%). Moreover, a transformation mechanism was proposed on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The COA originated from a series of chemical reactions involving hydroxyl substitution, cleavage, and oxidation; this result was further confirmed on the basis of molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and molecular orbital theory. Furthermore, the toxicity and stability of CSN and COA were evaluated with the T.E.S.T. program. COA was less toxic than CSN to aquatic organisms but more toxic than CSN to rats. Therefore, COA production should be avoided during drying. Microwave drying was found to be the optimum choice for drying apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Yahan Zhang
- Suzhou Institute for Food Control, No.1336 Wuzhong Avenue, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215000, China
| | - Wen Cai
- Suzhou Institute for Food Control, No.1336 Wuzhong Avenue, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215000, China
| | - Xuejing Zhang
- Suzhou Institute for Food Control, No.1336 Wuzhong Avenue, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215000, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China.
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China.
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7
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Analysis of Seven Biogenic Amines and Two Amino Acids in Wines Using Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9061193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A low-cost, simple, and fast method utilizing micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the simultaneous determination of seven biogenic amines and two amino acids was developed. A background electrolyte containing 5 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.7) and 20 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate was used. The optimal separation of nine investigated analytes was achieved in 11 min, with limits of detection (S/N = 3) ranging from 0.11 to 0.61 µM. The linear ranges for all analytes were observed between 0.55 and 10.0 μM (R2 > 0.990). The developed approach was extended to the analysis of analytes in commercial wine and beer samples. The recoveries of the proposed method ranged from 98.8% to 115.6%.
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Yao L, Liu L, Song S, Kuang H, Xu C. Development of indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent and immunochromatographic strip assays for carbofuran detection in fruits and vegetables. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1309359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leijun Yao
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Song
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Chang PL, Hsieh MM, Chiu TC. Recent Advances in the Determination of Pesticides in Environmental Samples by Capillary Electrophoresis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:409. [PMID: 27070634 PMCID: PMC4847071 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13040409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, owing to the increasing population and the attempts to satisfy its needs, pesticides are widely applied to control the quantity and quality of agricultural products. However, the presence of pesticide residues and their metabolites in environmental samples is hazardous to the health of humans and all other living organisms. Thus, monitoring these compounds is extremely important to ensure that only permitted levels of pesticide are consumed. To this end, fast, reliable, and environmentally friendly methods that can accurately analyze dilute, complex samples containing both parent substances and their metabolites are required. Focusing primarily on research published since 2010, this review summarizes the use of various sample pretreatment techniques to extract pesticides from various matrices, combined with on-line preconcentration strategies for sensitivity improvement, and subsequent capillary electrophoresis analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ling Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Mu Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Kaohsiung Normal University, 62, Shenjhong Road, Yanchao District, Kaohsiung 82446, Taiwan.
| | - Tai-Chia Chiu
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Road, Taitung 95092, Taiwan.
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Zhang CP, He HM, Yu JZ, Hu XQ, Zhu YH, Wang Q. Residues of carbosulfan and its metabolites carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran in rice field ecosystem in China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:351-357. [PMID: 26963425 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1120606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The fate of carbosulfan (seed treatment dry powder) was studied in rice field ecosystem, and a simple and reliable analytical method was developed for determination of carbosulfan, carbofuran, and 3-hydroxyl carbofuran in brown rice, rice straw, paddy water, and soil. The target compounds were extracted using acetonitrile or dichloromethane, cleaned up on acidic alumina or florisil solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, and analyzed by gas chromatography. The average recoveries of carbosulfan, carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran in brown rice, rice straw, paddy water, and soil ranged from 72.71% to 105.07%, with relative standard deviations of 2.00-8.80%. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) of carbosulfan, carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran in the samples (brown rice, rice straw, paddy water and soil) were 0.011, 0.0091, 0.014, 0.010 mg kg(-1), 0.016, 0.019, 0.025, 0.013 mg kg(-1), and 0.031, 0.039, 0.035, 0.036 mg kg(-1), respectively. The trials results showed that the half-lives of carbosulfan, carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran in rice straw were 4.0, 2.6 days, 3.9, 6.0 days, and 5.8, 7.0 days in Zhejiang and Hunan, respectively. Carbosulfan, carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran were detected in soils. Carbosulfan and 3-hydroxy carbofuran were almost undetectable in paddy water. Carbofuran was detected in paddy water. The final residues of carbosulfan, carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran in brown rice were lower than 0.05 mg kg(-1), which were lower than 0.5 mg kg(-1) (MRL of carbosulfan) or 0.1 mg kg(-1) (MRL of carbofuran). Therefore, a dosage of 420 g active ingredient per 100 kg seed was recommended, which could be considered as safe to human beings and animals. These would contribute to provide the scientific basis of using this insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang P Zhang
- a State Key Lab Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Hong M He
- a State Key Lab Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Jian Z Yu
- a State Key Lab Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Xiu Q Hu
- a State Key Lab Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Ya H Zhu
- a State Key Lab Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Qiang Wang
- a State Key Lab Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
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Wu CW, Lee JY, Hu CC, Chiu TC. On-line Concentration and Separation of Parabens by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography Using Polymer Solutions. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201300124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Online dynamic pH junction–sweeping for the determination of benzoic and sorbic acids in food products by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:635-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Huang JQ, Hu CC, Chiu TC. Determination of seven preservatives in cosmetic products by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 35:346-53. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Qiang Huang
- Department of Applied Science; National Taitung University; Taitung Taiwan
| | - Cho-Chun Hu
- Department of Applied Science; National Taitung University; Taitung Taiwan
| | - Tai-Chia Chiu
- Department of Applied Science; National Taitung University; Taitung Taiwan
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