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Zhang X, Wang Q, Qiu T, Tang S, Li J, Giesy JP, Zhu Y, Hu X, Xu D. PM 2.5 bound phthalates in four metropolitan cities of China: Concentration, seasonal pattern and health risk via inhalation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133982. [PMID: 31470327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are in a group of artificial chemicals with potential adverse effects to human health and they can be frequently detected in environmental matrices due to its extensive usage. However, seasonal patterns of concentrations in atmosphere and risks posed by PAEs in airborne PM2.5 to Chinese population have not been well characterized. During the period of November 2015 to March 2017, samples of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were collected in four cities of Guangzhou, Shanghai, Beijing and Harbin, which are major metropolitan areas of various latitudes of China. Concentrations of fourteen PAEs in airborne PM2.5 were quantified using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Estimated daily intakes (EDIs), hazard quotients (HQs) and hazard index (HI) were calculated. Lifetime average daily doses (LADD) and incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) for four age groups, which divide with infant, toddler, adolescent and adult, by inhalation route were evaluated. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), Diethyl phthalate (DEP), Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and DEHP were the four major PAEs contaminants in these PM2.5 samples. The sum concentrations of DMP, DEP, DBP and DEHP in Guangzhou, Shanghai, Beijing and Harbin ranged from 32.5-76.1, 10.1-101, 8.02-107 and 13.5-622 ng/m3, with mean concentrations of 59.1, 50.8, 43.8 and 136 ng/m3, respectively. The concentration of total PAEs in PM2.5 from higher latitudes city (Harbin) was higher than those from lower latitudes cities (Guangzhou and Shanghai). Total concentrations of PAEs were significantly higher during warmer seasons than those during colder seasons among the four cities. Although the EDIs, HQs, and HI for all age groups were less than the threshold set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the highest values of 70-years ILCR from Shanghai and Harbin were 1.2 × 10-6 and 1.3 × 10-6, which were slightly beyond the acceptable level of 10-6. These findings reveal that the cancer risks of DEHP bound to PM2.5 in these two cites should be of particular concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Qiu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Song Tang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Veterinary Biosciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, United States
| | - Ying Zhu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojian Hu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Dongqun Xu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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Eskandarpour N, Sereshti H. Electrospun polycaprolactam-manganese oxide fiber for headspace-solid phase microextraction of phthalate esters in water samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:36-43. [PMID: 29028539 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The nanofibrous polycaprolactam (polyamide 6 (PA6)) incorporated with manganese oxide (MnO) nanoparticles was fabricated by electrospinning and used as a new fiber coating for headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) of the selected phthalate esters (PEs) in water samples prior to GC-μECD. The adsorbent was fully characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The main parameters that affect the HS-SPME efficiency such as extraction temperature, ionic strength, extraction and desorption times were investigated. The analytical figures of merit were obtained under the optimized conditions as follows: linear dynamic range (LDR), 0.500-5.00 × 102 ng mL-1; relative standard deviations (RSDs, n = 3), 1.86-10.9%; limits of detection (LODs), 0.0400-0.193 ng mL-1. The method was applied for determination of the target analytes in river water, bottled water, mineral water and soda samples and the relative recoveries were obtained between 90.3 and 107%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Sereshti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Makkliang F, Kanatharana P, Thavarungkul P, Thammakhet-Buranachai C. A polypyrrole-chitosan cryogel stir-bead micro-solid phase extractor for the determination of phthalate esters in contact lenses storage solutions and in artificial saliva in contact with baby teethers. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 985:69-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Huang L, Wang W, Zhang S, Tang S, Zhao P, Ye Q. Bioaccumulation and bound-residue formation of 14C-decabromodiphenyl ether in an earthworm-soil system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 321:591-599. [PMID: 27694023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) is one of the most frequently detected flame retardants in terrestrial environments. However, the fate of DecaBDE and its transport in an earthworm-soil system with and without a DecaBDE-degrading strain have rarely been evaluated. In this study, 14C-DecaBDE was self-synthesized, and a DBDE-degrading strain, Rhodococcus erythropolis, was used in an earthworm-soil system. DecaBDE showed limited degradation and mineralization after 35days of all treatments. The bound-residue (BR) formation in soil was <2.5% in the system containing earthworms, which was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that observed in the absence of earthworms (<0.45%). DecaBDE could be adsorbed by the earthworms with a BSAF of ≤0.31. The distribution of 14C-DecaBDE concentrations in the earthworm roughly followed the pattern of crop gizzard>digestive system>head>tail>body wall, suggesting that DecaBDE was mainly uptaken through ingestion. Up to 31% of the 14C-DecaBDE in the earthworms was not extractable, revealing that the total concentration of accumulated 14C-DecaBDE was underestimated. The results also showed that the presence of DecaBDE-degrading bacteria did not significantly affect the fate of DecaBDE and its accumulation in earthworms. The study indicates that the conventional assessment of the bioaccumulation and ecological effects of DecaBDE, which is based only on extractable concentrations, may underestimate the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
| | - Sufen Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Shenghua Tang
- Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Qingfu Ye
- Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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Mollahosseini A, Toghroli M, Kamankesh M. Zeolite/Fe3
O4
as a new sorbent in magnetic solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography for determining phthalates in aqueous samples. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3750-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Mollahosseini
- Spectroscopy, Micro and Nano-extraction Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Iran University of Science and Technology; Tehran Iran
| | - Mina Toghroli
- Spectroscopy, Micro and Nano-extraction Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Iran University of Science and Technology; Tehran Iran
| | - Marzieh Kamankesh
- Spectroscopy, Micro and Nano-extraction Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Iran University of Science and Technology; Tehran Iran
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Wang M, Yang X, Bi W. Application of magnetic graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposites for the solid-phase extraction of phthalate esters in water samples. J Sep Sci 2014; 38:445-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing China
| | - Wentao Bi
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing China
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Krieger S, Schmitz OJ. Non-destructive plasticizer screening using a direct inlet probe-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source and ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1862-1870. [PMID: 25088130 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In recent years, several ambient ionization techniques, where solid and/or liquid samples are brought directly into the ion source without any sample preparation and chromatographic separation, have been introduced for mass spectrometric (MS) analyses. Using the direct inlet probe-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (DIP-APCI)-MS and DIP-APCI-MS(n) methods presented here, a non-destructive screening analysis for plasticizers directly from plastic articles can be performed. METHODS The DIP-APCI ion source developed in our laboratory uses a temperature-programmed push rod to introduce solid or liquid samples into a homemade APCI ion source. The DIP-APCI ion source was coupled to an ion trap (IT) mass spectrometer and selected source parameters were optimized. To enable a screening analysis for plasticizers, standards substances of several phthalates and other plasticizers were analyzed and their fragmentation behavior during collision-induced dissociation (CID) was studied. RESULTS Using DIP-APCI-ITMS, plasticizers can be detected directly from plastic articles and identification is possible through MS(n) experiments. For example, the isomeric phthalates di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di-n-octyl phthalate can be differentiated according to their fragmentation behavior. CONCLUSIONS There are several advantages of the DIP-APCI source in comparison to many other ambient desorption ion sources: (i) well-defined gas phase matrix, (ii) precisely adjustable reagent gases (e.g. O2 for negative APCI), (iii) well-defined probe temperature, and (iv) fully automated operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Krieger
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
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