1
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Qi S, Guan H, Wang Y, Fang Q, Cheng X, Liu P, Wei H, Liu W, Wang C. Simultaneous determination of cordycepin and its metabolite 3'-deoxyinosine in rat whole blood by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry and its application to accurate pharmacokinetic studies. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200602. [PMID: 36377517 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cordycepin from Cordyceps possesses excellent pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammation and anti-tumor effects, therefore representing a potential alternative medicine. However, doubts about the pharmacokinetic results of cordycepin had been raised in the previous study due to its rapid deamination. The organic solvent methanol was immediately added to terminate the degradation of cordycepin in anticoagulated blood samples and enable the accurate evaluation of pharmacokinetics in vivo. A sensitive and selective ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to simultaneously determine cordycepin and its deamination metabolite 3'-deoxyinosine using 2-chloroadenosine as an internal standard in rat whole blood. The calibration curves of cordycepin and 3'-deoxyinosine showed excellent linearity within the concentration range of 1.05-10 000.00 ng/ml with acceptable accuracy, precision, selectivity, recovery, matrix effect, and stability. This method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of cordycepin and its metabolite in rat blood. The effect of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine hydrochloride on the pharmacokinetics of cordycepin was investigated. In summary, the reliable pharmacokinetic parameters of cordycepin and its deamination metabolite 3'-deoxyinosine in rat blood were successfully elucidated. Erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine hydrochloride considerably prolonged the half-life of cordycepin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Qi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Huida Guan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yongli Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qinqin Fang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hai Wei
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Institute of Liver Diseases, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
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2
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Ma J, Li K, Shi S, Li J, Tang S, Liu L. The Application of UHPLC-HRMS for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:922488. [PMID: 35721122 PMCID: PMC9201421 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.922488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UHPLC-HRMS (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry) is a new technique that unifies the application of UHPLC with HRMS. Because of the high sensitivity and good separation ability of UHPLC and the sensitivity of HRMS, this technique has been widely used for structure identification, quantitative determination, fingerprint analysis, and elucidation of the mechanisms of action of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) in recent years. This review mainly outlines the advantages of using UHPLC-HRMS and provides a survey of the research advances on UHPLC-HRMS for the quality control of TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyao Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Kailin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Silin Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Sunv Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - LiangHong Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
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3
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Fan Y, Sun G, Kaw HY, Zhu L, Wang W. Analytical characterization of nucleotides and their concentration variation in drinking water treatment process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:152510. [PMID: 34968603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotides, as the basic building blocks of nucleic acids, widely exist in aqueous environment. In this study, we developed a solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UPLC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP), 5'-uridine monophosphate (UMP), 5'-cytidine monophosphate (CMP) and 5'-guanosine monophosphate (GMP). The method achieved limits of detection (LODs) of 0.1-1.0 ng/L, and recoveries of 85-95% for the four tested nucleotides. The occurrence and concentrations of the four nucleotides in water from eight representative drinking water treatment and distribution systems in China were determined using this method. All four nucleotides were detectable in water treatment plant (WTP) influent and effluent, at concentrations of up to 30 ng/L and with occurrence frequency of around 90%. The concentrations of identified nucleotides increased 3-10 times after 10 km of water age in the water distribution system. Biological filters and coagulation increased the concentrations of nucleotides, conversely, active carbon, ozonation, and ultrafiltration membrane removed nucleotides in water. The effects of active carbon and coagulation were further confirmed using laboratory-controlled experiment. In addition, monochlorinated nucleotides were identified as the chlorination products of nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guangrong Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Han Yeong Kaw
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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4
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Chen J, Li HF, Zhao G, Lin JM, He X. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry based quantitative analysis of cordycepin from Cordyceps militaris. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:499-504. [PMID: 34513126 PMCID: PMC8424359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin, which has great immunomodulatory activities such as anticancer, antifungal, antivirus, antileukemia and lipid-lowering ones, is the secondary metabolite of Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris). Liquid submerged fermentation is the common cultivation process to produce cordycepin. To optimize the fermentation process and improve production, monitoring the cordycepin secretion in the fermentation is essential. The measurement based on chromatography-mass spectrometry methods is generally involved in the complex sample pretreatments and time-consuming separation, so more rapid and convenient methods are required. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is more attractive for faster and direct detection. Therefore, MALDI-MS detection combined with isotope-labeled internal standard was applied to the measurement of cordycepin content in the fermentation broth and mycelium. This method made accurate quantification of cordycepin in the range of 5–400 μg/mL with a relative standard deviation of 5.6%. The recovery rates of fermentation samples after the 1, 13, and 25 days were 90.15%, 94.27%, and 95.06%, respectively. The contents of cordycepin in the mycelium and fermentation broth were 136 mg/g and 148.39 mg/mL on the 20th culture day, respectively. The cordycepin secretion curve of the liquid fermentation of C. militaris was real-time traced over 25 days. A rapid quantification method of cordycepin based on MALDI-MS is proposed. The quantification relies on the stable isotope standard method. Rapid determination of the cordycepin content in the liquid fermentation broth of Cordyceps militaris without pre-treatment. Monitoring the fermentation state of C. militaris fermentation broth is benefit to improve the yield of cordycepin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hai-Fang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Guozhu Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiangwei He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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5
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Kang S, Nie LX, Zheng YG, Zuo TT, Wang Y, Shi J, Ma SC. Micro-morphological identification study on Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. and its adulterants based on stereo microscope and desktop scanning electron microscope. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:1936-1946. [PMID: 33793021 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese Materia Medica, Cordyceps sinensis (called "Dongchongxiacao" in Chinese), used as a tonic for nearly 600 years by Traditional Chinese Medicine, which has been recorded by Chinese Pharmacopoeia. This drug is rare and precious, which in turn lead to the emergence of adulterants derived from the same genus of Cordyceps. The adulterants which can be commonly found in the market are Cordyceps gunnii (called "Gunichongcao" in Chinese), Cordyceps liangshanensis (called "Liangshanchongcao" in Chinese), and Cordyceps gracilis (called "Xinjiangchongcao" in Chinese). This study combined a desktop scanning electron microscope and stereo microscope to distinguish C. sinensis from the above three adulterants especially on their different characters of caterpillar parts. Referring to the professional entomological literature, the micro-morphological features including the cuticle of the abdomen and the planta of abdomen prolegs were observed, photographed, and expressed based on the description of macroscopic characters. The identification method studied in this article is more convenient, quick, and environmental friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China.,Institute for Quality Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Xing Nie
- Institute for Quality Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Guang Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zuo
- Institute for Quality Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute for Quality Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Shi
- Institute for Quality Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang-Cheng Ma
- Institute for Quality Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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6
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Sang Q, Pan Y, Jiang Z, Wang Y, Zhang H, Hu P. HPLC determination of massoia lactone in fermented Cordyceps sinensis mycelium Cs-4 and its anticancer activity in vitro. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13336. [PMID: 32713040 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fermentation product of Cordyceps sinensis mycelium Cs-4 was commonly used as alternative substitutes of natural C. sinensis. Massoia lactone is the dominant component in the volatile oil of Cs-4 mycelium. In this research, we present a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the quantitation of massoia lactone in Cs-4 mycelium. The high and stable contents of massoia lactone with values of 2.98-3.77 mg/g, indicated that massoia lactone could be considered as a marker for the quality assessment of this product. The results of MTT and CCK-8 assay showed that Cs-4 mycelium volatiles exhibited cytotoxicity against eight malignant tumor cells (IC50 = 6.0-49.8 μg/ml) in comparison to the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (IC50 = 17.0-425.3 μg/ml), and massoia lactone might be the chemical basis for the anticancer effects of Cs-4 mycelium. Compared to the commercial drugs paclitaxel and docetaxel (IC50 = 253-1973 μg/ml), the Cs-4 mycelium volatiles and massoia lactone were discovered to possess inhibitory to taxol-resistant cell lines (IC50 = 1.5-8.6 μg/ml). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Considering that there is still a lack of marker components distinctive to Cs-4 mycelium, the HPLC method represents a useful tool for the quality evaluation of Cs-4 mycelium. Moreover, the volatile oil of Cs-4 mycelium and massoia lactone have prominent anticancer property in vitro. It gives a clue that Cs-4 mycelium, the volatile oil and massoia lactone could be potentially employed in the food and medical industries for its anticancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingni Sang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, China
| | - Zhihong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, China
| | - Yuerong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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7
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Qian Z, Wu Z, Li C, Tan G, Hu H, Li W. A green liquid chromatography method for rapid determination of ergosterol in edible fungi based on matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction and a core-shell column. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3337-3343. [PMID: 32930220 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00714e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Developing a green analytical method for the analysis of components in food samples is an important research aspect of liquid chromatography (LC). The traditional LC method usually consumes a lot of toxic solvent for sample extraction and LC separation. In the current study, a green analytical method for the rapid determination of ergosterol in edible fungi was established. The sample was extracted and purified by matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) with a green solution (ethanol and water). The LC separation was performed using a Poroshell 120 SB-C18 (4.6 × 30 mm, 2.7 μm) column with a green mobile phase (94% ethanol) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1. The detection wavelength was set at 283 nm. The calibration curve of ergosterol showed good linearity (R = 0.9999) within the test range (4.21-25.27 μg mL-1). The RSD of precision was less than 2.0% and the recovery was 100.4% (RSD = 3.23%). The developed method was successfully applied to quantitative analysis of ergosterol in six edible fungi and the contents of ergosterol were in the range of 1.68-4.02 mg g-1. Only 11.5 mL ethanol water solution was used in the sample extraction and LC separation in the newly developed method, and no toxic organic solvents were used. The total analysis time was less than 15.5 min, about 12-14 min for sample extraction and 1.5 min for LC analysis. This method was environmentally friendly and time-saving, which is helpful to improve the quality evaluation of edible fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengming Qian
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong 523850, China.
- School of Rehabilitation, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Zi Wu
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong 523850, China.
| | - Chunhong Li
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong 523850, China.
| | - Guoying Tan
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong 523850, China.
| | - Hankun Hu
- Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjia Li
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong 523850, China.
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8
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Dewantari AA, Yongwattana N, Payongsri P, Seemakhan S, Borwornpinyo S, Ojida A, Wongkongkatep J. Fluorescence Detection of Deoxyadenosine in Cordyceps spp. by Indicator Displacement Assay. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092045. [PMID: 32353945 PMCID: PMC7248813 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and reliable indicator displacement assay (IDA) for specific detection of 2′- and 3′-deoxyadenosine (2′-dAde and 3′-dAde), the latter is also known as cordycepin, was established. The formation of inclusion complex between protonated acridine orange (AOH+) and cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) resulted in the hypochromic shift of fluorescent emission from 530 nm to 512 nm. Addition of cordycepin to the highly fluorescent AOH+/CB7 complex resulted in a unique tripartite AOH+/CB7/dAde complex with diminished fluorescence, and such reduction in emission intensity serves as the basis for our novel sensing system. The detection limits were 11 and 82 μM for 2′- and 3′-deoxyadenosine, respectively. The proposed method also demonstrated high selectivity toward 2′- and 3′-deoxyadenosine, owing to the inability of other deoxynucleosides, nucleosides and nucleotides commonly found in Cordyceps spp. to displace the AOH+ from the AOH+/CB7 complex, which was confirmed by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), UV-Visible and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. Our method was successfully implemented in the analysis of cordycepin in commercially available Ophiocordyceps and Cordyceps supplements, providing a novel and effective tool for quality assessment of these precious fungi with several health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinta Agnie Dewantari
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (A.A.D.); (N.Y.); (P.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Nattha Yongwattana
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (A.A.D.); (N.Y.); (P.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Panwajee Payongsri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (A.A.D.); (N.Y.); (P.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Sawinee Seemakhan
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (A.A.D.); (N.Y.); (P.P.); (S.B.)
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Akio Ojida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
| | - Jirarut Wongkongkatep
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (A.A.D.); (N.Y.); (P.P.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2201-5302
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9
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Su Y, Li P, Zhang H, Lin M, Liu W, Xu R, Hu H, Liu YM. Simultaneous Quantification of Adenosine and Deoxyadenosine Isomers in Foods with High Sensitivity. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2019; 11:4946-4950. [PMID: 32632347 PMCID: PMC7337225 DOI: 10.1039/c9ay01735f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous quantification of adenosine and deoxyadenosine isomers, including 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA) and 3'-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin, COR) is a challenge because they are very similar in chemical structure. In some previous studies on food ingredients, adenine and dA might be mistakenly detected as COR that has been shown to have multiple health benefits. In this work, we developed a novel HPLC method with fluorescence detction (HPLC-FD) to simultaneously quantify COR, adenosine and dA. Pre-column derivatization with chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) was deployed. The proposed method has a limit of detection at the nM level for COR and adenosine, and is far more sensitive than the methods previously deveopled for COR determination. Using the present method, caterpillar fungi were analyzed as model food samples. The analysis revealed that COR was present in cordyceps militaris and cordyceps flowers in a concentration range from 0.314 to 0.735 mg/g, but not in cordyceps sinensis (C. sinensis), a natural and the priciest caterpillar fungus. These results suggest that the profile of active ingredients in C. sinensis has been wrongly claimed for many years. This finding was also supported by the results from further HPLC-MS/MS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxia Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St. Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St. Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Huaisheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St. Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Manting Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weizhi Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St. Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Hankun Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ming Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St. Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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10
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Chen SJ, Du KZ, Li J, Chang YX. A chitosan solution-based vortex-forced matrix solid phase dispersion method for the extraction and determination of four bioactive constituents from Ligustri Lucidi Fructus by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1609:460509. [PMID: 31515076 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient sample preparation method to extract four bioactive compounds (echinacoside, specnuezhenide, oleuropein and nuezhenoside G13) from Ligustri Lucidi Fructus was established by vortex-forced matrix solid phase dispersion (VFMSPD) method. Chitosan solution was applied as green eluent in this procedure and Celite AZO was employed as dispersant. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with ultraviolet (UV) detector was used to analyze the target analytes. The best result of the investigation was obtained with Celite AZO as dispersant, sample/ dispersant ratio as 1:1, grinding for 2 min, 1 mL high-viscosity chitosan solution (0.5 mg mL-1) used as the elution reagent and vortex mixing for 1.5 min. The method exhibit a good linearity for the analytes (r2 > 0.999). The absolute recoveries of the four target compounds in Ligustri Lucidi Fructus ranged from 90.7% to 98.8% and the relative recoveries of the target compounds ranged from 99.2% to 102% (RSD ≤ 3.4%), which were obtained by the final optimization method. Consequently, the newly developed chitosan solution-based vortex-forced matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) combined with HPLC could be efficiently applied to extract and analyze the target compounds in Ligustri Lucidi Fructus samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jing Chen
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301600, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301600, China
| | - Kun-Ze Du
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301600, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301600, China
| | - Jin Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301600, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301600, China
| | - Yan-Xu Chang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301600, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301600, China.
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11
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Zheng W, Xu D, Wang M, Zhang Y, Gao Q, Gao Y. Fingerprint Analysis and Multi-Component Determination of Ribonucleic Acid for Injection II Recipe by HPLC-DAD and LC-ESI-MS Methods. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:238-242. [PMID: 30590524 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmy105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a quantitative method was developed to control the quality of ribonucleic acid for injection II (RA-II), which is used as an anti-cancer drug clinically in China. Using nuclease enzyme and under optimal hydrolysis conditions, the unstable RNA was hydrolyzed into stable nucleosides and nucleotides, which were easily detected by HPLC with diode array detection. Furthermore, by analyzing HPLC chromatograms of 10 batches of samples, six common peaks, namely, cytosine nucleotide, uracil nucleotide, adenine nucleotide, guanine nucleotide, guanosine and adenine, were identified by a HLPC coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The similarity, the relative retention time and the relative peak area of each common peak, relative to the reference peak, were calculated to obtain the HPLC fingerprints, and their values were within the scope of the provisions. More importantly, all six components were simultaneously determined. Overall, the developed method in this investigation proved to be a useful tool for monitoring the quality of RA-II in terms of their batch variations and the raw material sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Departments of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No 1478, Gongnong Road, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Duoduo Xu
- Center of Research & Development, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No 1035, Boshuo Road Changchun, Jilin, China.,Macromolecule of Chinese Medicine Key Lab of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mingxing Wang
- Preparation Center, The Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhang
- Preparation Center, The Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qipin Gao
- Center of Research & Development, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No 1035, Boshuo Road Changchun, Jilin, China.,Macromolecule of Chinese Medicine Key Lab of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Center of Research & Development, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No 1035, Boshuo Road Changchun, Jilin, China.,Macromolecule of Chinese Medicine Key Lab of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin, China
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12
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Joshi R, Sharma A, Thakur K, Kumar D, Nadda G. Metabolite analysis and nucleoside determination using reproducible UHPLC-Q-ToF-IMS in Ophiocordyceps sinensis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1541804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Joshi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Aakriti Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Agrotechnology of Medicinal, Aromatic and Commercially Important Plants Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Krishana Thakur
- Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Gireesh Nadda
- Entomology Laboratory, Agrotechnology of Medicinal, Aromatic and Commercially Important Plants Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
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13
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Xue Y, Xie J, Xu XS, Yong L, Hu B, Liang J, Li XD, Qing LS. UPLC-QqQ/MS combined with similarity assessment of 17 nucleic acid constituents in 147 edible fungi from Sichuan Basin, China. Food Res Int 2018; 120:577-585. [PMID: 31000274 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid constituents are the main functional ingredients in edible fungi, therefore understanding the nucleic acid constituents of edible fungi often eaten on the table by the Chinese people is of significant value. In this study, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention collected 147 samples of edible fungi (including certain species that the Chinese often eat) from different parts of the Sichuan Basin. A new UPLC-QqQ/MS method has been developed to determine the 17 nucleic acid constituents in these 147 samples, including guanosine, adenosine, uridine, cytidine, inosine, thymidine, xanthosine dehydrate, 2'-deoxyguanosine, 2'-deoxyadenosine, 2'-deoxyuridine, 2'-deoxycytidine, 2'-deoxyinosine, guanosine 5'-monophosphate, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, uridine 5'-monophosphate, cytidine 5'-monophosphate, and inosine 5'-monophosphate. Finally, similarity assessment of the main edible fungus was performed using vectorial angle cosine method, and hierarchical cluster analysis was used to classify all the 147 samples. The results showed that some edible fungi have high similarities, especially in Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler, the monogenic nucleotides content of which (55.84 ± 8.4 mg/100 g) is far greater than any other edible fungus, which is directly related to its taste. For quality control, this paper proposed to use the reference values of total nucleic acid compounds in edible fungi computed by percentile threshold method. This is the first time a comprehensive evaluation of nucleic acid constituents of different edible fungi of daily consumption was conducted for a large region, and the results is conducive to the quality evaluation and quality control of edible fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xue
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China; Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Xian-Shun Xu
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Yong
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jian Liang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xing-De Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin-Sen Qing
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China; Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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14
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Proteomic identification of marker proteins and its application to authenticate Ophiocordyceps sinensis. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:246. [PMID: 29744278 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1265-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (O. sinensis) is a highly valuable fungus because of its nutritious and medicinal properties. The objective of this study was to identify protein markers using a proteomics approach followed by the development of an immunoassay to authenticate O. sinensis. Four authentic O. sinensis samples collected from four production regions and four counterfeit samples were examined individually. Overall 22 characteristic proteins of O. sinensis were identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-light mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS). Three authentic O. sinensis samples and three counterfeit samples were examined by the couple of alkaline native gradient PAGE (AN-PAGE) and electrospray ionization quadrupole-time-of-light mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-TOF/MS). One distinctive protein was identified to be cyanate hydratase, which was also one of the 22 distinctively characteristic proteins of O. sinensis and termed as IP4 in 2-D gel. Due to the abundance and high specificity of IP4, it was isolated and purified. Its purity was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by ESI-Q-TOF/MS. Then the purified IP4 was used to produce polyclonal antibodies in BALB/c mice. The specificity of the anti-IP4 antibody was evaluated by an association of double immunodiffusion (DID) and indirect ELISA assay. Then an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was preliminarily developed to authenticate O. sinensis by detecting IP4. To evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of this method, three authentic O. sinensis samples and three counterfeits were analyzed. The P/N ratios (dividing the sample OD450nm by the OD450nm of negative controls) of three authentic O. sinensis samples were above 8, while, those of three counterfeits were lower than 1. These results indicated that the established ELISA assay based on proteomic protocols detection of protein markers might have a great potential in the authentication and also quality assessment of O.sinensis in those commercial products.
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15
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Hu Y, Huang W, Tong Y, Xia Q, Tian M. Boronate-affinity hollow molecularly imprinted polymers for the selective extraction of nucleosides. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00148g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of a boronate-affinity hollow molecularly imprinted polymer and its application as an SPE adsorbent for the selective enrichment of nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin 150025
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin 150025
| | - Yukui Tong
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin 150025
| | - Qinfei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin 150025
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin 150025
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16
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Wang Z, Ma S, Zhang Q, He S, Li Q, Hu J, Zhang H. Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Diode Array Detection for Simultaneous Determination of Four Lipophilic Constituents from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 55:316-326. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Ma
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Shuang He
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Jianxue Hu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Hanqi Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
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17
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Determination of Sudan Dyes in Juice Samples via Solidification of Ionic Liquid in Microwave-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0389-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Zong SY, Han H, Wang B, Li N, Dong TTX, Zhang T, Tsim KWK. Fast Simultaneous Determination of 13 Nucleosides and Nucleobases in Cordyceps sinensis by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Molecules 2015; 20:21816-25. [PMID: 26690105 PMCID: PMC6332315 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–ESI–MS/MS) method for the fast simultaneous determination of 13 nucleosides and nucleobases in Cordyceps sinensis (C. sinensis) with 2-chloroadenosine as internal standard was developed and validated. Samples were ultrasonically extracted in an ice bath thrice, and the optimum analyte separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLCTM HSS C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) with gradient elution. All targeted analytes were separated in 5.5 min. Furthermore, all calibration curves showed good linear regression (r > 0.9970) within the test ranges, and the limits of quantitation and detection of the 13 analytes were less than 150 and 75 ng/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of intra- and inter-day precisions were <6.23%. Recoveries of the quantified analytes ranged within 85.3%–117.3%, with RSD < 6.18%. The developed UHPLC–ESI–MS/MS method was successfully applied to determine nucleosides and nucleobases in 11 batches of C. sinensis samples from different regions in China. The range for the total content in the analyzed samples was 1329–2057 µg/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu Zong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China.
- Experimental Center of Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Han Han
- Experimental Center of Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China.
- Experimental Center of Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Ning Li
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tina Ting-Xia Dong
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China.
- Experimental Center of Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Karl W K Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China.
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19
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Hu H, Xiao L, Zheng B, Wei X, Ellis A, Liu YM. Identification of chemical markers in Cordyceps sinensis by HPLC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8059-66. [PMID: 26302964 PMCID: PMC4596796 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Authentication and quality assessment of Cordyceps sinensis, a precious and pricey natural product that offers a variety of health benefits, is highly significant. To identify effective chemical markers, authentic C. sinensis was thoroughly screened by using HPLC-MS/MS. In addition to many previously reported ingredients, two glycosides, i.e., cyclo-Ala-Leu-rhamnose and Phe-o-glucose, were detected for the first time in this material. Six ingredients detected, including cordycepin, D-mannitol, Phe, Phe-o-glucose, cyclo-Gly-Pro, and cyclo-Ala-Leu-rhamnose, were selected as a collection of chemical markers. An HPLC-MS/MS method was developed to simultaneously quantify them with sensitivity and specificity. The method had limits of detection ranging from 0.008 μg mL(-1) for cordycepin to 0.75 μg mL(-1) for cyclo-Gly-Pro. Recovery was found between 96 and 103 % in all tests. To evaluate the effectiveness of the marker collection proposed, five authentic C. sinensis samples and five samples of its substitutes were analyzed. Cordycepin, D-mannitol, and Phe were found present in all samples. The contents ranged from 0.0076 to 0.029 % (w/w) for cordycepin, 0.33 to 18.9 % for mannitol, and 0.0013 to 0.642 % for Phe. Interestingly, the two glycosides, Phe-o-glucose and cyclo-Ala-Leu-rhamnose, were detected only in authentic C. sinensis samples. These results indicated that the proposed protocol based on HPLC-MS/MS quantification of the markers might have a great potential in authentication and quality assessment of C. sinensis. Graphical abstract Chemical markers of C. sinensis identified in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hankun Hu
- Wuhan University Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Wuhan Yaogu Bio-tech Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430075, China.
| | - Ling Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
- Hubei Provincial Institute for Food and Drug Control, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Baogen Zheng
- Wuhan University Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Wuhan University Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Alexis Ellis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
| | - Yi-Ming Liu
- Wuhan Yaogu Bio-tech Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430075, China.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA.
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20
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Zhang J, Wang P, Wei X, Li L, Cheng H, Wu Y, Zeng W, Yu H, Chen Y. A metabolomics approach for authentication of Ophiocordyceps sinensis by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Res Int 2015; 76:489-497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Zhou G, Wang M, Xu R, Li XB. Chemometrics for comprehensive analysis of nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides in Siraitiae Fructus by hydrophilic interaction ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole linear ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3508-15. [PMID: 26249158 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive hydrophilic interaction ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole linear ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry method was validated for the simultaneous determination of 20 nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides (within 3.5 min), and then was employed to test the functional food of Luo-Han-Guo samples. The analysis showed that the Luo-Han-Guo was rich in guanosine and uridine, but contained trace levels of the other target compounds. Chemometrics methods were employed to identify 40 batches of Luo-Han-Guo samples from different cultivated forms, regions and varieties. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to classify Luo-Han-Guo samples based on the level of the 20 target compounds, and the supervised learning method of counter propagation artificial neural network was utilized to further separate clusters and validate the established model. As a result, the samples could be clustered into three primary groups, in which correlation with cultivated varieties was observed. The present strategy could be applied to the investigation of other edible plants containing nucleobases, nucleosides, or nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guisheng Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Mengyue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Renjie Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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22
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Wang Y, Sun Y, Xu B, Li X, Wang X, Zhang H, Song D. Matrix solid-phase dispersion coupled with magnetic ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of triazine herbicides in oilseeds. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 888:67-74. [PMID: 26320960 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel method was developed for the determination of six triazine herbicides from oilseeds by matrix solid-phase dispersion combined with magnetic ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (MSPD-MIL-DLLME), followed by ultrafast liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (UFLC-UV). The MIL, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate ([C4mim][FeCl4]), was used as the microextraction solvent to simplify the extraction procedure by magnetic separation. The effects of several important experimental parameters, including type of dispersant, ratio of sample to dispersant, type and volume of collected elution solvent, type and volume of MIL, were investigated. Using the present method, UFLC-UV gave the limits of detection (LODs) of 1.20-2.72 ng g(-1) and the limits of quantification (LOQs) of 3.99-9.06 ng g(-1) for triazine herbicides. The recoveries were ranged from 82.9 to 113.7% and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were equal or lower than 7.7%. The present method is easy-to-use and effective for extraction of triazine herbicides from oilseeds and shows the potentials of practical applications in the treatment of the fatty solid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpeng Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Ying Sun
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Xinpei Li
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Xinghua Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Hanqi Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Daqian Song
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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23
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Sun T, Li X, Yang J, Li L, Jin Y, Shi X. Graphene-encapsulated silica as matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction sorbents for the analysis of poly-methoxylated flavonoids in the leaves of Murraya panaculata
(L.) Jack. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2132-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Sun
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun P. R. China
| | - Xuwen Li
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun P. R. China
| | - Lanjie Li
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun P. R. China
| | - Yongri Jin
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- College of Quartermaster Technology; Jilin University; Changchun P. R. China
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Liu ZQ, Lin S, Baker PJ, Wu LF, Wang XR, Wu H, Xu F, Wang HY, Brathwaite ME, Zheng YG. Transcriptome sequencing and analysis of the entomopathogenic fungus Hirsutella sinensis isolated from Ophiocordyceps sinensis. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:106. [PMID: 25765329 PMCID: PMC4342880 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a worm and fungus combined mixture which Hirsutella sinensis is parasitic on the caterpillar body, has been used as a traditional medicine or healthy food in China for thousands of years. H. sinensis is reported as the only correct anamorph of O. sinensis and its main active ingredients are similar to the natural O. sinensis. RESULTS H. sinensis L0106, asexual strain of O. sinensis, was isolated and identified in this study. Three transcriptomes of H. sinensis at different cultivation periods (growth period 3d, pre-stable period 6d and stable period 9d) were sequenced for the first time by RNA-Seq method, and 25,511 unigenes (3d), 25,214 unigenes (6d) and 16,245 unigenes (9d) were assembled and obtained, respectively. These unigenes of the three samples were further assembled into 20,822 unigenes (All), and 62.3 percent of unigenes (All) could be annotated based on protein databases. Subsequently, the genes and enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the active ingredients according to the sequencing and annotation results were predicted. Based on the predictions, we further investigated the interaction of different pathway networks and the corresponding enzymes. Furthermore, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of H. sinensis grown during different developmental stages (3d-VS-6d, 3d-VS-9d and 6d-VS-9d) were globally detected and analyzed based on the data from RNA-Seq, and 764 DEGs between 3d and 6d, 1,869 DEGs between 3d and 9d, and 770 DEGs between 6d and 9d were found, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This work presented here would aid in understanding and carrying out future studies on the genetic basis of H. sinensis and contribute to the further artificial production and application of this organism. This study provided a substantial contribution and basis to further characterize the gene expression profiles of H. sinensis in the metabolic pathways of active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, P R China.
| | - Shan Lin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, P R China.
| | - Peter James Baker
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, P R China.
| | - Ling-Fang Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, P R China.
| | - Xiao-Rui Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, P R China.
| | - Hui Wu
- East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000, Zhejiang, P R China.
| | - Feng Xu
- East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000, Zhejiang, P R China.
| | - Hong-Yan Wang
- East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000, Zhejiang, P R China.
| | - Mgavi Elombe Brathwaite
- Polytechnic School of Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, P R China.
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Wu Q, Wu D, Guan Y. Hybrid Titania–Zirconia Nanoparticles Coated Adsorbent for Highly Selective Capture of Nucleosides from Human Urine in Physiological Condition. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10122-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502876u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dapeng Wu
- Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yafeng Guan
- Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
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A graphene oxide functionalized with 3-aminophenylboronic acid for the selective enrichment of nucleosides, and their separation by capillary electrophoresis. Mikrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Zeng WB, Yu H, Ge F, Yang JY, Chen ZH, Wang YB, Dai YD, Adams A. Distribution of nucleosides in populations of Cordyceps cicadae. Molecules 2014; 19:6123-41. [PMID: 24830714 PMCID: PMC6271799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19056123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid HPLC method had been developed and used for the simultaneous determination of 10 nucleosides (uracil, uridine, 2'-deoxyuridine, inosine, guanosine, thymidine, adenine, adenosine, 2'-deoxyadenosine and cordycepin) in 10 populations of Cordyceps cicadae, in order to compare four populations of Ophicordyceps sinensis and one population of Cordyceps militaris. Statistical analysis system (SAS) 8.1 was used to analyze the nucleoside data. The pattern of nucleoside distribution was analyzed in the sampled populations of C. cicadae, O. sinensis and C. militaris, using descriptive statistical analysis, nested analysis and Q cluster analysis. The total amount of the 10 nucleosides in coremium was 1,463.89–5,678.21 µg/g in 10 populations of C. cicadae, 1,369.80–3,941.64 µg/g in sclerotium. The average contents of the 10 analytes were 4,392.37 µg/g and 3,016.06 µg/g in coremium and sclerotium, respectively. The coefficient of variation (CV) of nucleosides ranged from 8.36% to 112.36% in coremium of C. cicadae, and from 10.77% to 155.87% in sclerotium of C. cicadae. The CV of the nucleosides was wide within C. cicadae populations. The nested variation analysis by the nine nucleosides’ distribution indicated that about 42.29% of the nucleoside variability in coremium was attributable to the differentiation among populations, and the remaining 57.71% resided in the populations. It was also shown that about 28.94% of the variation in sclerotium was expressed between populations, while most of the variation (71.06%) corresponded to the populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Zeng
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, Institute of Herb Biotic Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China.
| | - Hong Yu
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, Institute of Herb Biotic Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China.
| | - Feng Ge
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jun-Yuan Yang
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, Institute of Herb Biotic Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China.
| | - Zi-Hong Chen
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, Institute of Herb Biotic Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yuan-Bing Wang
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, Institute of Herb Biotic Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yong-Dong Dai
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, Institute of Herb Biotic Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China.
| | - Alison Adams
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Engineering, Forestry and Natural Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5640, USA.
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28
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Zhang Q, Hong B, Liu J, Mu G, Cong H, Li G, Cai D. Multiwalled-carbon-nanotubes-based matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of honokiol and magnolol in Magnoliae Cortex. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1330-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research; Qiqihar Medical University; Qiqihar P.R. China
- Basic Medical Science College; Qiqihar Medical University; Qiqihar P.R. China
| | - Bo Hong
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research; Qiqihar Medical University; Qiqihar P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research; Qiqihar Medical University; Qiqihar P.R. China
| | - Guangze Mu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Qiqihar City; Qiqihar P.R. China
| | - Huan Cong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science; Qiqihar Medical University; Qiqihar P.R. China
| | - Gang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science; Qiqihar Medical University; Qiqihar P.R. China
| | - Defu Cai
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research; Qiqihar Medical University; Qiqihar P.R. China
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Zhao HQ, Wang X, Li HM, Yang B, Yang HJ, Huang L. Characterization of nucleosides and nucleobases in natural Cordyceps by HILIC-ESI/TOF/MS and HILIC-ESI/MS. Molecules 2013; 18:9755-69. [PMID: 23955321 PMCID: PMC6270082 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18089755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A method combining hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was developed for the characterization and determination of natural Cordyceps. Separation was achieved on a Waters Xbridge Amide column with gradient elution. Identification of 15 target nucleosides and nucleobases was based on retention time, UV spectra and mass measurements of the protonated molecules ([M+H]⁺) and main fragment ions (ESI-TOF/MS). Eight non-target compounds were tentatively identified by ESI-TOF/MS. The 15 target compounds were quantified by HILIC-ESI-MS/MS using time-programmed selective ion monitoring or multiple reaction monitoring in positive-ion mode under optimized mass conditions. This technique showed good linearity, repeatability and recovery. This approach was also successfully implemented in the analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases in 12 batches of natural Cordyceps samples that were collected from different regions in China. The developed HILIC-ESI-MS method exhibited clear advantages in identifying and determining highly polar bioactive components in Cordyceps, as well as their quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Qiang Zhao
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250014, Shangdong, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250014, Shangdong, China
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hong-Mei Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hong-Jun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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