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Simão AY, Oliveira P, Rosendo LM, Rosado T, Andraus M, Barroso M, Gallardo E. Microextraction by Packed Sorbent as a Clean-up Approach for the Determination of Ketamine and Norketamine in Hair by Gas Chromatography--Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:227-235. [PMID: 36124733 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of new psychoactive substances has been increasing and constitutes a social and public health problem, and hence, toxicological analysis has become of utmost importance for the detection of such substances. In this article, we present the development and full validation of a simple, user and environmentally friendly, cheap and suitable method for the determination of ketamine and its main metabolite norketamine in hair samples. The procedure included using a miniaturized procedure-microextraction by packed sorbent with mixed-mode sorbent-for sample clean-up. Organic solvents use was minimal, and it was possible to obtain a linear method (0.05-10 ng/mg for both analytes). The extraction efficiency ranged from 32 to 61%, which did not impair sensitivity. The method proved to be selective, precise, accurate and suitable for routine analysis for the determination of said compounds in 50-mg hair samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Simão
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã 6200-000, Portugal
| | - P Oliveira
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã 6200-000, Portugal
| | - L M Rosendo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã 6200-000, Portugal
| | - T Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã 6200-000, Portugal
| | - M Andraus
- Chromatox/Dasa Laboratory Ltda, Sumaré, São Paulo-SP 01259-000, Brazil
| | - M Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses-Delegação do Sul, Lisboa 1169-201, Portugal
| | - E Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã 6200-000, Portugal
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2
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Scanferla DTP, Sano Lini R, Marchioni C, Mossini SAG. Drugs of abuse: A narrative review of recent trends in biological sample preparation and chromatographic techniques. Forensic Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Sensitive determination of illicit drugs in wastewater using enrichment bag-based liquid-phase microextraction and liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1661:462684. [PMID: 34875518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To concentrate trace level of analytes in complex wastewater, sample preparation is necessary prior to instrumental analysis. In this work, an enrichment bag-based liquid-phase microextraction (EB-LPME) system was therefore proposed for the first time to isolate and enrich the illicit drugs (amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), ketamine, codeine and fentanyl) from wastewater. Under the optimum EB-LPME conditions, the recoveries of the model illicit drugs were 40-93% with enrichment factors up to 93. The optimized EB-LPME was compared to hollow fiber-LPME (HF-LPME) in terms of the thickness of the supported liquid membrane (SLM), the effective SLM area, extraction recovery and mass transfer flux. Compared with HF-LPME, EB-LPME possesses larger effective SLM area, and provided higher extraction recovery. In addition, EB-LPME provided larger mass transfer flux than HF-LPME, which was mainly due to the differences in SLM thickness. Therefore, SLM thickness was identified as the main mass transfer flux-determining factor experimentally. The matrix effect of EB-LPME was evaluated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and excellent sample clean-up was confirmed. Subsequently, EB-LPME-LC-MS/MS was validated with satisfactory results, and the detection of limit of the proposed method was in the range of 0.3-8.7 ng/L. Finally, with standard addition method, EB-LPME-LC-MS/MS was successfully applied for the determination of the model drugs in a local hospital wastewater from Wuhan, China. This study clearly showed that EB-LPME displayed great potential as an efficient sample preparation method for isolation and enrichment of the drugs/pollutants from complex environmental samples for wastewater-based epidemiology in the near future.
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Ahmad SM, Gonçalves OC, Oliveira MN, Neng NR, Nogueira JMF. Application of Microextraction-Based Techniques for Screening-Controlled Drugs in Forensic Context-A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:2168. [PMID: 33918766 PMCID: PMC8070059 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of controlled drugs in forensic matrices, i.e., urine, blood, plasma, saliva, and hair, is one of the current hot topics in the clinical and toxicological context. The use of microextraction-based approaches has gained considerable notoriety, mainly due to the great simplicity, cost-benefit, and environmental sustainability. For this reason, the application of these innovative techniques has become more relevant than ever in programs for monitoring priority substances such as the main illicit drugs, e.g., opioids, stimulants, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, dissociative drugs, and related compounds. The present contribution aims to make a comprehensive review on the state-of-the art advantages and future trends on the application of microextraction-based techniques for screening-controlled drugs in the forensic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir M. Ahmad
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, CiiEM, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Oriana C. Gonçalves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
| | - Mariana N. Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
| | - Nuno R. Neng
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José M. F. Nogueira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Chen X, Wu X, Luan T, Jiang R, Ouyang G. Sample preparation and instrumental methods for illicit drugs in environmental and biological samples: A review. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1640:461961. [PMID: 33582515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Detection of illicit drugs in the environmental samples has been challenged as the consumption increases globally. Current review examines the recent developments and applications of sample preparation techniques for illicit drugs in solid, liquid, and gas samples. For solid samples, traditional sample preparation methods such as liquid-phase extraction, solid-phase extraction, and the ones with external energy including microwave-assisted, ultrasonic-assisted, and pressurized liquid extraction were commonly used. The sample preparation methods mainly applied for liquid samples were microextraction techniques including solid-phase microextraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, dispersive solid-phase extraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, hollow fiber-based liquid-phase microextraction, and so on. Capillary microextraction of volatiles and airborne particulate sampling were primarily utilized to extract illicit drugs from gas samples. Besides, the paper introduced recently developed instrumental techniques applied to detect illicit drugs. Liquid chromatograph mass spectrometry and gas chromatograph mass spectrometry were the most widely used methods for illicit drugs samples. In addition, the development of ambient mass spectrometry techniques, such as desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and paper spray mass spectrometry, created potential for rapid in-situ analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlv Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xinyan Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and safety, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruifen Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, China; Chemistry College, Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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6
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Borden SA, Palaty J, Termopoli V, Famiglini G, Cappiello A, Gill CG, Palma P. MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE: CHALLENGES AND EMERGING STRATEGIES. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:703-744. [PMID: 32048319 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has been the "gold standard" for drugs of abuse (DoA) analysis for many decades because of the selectivity and sensitivity it affords. Recent progress in all aspects of mass spectrometry has seen significant developments in the field of DoA analysis. Mass spectrometry is particularly well suited to address the rapidly proliferating number of very high potency, novel psychoactive substances that are causing an alarming number of fatalities worldwide. This review surveys advancements in the areas of sample preparation, gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, as well as the rapidly emerging field of ambient ionization mass spectrometry. We have predominantly targeted literature progress over the past ten years and present our outlook for the future. © 2020 Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Borden
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Jan Palaty
- LifeLabs Medical Laboratories, Burnaby, BC, V3W 1H8, Canada
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Pierangela Palma
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
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7
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Analysis of basic drugs in biological samples using dynamic single-interface hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with fast electromembrane extraction. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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8
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Mafra G, Birk L, Scheid C, Eller S, Brognoli R, de Oliveira TF, Carasek E, Merib J. A straightforward and semiautomated membrane-based method as efficient tool for the determination of cocaine and its metabolites in urine samples using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1621:461088. [PMID: 32327224 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel and straightforward analytical methodology was proposed for the determination of cocaine (COC) and its main metabolites benzoylecgonine (BZE) cocaethylene (CE) and hydroxy‑cocaine (COCOH) in urine samples. This approach consisted of a high-throughput and semiautomated configuration based on hollow-fiber renewal liquid membrane extraction (HFRLM) coupled to a 96-well plate system, which was proposed for the first time to analyze complex biological samples such as urine. The analytical determinations were performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS). The analytical methodology was fully optimized through Doehlert and simplex-centroid designs, and univariate approaches. Polypropylene membranes of 1 cm length were inserted in the pins of an extraction blade combined with a 96-well plate system and its pores were filled with hexane:dichloromethane:ethyl acetate (1:1:1 v/v/v) for 180 s; moreover, 20 µL of this mixture was added to the sample to allow for a renewable liquid membrane. The extraction step was carried out by keeping the blades immersed in vials containing 1.5 mL of diluted urine adjusted at pH 10 with 10% (w/v) of Na2CO3 during 20 min, followed by liquid desorption with 100 µL of acetonitrile. Finally, the extract was dried under N2 stream and resuspended with 20 µL of ultrapure water. Satisfactory analytical performance was obtained with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.9875 for BZE to 0.9986 for CE; intra-day precision ranged from 1.6 to 13.5%, and inter-day precision varied from 2.2 to 17.5%. Limits of detection ranged from 1.5 to 15.1 ng mL-1, and limits of quantification varied from 5 to 50 ng mL-1, with relative recoveries varied from 70.7 to 124.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Mafra
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Letícia Birk
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Scheid
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil
| | - Sarah Eller
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Brognoli
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Tiago Franco de Oliveira
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Carasek
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Josias Merib
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil.
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Mahdavi P, Nojavan S, Asadi S. Sugaring-out assisted electromembrane extraction of basic drugs from biological fluids: Improving the efficiency and stability of extraction system. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1608:460411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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A review of the application of hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction in bioanalytical methods – A systematic approach with focus on forensic toxicology. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1108:32-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Saad AS, Alamein AMAA, Galal MM, Zaazaa HE. Novel Green Potentiometric Method for the Determination of Lidocaine Hydrochloride and its Metabolite 2, 6-Dimethylaniline; Application to Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Milk. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Sayed Saad
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy; Cairo University; Kasr El Aini st. 11562- Cairo Egypt
| | | | - Maha Mohammed Galal
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy; Cairo University; Kasr El Aini st. 11562- Cairo Egypt
| | - Hala Elsayed Zaazaa
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy; Cairo University; Kasr El Aini st. 11562- Cairo Egypt
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Asadi S, Tabani H, Nojavan S. Application of polyacrylamide gel as a new membrane in electromembrane extraction for the quantification of basic drugs in breast milk and wastewater samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 151:178-185. [PMID: 29331797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Introducing new membranes with green chemistry approach seems to be a great challenge for the development of a practical method in separation science. In this regard, for the first time, polyacrylamide gel as a new membrane in electromembrane extraction (EME) was used for the extraction of three model basic drugs (pseudoephedrine (PSE), lidocaine (LID), and propranolol (PRO)), followed by HPLC-UV. In comparison with conventional EME, in this method neither organic solvent nor carrier agents were used for extraction of mentioned drugs. Different variables for fabrication of polyacrylamide gel and extraction process were evaluated. Polyacrylamide gel (containing 12% (w/v) acrylamide, and 3.0% (w/w) bisacrylamide) with 2 mm thickness at pH = 1.5 was fabricated as membrane. The drugs were extracted from aqueous samples, through a polyacrylamide gel membrane, to an aqueous acceptor phase on membrane. Under the optimized extraction conditions (Voltage: 85 V, extraction time: 28 min, acceptor phase's pH: 4.0, and donor phase's pH: 7.0) limits of quantification and detection were in the ranges of 1.0-20.0 ng mL-1 and 0.3-6.0 ng mL-1, respectively. Applying the proposed method to determine and quantify intended drugs in breast milk, and wastewater samples have revealed acceptable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakine Asadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran
| | - Hadi Tabani
- Department of Environmental Geology, Research Institute of Applied Sciences (ACECR), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran
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Zhang J, Liu J, Zhang Y, Yu F, Wang F, Peng Z, Li Y. Voltammetric lidocaine sensor by using a glassy carbon electrode modified with porous carbon prepared from a MOF, and with a molecularly imprinted polymer. Mikrochim Acta 2017; 185:78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Yeh YH, Chen WC, Chang SY. Surfactant-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with field-amplified sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis for the determination of mexiletine and lidocaine. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2406-2415. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Yeh
- Department of Chemistry; National Kaohsiung Normal University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Department of Medicine; Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine; School of Medicine; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Sarah Y. Chang
- Department of Chemistry; National Kaohsiung Normal University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
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15
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Rosado T, Gonçalves A, Martinho A, Alves G, Duarte AP, Domingues F, Silvestre S, Granadeiro LB, Oliveira V, Leitão C, Gallardo E. Simultaneous Quantification of Antidepressants and Metabolites in Urine and Plasma Samples by GC–MS for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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Assessing cocaine abuse using LC-MS/MS measurements in biological specimens. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:1497-525. [PMID: 26168256 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use is still a problem in today's world, and this has several implications on human activities. Indeed, important problems related to cocaine derive from its use in situations where concentration and focus skills are necessary, namely while driving and/or working. The need of analytical methods for drug analysis in specimens of biological origin for proper documentation of human exposure is increasing. While GC-MS-based procedures represented the state-of-the-art of analytical techniques a few years ago, there is a growing trend for their replacement by LC-MS/MS, which can be justified by the increased sensitivity presented by these new technologies. This paper will review recently published papers on the use of LC-MS/MS-based procedures for cocaine measurement in biological specimens.
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17
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Li QL, Jing SJ, Zhang JF, Zhang L, Ran CC, Du CH, Jiang Y. Study of enrichment factors for six β-blockers in aliphatic alcohols by hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction. J Sep Sci 2015. [PMID: 26224511 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The selectivity of a suitable organic solvent is key for extraction in liquid-phase microextraction experiments. Nevertheless, the screening process remains a daunting task. Our research aimed to study the relationship between extraction efficiency and extraction solvents, analytes, and finally select the appropriate extraction solvent. In the present article, β-blockers and six extraction solvents were chosen as the models and hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction was conducted. The relationship was built by statistical analysis on the data. Factors affecting extraction efficiency including the logarithms of the octanol/water partition coefficient (logPo/w ) of analytes, acid dissociation constants, the logarithms of the octanol/water partition coefficient of solvents and pH of the sample solution were investigated. The results showed that a low water solubility of extraction solvent is the foundation to ensure higher extraction efficiency. Moreover, when ΔlogPo/w > 0, a higher extraction efficiency is observed at lower ΔlogPo/w , on the contrary, when ΔlogPo/w < 0, extraction efficiency is higher as the absolute value of ΔlogPo/w becomes greater. Finally, the relationship between enrichment factor and extraction solvents, analytes was established and a helpful guidance was provided for the selection of an optimal solvent to obtain the best extraction efficiency by liquid-phase microextraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Lian Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Jun Jing
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Institute of Forensic Science of Supreme People's Procuratorate, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Cong-Cong Ran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Chao-Hui Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Ye Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
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Liao HY, Chen JH, Shyue JJ, Shun CT, Chen HW, Liao SW, Hong CK, Chen PS. Rapid label-free determination of ketamine in whole blood using secondary ion mass spectrometry. Talanta 2015; 143:50-55. [PMID: 26078127 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A fast and accurate drug screening to identify the possible presence of a wide variety of pharmaceutical and illicit drugs is increasingly requested in forensic and clinical toxicology. The current first-line screening relies on immunoassays. They determine only certain common drugs of which antibodies are commercially available. To address the issue, a rapid screening using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has been developed. In the study, SIMS directly analyzed ketamine in whole blood without any pretreatment. While the untreated blood has a complicated composition, principal-components analysis (PCA) is used to detect unknown specimens by building up an analytical model from blank samples which were spiked with ketamine at 100 ng mL(-1), to simulate the presence of ketamine. Each characteristics m/z is normalized and scaled by multiplying the root square of intensity and square of corresponding m/z, developed by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Using linear regression and the result of PCA, this study enables to correctly distinguish ketamine positive and negative groups in an unknown set of specimens. The quantity of ketamine in an unknown set was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as the reference methodology. Instead limited by commercially available antibodies, SIMS detects target molecules straight despite the label-free detection capabilities of SIMS, additional data processing (here, PCA) can be used to fully analyse the produced data, which extends the range of analytes of interest on drug screening. Furthermore, extremely low sample volume, 5 µL, is required owing to the high spatial resolution of SIMS. In addition, while the whole blood is analyzed within 3 min, the whole analysis has been shortened significantly and high throughput can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yang Liao
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Hsuan Chen
- Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jong Shyue
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tung Shun
- Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department and Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Wen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Su-Wei Liao
- Department and Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kang Hong
- Department and Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Shan Chen
- Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department and Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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