Vortex-assisted surfactant-enhanced-emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction of biogenic amines in fermented foods before their simultaneous analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography

Rapid Analysis of Seven Polyamines in Nephotettix cincticeps by Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

A fast, simple, and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of seven polyamines in Nephotettix cincticeps was developed based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-3Q-MS) together with liquid phase extraction. Polyamines in insect samples were extracted with HClO4 solution and then were separated and detected by UPLC-3Q-MS, which was equipped with a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column, within 5 min without any derivatization procedure. The method has been successfully used to detect 7 polyamines in healthy and difluormethylornithine-treated adults of Nephotettix cincticeps with a method limit of detection and the method limit of quantitation of 24-139 pg/mg and 82-464 pg/mg, respectively, an intraday and interday relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 5) of 1.97-6.00% and 2.08-5.92% respectively, and a recovery of 86-115%. The success of this study provided a reliable method for the rapid and high-throughput detection of polyamines in the insect sample.

Ultrasonic-microwave synergistic supramolecular solvent liquid-liquid microextraction of trace biogenic amines in fish and beer based on solidification of floating organic droplet

It is important to detect the presence of biogenic amines (BAs) as indicators of food freshness. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel ultrasonic-microwave synergistic supramolecular solvent liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet (UMS-SUPRAS-SFO-LLME) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of BAs. The physical properties and microstructure of SUPRAS based on 1-dodecanol and tetrahydrofuran were studied, and the extraction conditions such as the SUPRAS volume, the UMS process, and the centrifugal conditions were optimized. The results for the extraction kinetics and thermodynamics showed that UMS-SUPRAS-SFO-LLME is a spontaneous, endothermic diffusion process. The linear ranges of this method are 0.1-2.0 × 105 ng·mL-1 (R2 > 0.994), the limits of detection are 4.0 × 10-3-6.0 × 10-2 ng·mL-1, and the recoveries were 96.28-103.15%. Compared with existing analysis methods, UMS-SUPRAS-SFO-LLME is a sensitive, green and economical sample pretreatment method for analyzing the enrichment of BAs in beer and fish.

Mitigation of microbial nitrogen-derived metabolic hazards as a driver for safer alcoholic beverage choices: An evidence-based review and future perspectives

Alcoholic beverages have been enjoyed worldwide as hedonistic commodities for thousands of years. The unique quality and flavor are attributed to the rich microbiota and nutritional materials involved in fermentation. However, the metabolism of these microbiota can also introduce toxic compounds into foods. Nitrogen-derived metabolic hazards (NMH) are toxic metabolic hazards produced by microorganisms metabolizing nitrogen sources that can contaminate alcoholic beverages during fermentation and processing. NMH contamination poses a risk to dietary safety and human health without effective preventive strategies. Existing literature has primarily focused on investigating the causes of NMH formation, detection methods, and abatement techniques for NMH in fermentation end-products. Devising effective process regulation strategies represents a major challenge for the alcoholic beverage industry considering our current lack of understanding regarding the processes whereby NMH are generated, real-time and online detection, and the high degradation rate after NMH formation. This review summarizes the types and mechanisms of nitrogenous hazard contamination, the potential risk points, and the analytical techniques to detect NMH contamination. We discussed the changing patterns of NMH contamination and effective strategies to prevent contamination at different stages in the production of alcoholic beverages. Moreover, we also discussed the advanced technologies and methods to control NMH contamination in alcoholic beverages based on intelligent monitoring, synthetic ecology, and computational assistance. Overall, this review highlights the risks of NMH contamination during alcoholic beverage production and proposes promising strategies that could be adopted to eliminate the risk of NMH contamination.

Microwave-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with HPLC for the Determination of Three Biogenic Amines in Beverages

Microwave-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (MADLLME) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detector was used for the extraction and determination of three biogenic amines (BAs), including tryptamine, histamine and phenylethylamine in beverages (beer, cherry juice and white spirit). Compared with solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction and liquid-phase microextraction, which is more solvent use with lower extraction efficiency, this MADLLME method obviously shortened analytical time, the rapid heating of aqueous samples with non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, a lower solvent use and enhanced extraction efficiency. Because of good extraction for three BAs, [3C6PC14][FeCl4] was used as an extraction solvent. We showed a tunable selectivity of magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) toward extracting BAs by changing anion or cation due to the modification of the interaction between the MIL and the BAs. Extraction conditions including the type and volume of extraction solvent, microwave power, microwave-assisted extraction time, sample pH, disperser and interference experiment were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, a good linear relationship was found in the concentration range of 100-2,000 ng mL-1 for three BAs with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.995-0.999. The limit of detections (S/N = 3) and limit of quantitations (S/N = 10) were in the range of 3.46-4.96 ng mL-1 and 10.44-14.88 ng mL-1, respectively. The recoveries of three targets were in the range of 84.3-108.5%, and the relative standard deviations based on the peak areas for six replicate analyses of beverages spiked with 10, 50 and 100 ng mL-1 of each biogenic amine were lower than 7.9%. This method has also been successfully applied to analyze the real samples at three different spiked concentrations, and excellent results have been obtained.

Utilization of ionic deep eutectic solvent as sustainable mobile phase additive in HPLC for improving the separation of biogenic amines

Biogenic amines are present in large quantities in fermented foods and are a key marker for assessing food safety. This paper proposes a novel method for high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of biogenic amines using deep eutectic solvent as mobile phase additive. After screening eight synthetic deep eutectic solvents and comparing with several common additives, deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride and ethylene glycol showed significant effects for improving the separation of biogenic amines. A Box-Behnken design of 17 runs was used to screen and optimize the key chromatographic parameters, resulting in an expected composition of the mobile phase of 0.73% deep eutectic solvent, 65% acetonitrile, and a column temperature of 28°C. The proposed method exhibited excellent linearity (0.1-50 μg/mL, R² ≥ 0.9987), limit of detection (0.007-0.031 μg/mL), precision (1.28-5.34%) and accuracy (87.2-110.6%). The method can be applied successfully to the separation and analysis of biogenic amines in cooking wine samples. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of green silicone surfactant-based vortex assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for sample preparation of organophosphorus pesticide residues in honey and fruit sample

A vortex assisted surfactant enhanced emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction based on non-ionic silicone surfactant was successfully developed for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in food samples coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A new type of non-ionic silicone surfactant composed of polysiloxane chains was employed as a green emulsifier to facilitate the emulsification of extraction solvent into the sample matrix, thereby intensifying the mass transfer of target analytes into the organic phase. The variables that affect the extraction were systematically optimized: 80 μL of hexane and 0.5% (v/v) of silicone surfactant were used as extraction solvent and surfactant respectively, the solution was mixed well under vortex agitation for 1 min with the addition of 4% (w/v) sodium sulfate. Under optimum conditions, the linearity of the method was obtained in the range of 0.1 - 200 μg/kg with good coefficient of determination varying from 0.9986 to 0.9996. The LOD and LOQ were in between 0.008 - 0.1 μg/kg and 0.02 - 0.3 μg/kg, respectively. Application of the proposed method to real samples gave satisfactory recovery values (80 - 118%) for the target analytes. The suggested approach has also proven to be convenient, expeditious and environmentally benign. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Exploring a novel deep eutectic solvents combined with vortex assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and its toxicity for organophosphorus pesticides analysis from honey and fruit samples

A novel deep eutectic solvents (DES) was successfully applied as an emulsifier in vortex assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in honey and fruit samples. Based on the result of toxicity study, DES provides new opportunities for the safe delivery and application. The predominant parameters affecting extraction efficiency were thoroughly optimized and studied in detail. Under optimum parameters, the calibration curve was determined in the concentration range of 0.1 to 200 µgL^-1 with excellent determination coefficients values of 0.9989 to 0.9999. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.01 - 0.09 µgL^-1 and 0.03 - 0.2 µgL^-1, respectively. Application of the developed method to honey and fruit samples gave acceptable recovery values 83 - 109% with relative standard deviation below than 9.5%. The suggested approach has also proven to be simple, cost-effective, rapid, and non-toxic in nature.

Unmodified cellulose filter paper, a sustainable and affordable sorbent for the isolation of biogenic amines from beer samples

While current trends in Green Analytical Chemistry aim at reducing or simplifying sample treatment, food usually comprises complex matrices where direct analysis is not possible in most cases. In this context, sample treatment plays a pivotal role. Biogenic amines are naturally formed in many foodstuffs due to the action of microorganisms, while their presence has been associated with adverse health effects. In this work, the extraction of seven biogenic amines (cadaverine, histamine, phenylethylamine, putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and tyramine) from beer samples has been simplified using laboratory filter paper as sorbent without any further modification. The analysis of the eluates by direct infusion mass spectrometry reduces the time of analysis, increasing the sample throughput. This simple but effective method enabled the determination of the analytes with limits of detection as low as 0.06 mg L^-1 and relative standard deviations better than 11.9%. The suitability of the method has been assessed by analyzing eight different types of beers by the standard addition method.

Silver Nanoparticles for a Colorimetric Determination of Putrescine and Cadaverine in Biological Samples

A convenient and uncomplicated scheme has been projected for the quantitative determination of essential diamines putrescine (PUT) and cadaverine (CAD) via sodium dodecyl sulfate protected silver nanoparticles (SDS-AgNPs). This scheme is based on the chemical interaction of a SDS-AgNPs probe with PUT and CAD, leading to a color change from yellow to red or reddish brown. The interaction was investigated through different techniques such as using a UV-visible spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), dynamic light scattering spectroscopy (DLS) and the zeta potential. Both amines possess a close resemblance in structure (except for the addition of one more methylene group in CAD), and no any distinguishable color change was noted. However, the maximum absorption band at 580 and 600 nm was demonstrated for PUT and CAD correspondingly. The methodical response was observed at absorption ratios of 580/410 and 600/410 nm, with the linear regression within 4 - 12 and 6 - 14 μg/mL for PUT and CAD. The detection limits calculated for both the diamines PUT and CAD were 0.333 and 1.638 μg/mL. The scheme was successfully applied for determinations in biological samples, including spiked blood plasma and urine. Putrescine exhibited % recovery within 95.717 - 105.200%, while cadaverine was within 95.940 - 105.109%, respectively. The scheme was reproducible and precise with inter-day RSD (n = 5) within 1.126, 0.018% and the intraday RSD (n = 5) was within 0.005, 0.002% for PUT and CAD, respectively.

Recent Trends in the Analysis of Chemical Contaminants in Beverages

Chemical contaminants should not be present in beverages for human consumption, but could eventually be ingested by consumers as they may appear naturally from the environment or be produced by anthropogenic sources. These contaminants could belong to many different chemical sources, including heavy metals, amines, bisphenols, phthalates, pesticides, perfluorinated compounds, inks, ethyl carbamate, and others. It is well known that these hazardous chemicals in beverages can represent a severe threat by the potential risk of generating diseases to humans if no strict quality control is applied during beverages processing. This review compiles the most updated knowledge of the presence of potential contaminants in various types of beverages (both alcoholic and non-alcoholic), as well as in their containers, to prevent undesired migration. Special attention is given to the extraction and pre-concentration techniques applied to these samples, as well as to the analytical techniques necessary for the determination of chemicals with a potential contaminant effect. Finally, an overview of the current legislation is carried out, as well as future trends of research in this field.

Electrophoretic analysis of polyamines in exhaled breath condensate based on gold-nanoparticles microextraction coupled with field-amplified sample stacking

In this work, citrate-capped gold-nanoparticles (citrate-AuNPs) have been firstly used for selective extraction of trace polyamines, putrescine (Put) and cadaverine (Cad), followed by field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) coupled with capillary electrophoresis and capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (FASS-CE-C⁴D). Put and Cad were extracted by electrostatic attractions between the amine group of the polyamines and the citrate ligands adsorbed on the surfaces of AuNPs. AuNPs microextraction (AuNPs-ME) effectively shortened preparation time (50 min) by introducing ultrasound, and the required sample extraction volume was only 1 mL. Furthermore, a synergistic enrichment strategy based on off-line AuNPs-ME and on-line FASS significantly improved the detection sensitivity, making the enrichment factors up to 1726-1887 times. Under the optimum conditions, Put and Cad could be well separated from the potential coexisting substances and then directly determined by CE-C⁴D without derivatization. Due to its low sample consumption, high sensitivity (LODs: 0.070-0.17 ng mL^-1), and acceptable recoveries (90-105%), this AuNPs-ME/FASS-CE-C⁴D method provides a rapid, economical and eco-friendly approach for direct determination of polyamines in human exhaled breath condensate, and has potential application prospects in preliminary noninvasive diagnosis of oral and respiratory inflammation.

Determination of Biogenic Amines in Seawater Using Capillary Electrophoresis with Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection

A rapid and green analytical method based on capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C⁴D) for the determination of eight environmental pollutants, the biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, spermine, tyramine, 2-phenylamine, histamine and tryptamine), is described. The separation was achieved under normal polarity mode at 24 °C and 25 kV with a hydrodynamic injection (50 mbar for 5 s) and using a bare fused-silica capillary (95 cm length × 50 µm i.d.) (detection length of 10.5 cm from the outlet end of the capillary). The optimized background electrolyte consisted of 400 mM malic acid. C⁴D parameters were set at a fixed amplitude (50 V) and frequency (600 kHz). Under the optimum conditions, the method exhibited good linearity over the range of 1.0⁻100 µg mL⁻¹ (R² ≥ 0.981). The limits of detection based on signal to noise (S/N) ratios of 3 and 10 were ≤0.029 µg mL⁻¹. The method was used for the determination of seawater samples that were spiked with biogenic amines. Good recoveries (77⁻93%) were found.

Vortex-assisted low density solvent and surfactant based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for sensitive spectrophotometric determination of cobalt

This study describes the development of vortex-assisted low density solvent and surfactant based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (VALS-DLLME) for Co(ii) prior to its spectrophotometric detection. The method consisted of the complexation of Co(ii) with pyrocatechol violet (PV) followed by the preconcentration of the Co(II)–PV complex using VALS-DLLME and then an absorption measurement at 600 nm. The optimum conditions for complex formation were a 1 : 3 mole ratio of Co(ii) and PV at pH 7.5, while the conditions for VALS-DLLME were 300 μL 1-dodecanol as extraction solvent, and 300 μL acetonitrile as dispersive solvent under a vortex for 20 s with the addition of cationic surfactant (0.02 mmol L⁻¹ CTAB). Under the optimum conditions, good linearity was in the range of 0.1–10 mg L⁻¹, the enrichment factor (EF) was 13.5 and the low limit of detection (LOD) was 0.04 mg L⁻¹. The method was applied to the analysis of Co(ii) in water, green leaf vegetable and vitamin B₁₂ samples. The proposed method provided good recoveries in the range of 86–104%, which were comparable to those obtained from flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

The formation of a Co(II)–PV complex and the VALS-DLLME procedure.

Vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction of strontium from water samples using 4',4″(5″)-di-(tert-butylcyclohexano)-18-crown-6 and tetraphenylborate

A vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction method was developed for the chromatographic determination of strontium in aqueous samples. In the method, strontium was complexed with 4',4″(5″)-di-(tert-butylcyclohexano)-18-crown-6 in the presence of tetraphenylborate as the counter anion, which increased the hydrophobicity of the ion-association complex, resulting in its improved extraction into 1-octanol. Strontium from the organic phase was stripped with nitric acid back to aqueous solution and determined by ion chromatography. The optimum microextraction conditions were as follows: 2.0 mL aqueous samples with 3 mM tetraphenylborate; 150 μL of 1-octanol as the extractant phase with 10 mM DtBuCH18C6; vortex extraction time for 10 s; centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 4 min; stripping by 0.1 M nitric acid. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limit for strontium was 0.005 mg/L. The calibration curves showed good linearity over the range between 0.01 and 2.5 mg/L. Intra- and interday precisions of the present method were satisfactory with relative standard deviations of 1.7 and 2.1%, respectively.

Simultaneous Determination of Food-Related Biogenic Amines and Precursor Amino Acids Using in Situ Derivatization Ultrasound-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A simple, rapid, sensitive, selective, and environmentally friendly method, based on in situ derivatization ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (in situ DUADLLME) coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode has been developed for the simultaneous determination of food-related biogenic amines and amino acids. A new mass-spectrometry-sensitive derivatization reagent 4'-carbonyl chloride rosamine (CCR) was designed, synthesized, and first reported. Parameters and conditions of in situ DUADLLME and UHPLC-MS/MS were optimized in detail. Under the optimized conditions, the in situ DUADLLME was completed speedily (within 1 min) with high derivatization efficiencies (≥98.5%). With the cleanup and concentration of microextraction step, good analytical performance was obtained for the analytes. The results showed that this method was accurate and practical for quantification of biogenic amines and amino acids in common food samples (red wine, beer, wine, cheese, sausage, and fish).

Environmentally friendly solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the determination of biogenic amines in fish samples

In this work, a facile and environmentally friendly solid-phase microextraction assay based on on-fiber derivatization coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was developed for determining four nonvolatile index biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, and tyramine) in fish samples. In the assay, the fiber was firstly dipped into a solution with isobutyl chloroformate as derivatization reagent and isooctane as extraction solvent. Thus, a thin organic liquid membrane coating was developed. Then the modified fiber was immersed into sample solution to extract four important bioamines. Afterwards, the fiber was directly inserted into gas chromatography injection port for thermal desorption. 1,7-Diaminoheptane was employed as internal standard reagent for quantification of the targets. The limits of detection of the method were 2.98-45.3 μg/kg. The proposed method was successfully applied to the detection of bioamines in several fish samples with recoveries ranging 78.9-110%. The organic reagent used for extraction was as few as microliter that can greatly reduce the harm to manipulator and environment. Moreover, the extraction procedures were very simple without concentration and elution procedures, which can greatly simplify the pretreatment process. The assay can be extended to the in situ screening of other pollutant in food safety by changing the derivatization reagent.

Recent Advances in the Determination of Biogenic Amines in Food Samples by (U)HPLC

The determination of biogenic amines (BAs) in food products stirs increasing interest because of the implications in toxicological and food quality issues. Apart from these aspects, in recent years, the relevance of BAs because of some organoleptic and descriptive concerns has been pointed out by several researchers. This overview aims at revising recent advances in the determination of BAs in food samples based on liquid chromatography. In particular, papers published in the past five years have been commented. Special attention has been paid to the great possibilities of ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. With regard to applications, apart from the determination of BAs in a wide range of food matrices, novel lines of research focused on the characterization, classification, and authentication of food products based on chemometrics have also been discussed.

Low-temperature derivatization followed by vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction for the analysis of polyamines in Nicotiana Tabacum

Polyamines are ubiquitous polycationic molecules that play a key role in many biological processes such as nucleic acid metabolism, protein synthesis, cell growth, and nicotine synthesis precursors. This work describes a rapid, sensitive, convenient, green, and cost-effective method for the determination of polyamines in Nicotiana tabacum by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. The analytes were derivatized with 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride at low temperature (about 4°C) and then extracted with vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction. The experimental designs based on quarter-fractional factorial design and Doehlert design were used to screen and optimize the important factors in microextraction process. Under the optimal conditions, the method was linear over 0.05-8.00 μg/mL with an r(2) ≥ 0.992 and exhibited good repeatability and reproducibility less than 6.0 and 6.9%, respectively. The limit of detection ranged between 0.013 and 0.029 μg/g. The newly developed method was successfully employed to analyze different leaf samples of Nicotiana tabacum, among which the polyamines contents were found to be very different. Moreover, tyramine, 1,3-diaminopropane, homospermidine, and canavalmine were tentatively identified with the electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. To our knowledge, this is the first report of identification of canavalmine in Nicotiana Tabacum.

Sensitivity enhancement in the fluorometric determination of aliphatic amines using naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde derivatization followed by vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction

A highly sensitive liquid chromatographic method was developed for the fluorometric determination of trace amounts of linear aliphatic primary amines. Prior to extraction, amines were derivatized with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) in the presence of cyanide ion (CN) and extracted by vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME). The optimum conditions were as follows: derivatization reaction time for 5 min in 2.0 mL aqueous donor samples with 50 μM NDA/CN, and 10mM borate buffer at pH 9; vortex extraction time for 20s in the VALLME step with 50 μL of isooctane as the extractant phase; centrifugation for 1 min at 6000 rpm. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection (LOD) were between 0.01 and 0.04 nmol L(-1). The calibration curves showed good linearity in the range of 0.1-20 nmol L(-1). In comparison with previous work using o-phthalaldehyde/2-mercaptoethanol derivatization, the method has much more stable fluorescent derivatives, higher fluorescence intensities, and greater extraction efficiencies. The sensitivity enhancement factors (SEF) were between 2 and 70, which is in good agreement with the theoretical values calculated from partition coefficients in VALLME system.