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Ma D, Zhao M, Guo H, Wang L, Li Y, Yuan S, Yan Y, Zheng Y, Gu X, Song Y, Han X, Sun H. Spatial distribution of metabolites in processing Ziziphi Spinosae Semen as revealed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15263. [PMID: 38961089 PMCID: PMC11222422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61500-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS) is the first choice for the treatment of insomnia. This research aimed to reveal the spatial distribution of identifying quality markers of ZSS and to illustrate the metabolite quality characteristics of this herbal medicine. Here, we performed a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) in situ to detect and image 33 metabolites in ZSS, including three saponins, six flavonoids, four alkaloids, eight fatty acids, and 12 amino acids. The MALDI images of the metabolites clearly showed the heterogeneous spatial distribution in different regions of ZSS tissues, such as the cotyledon, endosperm, and radicle. The distribution area of two saponins, six flavonoids, and three alkaloids increased significantly after the fried processing of ZSS. Based on the ion images, samples with different processing technologies were distinguished unambiguously by the pattern recognition method of orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA). Simultaneously, 23 major influencing components exerting higher ion intensities were identified as the potential quality markers of ZSS. Results obtained in the current research demonstrate that the processing of ZSS changes its content and distribution of the medicinal components. The analysis of MALDI-MSI provides a novel MS-based molecular imaging approach to investigate and monitor traditional medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglai Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
- International Joint Research Center On Resource Utilization and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China
| | - Mengwei Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
| | - Haochuan Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
| | - Lili Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xingtai University, Xingtai, 054001, China.
| | - Yage Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
| | - Shinong Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
| | - Yuping Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
| | - Yuguang Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
| | - Xian Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
| | - Yongxing Song
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
| | - Xiaowei Han
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China.
| | - Huigai Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China.
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China.
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Li B, Yang Y, Song Z, Tang Z. Comparative Analysis of the Sedative and Hypnotic Effects among Various Parts of Zizyphus spinosus Hu and Their Chemical Analysis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:413. [PMID: 38675375 PMCID: PMC11054641 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Zizyphus spinosus Hu (ZS), as a "medicinal and food-homologous" plant, has been used for a long history. The study was to assess the sedative and hypnotic effects among various parts of ZS. The model, diazepam (DZP), ZS kernel (ZSS), ZS flesh (ZSF), and ZS husk (ZSKS) group occurred subsequent to the successful establishment of the para-chlorophenylalanine induced insomnia model via intraperitoneal injection. The latency and duration of sleep in mice in each group were recorded. The substance basis of various parts of ZS was analyzed by the UPLC-QTOF-MS technique. The results showed that relative to the model group, DZP, ZSS, ZSF, and ZSKS groups demonstrated shortened sleep latency (p < 0.05) and extended sleep duration (p < 0.01). The GABA, 5-HT, and BDNF levels were significantly upregulated in the brain tissues of the mice in the DZP, ZSF, and ZSS groups (p < 0.01). However, the improvement in ZSKS was non-significant. Additionally, the mRNA and protein expression levels of 5-HT1AR, GABAARα1, and BDNF in mice in the DZP, ZSS, and ZSF groups were significantly enhanced (p < 0.01). However, the improvement in the ZSKS group was insignificant (p < 0.05). The examination of the substance composition across different parts revealed that the shared chemical basis contributing to the sedative and hypnotic potency of different parts of ZS may involve the presence of compounds such as (1) magnoflorine, (8) betulinic acid, (9) ceanothic acid, and (10) alphitolic acid. It provides a basis for further elucidation of the substance basis responsible for the functional and medicinal effects of ZS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Li
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China; (B.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Yuangui Yang
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China; (B.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zhongxing Song
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China; (B.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zhishu Tang
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China; (B.L.); (Z.S.)
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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Ruan W, Liu J, Zhang S, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Wang Z. Sour Jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa): A Bibliometric Review of Its Bioactive Profile, Health Benefits and Trends in Food and Medicine Applications. Foods 2024; 13:636. [PMID: 38472749 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on the comprehensive utilization of sour jujube and its beneficial properties to human health has attracted extensive attention. This study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the bioactive profile of sour jujube and future trends in applications. The research advancements within this field from 2000 to 2023 were addressed using the Web of Science database and VOSviewer. Among the 322 results, the most frequent keywords of bioactivity are flavonoids, antioxidants, saponins, insomnia, polyphenols, terpenoids and anti-inflammatory; the most studied parts of sour jujube are seeds, fruits and leaves; the published articles with high citations mainly focus on identification, biological effects and different parts distribution of bioactive compounds. The bioactivity of various parts of sour jujube was reviewed considering their application potential. The seeds, rich in flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids, exhibit strong effects on central nervous system diseases and have been well-developed in pharmacology, healthcare products and functional foods. The pulp has antioxidant properties and is used to develop added-value foods (e.g., juice, vinegar, wine). The leaves can be used to make tea and flowers are good sources of honey; their extracts are rich sources of flavonoids and saponins, which show promising medicinal effects. The branches, roots and bark have healing properties in traditional folk medicine. Overall, this study provides a reference for future applications of sour jujube in food and medicine fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ruan
- College of Food and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 26 Yuxiang Street, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Junli Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 598 Heping West Road, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
| | - Shixiong Zhang
- College of Food and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 26 Yuxiang Street, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- College of Food and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 26 Yuxiang Street, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- College of Food and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 26 Yuxiang Street, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Zhixin Wang
- College of Food and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 26 Yuxiang Street, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
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Gong L, Xie JB, Luo Y, Qiu ZD, Liu JR, Mei NJ, Chen ZY, Wang FL, Huang Y, Guo J, Cui GH, Zhang YQ, Lai CJS. Research progress of quality control for the seed of Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H.F. Chow (Suan-Zao-Ren) and its proprietary Chinese medicines. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 307:116204. [PMID: 36720435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (SZS), the seed of Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H.F. Chow (Chinese name Suan-Zao-Ren), is widely distributed in China, Laos, Myanmar, and Iran. It is a classic traditional Chinese medicine with sedative and sleeping effects. In clinical practice, there are more than 155 proprietary Chinese medicines containing SZS. However, many commercial SZS products are difficult to qualify using current methods. Moreover, there is a scarcity of quality standards for SZS in proprietary Chinese medicines. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to clearly reveal the quality indicators during the entire production process of SZS and its products. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study reviewed more than 230 articles and related books on the quality control of SZS and its proprietary Chinese medicines published over the last 40 years (from January 1979 to October 2022). Moreover, where available, information on the quality of SZS and its proprietary Chinese medicines was also collected from websites for comparison, including online publications (e.g. PubMed, CNKI, Google Scholar, and Web of Science), the information at Yaozhi website and China Medical Information Platform, along with some classic books on Chinese herbal medicine. The literature and information search were conducted using keywords such as "Suan-Zao-Ren", " Ziziphus jujuba" and "quality control", and the latest results from various databases were combined to obtain valid information. The active components, which in vivo exposure, and Q-markers were also summarized. RESULTS The jujuboside A, jujuboside B, and spinosin were revealed as the key Q-markers for SZS. Moreover, the advancements and prospects of the quality control for SZS and its extract, proprietary Chinese medicines, health foods, and adulterants were comprehensively summarized. The high-performance liquid chromatography-UV/evaporative light scattering detection and fingerprint analysis were found to be the mainstream methods for the SZS quality control. In particular, the novel quality evaluation method based on the unit content was applied for SZS and its proprietary Chinese medicines. Significant fluctuations were found in the contents of Q-markers. Moreover, the mass transfer rule of Q-markers was comprehensively clarified based on the entire production process, including production origins, ripening time, primary process, processing, compatibility decoction/extract, and storage. Ultimately, the crushing and compatibility of SZS were found to be the key steps affecting the active components. CONCLUSIONS In short, this study provides solid evidences to reveal quality indicators for the entire production process of developing rational quality standards for SZS and its products. Moreover, this study also provides a template quality control overview, which could be extended to other traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao - di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300314, China
| | - Jun-Bo Xie
- College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Traditional Chinese and Ethnic Medicines, Guangxi Institute For Food and Drug Control, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Zi-Dong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao - di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Jin-Rui Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300314, China
| | - Nan-Ju Mei
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300314, China
| | - Ze-Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao - di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Feng-Ling Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300314, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Pharmaceutical College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao - di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Guang-Hong Cui
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao - di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yan-Qing Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300314, China.
| | - Chang-Jiang-Sheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao - di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Chen H, Zhu Y, Zhao X, Yang Z. Tingli Dazao Decoction pretreatment ameliorates mitochondrial damage induced by oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 303:115987. [PMID: 36455763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tingli Dazao Decoction (TLDZD) recorded in "Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber" is a classical prescription used for the treatment of heart failure nowadays. The studies of TLDZD were mainly focused on clinical practice where the formula was usually combined with other medicinal herbs. Chemical composition and cardiovascular pharmacological research of TLDZD were still insufficient. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents of TLDZD, evaluate the effects of TLDZD on mitochondria of myocardial cells under oxidative stress, and identify its potential cardioprotective components. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical composition analysis of TLDZD was performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry. An in vitro oxidative stress model of cardiomyocytes was established by treating H9c2 cells with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP). The impact of TLDZD and its components on the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial ROS (mROS), the level of malonaldehyde as well as the structure and function of mitochondria were evaluated. The effect of TLDZD on AKT/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in cardiomyocytes under oxidative stress were observed. RESULTS Seventy-eight compounds were characterized from TLDZD, among which flavonoids, glucosinolates and phenylpropanoids were abundant, and a small number of cardiac glycosides and alkaloids also existed in TLDZD. Pretreatment with TLDZD significantly attenuated cell death, accompanied by decreased ROS and mROS production, reduced malonaldehyde level, lower mitochondrial membrane potential and adenosine triphosphate content in H9c2 cells stimulated with tBHP. The active components were mainly flavonoids of TLZ represented by quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucose-7-O-β-D-gentiobioside. In mechanism, the cardioprotective effect of TLDZD was proved to be associated with the activation of the AKT/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The chemical profile of TLDZD was comprehensively investigated. Flavonoids with quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucose-7-O-β-D-gentiobioside as the representative, were the main component in TLDZD responsible for attenuating mitochondrial oxidative damage in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Chen
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Zhenzhong Yang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321016, China; Innovation Center in Zhejiang University, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Mu L, Dai H, Fei C, Li W, Xue Q, Xu Y, Li L, Li W, Yin W, Yin F. Study on the processing chemistry of Fructus Psoraleae by a combination of untargeted and targeted metabolomics. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:4280-4291. [PMID: 36168848 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fructus Psoralea is widely used to treat osteoporosis and skin inflammatory diseases. Because of the side effects on the liver, renal and cardiovascular systems, it is processed to salt-processed Fructus Psoraleae to meet the requirements of clinical use. However, the mechanisms involved in the transformation of the chemical components are unclear. In this study, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to analyze the chemical profiles of this herbal medicine and the chemical transformation mechanism involved during the salt processing was studied. A total of 83 compounds were identified. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminate analysis were used to observe the distribution trend of all samples and visualize the difference. Raw and processed Fructus Psoraleae were clearly clustered into two groups. Furthermore, 17 marker compounds were identified as primary contributors to their differences based on t-test analysis (p < 0.01) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminate analysis (variable importance for the projection > 1). Finally, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry was used to evaluate the quality of Fructus Psoraleae by simultaneous analysis of 13 components highly related to efficacy. There were variations in the contents of 13 chemicals of Fructus Psoraleae and salt-processed products. The results of untargeted and targeted metabolomics revealed that salt processing affected the chemical composition of Fructus Psoraleae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Mu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hui Dai
- The State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Chenghao Fei
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Xue
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Wu Yin
- The State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Fangzhou Yin
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
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Hua Y, Xu XX, Guo S, Xie H, Yan H, Ma XF, Niu Y, Duan JA. Wild Jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa): A Review of Its Phytonutrients, Health Benefits, Metabolism, and Applications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7871-7886. [PMID: 35731918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wild jujube, Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chou, as a food and health supplement worldwide, has rich nutritional value. It contains nutrients such as nucleosides, amino acids, polysaccharides, and fatty oils. The fruits, seeds, and leaves of wild jujube can all be used for food, medicine, or health care purposes. Among these, the fruits play many roles, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory functions, and can be used as a natural nutritional supplement to prevent aging. Simultaneously, the mature seed of wild jujube exhibits beneficial effects on central nervous system diseases and is often used for the treatment of insomnia and as a functional food for improving sleep quality and enhancing learning and memory. This review presents an overview of research progress relevant to the phytonutrients, biological functions, metabolism of bioactive compounds, and applications of wild jujube and aims to provide a scientific reference for the development and utilization of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hua
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Xue Xu
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Sheng Guo
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hong Xie
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hui Yan
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xin-Fei Ma
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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Screening of different chemical components of sedative and hypnotic effects of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen before and after frying and determination of the Q-Marker. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1207:123349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Chen J, Zhu F, Pan M, Liu Q, Chen L, Tao Y. An emerging strategy for tracing the anti-erectile dysfunction components of raw and salt-processed semens of Astragali Complanati by combinatory liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based quantitative analysis, efficacy assessment on impotent rats and partial least squares regression. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1952-1959. [PMID: 35384303 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Semens of Astragali Complanati own anti-erectile dysfunction effect, however, the components which contribute to the anti-erectile dysfunction effect remain unclear. This work raised a strategy that integrating liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry-based quantitative analysis, anti-erectile dysfunction assessment on impotent rats and their relationship analysis for pinpointing anti-erectile dysfunction components from semens of Astragali Complanati. For simultaneous quantification of seven major components in raw and salt-processed semens of Astragali Complanati, an accurate and reliable liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry method was developed under multiple reaction monitoring mode. Of note, chloramphenicol was employed as the internal standard. The method showed good linearity and repeatability, where the recovery rates of each component ranged from 98.1 to 104.7%, and the precisions of intra-day and inter-day were all within 3.4%. After the method has been used for quantification of the seven major components in ten batches of raw and salt-processed semens of Astragali Complanati. Then, the anti-erectile dysfunction effects of raw and salt-processed semens of Astragali Complanati were evaluated on impotent rats. Grey relationship analysis and partial least squares regression were combined for elucidating the relationship. As a result, complanatuside, astragalin, complanatoside B and kaempferol were found to be responsible for anti-erectile dysfunction effect of Astragali Complanati. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Yongkang First People's Hospital Affiliated to Hangzhou Medical College, Yongkang, 321300, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Meiling Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Yi Tao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
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Exploration of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen in Treating Insomnia Based on Network Pharmacology Strategy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9888607. [PMID: 34745308 PMCID: PMC8568550 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9888607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS) is a common natural medicine used to treat insomnia, and to show clearly its method of action, we managed and did an in-depth discussion. Network pharmacology research is very suitable for the analysis of multiple components, multiple targets, and multiple pathways of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). According to the relevant theory, we first carefully collected and screened the active ingredients in ZSS and received 11 active ingredients that may work. The targets going along with these active components were also strongly related to insomnia targets, 108 common genes were identified, and drug-compound-gene symbol-disease visualization network and protein-protein interaction network were constructed. Forty-eight core genes were identified by PPI analysis and subjected to GO functional analysis with KEGG pathway analysis. The results of GO analysis pointed that there were 998 gene ontology items for the treatment of insomnia, including terms of 892 biological processes, 47 cellular components, and 59 molecular functions. It mainly shows the coupling effect and transport mode of some proteins in the biological pathways of ZSS in the treatment of insomnia and explains the mechanism of action through the connection between the target and the cell biomembrane. KEGG enrichment analyzed 19 signaling pathways, which were collectively classified into seven categories. We have identified the potential pathways of ZSS against insomnia and obtained the regulatory relationship between core genes and pathways and know that the same target can be regulated by multiple components at the same time. The results of molecular docking also prove this conclusion. We sought to provide a new analytical approach to explore TCM treatments for diseases using network pharmacology analysis tools.
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Tao Y, Chen L, Pan M, Zhu F, Yan J. Tracing anti-osteoporosis components from raw and salt-processed semen of Cuscuta chinensis by employing a biochemometrics strategy that integrates ultrasonic-assisted extraction, quantitation, efficacy assessment in zebrafish, and grey relationship analysis. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3229-3236. [PMID: 34240804 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Semen of Cuscuta chinensis has been reported to have an anti-osteoporosis effect, however, the components which account for the anti-osteoporosis effect have not been clarified. In this work we propose a biochemometrics strategy that integrates quantitation, anti-osteoporosis evaluation in zebrafish, and grey relationship analysis for the identification of anti-osteoporosis components from the semen of Cuscuta chinensis. In the beginning, a precise and accurate liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was established for simultaneous quantitation of seven major components in crude and salt-processed Cuscuta chinensis. The mode of multiple reaction monitoring was used. Chloramphenicol was selected as the internal standard. The method showed good linearity and repeatability. The recovery rates of each component ranged from 95.4 to 103.9%. The precisions of intra-day and inter-day were all within 5.0%. The method was then applied for quantitation of the seven major components in 11 batches of crude and salt-processed Cuscuta chinensis. Subsequently, the anti-osteoporosis effects of crude and salt-processed Cuscuta chinensis were evaluated in zebrafish. Principle component analysis, grey relationship analysis, and partial least squares regression were applied for deciphering the relationship between the contents of seven major components and the anti-osteoporosis effects. Hyperin, p-hydroxycinnamic acid, and astragalin were found to be the major anti-osteoporosis components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Meiling Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fei Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jizhong Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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12
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Chen Y, Jiang E, Yan J, Tao Y. Validation of an analytical method using UPLC-MS/MS to quantify four bioactive components in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study of traditional and dispensing granules decoction of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4797. [PMID: 31989669 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method was established for the simultaneous quantification of 6'''-feruloylspinosin, spinosin, jujuboside A, and jujuboside B in rat plasma after the oral administration of traditional and dispensing granules (DG) decoction of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS). The four components were separated using 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile as a mobile phase by gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min equipped with a C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 μm particle size, Acquity BEH C18 ). The mass spectrometer was operated under multiple reaction monitoring mode. An aliquot of 100 μL rat plasma was deproteinized by 300 μL methanol. The supernatant was injected into the UPLC-MS/MS system for analysis. The calibration curves displayed good linearity. The intra-day and inter-day precisions (RSD) were less than 7.3%. The accuracies ranged from -1.3 to 6.1%. The extraction recoveries ranged from 95.8 to 101.9%, and the matrix effects were satisfactory. For DG, half-life values (t1/2 ) of 6'''-feruloylspinosin and Cmax of jujuboside A were elevated remarkably. MRT0-t of jujuboside B was significantly increased. No significant variation was observed for the pharmacokinetic parameters of spinosin. The results could provide a scientific basis for the clinical application of traditional and DG decoction of ZSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Enci Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jizhong Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Tao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Antiarrhythmic Mechanisms of Chinese Herbal Medicine Dingji Fumai Decoction. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:9185707. [PMID: 32256664 PMCID: PMC7109552 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9185707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Dingji Fumai decoction (DFD) is used to treat ventricular arrhythmia, and it has provided a very good curative effect. However, its cellular electrophysiological mechanism is unknown. Methods Electrocardiogram was recorded, and oxidative stress response and ion-channel-related molecules were detected in rats with barium chloride- and aconitine-induced ventricular arrhythmia. Moreover, whole-cell patch-clamp assay was used to investigate the inhibitory effect of DFD on Nav1.5 in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Results DFD prolonged the occurrence time and shortened the duration of ventricular arrhythmia, decreased the malondialdehyde and increased the superoxide dismutase, and alleviated the activation of Na+-K+-ATPase and connexin-43. DFD suppressed Nav1.5dose-dependently with an IC50 of 24.0 ± 2.4 mg/mL. Conclusions The clinical antiarrhythmic mechanisms of DFD are based on its antioxidant potential, alleviation of Na+-K+-ATPase and connexin-43, and class I antiarrhythmic properties by suppressing Nav1.5dose-dependently with an IC50 of 24.0 ± 2.4 mg/mL.
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Xie H, Su D, Zhang J, Ji D, Mao J, Hao M, Wang Q, Yu M, Mao C, Lu T. Raw and vinegar processed Curcuma wenyujin regulates hepatic fibrosis via bloking TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways and up-regulation of MMP-2/TIMP-1 ratio. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 246:111768. [PMID: 30849507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Curcuma wenyujin Y.H. (CW), a variety of Curumae Rhizoma, which documented in China Pharmacopeia, has long been used as plant medicine for its traditional effect on promoting Qi, activating blood stagnation and expelling blood stasis. Nowadays, it is often used in clinic for extraordinary effect on liver diseases. It is worthy to be noted that CW processed with vinegar has been applied in clinic for 1500 years which started in the northern and southern dynasties. AIM OF STUDY Liver fibrosis is a worldwide clinical issue. It is worth developing a multi-target and multicellular approach which is high efficiency and low side effects for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. The anti-hepatic fibrosis molecular mechanisms of CW and vinegar Curcuma wenyujin (VCW) need to be explored and elucidated. Furthermore, the study aimed to discuss the efficiency and mechanism differences between CW and VCW in hepatic fibrosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Biochemical assays and histopathology were adopted to evaluate the anti-hepatic fibrosis effect of CW and VCW. The TGF-β/Smad signaling involving TGF-β1, TGF-βRⅠ, TGF-βRⅡ and Smad2, Smad3, Smad7 in fibrosis is examined, which is a critical step towards the evaluation of anti-hepatic fibrosis agents. Meanwhile, the MMP/TIMP balance is a potential therapy target by modulating extracellular matrix, which is also examined. Both CW and VCW inhibit the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells and induce apoptosis via blocking TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways. Additionally, the level of MMP-2/TIMP-1 regulated significantly, which suggest CW and VCW participate in the degradation process, and maintain the formation and production of extracellular matrix. CONCLUSION Raw and vinegar processed Curcuma wenyujin regulates hepatic fibrosis via bloking TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways and up-regulation of MMP-2/TIMP-1 ratio. And VCW has more exhibition than CW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Dan Su
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - De Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Min Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiaohan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengting Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Chunqin Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Tulin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Li H, Shi J, Li Y, Wang C, Hou G, Cong W, Zhao F. Purification of spinosin from Ziziphi Spinosae Semen using macroporous resins followed by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:3134-3140. [PMID: 31364279 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
As a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, Ziziphi Spinosae Semen has been used for treating anxiety and insomnia for a long time. Spinosin, the main active C-glycoside flavonoid in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen, has attracted much attention because of its many pharmacological activities including strong hypnotic effects, anxiolytic-like effects, and so on. In the present work, high-purity spinosin was separated from Ziziphi Spinosae Semen using the HPD-300 resin followed by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. The adsorption kinetics curve of spinosin on the HPD-300 resin was studied and fitted well by the pseudo-second-order equation. The adsorption isotherms were also constructed and low temperature favored the adsorption reaction. The separation parameters were optimized using dynamic adsorption and desorption tests. After a one-run treatment with HPD-300 resin, the concentration of spinosin increased 11.8-fold from 0.99 to 11.7% with a recovery yield of 80.4%. Furthermore, the purity of spinosin could surpass above 98% after separation by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and recrystallization with a recovery yield of 72.6%. The developed method was effective and suitable for the large-scale preparation of spinosin. Moreover, it was confirmed that HPD-300 resin could enable good selection for the enrichment of flavonoids from different plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, the Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Jiling Shi
- School of Pharmacy, the Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, the Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- School of Pharmacy, the Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Guige Hou
- School of Pharmacy, the Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Wei Cong
- School of Pharmacy, the Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, the Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, P. R. China
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Li J, Wen Q, Feng Y, Zhang J, Luo Y, Tan T. Characterization of the multiple chemical components of Glechomae Herba using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry with diagnostic ion filtering strategy. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1312-1322. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junmao Li
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal MedicineJiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang P. R. China
| | - Quan Wen
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal MedicineJiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang P. R. China
| | - Yulin Feng
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal MedicineJiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal MedicineJiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang P. R. China
| | - Yun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of EducationJiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang P. R. China
| | - Ting Tan
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal MedicineJiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang P. R. China
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