1
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Fanali C, Della Posta S, Gentili A, Chankvetadze B, Fanali S. Recent developments in electromigration techniques related to pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis - A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115647. [PMID: 37625282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of pharmaceutical compounds is an important research topic as the use of different drugs affects people's daily life for the treatment of diseases. In addition to the widespread use of the internet, counterfeit drugs have appeared in the market. The development of modern analytical techniques, reliable, precise, sensitive, and rapid methods, has provided powerful means of analysis used in various fields such as drug production, quality control, determination of impurities and/or metabolites, biochemistry, pharmacokinetics, etc. Analytical techniques so far used in the pharmaceutical analysis include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), super/sub-critical fluid chromatography (SFC), and capillary electromigration techniques such as capillary electrophoresis (CE) and rather rarely capillary electrochromatography (CEC). CE has some advantages over other techniques, e.g., very high efficiency, reduced costs (use of minute volumes of solvents and samples), the possibility to use different separation mechanisms, etc. In this review paper, the main features and limitations of the capillary electromigration techniques (especially CE) are discussed. Some selected applications of CE to the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds published in the period 2021-2023 (May) are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fanali
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Susanna Della Posta
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Scientific Board of the Ph.D. School in Nanosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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2
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Ibrahim AE, El Gohary NA, Aboushady D, Samir L, Karim SEA, Herz M, Salman BI, Al-Harrasi A, Hanafi R, El Deeb S. Recent advances in chiral selectors immobilization and chiral mobile phase additives in liquid chromatographic enantio-separations: A review. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464214. [PMID: 37506464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
For decades now, the separation of chiral enantiomers of drugs has been gaining the interest and attention of researchers. In 1991, the first guidelines for development of chiral drugs were firstly released by the US-FDA. Since then, the development in chromatographic enantioseparation tools has been fast and variable, aiming at creating a suitable environment where the physically and chemically identical enantiomers can be separated. Among those tools, the immobilization of chiral selectors (CS) on different stationary phases and the chiral mobile phase additives (CMPA) which have been progressed and studied extensively. This review article highlights the major advances in immobilization of CS together with their different recognition mechanisms as well as CMPA as a cheaper and successful alternative for chiral stationary phases. Moreover, the role of molecular modeling tool as a pre-step in the choice of CS for evaluating possible interactions with different ligands has been pointed up. Illustrations of reported methods and updates for immobilized CS and CMPA have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port-Said 42511, Egypt; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Nesrine Abdelrehim El Gohary
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Dina Aboushady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Liza Samir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Shereen Ekram Abdel Karim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Magy Herz
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Baher I Salman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rasha Hanafi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38092, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Salido-Fortuna S, Bosco CD, Gentili A, Castro-Puyana M, Marina ML, D'Orazio G, Fanali S. Enantiomeric analysis of drugs in water samples by using liquid-liquid microextraction and nano-liquid chromatography. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1177-1186. [PMID: 37276371 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The nano-LC technique is increasingly used for both fast studies on enantiomeric analysis and test beds of novel stationary phases due to the small volumes involved and the short conditioning and analysis times. In this study, the enantioseparation of 10 drugs from different families was carried out by nano-LC, utilizing silica with immobilized amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate) column. The effect on chiral separation caused by the addition of different salts to the mobile phase was evaluated. To simultaneously separate as many enantiomers as possible, the effect of buffer concentration in the mobile phase was studied, and, to increase the sensitivity, a liquid-liquid microextraction based on the use of isoamyl acetate as sustainable extraction solvent was applied to pre-concentrate four chiral drugs from tap and environmental waters, achieving satisfactory recoveries (>70%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Salido-Fortuna
- Department of Chemistry, University of "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chiara Dal Bosco
- Department of Chemistry, University of "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | - María Castro-Puyana
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanni D'Orazio
- Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB), CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- School in Nanoscience and Advanced Technologies, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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4
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Enantioselective separation and simulation studies of five flavanone glycosides on a cellulose tris-(3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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5
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Kaya C, Birgül K, Bülbül B. Fundamentals of chirality, resolution, and enantiopure molecule synthesis methods. Chirality 2023; 35:4-28. [PMID: 36366874 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The chirality of molecules is a concept that explains the interactions in nature. We may observe the same formula but different organizations revolving around the chiral center. Since Pasteur's meticulous observation of sodium ammonium tartrate crystals' structure, scientists have discovered many features of chiral molecules. The number of newly approved single enantiomeric drugs increases every year and takes place in the market. Thus, separation or resolution methods of racemic mixtures are of continued importance in the efficacy of drugs, installation of affordable production processes, and convenient synthetic chemistry practice. This article presents the asymmetric synthesis approaches and the classification of direct resolution methods of chiral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Kaya
- Department of Pharmacy, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Altınbaş University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Kaan Birgül
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahadır Bülbül
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey
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6
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Recent advances in the hyphenation of electromigration techniques with mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Zhang L, Tan QG, Fan JQ, Sun C, Luo YT, Liang RP, Qiu JD. Microfluidics for chiral separation of biomolecules. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Zhu C, Zhang AM, Li Y, Li HX, Qian Y, Fu Y, Wu X, Li Y. A biomimetic metal–organic framework with cuboid inner cavities for enantioselective separation. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00152g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A biomimetic metal–organic framework with cuboid inner cavities and multiple recognition sites was constructed from a phenylalanine-derived ligand. It can enantioselectively separate various racemic alcohols, diols and epoxides with ee up to 99.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfeng Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - A-Mei Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Han-Xue Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yijian Qian
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yanming Fu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yougui Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
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9
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Wang G, Lv W, Pan C, Chen H, Chen X. Synthesis of a novel chiral DA-TD covalent organic framework for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography enantioseparation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:403-406. [PMID: 34897307 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06420g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a novel chiral covalent organic framework, DA-TD COF, with good chemical/thermal stability was synthesized and used as a chiral stationary phase for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography enantioseparation. The DA-TD COF coated capillary exhibited excellent enantioseparation efficiency and its separation efficiency did not show an obvious decrease over 200 runs. Furthermore, the enantioseparation mechanism was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China. .,Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Wenjuan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China. .,Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Congjie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China. .,Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Hongli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China. .,Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xingguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China. .,Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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10
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Bao W, Zhang C, Yang M, Nan D, Liu T, Guo X, Fang L. Preparation and modeling study of novel carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin silica hybrid monolithic column for enantioseparations in capillary electrochromatography. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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11
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Fan X, Cao L, Geng L, Ma Y, Wei Y, Wang Y. Polysaccharides as separation media for the separation of proteins, peptides and stereoisomers of amino acids. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:616-638. [PMID: 34242648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Reliable separation of peptides, amino acids and proteins as accurate as possible with the maximum conformation and biological activity is crucial and essential for drug discovery. Polysaccharide, as one of the most abundant natural biopolymers with optical activity on earth, is easy to be functionalized due to lots of hydroxyl groups on glucose units. Over the last few decades, polysaccharide derivatives are gradually employed as effective separation media. The highly-ordered helical structure contributes to complex, diverse molecular recognition ability, allowing polysaccharide derivatives to selectively interact with different analytes. This article reviews the development, application and prospects of polysaccharides as separation media in the separation of proteins, peptides and amino acids in recent years. The chiral molecules mechanism, advantages, limitations, development status and challenges faced by polysaccharides as separation media in molecular recognition are summarized. Meanwhile, the direction of its continued development and future prospects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China
| | - Lilong Cao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China
| | - Linna Geng
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yalu Ma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China.
| | - Yuping Wei
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China; Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China.
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12
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Mendes TDC, Pinto EC, Cabral LM, de Sousa VP. Rotigotine: A Review of Analytical Methods for the Raw Material, Pharmaceutical Formulations, and Its Impurities. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:592-604. [PMID: 33276374 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotigotine is a dopaminergic agonist developed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and restless leg syndrome. The pure levorotatory enantiomer is marketed in several countries as a transdermal patch. Reports of oxidation and instability in a previous formulation indicate the need to evaluate impurities in both the raw material and pharmaceutical dosage forms of rotigotine to ensure product quality. OBJECTIVE This review examines the main analytical methods for analyzing rotigotine in raw material and its transdermal patches with the aim of assisting the development of new pharmaceutical formulations and stability studies. METHODS Analytical methods based on high-performance liquid chromatography for rotigotine from pharmacopoeias and literature were evaluated. A comparison was made between the methods found in the literature and official rotigotine monographs described by the United States, European, and British Pharmacopoeias, including a discussion of their acceptance limits for impurities related to the drug. The different impurities from the synthesis processes and degradation studies of rotigotine were also evaluated, as well as the main articles that describe methods for assessing their chiral purity. RESULTS Qualified and unofficial official impurities found in forced degradation studies were verified. The methods presented show adequate specificity and selectivity in determining the drug in the presence of its impurities. CONCLUSIONS The approached methods are promising, but more detailed studies on the stability of rotigotine are still lacking, mainly in the pharmacokinetic and toxicological characterization of its impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamara de Carvalho Mendes
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Costa Pinto
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucio Mendes Cabral
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valeria Pereira de Sousa
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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13
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de Koster N, Clark CP, Kohler I. Past, present, and future developments in enantioselective analysis using capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:38-57. [PMID: 32914880 PMCID: PMC7821218 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enantioseparation of chiral products has become increasingly important in a large diversity of academic and industrial applications. The separation of chiral compounds is inherently challenging and thus requires a suitable analytical technique that can achieve high resolution and sensitivity. In this context, CE has shown remarkable results so far. Chiral CE offers an orthogonal enantioselectivity and is typically considered less costly than chromatographic techniques, since only minute amounts of chiral selectors are needed. Several CE approaches have been developed for chiral analysis, including chiral EKC and chiral CEC. Enantioseparations by EKC benefit from the wide variety of possible pseudostationary phases that can be employed. Chiral CEC, on the other hand, combines chromatographic separation principles with the bulk fluid movement of CE, benefitting from reduced band broadening as compared to pressure-driven systems. Although UV detection is conventionally used for these approaches, MS can also be considered. CE-MS represents a promising alternative due to the increased sensitivity and selectivity, enabling the chiral analysis of complex samples. The potential contamination of the MS ion source in EKC-MS can be overcome using partial-filling and counter-migration techniques. However, chiral analysis using monolithic and open-tubular CEC-MS awaits additional method validation and a dedicated commercial interface. Further efforts in chiral CE are expected toward the improvement of existing techniques, the development of novel pseudostationary phases, and establishing the use of chiral ionic liquids, molecular imprinted polymers, and metal-organic frameworks. These developments will certainly foster the adoption of CE(-MS) as a well-established technique in routine chiral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky de Koster
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Charles P. Clark
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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14
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Fanali S, Chankvetadze B. History, advancement, bottlenecks, and future of chiral capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461832. [PMID: 33383238 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) represents a technique with less than 30 years of intense development and in this period this technique has seen huge promise, fast development, stagnation, and significant decline of innovative activity. The major goal of the present overview is not to present an extensive review of the literature on chiral CEC but to analyze the reasons for this dramatic development and attempting to answer questions such as: 1) Was the potential of CEC reasonably evaluated in 1990s before starting the explosive development in this field? 2) Did the development of this technique take the right track? 3) What other developments and competitive trends led to stagnation in the advancement of CEC? 4) Why is the activity in this field currently decreasing? 5) What are the current challenges and promises and what is the future of chiral CEC?
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Fanali
- Teaching Committee of Ph.D. School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia.
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15
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D'Orazio G, Fanali C, Fanali S, Gentili A, Karchkhadze M, Chankvetadze B. Further study on enantiomer resolving ability of amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate) covalently immobilized onto silica in nano-liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461213. [PMID: 32505297 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study separation of enantiomers of some chiral neutral, basic and weakly acidic analytes was investigated on the chiral stationary phase (CSP) made by covalent immobilization of amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate) onto aminopropylsilanized (APS) silica in nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC) in aqueous methanol or acetonitrile mixtures. It has been shown that similar to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) this chiral selector is useful for separation of enantiomers of neutral, basic and acidic analytes also in nano-LC. In comparison to our previous research, in which the chiral selector (CS) was bonded on native silica, in this study, the CS was immobilized on APS silica in order to improve chromatographic performance towards basic analytes. In fact, some improvement was observed and surprisingly not only for basic but also for neutral and acidic analytes. Again, quite unexpectedly almost no electroosmotic flow (EOF) was observed in capillaries packed with ca. 20% (w/w) amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate) immobilized onto APS silica although the same APS silica before attachment of chiral selector exhibited significant EOF. In order to generate EOF in the capillaries with the CSP and enable capillary electrochromatographic (CEC) experiment on it, the short segment of the capillary column was packed with APS silica without chiral selector. The EOF in such capillary enabled CEC experiment and some preliminary results are reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni D'Orazio
- Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB), CNR- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria Km 29,300 - 00015 Monterotondo (Rome), Italy
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Teaching Committee of Ph.D. School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15 - 37129 Verona, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Karchkhadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
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16
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Feng Z, Yang Y, Xu G, Du Y, Sun X. Investigation of the synergistic effect with chiral D‐penicillamine functionalized gold nanoparticle as an additive for enantiomeric separation in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1060-1066. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yue Yang
- GCP officeZhongda HospitalSoutheast University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Guangfu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
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Luo R, Han H, Liu J, Xu D, Wang Q, Fanali S, Jiang Z. Preparation and application of teicoplanin functionalized polymeric monolith for enantioseparation of chiral drugs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 182:113129. [PMID: 32036299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel chiral stationary phase (CSP), based on a monolithic organic polymer chemically modified with teicoplanin, was fabricated within a 100 μm I.D. fused silica capillary. The teicoplanin was firstly derivatized with 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (ICNEML) and then thermally co-polymerized with the crosslinker ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) in presence of porogens (methanol and dimethylsulfoxide). The optimal experimental conditions (e.g., concentration and ratio of the reagents), considering enantioresolution and permeability, were systematically investigated. The prepared monolith was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, and the column exhibited quite good morphology. In order to further evaluate the enantioresolving power of the poly(ICNEML-teicoplanin-co-EDMA) monolith, a series of basic and acidic chiral compounds were analyzed using an isocratic mode of polar organic solvents (methanol and acetonitrile) or the same solvents in combination with water (reversed-phase) by nano-liquid chromatography. Five mandelic acids and six derivatized amino acids were enantioresolved under reversed-phase mode (Rs = 1.22-3.47 and α = 1.43-6.33). This monolithic teicoplanin-CSP was also effective in the enantioseparations of 17 amino alcohol drugs employing polar-organic phase mode (MeOH/ACN/TEA/HOAc (80/20/0.03/0.055, v/v/v/v)). Ten of them were baseline enantioresolved (alprenolol, betaxolol, clenbuterol, isoproterenol, metoprolol, pindolol, propranolol, salbutamol, sotalol, tertatolol) (Rs = 1.55-2.48 and α = 1.21-1.55), while the others were partially enantioseparated (Rs = 1.14-1.48).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongying Luo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hai Han
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Dongsheng Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Qiqin Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Ph.D. School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15-37129, Verona, Italy
| | - Zhengjin Jiang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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19
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Zhang C, Qu J, Lv X, Zhang J, Fang L. A novel open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography using carboxymethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin functionalized gold nanoparticles as chiral stationary phase. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:946-953. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenning Zhang
- Institute of Wudang Traditional Chinese MedicineTaihe hospitalHubei University of Medicine Shiyan P. R. China
| | - Jialin Qu
- Clinical Laboratory of Integrative MedicineThe first affiliated hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Lv
- College of PharmacyDalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning Province P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- College of PharmacyDalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning Province P. R. China
| | - Linlin Fang
- College of PharmacyDalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning Province P. R. China
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21
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Yu RB, Quirino JP. Chiral liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography: Trends from 2017 to 2018. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhang H, Wu ZY, Yang YY, Yang FQ, Li SP. Recent applications of immobilized biomaterials in herbal analysis. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:216-230. [PMID: 31277949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization of biomaterials developed rapidly due to the great promise in improving their stability, activity and even selectivity. In this review, the immobilization strategies of biomaterials, including physical adsorption, encapsulation, covalent attachment, cross-linking and affinity linkage, were briefly introduced. Then, the major emphasis was focused on the reported various types of immobilized biomaterials, including proteins, enzymes, cell membrane and artificial membrane, living cells, carbohydrates and bacteria, used in the herbal analysis for bioactive compound screening, drug-target interaction evaluation and chiral separation. In addition, a series of carrier materials applied in biomaterials immobilization, such as magnetic nanoparticles, metal-organic frameworks, silica capillary column, cellulose filter paper, cell membrane chromatography, immobilized artificial membrane chromatography and hollow fiber, were also discussed. Perspectives on further applications of immobilized biomaterials in herbal analysis were finally presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Zhao-Yu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Yi-Yao Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China.
| | - Shao-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, PR China.
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23
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Jiang Z, Qu J, Tian X, Huo X, Zhang J, Guo X, Fang L. Sol-gel technique for the preparation of β-cyclodextrin gold nanoparticles as chiral stationary phase in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1948-1954. [PMID: 30919564 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel open-tubular capillary electrochromatography column coated with β-cyclodextrin was prepared using the sol-gel technique. In the sol-gel approach, owing to the three-dimensional network of sol-gel and the strong chemical bond between the stationary phase and the surface of capillary columns, good chromatographic characteristics and unique selectivity in separating enantiomers were shown. The influences of capillary inner diameter, coating time, organic modifier, buffer pH, and buffer concentration on separation were investigated. The sol-gel-coated β-cyclodextrin column has shown improved enantioseparation efficiency of chlorphenamine, brompheniramine, pheniramine, zopiclone in comparison with the sol-gel matrix capillary column. The migration time relative standard deviation of the separation of the enantiomers was less than 0.89% over five runs and 2.9% from column to column. This work confirmed that gold nanoparticles are promising electrochromatographic support to enhance the phase ratio of open-tubular capillary electrochromatography column in capillary electrochromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Jialin Qu
- Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The first affiliated hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Xiangge Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaokui Huo
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Xingjie Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Fang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
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Teixeira J, Tiritan ME, Pinto MMM, Fernandes C. Chiral Stationary Phases for Liquid Chromatography: Recent Developments. Molecules 2019; 24:E865. [PMID: 30823495 PMCID: PMC6429359 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The planning and development of new chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for liquid chromatography (LC) are considered as continuous and evolutionary issues since the introduction of the first CSP in 1938. The main objectives of the development strategies were to attempt the improvement of the chromatographic enantioresolution performance of the CSPs as well as enlarge their versatility and range of applications. Additionally, the transition to ultra-high-performance LC were underscored. The most recent strategies have comprised the introduction of new chiral selectors, the use of new materials as chromatographic supports or the reduction of its particle size, and the application of different synthetic approaches for preparation of CSPs. This review gathered the most recent developments associated to the different types of CSPs providing an overview of the relevant advances that are arising on LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Teixeira
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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