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S K, Saquib M, Poojary H, Illanad G, Valavan D, M S, Nayak R, Mazumder N, Ghosh C. Skin emitted volatiles analysis for noninvasive diagnosis: the current advances in sample preparation techniques for biomedical application. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12009-12020. [PMID: 38623290 PMCID: PMC11017966 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01579g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Human skin emits a series of volatile compounds from the skin due to various metabolic processes, microbial activity, and several external factors. Changes in the concentration of skin volatile metabolites indicate many diseases, including diabetes, cancer, and infectious diseases. Researchers focused on skin-emitted compounds to gain insight into the pathophysiology of various diseases. In the case of skin volatolomics research, it is noteworthy that sample preparation, sampling protocol, analytical techniques, and comprehensive validation are important for the successful integration of skin metabolic profiles into regular clinical settings. Solid-phase microextraction techniques and polymer-based active sorbent traps were developed to capture the skin-emitted volatile compounds. The primary advantage of these sample preparation techniques is the ability to efficiently and targetedly capture skin metabolites, thus improving the detection of the biomarkers associated with various diseases. In further research, polydimethyl-based patches were utilized for skin research due to their biocompatibility and thermal stability properties. The microextraction sampling tools coupled with high sensitive Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer provided a potential platform for skin volatolomes, thus emerging as a state-of-the-art analytical technique. Later, technological advancements, including the design of wearable sensors, have enriched skin-based research as it can integrate the information from skin-emitted volatile profiles into a portable platform. However, individual-specific hydration, temperature, and skin conditions can influence variations in skin volatile concentration. Considering the subject-specific skin depth, sampling time standardization, and suitable techniques may improve the skin sampling techniques for the potential discovery of various skin-based marker compounds associated with diseases. Here, we have summarised the current research progress, limitations, and technological advances in skin-based sample preparation techniques for disease diagnosis, monitoring, and personalized healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthana S
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Mohammad Saquib
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Harshika Poojary
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Gouri Illanad
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University Hubballi Karnataka 580021 India
| | - Divyadarshini Valavan
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Selvakumar M
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Ramakrishna Nayak
- Department of Humanities and Management, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Chiranjit Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
- Harvard Medical School 25 Shattuck Street Boston 02115 MA USA
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Bajo-Fernández M, Souza-Silva ÉA, Barbas C, Rey-Stolle MF, García A. GC-MS-based metabolomics of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath: applications in health and disease. A review. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 10:1295955. [PMID: 38298553 PMCID: PMC10828970 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1295955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Exhaled breath analysis, with particular emphasis on volatile organic compounds, represents a growing area of clinical research due to its obvious advantages over other diagnostic tests. Numerous pathologies have been extensively investigated for the identification of specific biomarkers in exhalates through metabolomics. However, the transference of breath tests to clinics remains limited, mainly due to deficiency in methodological standardization. Critical steps include the selection of breath sample types, collection devices, and enrichment techniques. GC-MS is the reference analytical technique for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhalates, especially during the biomarker discovery phase in metabolomics. This review comprehensively examines and compares metabolomic studies focusing on cancer, lung diseases, and infectious diseases. In addition to delving into the experimental designs reported, it also provides a critical discussion of the methodological aspects, ranging from the experimental design and sample collection to the identification of potential pathology-specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Bajo-Fernández
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Érica A. Souza-Silva
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
- Departmento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Ma Fernanda Rey-Stolle
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Antonia García
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Xu C, Huang Z, Hu B. Detection of abused drugs in human exhaled breath using mass spectrometry: A review. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37 Suppl 1:e9503. [PMID: 36914281 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Human breath analysis has been attracting increasing interest in the detection of abused drugs in forensic and clinical applications because of its noninvasive sampling and distinctive molecular information. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches have been proven to be powerful tools for accurately analyzing exhaled abused drugs. The major advantages of MS-based approaches include high sensitivity, high specificity, and versatile couplings with various breath sampling methods. METHODS Recent advances in the methodological development of MS analysis of exhaled abused drugs are discussed. Breath collection and sample pretreatment methods for MS analysis are also introduced. RESULTS Recent advances in technical aspects of breath sampling methods are summarized, highlighting active and passive sampling. MS methods for detecting different exhaled abused drugs are reviewed, emphasizing their features, advantages, and limitations. The future trends and challenges in MS-based breath analysis of exhaled abused drugs are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS The coupling of breath sampling methods with MS approaches has been proven to be a powerful tool for the detection of exhaled abused drugs, offering highly attractive results in forensic investigations. MS-based detection of exhaled abused drugs in exhaled breath is a relatively new field and is still in the early stages of methodological development. New MS technologies promise a substantial benefit for future forensic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Zhang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology (Ministry of Public Security), Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhua Xu
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengxu Huang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Liu X, Hu B. Mask device as a new wearable sampler for breath analysis: what can we expect in the future? Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04673-z. [PMID: 37017724 PMCID: PMC10074379 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Human exhaled breath is becoming an attractive clinical source as it is foreseen to enable noninvasive diagnosis of many diseases. Because mask devices can be used for efficiently filtering exhaled substances, mask-wearing has been required in the past few years in daily life since the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. In recent years, there is a new development of mask devices as new wearable breath samplers for collecting exhaled substances for disease diagnosis and biomarker discovery. This paper attempts to identify new trends in mask samplers for breath analysis. The couplings of mask samplers with different (bio)analytical approaches, including mass spectrometry (MS), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sensor, and others for breath analysis, are summarized. The developments and applications of mask samplers in disease diagnosis and human health are reviewed. The limitations and future trends of mask samplers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximeng Liu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Jenkins CL, Bean HD. Current Limitations of Staph Infection Diagnostics, and the Role for VOCs in Achieving Culture-Independent Detection. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020181. [PMID: 36839453 PMCID: PMC9963134 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are broadly adaptable and their ability to grow in unique environments has been widely established, but the most common and clinically relevant staphylococcal niche is the skin and mucous membranes of mammals and birds. S. aureus causes severe infections in mammalian tissues and organs, with high morbidities, mortalities, and treatment costs. S. epidermidis is an important human commensal but is also capable of deadly infections. Gold-standard diagnostic methods for staph infections currently rely upon retrieval and characterization of the infectious agent through various culture-based methods. Yet, obtaining a viable bacterial sample for in vitro identification of infection etiology remains a significant barrier in clinical diagnostics. The development of volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles for the detection and identification of pathogens is an area of intensive research, with significant efforts toward establishing breath tests for infections. This review describes the limitations of existing infection diagnostics, reviews the principles and advantages of VOC-based diagnostics, summarizes the analytical tools for VOC discovery and clinical detection, and highlights examples of how VOC biomarkers have been applied to diagnosing human and animal staph infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L. Jenkins
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Heather D. Bean
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Correspondence:
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Meller S, Al Khatri MSA, Alhammadi HK, Álvarez G, Alvergnat G, Alves LC, Callewaert C, Caraguel CGB, Carancci P, Chaber AL, Charalambous M, Desquilbet L, Ebbers H, Ebbers J, Grandjean D, Guest C, Guyot H, Hielm-Björkman A, Hopkins A, Kreienbrock L, Logan JG, Lorenzo H, Maia RDCC, Mancilla-Tapia JM, Mardones FO, Mutesa L, Nsanzimana S, Otto CM, Salgado-Caxito M, de los Santos F, da Silva JES, Schalke E, Schoneberg C, Soares AF, Twele F, Vidal-Martínez VM, Zapata A, Zimin-Veselkoff N, Volk HA. Expert considerations and consensus for using dogs to detect human SARS-CoV-2-infections. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1015620. [PMID: 36569156 PMCID: PMC9773891 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1015620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Meller
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany,*Correspondence: Sebastian Meller,
| | | | - Hamad Khatir Alhammadi
- International Operations Department, Ministry of Interior of the United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Guadalupe Álvarez
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillaume Alvergnat
- International Operations Department, Ministry of Interior of the United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lêucio Câmara Alves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Chris Callewaert
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charles G. B. Caraguel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Paula Carancci
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anne-Lise Chaber
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Marios Charalambous
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Loïc Desquilbet
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, IMRB, Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - Dominique Grandjean
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Claire Guest
- Medical Detection Dogs, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Hugues Guyot
- Clinical Department of Production Animals, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anna Hielm-Björkman
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amy Hopkins
- Medical Detection Dogs, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - James G. Logan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom,Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Dagenham, United Kingdom
| | - Hector Lorenzo
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Fernando O. Mardones
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal and Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leon Mutesa
- Center for Human Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda,Rwanda National Joint Task Force COVID-19, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Cynthia M. Otto
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marília Salgado-Caxito
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal and Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Esther Schalke
- Bundeswehr Medical Service Headquarters, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Clara Schoneberg
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Anísio Francisco Soares
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Friederike Twele
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Victor Manuel Vidal-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Patología Acuática, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ariel Zapata
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Zimin-Veselkoff
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal and Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany,Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Abumeeiz M, Elliott L, Olla P. Use of Breath Analysis for Diagnosing COVID-19: Opportunities, Challenges, and Considerations for Future Pandemic Responses. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2022; 16:2137-2140. [PMID: 34649631 PMCID: PMC8576132 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2021.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there is currently a need for accurate, rapid, and easy-to-administer diagnostic tools to help communities manage local outbreaks and assess the spread of disease. The use of artificial intelligence within the domain of breath analysis techniques has shown to have potential in diagnosing a variety of diseases, such as cancer and lung disease, by analyzing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath. This combined with their rapid, easy-to-use, and noninvasive nature makes them a good candidate for use in diagnosing COVID-19 in large scale public health operations. However, there remains issues with their implementation when it comes to the infrastructure currently available to support their use on a broad scale. This includes issues of standardization, and whether or not a characteristic VOC pattern can be identified for COVID-19. Despite these difficulties, breathalyzers offer potential to assist in pandemic responses and their use should be investigated.
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Choueiry F, Barham A, Zhu J. Analyses of lung cancer-derived volatiles in exhaled breath and in vitro models. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1179-1190. [PMID: 35410512 PMCID: PMC9335511 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221082634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer incidence and cancer-related deaths in the world. Early diagnosis of pulmonary tumors results in improved survival compared to diagnosis with more advanced disease, yet early disease is not reliably indicated by symptoms. Despite of the improved testing and monitoring techniques for lung cancer in the past decades, most diagnostic tests, such as sputum cytology or tissue biopsies, are invasive and risky, rendering them unfeasible for large population screening. The non-invasive analysis of exhaled breath has gained attentions as an innovative screening method to measure chemical alterations within the human volatilome profile as a result of oncogenesis. More importantly, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been correlated to the pathophysiology of disease since the source of volatile compounds relies mostly on endogenous metabolic processes that are altered as a result of disease onset. Therefore, studying VOCs emitted from human breath may assist lung cancer diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and other surveillance of this devastating disease. In this mini review, we evaluated recent human studies that have attempted to identify lung cancer-derived volatiles in exhaled breath of patients. We also examined reported volatiles in cell cultures of lung cancer to better understand the origins of cancer-associated VOCs. We highlight the metabolic processes of lung cancer that could be responsible for the endogenous synthesis of these VOCs and pinpoint the protein-encoding genes involved in these pathways. Finally, we highlight the potential value of a breath test in lung cancer and propose prominent areas for future research required for the incorporation of VOCs-based testing into clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Choueiry
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1132, USA
| | - Addison Barham
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1132, USA
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1132, USA,James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Jiangjiang Zhu.
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9
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Kahremanoğlu K, Tosun H, Eroğlu AE, Boyaci E. Recent progress in wearable extractive sampling technology. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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10
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Rothbart N, Stanley V, Koczulla R, Jarosch I, Holz O, Schmalz K, Hübers HW. Millimeter-wave gas spectroscopy for breath analysis of COPD patients in comparison to GC-MS. J Breath Res 2022; 16. [PMID: 35688126 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac77aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of human breath is a very active area of research, driven by the vision of a fast, easy, and non-invasive tool for medical diagnoses at the point of care. Millimeter-wave gas spectroscopy (MMWGS) is a novel, well-suited technique for this application as it provides high sensitivity, specificity and selectivity. Most of all, it offers the perspective of compact low-cost systems to be used in doctors' offices or hospitals. In this work, we demonstrate the analysis of breath samples acquired in a medical environment using MMWGS and evaluate validity, reliability, as well as limitations and perspectives of the method. To this end, we investigated 28 duplicate samples from chronic obstructive lung disease patients and compared the results to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The quantification of the data was conducted using a calibration-free fit model, which describes the data precisely and delivers absolute quantities. For ethanol, acetone, and acetonitrile, the results agree well with the GC-MS measurements and are as reliable as GC-MS. The duplicate samples deviate from the mean values by only 6% to 18%. Detection limits of MMWGS depend strongly on the molecular species. For example, acetonitrile can be traced down to 1.8 × 10-12mol by the MMWGS system, which is comparable to the GC-MS system. We observed correlations of abundances between formaldehyde and acetaldehyde as well as between acetonitrile and acetaldehyde, which demonstrates the potential of MMWGS for breath research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Rothbart
- Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victoria Stanley
- Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rembert Koczulla
- Schön Klinik Berchtesgadener Land, Research Institute for Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Schönau am Königssee, Germany.,Philipps-University of Marburg, Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Inga Jarosch
- Schön Klinik Berchtesgadener Land, Research Institute for Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Schönau am Königssee, Germany.,Philipps-University of Marburg, Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Holz
- Fraunhofer ITEM, German Center for Lung Research (BREATH, DZL), Clinical Airway Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Schmalz
- IHP-Leibniz-Institut für Innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers
- Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Costa Queiroz ME, Donizeti de Souza I, Gustavo de Oliveira I, Grecco CF. In vivo solid phase microextraction for bioanalysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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pyAIR-A New Software Tool for Breathomics Applications-Searching for Markers in TD-GC-HRMS Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072063. [PMID: 35408461 PMCID: PMC9000534 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile metabolites in exhaled air have promising potential as diagnostic biomarkers. However, the combination of low mass, similar chemical composition, and low concentrations introduces the challenge of sorting the data to identify markers of value. In this paper, we report the development of pyAIR, a software tool for searching for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) markers in multi-group datasets, tailored for Thermal-Desorption Gas-Chromatography High Resolution Mass-Spectrometry (TD-GC-HRMS) output. pyAIR aligns the compounds between samples by spectral similarity coupled with retention times (RT), and statistically compares the groups for compounds that differ by intensity. This workflow was successfully tested and evaluated on gaseous samples spiked with 27 model VOCs at six concentrations, divided into three groups, down to 0.3 nL/L. All analytes were correctly detected and aligned. More than 80% were found to be significant markers with a p-value < 0.05; several were classified as possibly significant markers (p-value < 0.1), while a few were removed due to background level. In all group comparisons, low rates of false markers were found. These results showed the potential of pyAIR in the field of trace-level breathomics, with the capability to differentially examine several groups, such as stages of illness.
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Photosensitized Thermoplastic Nano-Photocatalysts Active in the Visible Light Range for Potential Applications Inside Extraterrestrial Facilities. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060996. [PMID: 35335809 PMCID: PMC8948973 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Among different depollution methods, photocatalysis activated by solar light is promising for terrestrial outdoor applications. However, its use in underground structures and/or microgravity environments (e.g., extraterrestrial structures) is forbidden. In these cases, there are issues related to the energy emitted from the indoor lighting system because it is not high enough to promote the photocatalytic mechanism. Moreover, microgravity does not allow the recovery of the photocatalytic slurry from the depolluted solution. In this work, the synthesis of a filmable nanocomposite based on semiconductor nanoparticles supported by photosensitized copolyacrylates was performed through a bulk in situ radical copolymerization involving a photosensitizer macromonomer. The macromonomer and the nanocomposites were characterized through UV-Vis, fluorescence and NMR spectroscopies, gel permeation chromatography and thermogravimetric analysis. The photocatalytic activity of the sensitized nanocomposites was studied through photodegradation tests of common dyes and recalcitrant xenobiotic pollutants, employing UV-Vis and visible range (λ > 390 nm) light radiations. The sensitized nanocomposite photocatalytic performances increased about two times that of the unsensitized nanocomposite and that of visible range light radiation alone (>390 nm). The experimental data have shown that these new systems, applied as thin films, have the potential for use in indoor deep underground and extraterrestrial structures.
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Shlomo IB, Frankenthal H, Laor A, Greenhut AK. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by exhaled breath spectral analysis: Introducing a ready-to-use point-of-care mass screening method. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 45:101308. [PMID: 35224472 PMCID: PMC8856887 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic created an urgent need for rapid, infection screening applied to large numbers of asymptomatic individuals. To date, nasal/throat swab polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is considered the "gold standard". However, this is inconducive to mass, point-of-care (POC) testing due to person discomfort during sampling and a prolonged result turnaround. Breath testing for disease specific organic compounds potentially offers a practical, rapid, non-invasive, POC solution. The study compares the Breath of Health, Ltd. (BOH) breath analysis system to PCR's ability to screen asymptomatic individuals for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The BOH system is mobile and combines Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with artificial intelligence (AI) to generate results within 2 min and 15 s. In contrast to prior SARS-CoV-2 breath analysis research, this study focuses on diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 via disease specific spectrometric profiles rather than through identifying the disease specific molecules. METHODS Asymptomatic emergency room patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 exposure in two leading Israeli hospitals were selected between February through April 2021. All were tested via nasal/throat-swab PCR and BOH breath analysis. In total, 297 patients were sampled (mean age 57·08 ± SD 18·86, 156 males, 139 females, 2 unknowns). Of these, 96 were PCR-positive (44 males, 50 females, 2 unknowns), 201 were PCR-negative (112 males, 89 females). One hundred samples were used for AI identification of SARS-CoV-2 distinguishing spectroscopic wave-number patterns and diagnostic algorithm creation. Algorithm validation was tested in 100 proof-of-concept samples (34 PCR-positive, 66 PCR-negative) by comparing PCR with AI algorithm-based breath-test results determined by a blinded medical expert. One hundred additional samples (12 true PCR-positive, 85 true PCR-negative, 3 confounder false PCR-positive [not included in the 297 total samples]) were evaluated by two blinded medical experts for further algorithm validation and inter-expert correlation. FINDINGS The BOH system identified three distinguishing wave numbers for SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the first phase, the single expert identified the first 100 samples correctly, yielding a 1:1 FTIR/AI:PCR correlation. The two-expert second-phase also yielded 1:1 FTIR/AI:PCR correlation for 97 non-confounders and null correlation for the 3 confounders. Inter-expert correlation was 1:1 for all results. In total, the FTIR/AI algorithm demonstrated 100% sensitivity and specificity for SARS-CoV-2 detection when compared with PCR. INTERPRETATION The SARS-CoV-2 method of breath analysis via FTIR with AI-based algorithm demonstrated high PCR correlation in screening for asymptomatic individuals. This is the first practical, rapid, POC breath analysis solution with such high PCR correlation in asymptomatic individuals. Further validation is required with a larger sample size. FUNDING Breath of Health Ltd, Rehovot, Israel provided study funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Ben Shlomo
- Emergency Medicine Program, Zefat Academic College, Safed, Israel
| | - Hilel Frankenthal
- Emergency Medicine Program, Zefat Academic College, Safed, Israel
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Rebecca Sieff Hospital, Safed, Israel
| | - Arie Laor
- Breath of Health Ltd., Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ayala Kobo Greenhut
- Emergency Medicine Program, Zefat Academic College, Safed, Israel
- Corresponding author at: Emergency Medicine Program, Zefat Academic College, Ider 42, Haifa, Safed, Israel
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Dixit K, Fardindoost S, Ravishankara A, Tasnim N, Hoorfar M. Exhaled Breath Analysis for Diabetes Diagnosis and Monitoring: Relevance, Challenges and Possibilities. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:476. [PMID: 34940233 PMCID: PMC8699302 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
With the global population prevalence of diabetes surpassing 463 million cases in 2019 and diabetes leading to millions of deaths each year, there is a critical need for feasible, rapid, and non-invasive methodologies for continuous blood glucose monitoring in contrast to the current procedures that are either invasive, complicated, or expensive. Breath analysis is a viable methodology for non-invasive diabetes management owing to its potential for multiple disease diagnoses, the nominal requirement of sample processing, and immense sample accessibility; however, the development of functional commercial sensors is challenging due to the low concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in exhaled breath and the confounding factors influencing the exhaled breath profile. Given the complexity of the topic and the skyrocketing spread of diabetes, a multifarious review of exhaled breath analysis for diabetes monitoring is essential to track the technological progress in the field and comprehend the obstacles in developing a breath analysis-based diabetes management system. In this review, we consolidate the relevance of exhaled breath analysis through a critical assessment of current technologies and recent advancements in sensing methods to address the shortcomings associated with blood glucose monitoring. We provide a detailed assessment of the intricacies involved in the development of non-invasive diabetes monitoring devices. In addition, we spotlight the need to consider breath biomarker clusters as opposed to standalone biomarkers for the clinical applicability of exhaled breath monitoring. We present potential VOC clusters suitable for diabetes management and highlight the recent buildout of breath sensing methodologies, focusing on novel sensing materials and transduction mechanisms. Finally, we portray a multifaceted comparison of exhaled breath analysis for diabetes monitoring and highlight remaining challenges on the path to realizing breath analysis as a non-invasive healthcare approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushiki Dixit
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India;
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (S.F.); (A.R.); (N.T.)
| | - Somayeh Fardindoost
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (S.F.); (A.R.); (N.T.)
| | - Adithya Ravishankara
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (S.F.); (A.R.); (N.T.)
| | - Nishat Tasnim
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (S.F.); (A.R.); (N.T.)
- Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (S.F.); (A.R.); (N.T.)
- Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Comparative analysis of volatile organic compounds of breath and urine for distinguishing patients with liver cirrhosis from healthy controls by using electronic nose and voltammetric electronic tongue. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1184:339028. [PMID: 34625262 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Advanced stage detection of liver cirrhosis (LCi) would lead to high mortality rates in patients. Therefore, accurate and non-invasive tools for its early detection are highly needed using human emanations that may reflect this disease. Human breath, along with urine and blood, has long been one of the three main biological media for assessing human health and environmental exposure. The primary objective of this study was to explore the potential of using volatile organic compounds (VOCs) assay of exhaled breath and urine samples for the diagnosis of patients with LCi and healthy controls (HC). For this purpose, we used a hybrid electronic nose (E-nose) combining two sensor families, consisting of an array of five commercial chemical gas sensors and six interdigitated chemical gas sensors based on pristine or metal-doped WO3 nanowires for sensing volatile gases in exhaled breath. A voltammetric electronic tongue (VE-tongue), composed of five working electrodes, was dedicated to the analysis of urinary VOCs using cyclic voltammetry as a measurement technique. 54 patients were recruited for this study, comprising 22 patients with LCi, and 32 HC. The two-sensing systems coupled with pattern recognition methods, namely Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA), were trained to classify data clusters associated with the health status of the two groups. The diagnostic performances of the E-nose and VE-tongue systems were studied by using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) method. The use of the E-nose or the VE-tongue separately, trained with these appropriate classifiers, showed a slight overlap indicating no clear discrimination between LCi patients and HC. To improve the performance of both electronic sensing devices, an emerging strategy, namely a multi-sensor data fusion technique, was proposed as a second aim to overcome this shortcoming. The data fusion approach of the two systems, at a medium level of abstraction, has demonstrated the ability to assess human health and disease status using non-invasive screening tools based on exhaled breath and urinary VOC analysis. This suggests that exhaled breath as well as urinary VOCs are specific to a disease state and could potentially be used as diagnostic methods.
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Zhang J, Tian Y, Luo Z, Qian C, Li W, Duan Y. Breath volatile organic compound analysis: an emerging method for gastric cancer detection. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 34610588 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac2cde] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a common malignancy, being the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Diagnosis of gastric cancer at the early stage is critical to effectively improve the survival rate. However, a substantial proportion of patients with gastric cancer in the early stages lack specific symptoms or are asymptomatic. Moreover, the imaging techniques currently used for gastric cancer screening, such as computed tomography and barium examination, are usually radioactive and have low sensitivity and specificity. Even though endoscopy has high accuracy for gastric cancer screening, its application is limited by the invasiveness of the technique. Breath analysis is an economic, effective, easy to perform, non-invasive detection method, and has no undesirable side effects on subjects. Extensive worldwide research has been conducted on breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which reveals its prospect as a potential method for gastric cancer detection. Many interesting results have been obtained and innovative methods have been introduced in this subject; hence, an extensive review would be beneficial. By providing a comprehensive list of breath VOCs identified by gastric cancer would promote further research in this field. This review summarizes the commonly used technologies for exhaled breath analysis, focusing on the application of analytical instruments in the detection of breath VOCs in gastric cancers, and the alterations in the profile of breath biomarkers in gastric cancer patients are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Tian
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Zewei Luo
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
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Ly NH, Son SJ, Jang S, Lee C, Lee JI, Joo SW. Surface-Enhanced Raman Sensing of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds by Plasmonic Nanostructures. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102619. [PMID: 34685057 PMCID: PMC8541515 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Facile detection of indoor semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) is a critical issue to raise an increasing concern to current researchers, since their emissions have impacted the health of humans, who spend much of their time indoors after the recent incessant COVID-19 pandemic outbreaks. Plasmonic nanomaterial platforms can utilize an electromagnetic field to induce significant Raman signal enhancements of vibrational spectra of pollutant molecules from localized hotspots. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensing based on functional plasmonic nanostructures has currently emerged as a powerful analytical technique, which is widely adopted for the ultra-sensitive detection of SVOC molecules, including phthalates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from household chemicals in indoor environments. This concise topical review gives updated recent developments and trends in optical sensors of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and SERS for effective sensing of SVOCs by functionalization of noble metal nanostructures. Specific features of plasmonic nanomaterials utilized in sensors are evaluated comparatively, including their various sizes and shapes. Novel aptasensors-assisted SERS technology and its potential application are also introduced for selective sensing. The current challenges and perspectives on SERS-based optical sensors using plasmonic nanomaterial platforms and aptasensors are discussed for applying indoor SVOC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyễn Hoàng Ly
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Sang Jun Son
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.J.S.); (J.I.L.); (S.-W.J.)
| | - Soonmin Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Cheolmin Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul 02713, Korea;
| | - Jung Il Lee
- Korea Testing & Research Institute, Gwacheon 13810, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.J.S.); (J.I.L.); (S.-W.J.)
| | - Sang-Woo Joo
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.J.S.); (J.I.L.); (S.-W.J.)
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19
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Hu B, Ouyang G. In situ solid phase microextraction sampling of analytes from living human objects for mass spectrometry analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Mendel J, Frank K, Edlin L, Hall K, Webb D, Mills J, Holness HK, Furton KG, Mills D. Preliminary accuracy of COVID-19 odor detection by canines and HS-SPME-GC-MS using exhaled breath samples. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2021; 3:100155. [PMID: 34127961 PMCID: PMC8188775 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2021.100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, since its initial outbreak in Wuhan, China has led to a worldwide pandemic and has shut down nations. As with any outbreak, there is a general strategy of detection, containment, treatment and/or cure. The authors would argue that rapid and efficient detection is critical and required to successful management of a disease. The current study explores and successfully demonstrates the use of canines to detect COVID-19 disease in exhaled breath. The intended use was to detect the odor of COVID-19 on contaminated surfaces inferring recent deposition of infectious material from a COVID-19 positive individual. Using masks obtained from hospitalized patients that tested positive for COVID-19 disease, four canines were trained and evaluated for their ability to detect the disease. All four canines obtained an accuracy >90% and positive predictive values ranging from ~73 to 93% after just one month of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Mendel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, OE 167, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, CP 302, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, OE 116, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Kelvin Frank
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, CP 302, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, OE 116, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Lourdes Edlin
- Innovative Detection Concepts, 22290 SW 266th St, Homestead, FL, 33031, USA
| | - Kelley Hall
- Innovative Detection Concepts, 22290 SW 266th St, Homestead, FL, 33031, USA
| | - Denise Webb
- Innovative Detection Concepts, 22290 SW 266th St, Homestead, FL, 33031, USA
| | - John Mills
- Innovative Detection Concepts, 22290 SW 266th St, Homestead, FL, 33031, USA
| | - Howard K. Holness
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, CP 302, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, OE 116, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Kenneth G. Furton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, CP 302, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, OE 116, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - DeEtta Mills
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, OE 167, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, CP 302, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, OE 116, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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21
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Moskvin LN, Rodinkov ОV, Moskvin АL, Spivakovskii V, Vlasov AY, Bugaichenko AS, Samokhin АS, Nesterenko PN. Chromatomembrane preconcentration of phenols using a new 3D printed microflow cell followed by reversed-phase HPLC determination. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2449-2456. [PMID: 33848392 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chromatomembrane process represents a universal approach to the separation of compounds in liquid-gas and liquid-liquid phases systems. However, the broad application of chromatomembrane separation methods in chemical analysis is restricted by the absence of serially produced chromatomembrane flow cells and the difficulties of their laboratory production. The present work addresses the preparation of chromatomembrane flow cell by using 3D printing. Fused deposition modeling and stereolithography were modes for the production of the flow cell using acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and polyacrylate-based Anycubic UV resins respectively. The separation and analytical performance of the 3D-printed flow cell were compared with a polyimide unit fabricated by a milling machine, the trial addressing the determination of phenol in the air. The method is based on chromatomembrane absorption of the analytes in 95 μL of the aqueous phase positioned in the cell. Reversed-phase HPLC with fluorimetric detection was applied for the determination of the absorbed analytes. The detection limit of phenols (phenol and m-cresol) in the air was 0.9 μg/m3 by absorption preconcentration time of 10 min. The volumetric flow rate of the analyzed air through the chromatomembrane cell using an electrodriven aspirator was 0.1 L/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Moskvin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - О V Rodinkov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - А L Moskvin
- St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - V Spivakovskii
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - A Y Vlasov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - A S Bugaichenko
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - А S Samokhin
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - P N Nesterenko
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
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22
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Comparison of Targeted and Untargeted Approaches in Breath Analysis for the Discrimination of Lung Cancer from Benign Pulmonary Diseases and Healthy Persons. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092609. [PMID: 33946997 PMCID: PMC8125376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the efficiency of targeted and untargeted breath analysis in the discrimination of lung cancer (Ca+) patients from healthy people (HC) and patients with benign pulmonary diseases (Ca−). Exhaled breath samples from 49 Ca+ patients, 36 Ca− patients and 52 healthy controls (HC) were analyzed by an SPME–GC–MS method. Untargeted treatment of the acquired data was performed with the use of the web-based platform XCMS Online combined with manual reprocessing of raw chromatographic data. Machine learning methods were applied to estimate the efficiency of breath analysis in the classification of the participants. Results: Untargeted analysis revealed 29 informative VOCs, from which 17 were identified by mass spectra and retention time/retention index evaluation. The untargeted analysis yielded slightly better results in discriminating Ca+ patients from HC (accuracy: 91.0%, AUC: 0.96 and accuracy 89.1%, AUC: 0.97 for untargeted and targeted analysis, respectively) but significantly improved the efficiency of discrimination between Ca+ and Ca− patients, increasing the accuracy of the classification from 52.9 to 75.3% and the AUC from 0.55 to 0.82. Conclusions: The untargeted breath analysis through the inclusion and utilization of newly identified compounds that were not considered in targeted analysis allowed the discrimination of the Ca+ from Ca− patients, which was not achieved by the targeted approach.
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Kim U, Karthikraj R. Solid‐phase microextraction for the human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals: Current applications and future perspectives. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:247-273. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Un‐Jung Kim
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas USA
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24
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Yuan ZC, Li W, Wu L, Huang D, Wu M, Hu B. Solid-Phase Microextraction Fiber in Face Mask for in Vivo Sampling and Direct Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Exhaled Breath Aerosol. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11543-11547. [PMID: 32786499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular analysis of exhaled breath aerosol (EBA) with simple procedures represents a key step in clinical and point-of-care applications. Due to the crucial health role, a face mask now is a safety device that helps protect the wearer from breathing in hazardous particles such as bacteria and viruses in the air; thus exhaled breath is also blocked to congregate in the small space inside of the face mask. Therefore, direct sampling and analysis of trace constituents in EBA using a face mask can rapidly provide useful insights into human physiologic and pathological information. Herein, we introduce a simple approach to collect and analyze human EBA by combining a face mask with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber. SPME fiber was inserted into a face mask to form SPME-in-mask that covered nose and mouth for in vivo sampling of EBA, and SPME fiber was then coupled with direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) to directly analyze the molecular compositions of EBA under ambient conditions. The applicability of SPME-in-mask was demonstrated by direct analysis of drugs and metabolites in oral and nasal EBA. The unique features of SPME-in-mask were also discussed. Our results showed that this method is enabled to analyze volatile and nonvolatile analytes in EBA and is expected to have a significant impact on human EBA analysis in clinical applications. We also hope this method will inspire biomarker screening of some respiratory diseases that usually required wearing of a face mask in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Cheng Yuan
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wen Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dou Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Manman Wu
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Kapur BM, Aleksa K. What the lab can and cannot do: clinical interpretation of drug testing results. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2020; 57:548-585. [PMID: 32609540 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2020.1774493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Urine drug testing is one of the objective tools available to assess adherence. To monitor adherence, quantitative urinary results can assist in differentiating "new" drug use from "previous" (historical) drug use. "Spikes" in urinary concentration can assist in identifying patterns of drug use. Coupled chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods are capable of identifying very small amounts of analyte and can make clinical interpretation rather challenging, specifically for drugs that have a longer half-life. Polypharmacy is common in treatment and rehabilitation programs because of co-morbidities. Medications prescribed for comorbidities can cause drug-drug interaction and phenoconversion of genotypic extensive metabolizers into phenotypic poor metabolizers of the treatment drug. This can have significant impact on both pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic properties of the treatment drug. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) coupled with PKs can assist in interpreting the effects of phenoconversion. TDM-PKs reflects the cumulative effects of pathophysiological changes in the patient as well as drug-drug interactions and should be considered for treatment medications/drugs used to manage pain and treat substance abuse. Since only a few enzyme immunoassays for TDM are available, this is a unique opportunity for clinical laboratory scientists to develop TDM-PK protocols that can have a significant impact on patient care and personalized medicine. Interpretation of drug screening results should be done with caution while considering pharmacological properties and the presence or absence of the parent drug and its metabolites. The objective of this manuscript is to review and address the variables that influence interpretation of different drugs analyzed from a rehabilitation and treatment programs perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan M Kapur
- Clini Tox Inc., Oakville, Canada.,Seroclinix Corporation, Mississauga, Canada
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Pourkarim F, Rahimpour E, Khoubnasabjafari M, Jouyban-Gharamaleki V, Farhang S, Jouyban A. A Simple Colorimetric Method for Determination of Ethanol in Exhaled Breath Condensate. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ps.2020.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ethanol is considered as a toxic compound when used in excess amounts. The toxic concentration for ethanol was reported to be 1000 – 2000 μg.mL-1 in plasma and serum samples. The aim of the current study was to develop a rapid and catalyst free colorimetric method for determination of ethanol in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) sample. Methods: A redox reaction with dichromate-based colorimetric method was used for determination of ethanol in EBC. Results: The proposed method shows a good sensitivity and selectivity for ethanol in compared with other compounds and biomarkers existing in EBC. The color change can be easily observed by the naked eye in the presence of ethanol in the range of 300 - 8000 μg.mL-1. The quantitative detection of ethanol was fully validated and used for determination of ethanol in EBC of alcohol administrated individuals. Conclusion: This catalyst free colorimetric method has great potential for ethanol determination owing to many desirable properties such as high reliability, high sensitivity, and fast response time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Pourkarim
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Rahimpour
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Khoubnasabjafari
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Sara Farhang
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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In vivo solid-phase microextraction swab sampling of environmental pollutants and drugs in human body for nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1124:71-77. [PMID: 32534677 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In vivo sampling and sensitive detection of environmental pollutants and drugs in human body play a crucial role in understanding human health. In this study, in vivo solid-phase microextraction (SPME) swab was fabricated using a SPME fiber and a medical cotton swab for noninvasive sampling and extraction of environmental pollutants and drugs in human oral cavity, nasal cavity and on skin surface. After sampling, SPME was coupled with nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS) for desorption, ionization, and detection of the extracted analytes. As a result, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of nicotine in oral fluid were found to be 1.0 pg/mL (S/N ≥ 3) and 4.0 pg/mL (S/N ≥ 10), respectively. Linear dynamic signal responses of nicotine exhibited excellent linearity (R2 = 0.9996) in human oral fluid ranging from 0.1 to 50 ng/mL. The coefficient of variation (CV) values of SPME swab for five measurements from sample vials and human body were 5.1-6.7% and 22.7-32.6%, respectively. Rapid analysis of a single sample could be completed within 10 min. Overall, our results demonstrated that SPME swab-MS is a promising noninvasive method for enhanced detection of analytes in human body.
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Zhou W, Huang C, Zou X, Lu Y, Xia L, Shen C, Chu Y. Modification of an atmospheric pressure photoionization source for online analysis of exhaled breath coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3663-3671. [PMID: 32333078 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02602-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Breath analysis is a promising method for metabolomics studies and clinical diagnosis, as it enables the observation of metabolites in a convenient and noninvasive way. In this work, an atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) source was modified for online analysis of exhaled breath by coupling with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOFMS). Three parameters, namely, the capillary voltage, the sampling flow and the curtain gas flow of the APPI source, were optimized. Five healthy volunteers, three males and two females, were enrolled to test the performance of modified APPI-QTOFMS by analyzing their exhaled breath. A total of 21 compounds were tentatively identified, and four metabolites, namely, dimethyl selenoxide, δ-valerolactam, hydroxymandelic acid and palmitic amide were detected in the exhaled breath for the first time. The result shows that modified APPI-QTOFMS can be used for the online study of exhaled breath. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhao Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.,Zhejiang Institute of Metrology, No.300 Xiasha Road, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chaoqun Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Xue Zou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Chengyin Shen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Yannan Chu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
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