1
|
Wang Y, Shao Q, Yang X, Su K, Li Z, Yang Y, Yuan X, Chen R. Diversity in Pyracantha fortuneana fruits maturity stages enables discrepancy in the phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity. J Food Sci 2024; 89:3469-3483. [PMID: 38720586 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Pyracantha fortuneana (P. fortuneana) fruit is a wild fruit that is popular because of its delicious taste and numerous nutrients, and phenolic compounds are considered to be the main bioactive components in P. fortuneana fruits. However, the relationship between phenolic compounds and their antioxidant and tyrosinase (TYR) inhibitory activities during the ripening process is still unclear. The study compared the influence of the five developmental stages on the accumulation of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and TYR inhibitory activity in the fruits of P. fortuneana. The compounds were identified by offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection (2D-LC-ECD) combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the main active ingredients were quantified. The results showed that stage II had higher total phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as higher antioxidant and TYR inhibitory activity, but the total anthocyanin content was lowest at this stage. A total of 30 compounds were identified by 2D-LC-ECD. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis screened out six major potential markers, including phenolic acids, procyanidins, and flavonoids. In addition, it was found that caffeoylquinic acids, procyanidins, and flavonoids were higher in stage II than in stages I, III, IV, and V, whereas anthocyanins accumulated gradually from stages III to V. Therefore, this study suggests that the changes in antioxidant and TYR inhibitory activities of P. fortuneana during the five developmental stages may be due to the transformation of procyanidins, caffeoylquinic acids, and phenolic glycosides into other forms during the fruit maturation process. Practical Application: Differences in chemical constituents, antioxidant, and tyrosinase inhibitory activities in fruit maturity stages of P. fortuneana were elucidated to provide reference for rational harvesting and utilization of the fruits and their bioactive components. These findings are expected to provide a comprehensive assessment of the bioactive profile and guide the food industrial production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qiju Shao
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xijin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ke Su
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhirong Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yuyao Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Rongxiang Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang X, Shao Q, Luo Q, Wang Y, Chun Z, Li Z, Jiao L, Zhou Y, Chen R. Separation, identification, and fingerprinting of antioxidant components in persimmon (Diospyros kaki) leaves by offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection and tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300917. [PMID: 38819793 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the antioxidant components in persimmon (Diospyros kaki) leaves were separated by offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection (LC×LC-ECD) and identified by LC-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of 33 antioxidants, mainly proanthocyanidins, and glycosides of kaempferol and quercetin, were identified. The antioxidant assays demonstrated that the fractions collected from the first-dimension LC (1D-LC) possessed considerable radical scavenging capabilities, with correlation coefficients of peak area versus radical scavenging capability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) being 0.9335 and 0.9116, respectively. The fingerprinting showed that 37 peaks were present in all samples. The major antioxidant components of persimmon leaves were the glycosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Finally, fourteen antioxidants were quantitatively assessed. Offline LC×LC provided high peak capacity and separation; ECD enabled specific screening and detection of antioxidant components; and MS/MS provided excellent identification capability. In this study, the combination of the three approaches was utilized to screen for antioxidant components in persimmon leaves, with satisfactory findings. In conclusion, this technique is an effective means for rapid analysis of antioxidant components and quality control of medicinal plants, achieving rapid separation of congeners and facilitating more accurate qualitative and quantitative analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xijin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qiju Shao
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qiong Luo
- Rehabilitation Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zeli Chun
- School of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhirong Li
- Rehabilitation Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lingyi Jiao
- School of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yaping Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Rongxiang Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rebelo P, Seguro I, Surra E, Paíga P, Pacheco JG, Delerue-Matos C. Analysis of atorvastatin in environmental waters: Validation of an electrochemical molecularly imprinted polymer sensor with application of life cycle assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171169. [PMID: 38402962 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The widespread presence of pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluents after treatment stands as a significant challenge faced in the field of wastewater management and public health. Governments and the scientific community have worked to meet this urgent need for effective solutions. Nevertheless, the development of detection strategies for pharmaceutical monitorization capable of delivering rapid, on-site, and sensitive responses remains an ongoing necessity. In this work, the performance of a previously developed molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based electrochemical sensor for detecting atorvastatin (ATV) in wastewater effluents and surface waters is presented. A simple preconcentration method followed by electrochemical measurements by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH = 7), was implemented. The analytical results were validated with those obtained on a set of 16 water samples by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Additionally, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to compare the environmental impact of both methodologies. The results obtained demonstrated that ATV detection using MIP-sensor was reliable when compared to the results found by UHPLC-MS/MS presenting a robust linear correlation coefficient of 0.843. The LCA results show that the novel MIP-sensor technique has lower associated environmental impacts than UHPLC-MS/MS, when the current analytical protocol for pharmaceuticals detection is applied. These findings highlight the potential of the developed MIP-sensor as an eco-friendly analytical tool for routine analysis and point-of-care monitoring of ATV in WWTP wastewater and surface water samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Rebelo
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Seguro
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Elena Surra
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Paíga
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - João G Pacheco
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma YL, Wu ZF, Li Z, Wang Y, Shang YF, Thakur K, Wei ZJ. In vitro digestibility and hepato-protective potential of Lophatherum gracile Brongn. leave extract. Food Chem 2024; 433:137336. [PMID: 37666125 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Lophatherum gracile Brongn. (L. gracile) is a traditional herb for both medicine and food use, but its digestibility and hepato-protective activity is unknown. Herein we investigated the digestibility and hepato-protective potential of L. gracile leave extract (LGE) using in vitro digestion and alcohol-induced oxidative damage models. Compared to the undigested group, the content of phenolics/flavonoids and the antioxidant activity in LGE generally decreased by 9.30-19.97% in the oral and small intestine phase after digestion, while that increased by 9.96-10.17% in the gastric phase. The main phenolics/flavonoids showed promising stability during digestion and their bio-accessiblity ranged from 67.64% to 84.47%. By reducing cellular reactive oxidative species and malonaldehyde levels, LGE (0.23-0.45 mg/mL) pretreatment significantly ameliorated alcohol-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells (P < 0.05), and their survival rate increased from 59.23% to 67.76%. These findings suggested that L. gracile could be used for the development of hepato-protective foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Long Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; School of Biological Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Zheng-Fang Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Zhi Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Ya-Fang Shang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; School of Biological Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Kiran Thakur
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; School of Biological Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Zhao-Jun Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; School of Biological Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lyu X, Chen Y, Gao S, Cao W, Fan D, Duan Z, Xia Z. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of cold plasma promoting biosynthesis of active substances in broccoli sprouts. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2023; 34:925-937. [PMID: 37443417 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Broccoli sprouts have great health and commercial value because they are rich in sulforaphane, a special bioactive compound that helps to prevent chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to increase the levels of active substances in broccoli sprouts and understand their metabolic mechanisms. METHODOLOGY Metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and transcriptome analysis were combined to analyse the enrichment of metabolites in broccoli sprouts treated with cold plasma. RESULTS After 2 min of cold plasma treatment, the contents of sulforaphane, glucosinolates, total phenols, and flavonoids, as well as myrosinase activity, were greatly improved. Transcriptomics revealed 7460 differentially expressed genes in the untreated and treated sprouts. Metabolomics detected 6739 differential metabolites, including most amino acids, their derivatives, and organic acids. Enrichment analyses of metabolomics and transcriptomics identified the 20 most significantly differentially expressed metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS Overall, cold plasma treatment can induce changes in the expression and regulation of certain metabolites and genes encoding active substances in broccoli sprouts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Lyu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shiwei Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiguang Duan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zengrun Xia
- Ankang R&D Center for Se-enriched Products, Key Laboratory of Se-enriched Products Development and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ankang, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities of flavone C-glycosides of Lophatherum gracile for COVID-19. J Funct Foods 2023; 101:105407. [PMID: 36627926 PMCID: PMC9812844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lophatherum gracile (L. gracile) has long been used as a functional food and herbal medicine. Previous studies have demonstrated that extracts of L. gracile attenuate inflammatory response and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication; however, the underlying active constituents have yet to be identified. This study investigated the bioactive components of L. gracile. Flavone C-glycosides of L. gracile were found to dominate both anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. A simple chromatography-based method was developed to obtain flavone C-glycoside-enriched extract (FlavoLG) from L. gracile. FlavoLG and its major flavone C-glycoside isoorientin were shown to restrict respiratory bursts and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in activated human neutrophils. FlavoLG and isoorientin were also shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection by interfering with the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike on ACE2. These results provide scientific evidence indicating the efficacy of L. gracile as a potential supplement for treating neutrophil-associated COVID-19.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- CB, cytochalasin B
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- Flavone C-glycosides
- HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- IC50, half-maximal inhibitory concentration
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- LG, Lophatherum gracile
- Lophatherum gracile
- MRM, multiple reaction monitoring
- NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps
- Neutrophils
- O2•−, superoxide
- RBD, receptor-binding domain
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- UPLC, ultra-performance liquid chromatography
- fMLF, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine
Collapse
|
7
|
Gong D, Li X, Liu X, Sun G, Guo P. Electrochemical-based quantitative fingerprint evaluation strategy combined with multi-markers assay by monolinear method for quality control of herbal medicine. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 104:154274. [PMID: 35717807 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving the quality control (QC) criterion of herbal medicine (HM) is an ongoing challenge. A rapid and convenient electrochemical analysis technique is now emerging as a promising application for HM QC. So far, extraction and analysis of the overall electroactive components is a key issue need to be solved to improve its application in integral HM QC. PURPOSE In this work, using compound liquorice tablets (CLQTs) as an example, we like to put forward a more reliable and accurate quantification method of multi-components for the precise QC of HM. Furthermore, we propose an electrochemical fingerprint-based data mining, extract and synthesis strategy for in-depth and comprehensive QC of HM, qualitatively and quantitatively. METHODS AND DESIGN Firstly, the electrochemical quantitative fingerprint of 54 batches of CLQTs from nine manufacturers were developed using B-Z oscillatory system. Secondly, eight characteristic parameters were recorded and compared among samples using intuitive information and PCA. Then, tund was used to establish the correlation with sample dosage for determination of the relative content of overall electroactive components (Rc). The quantitative determination of five quality markers (Q-markers) were also performed using the novel method, called multi-markers assay by monolinear method (MAML). Finally, after using area integral calculus for electrochemical fingerprint, average linear quantitative fingerprint method (ALQFM) was successfully proposed to extract all latent characteristics for integral quality evaluation of samples. RESULTS The tund and dosage showed a good correlation, by which the obtained Rc displayed different fluctuation among nine manufacturers. Moreover, the contents of five Q-markers obtained by MAML displayed no significant difference with the traditional quantification method. Samples evaluated by ALQFM manifested the integral information and were divided into eight quality grades. The deduced results of correlation between Pl with P5C, Rc and PA were more persuasive for demonstrating the reliability and integrity of ALQFM in quality evaluation of HM electrochemical fingerprint. CONCLUSION The study confirmed the idea that quantification of Q-markers combined electrochemical-based quality evaluation strategy could be used as a reliable method for HM QC qualitatively and quantitatively from point (precise) to face (integral).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Xinrong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Guoxiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
| | - Ping Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kanagavalli P, Pandey GR, Murugan P, Veerapandian M. Electrochemical and DFT studies of andrographolide on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide for anti-viral herbaceutical sensor. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1209:339877. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
9
|
Zheng Y, Karimi-Maleh H, Fu L. Evaluation of Antioxidants Using Electrochemical Sensors: A Bibliometric Analysis. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22093238. [PMID: 35590927 PMCID: PMC9103690 DOI: 10.3390/s22093238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The imbalance of oxidation and antioxidant systems in the biological system can lead to oxidative stress, which is closely related to the pathogenesis of many diseases. Substances with antioxidant capacity can effectively resist the harmful damage of oxidative stress. How to measure the antioxidant capacity of antioxidants has essential application value in medicine and food. Techniques such as DPPH radical scavenging have been developed to measure antioxidant capacity. However, these traditional analytical techniques take time and require large instruments. It is a more convenient method to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of antioxidants based on their electrochemical oxidation and reduction behaviors. This review summarizes the evaluation of antioxidants using electrochemical sensors by bibliometrics. The development of this topic was described, and the research priorities at different stages were discussed. The topic was investigated in 1999 and became popular after 2010 and has remained popular ever since. A total of 758 papers were published during this period. In the early stages, electrochemical techniques were used only as quantitative techniques and other analytical techniques. Subsequently, cyclic voltammetry was used to directly study the electrochemical behavior of different antioxidants and evaluate antioxidant capacity. With methodological innovations and assistance from materials science, advanced electrochemical sensors have been fabricated to serve this purpose. In this review, we also cluster the keywords to analyze different investigation directions under the topic. Through co-citation of papers, important papers were analyzed as were how they have influenced the topic. In addition, the author’s country distribution and category distribution were also interpreted in detail. In the end, we also proposed perspectives for the future development of this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Zheng
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Memorial Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China;
| | - Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu 610056, China;
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan 9477177870, Iran
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 17011, South Africa
| | - Li Fu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Materials for Sensor of Zhejiang Province, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|