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Fernandes R, Campos J, Serra M, Fidalgo J, Almeida H, Casas A, Toubarro D, Barros AIRNA. Exploring the Benefits of Phycocyanin: From Spirulina Cultivation to Its Widespread Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:592. [PMID: 37111349 PMCID: PMC10144176 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale production of microalgae and their bioactive compounds has steadily increased in response to global demand for natural compounds. Spirulina, in particular, has been used due to its high nutritional value, especially its high protein content. Promising biological functions have been associated with Spirulina extracts, mainly related to its high value added blue pigment, phycocyanin. Phycocyanin is used in several industries such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, which increases its market value. Due to the worldwide interest and the need to replace synthetic compounds with natural ones, efforts have been made to optimize large-scale production processes and maintain phycocyanin stability, which is a highly unstable protein. The aim of this review is to update the scientific knowledge on phycocyanin applications and to describe the reported production, extraction, and purification methods, including the main physical and chemical parameters that may affect the purity, recovery, and stability of phycocyanin. By implementing different techniques such as complete cell disruption, extraction at temperatures below 45 °C and a pH of 5.5-6.0, purification through ammonium sulfate, and filtration and chromatography, both the purity and stability of phycocyanin have been significantly improved. Moreover, the use of saccharides, crosslinkers, or natural polymers as preservatives has contributed to the increased market value of phycocyanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Fernandes
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Joana Campos
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Mónica Serra
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Javier Fidalgo
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Hugo Almeida
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
- UCIBIO (Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences), REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), MEDTECH (Medicines and Healthcare Products), Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Casas
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Duarte Toubarro
- CBA and Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, Rua Mãe de Deus No 13, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Ana I. R. N. A. Barros
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Chen H, Qi H, Xiong P. Phycobiliproteins-A Family of Algae-Derived Biliproteins: Productions, Characterization and Pharmaceutical Potentials. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070450. [PMID: 35877743 PMCID: PMC9318637 DOI: 10.3390/md20070450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are colored and water-soluble biliproteins found in cyanobacteria, rhodophytes, cryptomonads and cyanelles. They are divided into three main types: allophycocyanin, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin, according to their spectral properties. There are two methods for PBPs preparation. One is the extraction and purification of native PBPs from Cyanobacteria, Cryptophyta and Rhodophyta, and the other way is the production of recombinant PBPs by heterologous hosts. Apart from their function as light-harvesting antenna in photosynthesis, PBPs can be used as food colorants, nutraceuticals and fluorescent probes in immunofluorescence analysis. An increasing number of reports have revealed their pharmaceutical potentials such as antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects. The advances in PBP biogenesis make it feasible to construct novel PBPs with various activities and produce recombinant PBPs by heterologous hosts at low cost. In this review, we present a critical overview on the productions, characterization and pharmaceutical potentials of PBPs, and discuss the key issues and future perspectives on the exploration of these valuable proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Hongtao Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China;
| | - Peng Xiong
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China;
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A hybrid biomaterial of biosilica and C-phycocyanin for enhanced photodynamic effect towards tumor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:573-579. [PMID: 32981676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intricate mesoporous biosilica has many biomedical applications as a nanocarrier. However, its potential use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) has received little attention. This work reports the first fabrication of bio-engineered materials by covalently conjugating C-phycocyanin (C-PC), a natural photosensitizer, to biosilica for the PDT of tumor-associated macrophages. The resulting hybrid material showed outstanding photodynamic activity under 620 nm laser irradiation. Furthermore, it enhanced the relatively weak photodynamic effect of C-PC. This study also explored methods of biofunctionalizing biosilica for cancer phototherapy, a new pharmacological application of non-toxic C-PC.
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Etemadi A, Eftekhari Bayati S, Pourhajibagher M, Chiniforush N. In vitro effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with phycocyanin on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilm on SLA titanium discs. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102062. [PMID: 33068819 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with phycocyanin on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilm formed on sandblasted, large-grit, and acid-etched (SLA) titanium discs. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this in vitro experimental study, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), sublethal dose of diode laser irradiation time, and sublethal dose of aPDT were first determined. Next, 30 SLA titanium discs with 8 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness were incubated with A. actinomycetemcomitans in order for the bacterial biofilm to form, and were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 6): (I) negative control with no treatment, (II) positive control, immersed in 0.2 % chlorhexidine (CHX) for 5 min, (III) phycocyanin alone with ×2 MIC concentration for 5 min, (IV) diode laser alone (635 nm wavelength, 220 mW power), and (V) PDT with diode laser and phycocyanin. The samples were then sonicated, and the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) on each disc was calculated. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, t-test, and a post-hoc test. RESULTS aPDT with 125 μg/mL phycocyanin and 4 min irradiation of 635 nm diode laser decreasedA. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm by 40.07 %. The lowest mean colony count (CFUs/mL) was noted in 0.2 % CHX group (0.0 × 105 CFU/mL) while the highest mean was observed in the negative control group (4.55 ± 0.08 × 105 CFUs/mL). Using phycocyanin alone significantly decreased the A. actinomycetemcomitans count by 27.54 % (3.29 ± 0.06 × 105 CFUs/mL) compared with the negative control group (P < 0.0001). Significant differences were noted between the negative control and other groups (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION aPDT with phycocyanin and diode laser can decrease the A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm on SLA titanium implant surfaces and can be used as a safe and non-invasive decontamination method for reduction of A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm on implant surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardavan Etemadi
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Eftekhari Bayati
- Dental Student, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Dental Implant Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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One structure, multiple features: The phycocyanin in biotechnology. NUTRITION & SANTÉ 2020. [DOI: 10.30952/9.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycocyanine (PC) is a water-soluble, non-toxic and bioactive (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, etc.) phycobiliprotein isolated, mainly, from cyanobacteria. Due to its several properties, PC is considered to be a rising biomolecule for Industrial exploitation, and has become an important research axis in order to promote its production, and optimize its biotechnological applications. The aim of this review article was to discuss the basic, and recent properties and applications of PC, and to bring together data on various aspects of PC stabilization, and PC nanopar-ticles formulation. In addition, an overview of the main structural characteristics and process-ses of PC extraction and purification were also discussed. The recent scientific research findings concluded that PC is a promising both functional, and bioactive additive in industry, especially, in food as a dye, in imaging as a fluorescent labeling agent, and in the phar-maceutical and nano-pharmaceutical field as a bioactive molecule and nanopar-ticles, particularly, due to it antitumor capacity. Phycocyanine is, thus, a promising bio-active molecules in pharmacological, and medical fields.
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Phycobiliproteins: Molecular structure, production, applications, and prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:340-353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Photodynamic effect and mechanism study of selenium-enriched phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis against liver tumours. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 180:89-97. [PMID: 29413706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Selenium-containing phycocyanin (Se-PC) has been proved to have many biological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. In this study, we investigated the photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects of Se-PC against liver tumour in vitro and in vivo experiment. Our results demonstrated that the half lethal dose of Se-PC PDT on HepG2 cells was 100μg/ml PC containing 20% selenium. Se-PC location migration from lysosomes to mitochondria was time dependent. In in vivo experiments, the tumour inhibition rate was 75.4% in the Se-PC PDT group, compared to 52.6% in PC PDT group. Histological observations revealed that the tumour cells outside the tissue showed cellular necrosis, and those inside the tissue exhibited apoptotic nuclei and digested vacuoles in the cytoplasm after Se-PC PDT treatment. Antioxidant enzyme analysis indicated that GSH-Px activity was linked to the selenium content of Se-PC, and SOD activity was affected by PC PDT. Therefore, Se-PC PDT could induce cell death through free radical production of PDT in tumours and enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes with selenium in vivo. The mechanism of Se-PC PDT against liver tumour involves hematocyte damage and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis accompanied with autophagy inhibition during early stage of tumour development, which displayed new prospect and offered relatively safe way for cancer therapy.
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Jiang L, Wang Y, Yin Q, Liu G, Liu H, Huang Y, Li B. Phycocyanin: A Potential Drug for Cancer Treatment. J Cancer 2017; 8:3416-3429. [PMID: 29151925 PMCID: PMC5687155 DOI: 10.7150/jca.21058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycocyanin isolated from marine organisms has the characteristics of high efficiency and low toxicity, and it can be used as a functional food. It has been reported that phycocyanin has anti-oxidative function, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-cancer function, immune enhancement function, liver and kidney protection pharmacological effects. Thus, phycocyanin has an important development and utilization as a potential drug, and phycocyanin has become a new hot spot in the field of drug research. So far, there are more and more studies have shown that phycocyanin has the anti-cancer effect, which can block the proliferation of cancer cells and kill cancer cells. Phycocyanin exerts anti-cancer activity by blocking tumor cell cell cycle, inducing tumor cell apoptosis and autophagy, thereby phycocyanin can serve as a promising anti-cancer agent. This review discusses the therapeutic use of phycocyanin and focuses on the latest advances of phycocyanin as a promising anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangqian Jiang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic medical college, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China, 266071
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic medical college, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China, 266071
| | - Qifeng Yin
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic medical college, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China, 266071
| | - Guoxiang Liu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic medical college, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China, 266071
| | - Huihui Liu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic medical college, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China, 266071
| | - Yajing Huang
- Basic medical college, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China, 266071
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic medical college, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China, 266071
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Li P, Ying J, Chang Q, Zhu W, Yang G, Xu T, Yi H, Pan R, Zhang E, Zeng X, Yan C, Bao Q, Li S. Effects of phycoerythrin from Gracilaria lemaneiformis in proliferation and apoptosis of SW480 cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:3536-3544. [PMID: 27748904 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied phycoerythrin (PE) in human SW480 tumor cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms of action. PE inhibited cell proliferation as evidenced by CCK-8 assay. The IC50 values of phycoerythrin were 48.2 and 27.4 µg/ml for 24 and 48 h of exposure, respectively. PE induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in SW480 cells as observed under electron microscopy and with flow cytometry. Apoptosis increased from 5.1 (controls) to 39.0% in 80.0 µg/ml PE-treated cells. Differences in protein expression were identified using proteomic techniques. Protein spots (1018±60 and 1010±60) were resolved in PE-treated and untreated group. Forty differential protein spots were analyzed with MALDI-TOF-MS, including GRP78 and NPM1. The expression as measured by qPCR and western blotting agreed with data from two-dimensional electrophoresis. GRP78, NPM1, MTHSP75, Ezrin and Annexin A2 were decreased and HSP60 was increased after PE treatment, indicating that PE may target multiple proteins to induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhen Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ying
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, P.R. China
| | - Qingli Chang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Guangjian Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Teng Xu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Huiguang Yi
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Ruowang Pan
- 118 Hospital of PLA, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Enyong Zhang
- 118 Hospital of PLA, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, P.R. China
| | - Chunxia Yan
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, P.R. China
| | - Qiyu Bao
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Shengbin Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, P.R. China
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Yu P, Wu Y, Wang G, Jia T, Zhang Y. Purification and bioactivities of phycocyanin. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 57:3840-3849. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1167668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Yunting Wu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Guangwei Wang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Tianmei Jia
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Yishu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
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Medical Application of Spirulina platensis Derived C-Phycocyanin. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:7803846. [PMID: 27293463 PMCID: PMC4879233 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7803846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Along with the development of marine biological pharmaceutical research, high-effective and low-toxic drugs and functional foods isolated from marine organisms have become a new field of pharmacy and bromatology. The pharmacological actions, such as anti-inflammation, antioxidation, antitumor, immunological enhancement, and hepatorenal protection of C-phycocyanin (C-PC) from Spirulina platensis, have been reported, and C-PC has important value of development and utilization either as drug or as functional food. There are many researches about the various pharmacological actions and mechanisms of C-PC, but related reports are only to some extent integrated deeply and accurately enough, which put some limitations to the further application of C-PC in medicine. Particularly, with the improvement of living standards and attention to health issues, C-PC being a functional food is preferred by more and more people. C-PC is easy to get, safe, and nontoxic; thus, it has a great potential of research and development as a drug or functional food. Here, the separation and purification, physicochemical properties, physiological and pharmacological activities, safety, and some applications are reviewed to provide relevant basis for the development of natural medicine and applied products.
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Chamorro-Cevallos G, Garduño-Siciliano L, Martínez-Galero E, Mojica-Villegas A, Pages N, Gutiérrez-Salmeán G. The protective effect of dietary Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima against mutagenicity induced by benzo[alpha]pyrene in mice. J Med Food 2014; 17:527-34. [PMID: 24787733 PMCID: PMC4025567 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzo[alpha]pyrene (B[α]P) was used to test the possible antimutagenic effects of Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima (SP) on male and female mice. SP was orally administered at 0, 200, 400, or 800 mg/kg of body weight to animals of both sexes for 2 weeks before starting the B[α]P (intraperitoneal injection) at 125 mg/kg of body weight for 5 consecutive days. For the male dominant lethal test, each male was caged with two untreated females per week for 3 weeks. For the female dominant lethal test, each female was caged for 1 week with one untreated male. All the females were evaluated 13-15 days after mating for incidence of pregnancy, total corpora lutea, total implants and pre- and postimplant losses. SP protected from B[α]P-induced pre- and postimplant losses in the male dominant lethal test, and from B[α]P-induced postimplantation losses in treated females. Moreover, SP treatment significantly reduced the detrimental effect of B[α]P on the quality of mouse semen. Our results illustrate the protective effects of SP in relation to B[α]P-induced genetic damage to germ cells. We conclude that SP, owing mainly to the presence of phycocyanin, could be of potential clinical interest in cancer treatment or prevention of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Chamorro-Cevallos
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, National School of Biological , Sciences, Adolfo López Mateos Professional Unit, Mexico City, Mexico
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Thangam R, Suresh V, Asenath Princy W, Rajkumar M, SenthilKumar N, Gunasekaran P, Rengasamy R, Anbazhagan C, Kaveri K, Kannan S. C-Phycocyanin from Oscillatoria tenuis exhibited an antioxidant and in vitro antiproliferative activity through induction of apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Food Chem 2013; 140:262-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abd El-Baky HH, El-Baroty GS. Characterization and bioactivity of phycocyanin isolated from Spirulina maxima grown under salt stress. Food Funct 2012; 3:381. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fo10194g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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16
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Ben-Hur E, Miller B, Miller H, Rosenthal I. Photodynamic therapy of age-related macular degeneration and atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19890930313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Li B, Chu X, Gao M, Li W. Apoptotic mechanism of MCF-7 breast cells in vivo and in vitro induced by photodynamic therapy with C-phycocyanin. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2010; 42:80-9. [PMID: 20043050 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmp104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the pro-apoptotic mechanism of C-phycocyanin (C-PC)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in a murine tumor model and cultured MCF-7 cells. The mice were divided into four groups: control, He-Ne laser radiation, C-PC treatment, and C-PC treatment + He-Ne laser radiation. The effects of C-PC and/or laser on immune organs, immunocyte proliferation, tumor genesis, and apoptosis-related proteins expressions were investigated by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, MTT, electron microscope, western blot, and immunofluorescence assay. The results showed that He-Ne laser treatment alone showed marginal effects. In C-PC-treated mice, the weight of immune organs, proliferation of immunocytes, and expression of pro-apoptotic Fas protein were increased, whereas the tumor weight and the expressions of anti-apoptotic proteins (NF-kappaB and P53) and CD44 mRNA were comparatively decreased. In vitro, C-PC was able to inhibit MCF-7 cell proliferation and cause ultrastructural changes including microvilli loss, formation of membrane blebs, and chromatin condensation. Moreover, C-PC treatment could activate caspase-9 expression, induce cytochrome c release, and downregulate Bcl-2 expression. When combined with He-Ne laser irradiation, the effects of C-PC treatment were further enhanced. Facilitating the apoptosis signals transduction and finally leading to the apoptosis of MCF-7 cells may be the mechanism of the anti-tumor activities of C-PC-mediated PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Department of Biology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Pandey G, Fatma T, Cowsik SM, Komath SS. Specific interaction of jacalin with phycocyanin, a fluorescent phycobiliprotein. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 97:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Pandey G, Fatma T, Komath SS. Specific Interaction of the Legume Lectins, Concanavalin A and Peanut Agglutinin, with Phycocyanin. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:1126-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Guan X, Zhang W, Zhang X, Li Y, Wang J, Lin H, Tang X, Qin S. A potent anti-oxidant property: fluorescent recombinant α-phycocyanin ofSpirulina. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:1093-100. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Grawish ME, Zaher AR, Gaafar AI, Nasif WA. Long-term effect of Spirulina platensis extract on DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis (immunohistochemical study). Med Oncol 2009; 27:20-8. [PMID: 19156551 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-008-9164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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22
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Chen T, Wong YS, Zheng W. Purification and characterization of selenium-containing phycocyanin from selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2006; 67:2424-30. [PMID: 16973186 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A fast protein liquid chromatographic method for purification of selenium-containing phycocyanin (Se-PC) from selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis was described in this study. The purification procedures involved fractionation by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose ion-exchange chromatography and Sephacry S-300 size exclusion chromatography. The purity ratio (A620/A280) and the separation factor (A620/A655) of the purified Se-PC were 5.12 and 7.92, respectively. The Se concentration of purified Se-PC was 496.5 microg g(-1) protein, as determined by ICP-AES analysis. The purity of the Se-PC was further characterized by UV-VIS and fluorescence spectrometry, SDS-PAGE, RP-HPLC and gel filtration HPLC. The apparent molecular mass of the native Se-PC determined by gel filtration HPLC was 109 kDa, indicating that the protein existed as a trimer. SDS-PAGE of the purified Se-PC yielded two major bands corresponding to the alpha and beta subunits. A better separation of these two subunits was obtained by RP-HPLC. Identification of the alpha and beta subunits separated by SDS-PAGE and RP-HPLC was achieved by peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) using MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfeng Chen
- Research Laboratory for Food Protein Production, Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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23
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Subhashini J, Mahipal SVK, Reddy MC, Mallikarjuna Reddy M, Rachamallu A, Reddanna P. Molecular mechanisms in C-Phycocyanin induced apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line-K562. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:453-62. [PMID: 15242812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 02/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
C-Phycocyanin (C-PC), the major light harvesting biliprotein from Spirulina platensis is of greater importance because of its various biological and pharmacological properties. It is a water soluble, non-toxic fluorescent protein pigment with potent anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. In the present study the effect of highly purified C-PC was tested on growth and multiplication of human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line (K562). The results indicate significant decrease (49%) in the proliferation of K562 cells treated with 50 microM C-PC up to 48 h. Further studies involving fluorescence and electron microscope revealed characteristic apoptotic features like cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing and nuclear condensation. Agarose electrophoresis of genomic DNA of cells treated with C-PC showed fragmentation pattern typical for apoptotic cells. Flow cytometric analysis of cells treated with 25 and 50 microM C-PC for 48 h showed 14.11 and 20.93% cells in sub-G0/G1 phase, respectively. C-PC treatment of K562 cells also resulted in release of cytochrome c into the cytosol and poly(ADP) ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. These studies also showed down regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 but without any changes in pro-apoptotic Bax and thereby tilting the Bcl-2/Bax ratio towards apoptosis. These effects of C-PC appear to be mediated through entry of C-PC into the cytosol by an unknown mechanism. The present study thus demonstrates that C-PC induces apoptosis in K562 cells by cytochrome c release from mitochondria into the cytosol, PARP cleavage and down regulation of Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagu Subhashini
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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24
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El-Baky HHA. Over Production of Phycocyanin Pigment in Blue Green Alga Spirulina sp. and It`s Inhibitory Effect on Growth of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cells. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2003. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2003.314.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis and intimal hyperplasia remain obstacles for surgeons to overcome following vascular reconstructions. Even with all of the technical improvements that have occurred in the past several decades, long term patency following intervention is hindered by these inherent adverse developments. Today, the use of light is seen as a potential treatment modality in vascular surgery. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used in the treatment of cancer, and because of its continued success in vascular experimental models it is now being tested in clinical trials for vascular diseases. PDT offers the surgeon many advantages, and it may have unlimited uses in the clinical setting. Is PDT the ultimate treatment modality for the cardiovascular surgeon and will it help to overcome the inherent failures associated with vascular reconstructions? It may be too early to answer these questions, but with the current successes demonstrated by PDT, there is a need for further testing in clinical trials. In the near future, PDT may be used clinically as a treatment modality to inhibit restenosis and intimal hyperplasia following surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kossodo
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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26
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Tapia G, Galetovic A, Lemp E, Pino E, Lissi E. Singlet Oxygen-mediated Photobleaching of the Prosthetic Group in Hemoglobins and C-Phycocyanin. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb08244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Photodynamic action of phycobiliproteins: in situ generation of reactive oxygen species. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(97)00021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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He JA, Hu YZ, Jiang LJ. Photochemistry of Phycobiliproteins: First Observation of Reactive Oxygen Species Generated from Phycobiliproteins on Photosensitization. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja961738c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Pádula M, Boiteux S, Felzenswalb I, Menezes S. Photodynamic action of phycocyanin: Damage and repair. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(95)07203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Laser technology has been evaluated for the treatment of coronary artery disease, ventricular and supraventricular arrythmias, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and congenital heart disease. Developments in laser angioplasty, laser thrombolysis, transmyocardial laser revascularization, photochemotherapy, laser treatment of arrhythmias and/or laser diagnostics are directed at improving upon conventional non-laser approaches, and providing new therapeutic and diagnostic options. This review will summarize the current status of the multiple applications of laser technology for cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Deckelbaum
- Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, West Haven VA Medical Center, Connecticut 06516
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31
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Phosphorescence spectra of R-phycoerythrin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(93)80087-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Tang G, Hyman S, Schneider JH, Giannotta SL. Application of photodynamic therapy to the treatment of atherosclerotic plaques. Neurosurgery 1993; 32:438-43; discussion 443. [PMID: 8455769 DOI: 10.1227/00006123-199303000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a therapeutic modality long studies for its application to the treatment of malignant neoplasms. Recently, studies have suggested its potential use in the treatment of atherosclerosis. In this study, two atherosclerotic plaques were induced in the abdominal aortas of 35 rabbits. The animals then received Photofrin II (Quadralogic Technologies Inc., Pearl River, NY), a photosensitizer, at doses of 5 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg. After 48 hours, the plaques were irradiated by a fiberoptic connected to an argon ion laser. Fluency rates from 32 mW to 256 mW and energy doses from 1.6 to 60 joules were applied. Only one of the paired plaques was irradiated, the other remaining as a control. Four weeks after treatment, the vessels were assessed. Of 26 plaques treated with photodynamic therapy, 22 were no longer grossly visible, while the nine animals that received light irradiation but no Photofrin II all had visible plaque (P < 0.001). Studies of the vessel sections confirmed a reduction in intimal thickness from 0.74 +/- 0.15 mm in matched controls as compared with 0.51 +/- 0.13 mm in animals with treated plaques. There was a concomitant enlargement of the luminal diameter from 1.13 +/- 0.51 to 1.41 +/- 0.72. On the microscopic level, plaque reduction was most complete in the groups treated with 40 and 60 joules. Different fluency rates and drug dosages did not lead to differing outcomes. Our findings indicate that photodynamic therapy with dihematoporphyrin ether met our goal of reducing plaque size and may represent a means of treating atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles
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34
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Santus R, Morlière P, Kohen E. The photobiology of the living cell as studied by microspectrofluorometric techniques. Photochem Photobiol 1991; 54:1071-7. [PMID: 1837930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb02131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Santus
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Adaptation Biologique, INSERM U.312, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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35
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Determinants of the fluorescence emission spectrum of atheromatous plaques treated with haematoporphyrin in vitro. Lasers Med Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02032618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF PHYCOBILIPROTEINS: RECIPROCITY OF REVERSIBLE PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND AGGREGATION IN PHYCOERYTHROCYANIN FROM Mastigocladus laminosus. Photochem Photobiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1989.tb05573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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