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Zhou LJ, Höppner A, Wang YQ, Hou JY, Scheer H, Zhao KH. Crystallographic and biochemical analyses of a far-red allophycocyanin to address the mechanism of the super-red-shift. Photosynth Res 2024:10.1007/s11120-023-01066-2. [PMID: 38182842 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Far-red absorbing allophycocyanins (APC), identified in cyanobacteria capable of FRL photoacclimation (FaRLiP) and low-light photoacclimation (LoLiP), absorb far-red light, functioning in energy transfer as light-harvesting proteins. We report an optimized method to obtain high purity far-red absorbing allophycocyanin B, AP-B2, of Chroococcidiopsis thermalis sp. PCC7203 by synthesis in Escherichia coli and an improved purification protocol. The crystal structure of the trimer, (PCB-ApcD5/PCB-ApcB2)3, has been resolved to 2.8 Å. The main difference to conventional APCs absorbing in the 650-670 nm range is a largely flat chromophore with the co-planarity extending, in particular, from rings BCD to ring A. This effectively extends the conjugation system of PCB and contributes to the super-red-shifted absorption of the α-subunit (λmax = 697 nm). On complexation with the β-subunit, it is even further red-shifted (λmax, absorption = 707 nm, λmax, emission = 721 nm). The relevance of ring A for this shift is supported by mutagenesis data. A variant of the α-subunit, I123M, has been generated that shows an intense FR-band already in the absence of the β-subunit, a possible model is discussed. Two additional mechanisms are known to red-shift the chromophore spectrum: lactam-lactim tautomerism and deprotonation of the chromophore that both mechanisms appear inconsistent with our data, leaving this question unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, The People's Republic of China
| | - Astrid Höppner
- Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yi-Qing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, The People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Yun Hou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, The People's Republic of China
| | - Hugo Scheer
- Department Biologie I, Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638, Munich, Germany
| | - Kai-Hong Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, The People's Republic of China.
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Marín-Prida J, Rodríguez-Ulloa A, Besada V, Llopiz-Arzuaga A, Batista NV, Hernández-González I, Pavón-Fuentes N, Marciano Vieira ÉL, Falcón-Cama V, Acosta EF, Martínez-Donato G, Cervantes-Llanos M, Lingfeng D, González LJ, Fernández-Massó JR, Guillén-Nieto G, Pentón-Arias E, Amaral FA, Teixeira MM, Pentón-Rol G. The effects of Phycocyanobilin on experimental arthritis involve the reduction in nociception and synovial neutrophil infiltration, inhibition of cytokine production, and modulation of the neuronal proteome. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1227268. [PMID: 37936684 PMCID: PMC10627171 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1227268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The antinociceptive and pharmacological activities of C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) and Phycocyanobilin (PCB) in the context of inflammatory arthritis remain unexplored so far. In the present study, we aimed to assess the protective actions of these compounds in an experimental mice model that replicates key aspects of human rheumatoid arthritis. Methods Antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) was established by intradermal injection of methylated bovine serum albumin in C57BL/6 mice, and one hour before the antigen challenge, either C-PC (2, 4, or 8 mg/kg) or PCB (0.1 or 1 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally. Proteome profiling was also conducted on glutamate-exposed SH-SY5Y neuronal cells to evaluate the PCB impact on this key signaling pathway associated with nociceptive neuronal sensitization. Results and discussion C-PC and PCB notably ameliorated hypernociception, synovial neutrophil infiltration, myeloperoxidase activity, and the periarticular cytokine concentration of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17A, and IL-4 dose-dependently in AIA mice. In addition, 1 mg/kg PCB downregulated the gene expression for T-bet, RORγ, and IFN-γ in the popliteal lymph nodes, accompanied by a significant reduction in the pathological arthritic index of AIA mice. Noteworthy, neuronal proteome analysis revealed that PCB modulated biological processes such as pain, inflammation, and glutamatergic transmission, all of which are involved in arthritic pathology. Conclusions These findings demonstrate the remarkable efficacy of PCB in alleviating the nociception and inflammation in the AIA mice model and shed new light on mechanisms underlying the PCB modulation of the neuronal proteome. This research work opens a new avenue to explore the translational potential of PCB in developing a therapeutic strategy for inflammation and pain in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Marín-Prida
- Center for Research and Biological Evaluations, Institute of Pharmacy and Food, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Arielis Rodríguez-Ulloa
- Division of Biomedical Research, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Vladimir Besada
- Division of Biomedical Research, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
- China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center (CCBJIC), Yongzhou Zhong Gu Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Yongzhou, China
| | - Alexey Llopiz-Arzuaga
- Division of Biomedical Research, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
- Department of Cellular Engineering and Biocatalysis , Institute of Biotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Nathália Vieira Batista
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Nancy Pavón-Fuentes
- Immunochemical Department, International Center for Neurological Restoration (CIREN), Havana, Cuba
| | - Érica Leandro Marciano Vieira
- Translational Psychoneuroimmunology Group, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Viviana Falcón-Cama
- Division of Biomedical Research, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
- Departments of Physiological or Morphological Sciences, Latin American School of Medicine (ELAM), Havana, Cuba
| | - Emilio F. Acosta
- Department of Characterization, Center for Advanced Studies of Cuba, Havana, Cuba
| | - Gillian Martínez-Donato
- Division of Biomedical Research, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Majel Cervantes-Llanos
- Division of Biomedical Research, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Dai Lingfeng
- China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center (CCBJIC), Yongzhou Zhong Gu Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Yongzhou, China
| | - Luis J. González
- Division of Biomedical Research, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Gerardo Guillén-Nieto
- Division of Biomedical Research, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
- Departments of Physiological or Morphological Sciences, Latin American School of Medicine (ELAM), Havana, Cuba
| | - Eduardo Pentón-Arias
- Division of Biomedical Research, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
- Departments of Physiological or Morphological Sciences, Latin American School of Medicine (ELAM), Havana, Cuba
| | - Flávio Almeida Amaral
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Giselle Pentón-Rol
- Division of Biomedical Research, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
- Departments of Physiological or Morphological Sciences, Latin American School of Medicine (ELAM), Havana, Cuba
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Gisriel CJ, Elias E, Shen G, Soulier NT, Brudvig GW, Croce R, Bryant DA. Structural comparison of allophycocyanin variants reveals the molecular basis for their spectral differences. Photosynth Res 2023:10.1007/s11120-023-01048-4. [PMID: 37773575 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Allophycocyanins are phycobiliproteins that absorb red light and transfer the energy to the reaction centers of oxygenic photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and red algae. Recently, it was shown that some allophycocyanins absorb far-red light and that one subset of these allophycocyanins, comprising subunits from the ApcD4 and ApcB3 subfamilies (FRL-AP), form helical nanotubes. The lowest energy absorbance maximum of the oligomeric ApcD4-ApcB3 complexes occurs at 709 nm, which is unlike allophycocyanin (AP; ApcA-ApcB) and allophycocyanin B (AP-B; ApcD-ApcB) trimers that absorb maximally at ~ 650 nm and ~ 670 nm, respectively. The molecular bases of the different spectra of AP variants are presently unclear. To address this, we structurally compared FRL-AP with AP and AP-B, performed spectroscopic analyses on FRL-AP, and leveraged computational approaches. We show that among AP variants, the α-subunit constrains pyrrole ring A of its phycocyanobilin chromophore to different extents, and the coplanarity of ring A with rings B and C sets a baseline for the absorbance maximum of the chromophore. Upon oligomerization, the α-chromophores of all AP variants exhibit a red shift of the absorbance maximum of ~ 25 to 30 nm and band narrowing. We exclude excitonic coupling in FRL-AP as the basis for this red shift and extend the results to discuss AP and AP-B. Instead, we attribute these spectral changes to a conformational alteration of pyrrole ring D, which becomes more coplanar with rings B and C upon oligomerization. This study expands the molecular understanding of light-harvesting attributes of phycobiliproteins and will aid in designing phycobiliproteins for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduard Elias
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gaozhong Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Nathan T Soulier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Donald A Bryant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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4
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Wang Y, Li N, Shan X, Zhao X, Sun Y, Zhou J. Enhancement of phycocyanobilin biosynthesis in Escherichia coli by strengthening the supply of precursor and artificially self-assembly complex. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:227-234. [PMID: 36936388 PMCID: PMC10020671 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phycocyanobilin (PCB) is widely used in healthcare, food processing, and cosmetics. Escherichia coli is the common engineered bacterium used to produce PCB. However, it still suffers from low production level, precursor deficiency, and low catalytic efficiency. In this study, a highly efficient PCB-producing strain was created. First, chassis strains and enzyme sources were screened, and copy numbers were optimized, affording a PCB titer of 9.1 mg/L. Most importantly, the rate-limiting steps of the PCB biosynthetic pathway were determined, and the supply of precursors necessary for PCB synthesis was increased from endogenous sources, affording a titer of 21.4 mg/L. Then, the key enzymes for PCB synthesis, HO1 and PcyA, were assembled into a multi-enzyme complex using the short peptide tag RIAD-RIDD, and 23.5 mg/L of PCB was obtained. Finally, the basic conditions for PCB fermentation were initially determined in 250 mL shake flasks and a 5-L bioreactor to obtain higher titers of PCB. The final titer of PCB reached 147.0 mg/L, which is the highest reported titer of PCB so far. This research provided the foundation for the industrial production of PCB and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoyu Shan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xinrui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Corresponding author. College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Straw Biology and Utilization, The Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Corresponding author. School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
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5
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Hoshino H, Narikawa R. Novel cyanobacteriochrome photoreceptor with the second Cys residue showing atypical orange/blue reversible photoconversion. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:251-261. [PMID: 36156209 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) are cyanobacterial linear tetrapyrrole-binding photoreceptors distantly related to phytochromes. Only the GAF domain is needed for chromophore incorporation and proper photoconversion of the CBCRs. Most CBCR GAF domains possess the canonical Cys residue stably ligating to the chromophore. DXCF-type CBCR GAF domains also possess a second Cys residue within the DXCF motif. This second Cys residue reversibly ligates to the C10 of the chromophore. The Cys adduct formation is mostly observed for the dark-adapted state but not for the photoproduct state. In this study, we discovered novel CBCR GAF domains with a DXCI motif instead of the DXCF motif. Since these CBCR GAF domains are categorized into two subfamilies (DXCI-1 and DXCI-2), the GAF domains from each subfamily were analyzed. Although the CBCR GAF domain belonging to the DXCI-2 subfamily showed orange/green reversible photoconversion without transient Cys ligation, the CBCR GAF domain belonging to the DXCI-1 subfamily showed reversible photoconversion between an orange-absorbing dark-adapted state and a blue-absorbing photoproduct state. This indicates that the second Cys residue is covalently bound to the C10 of the chromophore in the photoproduct state but not in the dark-adapted state. Since the covalent bond formation in the photoproduct state is atypical, site-directed mutagenesis was conducted to understand the molecular mechanism of this GAF domain. The Ile residue within the DXCI motif may be key for covalent bond formation in the photoproduct state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hoshino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Rei Narikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
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6
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Rashed SA, Hammad SF, Eldakak MM, Khalil IA, Osman A. Assessment of the Anticancer Potentials of the Free and Metal-Organic Framework (UiO-66) - Delivered Phycocyanobilin. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:213-224. [PMID: 36087776 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Phycocyanin (C-PC) is a constitutive chromoprotein of Arthrospira platensis, which exhibits promising efficacy against different types of cancer. In this study, we cleaved C-PC's chromophore phycocyanobilin (PCB) and demonstrated its ability as an anti-cancer drug for Colorectal cancer (CRC). PCB displayed an anti-cancer effect for CRC (HT-29) cells with IC50 of 108 µg/ml. Assessing the transcripts levels of some biomarkers revealed that the PCB caused an upregulation in the anti-metastatic gene NME1 level and downregulation of the COX-2 level. The flow cytometric results showed the effect of PCB on the arrest of the cell cycle's G1 phase. In addition, we successfully synthesized the UiO-66 (Zr-MOF). We incorporated the PCB into UiO-66 nanoparticles with a loading percentage of 46 %. Assessment of the cytotoxic effects of UiO-66@PCB showed a 2-fold improvement in the IC50 compared to the free PCB. In conclusion, we have shown that PCB displayed a promising potential as an anti-cancer agent. Yet, it is considered a safe and natural substance that can help to mitigate cancer spread and symptoms. In the meantime, UiO-66 can be used as a safe nano-delivery tool for PCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan A Rashed
- Biotechnology Program, Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, Borg El-Arab, Egypt; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Sherif F Hammad
- Biotechnology Program, Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, Borg El-Arab, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moustafa M Eldakak
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Islam A Khalil
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6 October, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Osman
- Biotechnology Program, Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, Borg El-Arab, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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7
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Ma Q, Lan DM, Shao AN, Li YH, Zhang XY. Red fluorescent protein from cyanobacteriochrome chromophorylated with phycocyanobilin and biliverdin. Anal Biochem 2022; 642:114557. [PMID: 35092720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteriochromes are the extended family of phytochrome photosensors characterized in cyanobacteria. Alr1966g2C56A is a cyanobacteriochrome mutant of Alr1966g2 in Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 from freshwater. In this paper, we truncated ten residues in the N-terminus and ten residues in the C-terminus of Alr1966g2C56A and obtained truncated Alr1966g2C46A, termed as Alr1966g2C46A-tr. Alr1966g2C46A-tr binded covalently not only phycocyanobilin but also biliverdin via Cys74 of the conserved CH motif, and showed a significant improvement in binding-PCB efficiency in E. coli, compared with that of untruncated Alr1966g2C56A. We also captured a persistent red fluorescence of Alr1966g2C46A-tr-PCB or Alr1966g2C46A-tr-BV expressed in live E. coli. Thus, Alr1966g2C46A-tr was suitable for the stable red fluorescent probe as a starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Ma
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China; Key Laboratory of Biologic Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China.
| | - De-Miao Lan
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - An-Na Shao
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Ying-Hao Li
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Zhang
- Research Institute Shaoguan Huagong Hig-tech Industry, Shaoguan, 512027, China
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8
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Sakai K, Kondo Y, Fujioka H, Kamiya M, Aoki K, Goto Y. Near-infrared imaging in fission yeast using a genetically encoded phycocyanobilin biosynthesis system. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:273759. [PMID: 34806750 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared fluorescent protein (iRFP) is a bright and stable fluorescent protein with near-infrared excitation and emission maxima. Unlike the other conventional fluorescent proteins, iRFP requires biliverdin (BV) as a chromophore. Here, we report that phycocyanobilin (PCB) functions as a brighter chromophore for iRFP than BV, and that biosynthesis of PCB allows live-cell imaging with iRFP in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We initially found that fission yeast cells did not produce BV and therefore did not show any iRFP fluorescence. The brightness of iRFP-PCB was higher than that of iRFP-BV both in vitro and in fission yeast. We introduced SynPCB2.1, a PCB biosynthesis system, into fission yeast, resulting in the brightest iRFP fluorescence. To make iRFP readily available in fission yeast, we developed an endogenous gene tagging system with iRFP and all-in-one integration plasmids carrying the iRFP-fused marker proteins together with SynPCB2.1. These tools not only enable the easy use of multiplexed live-cell imaging in fission yeast with a broader color palette, but also open the door to new opportunities for near-infrared fluorescence imaging in a wider range of living organisms. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Sakai
- Quantitative Biology Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Division of Quantitative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yohei Kondo
- Quantitative Biology Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Division of Quantitative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Fujioka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mako Kamiya
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Quantitative Biology Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Division of Quantitative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yuhei Goto
- Quantitative Biology Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Division of Quantitative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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9
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Theiß M, Grupe M, Lamparter T, Mroginski MA, Diller R. Ultrafast proton release reaction and primary photochemistry of phycocyanobilin in solution observed with fs-time-resolved mid-IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:715-32. [PMID: 34002345 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Deactivation processes of photoexcited (λex = 580 nm) phycocyanobilin (PCB) in methanol were investigated by means of UV/Vis and mid-IR femtosecond (fs) transient absorption (TA) as well as static fluorescence spectroscopy, supported by density-functional-theory calculations of three relevant ground state conformers, PCBA, PCBB and PCBC, their relative electronic state energies and normal mode vibrational analysis. UV/Vis fs-TA reveals time constants of 2.0, 18 and 67 ps, describing decay of PCBB*, of PCBA* and thermal re-equilibration of PCBA, PCBB and PCBC, respectively, in line with the model by Dietzek et al. (Chem Phys Lett 515:163, 2011) and predecessors. Significant substantiation and extension of this model is achieved first via mid-IR fs-TA, i.e. identification of molecular structures and their dynamics, with time constants of 2.6, 21 and 40 ps, respectively. Second, transient IR continuum absorption (CA) is observed in the region above 1755 cm-1 (CA1) and between 1550 and 1450 cm-1 (CA2), indicative for the IR absorption of highly polarizable protons in hydrogen bonding networks (X-H…Y). This allows to characterize chromophore protonation/deprotonation processes, associated with the electronic and structural dynamics, on a molecular level. The PCB photocycle is suggested to be closed via a long living (> 1 ns), PCBC-like (i.e. deprotonated), fluorescent species.
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Gligorijević N, Minić S, Radibratović M, Papadimitriou V, Nedić O, Sotiroudis TG, Nikolić MR. Nutraceutical phycocyanobilin binding to catalase protects the pigment from oxidation without affecting catalytic activity. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2021; 251:119483. [PMID: 33515920 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phycocyanobilin is a dark blue linear tetrapyrrole chromophore covalently attached to protein subunits of phycobiliproteins present in the light-harvesting complexes of the cyanobacteria Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina "superfood"). It shows exceptional health-promoting properties and emerging use in various fields of bioscience and industry. This study aims to examine the mutual impact of phycocyanobilin interactions with catalase, a life-essential antioxidant enzyme. Fluorescence quenching experiments demonstrated moderate binding (Ka of 3.9 × 104 M-1 at 25 °C; n = 0.89) (static type), while van't Hoff plot points to an enthalpically driven ligand binding (ΔG = -28.2 kJ mol-1; ΔH = -41.9 kJ mol-1). No significant changes in protein secondary structures (α-helix content ~22%) and thermal protein stability in terms of enzyme tetramer subunits (Tm ~ 64 °C) were detected upon ligand binding. Alterations in the tertiary catalase structure were found without adverse effects on enzyme activity (~2 × 106 IU/mL). The docking study results indicated that the ligand most likely binds to amino acid residues (Asn141, Arg 362, Tyr369 and Asn384) near the cavity between the enzyme homotetramer subunits not related to the active site. Finally, complex formation protects the pigment from free-radical induced oxidation (bleaching), suggesting possible prolongation of its half-life and bioactivity in vivo if bound to catalase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Gligorijević
- INEP Institute for Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia
| | - Simeon Minić
- Department of Biochemistry & Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Radibratović
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Olgica Nedić
- INEP Institute for Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia
| | - Theodore G Sotiroudis
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Chemical Biology, Athens, Greece
| | - Milan R Nikolić
- Department of Biochemistry & Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia.
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11
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Pentón-Rol G, Marín-Prida J, McCarty MF. C-Phycocyanin-derived Phycocyanobilin as a Potential Nutraceutical Approach for Major Neurodegenerative Disorders and COVID-19-induced Damage to the Nervous System. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:2250-2275. [PMID: 33829974 PMCID: PMC9185767 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210408123807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The edible cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis and its chief biliprotein C-Phycocyanin have shown protective activity in animal models of diverse human health diseases, often reflecting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The beneficial effects of C-Phycocyanin seem likely to be primarily attributable to its covalently attached chromophore Phycocyanobilin (PCB). Within cells, biliverdin is generated from free heme and it is subsequently reduced to bilirubin. Although bilirubin can function as an oxidant scavenger, its potent antioxidant activity reflects its ability to inactivate some isoforms of NADPH oxidase. Free bilirubin can also function as an agonist for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR); this may explain its ability to promote protective Treg activity in cellular and rodent models of inflammatory disease. AhR agonists also promote transcription of the gene coding for Nrf-2, and hence can up-regulate phase 2 induction of antioxidant enzymes such as HO-1. Hence, it is proposed that C-Phycocyanin/PCB chiefly exert their protective effects via inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity, as well as by AhR agonism that both induces Treg activity and up-regulates phase 2 induction. This simple model may explain their potent antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, PCB might mimic biliverdin in activating anti-inflammatory signaling mediated by biliverdin reductase. This essay reviews recent research in which C-Phycocyanin and/or PCB, administered orally, parenterally, or intranasally, have achieved marked protective effects in rodent and cell culture models of Ischemic Stroke and Multiple Sclerosis, and suggests that these agents may likewise be protective for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and in COVID-19 and its neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Pentón-Rol
- Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Ave. 31 e/158 y 190, Playa. PO Box: 6162, Havana. Cuba
| | - Javier Marín-Prida
- Centre for Research and Biological Evaluations, Institute of Pharmacy and Food, University of Havana, Ave. 23 e/ 214 y 222, La Lisa. PO Box: 430, Havana. Cuba
| | - Mark F McCarty
- Catalytic Longevity Foundation, 811 B Nahant Ct. San Diego, CA 92019. United States
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Abstract
Phycobilisomes (PBS), the major light-harvesting antenna in cyanobacteria, are supramolecular complexes of colorless linkers and heterodimeric, pigment-binding phycobiliproteins. Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin commonly comprise peripheral rods, and a multi-cylindrical core is principally assembled from allophycocyanin (AP). Each AP subunit binds one phycocyanobilin (PCB) chromophore, a linear tetrapyrrole that predominantly absorbs in the orange-red region of the visible spectrum (600-700 nm). AP facilitates excitation energy transfer from PBS peripheral rods or from directly absorbed red light to accessory chlorophylls in the photosystems. Paralogous forms of AP that bind PCB and are capable of absorbing far-red light (FRL; 700-800 nm) have recently been identified in organisms performing two types of photoacclimation: FRL photoacclimation (FaRLiP) and low-light photoacclimation (LoLiP). The FRL-absorbing AP (FRL-AP) from the thermophilic LoLiP strain Synechococcus sp. A1463 was chosen as a platform for site-specific mutagenesis to probe the structural differences between APs that absorb in the visible region and FRL-APs and to identify residues essential for the FRL absorbance phenotype. Conversely, red light-absorbing allophycocyanin-B (AP-B; ~ 670 nm) from the same organism was used as a platform for creating a FRL-AP. We demonstrate that the protein environment immediately surrounding pyrrole ring A of PCB on the alpha subunit is mostly responsible for the FRL absorbance of FRL-APs. We also show that interactions between PCBs bound to alpha and beta subunits of adjacent protomers in trimeric AP complexes are responsible for a large bathochromic shift of about ~ 20 nm and notable sharpening of the long-wavelength absorbance band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Soulier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Donald A Bryant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.
- S-002 Frear Laboratory, Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Pu Y, Wei M, Witkowski A, Krzywda M, Wang Y, Li W. A hybrid biomaterial of biosilica and C-phycocyanin for enhanced photodynamic effect towards tumor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:573-9. [PMID: 32981676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intricate mesoporous biosilica has many biomedical applications as a nanocarrier. However, its potential use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) has received little attention. This work reports the first fabrication of bio-engineered materials by covalently conjugating C-phycocyanin (C-PC), a natural photosensitizer, to biosilica for the PDT of tumor-associated macrophages. The resulting hybrid material showed outstanding photodynamic activity under 620 nm laser irradiation. Furthermore, it enhanced the relatively weak photodynamic effect of C-PC. This study also explored methods of biofunctionalizing biosilica for cancer phototherapy, a new pharmacological application of non-toxic C-PC.
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Sonani RR, Roszak AW, Liu H, Gross ML, Blankenship RE, Madamwar D, Cogdell RJ. Revisiting high-resolution crystal structure of Phormidium rubidum phycocyanin. Photosynth Res 2020; 144:349-360. [PMID: 32303893 PMCID: PMC7491960 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of phycocyanin (pr-PC) isolated from Phormidium rubidum A09DM (P. rubidum) is described at a resolution of 1.17 Å. Electron density maps derived from crystallographic data showed many clear differences in amino acid sequences when compared with the previously obtained gene-derived sequences. The differences were found in 57 positions (30 in α-subunit and 27 in β-subunit of pr-PC), in which all residues except one (β145Arg) are not interacting with the three phycocyanobilin chromophores. Highly purified pr-PC was then sequenced by mass spectrometry (MS) using LC-MS/MS. The MS data were analyzed using two independent proteomic search engines. As a result of this analysis, complete agreement between the polypeptide sequences and the electron density maps was obtained. We attribute the difference to multiple genes in the bacterium encoding the phycocyanin apoproteins and that the gene sequencing sequenced the wrong ones. We are not implying that protein sequencing by mass spectrometry is more accurate than that of gene sequencing. The final 1.17 Å structure of pr-PC allows the chromophore interactions with the protein to be described with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi R Sonani
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, 388 315, India
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksander W Roszak
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Haijun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Robert E Blankenship
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Datta Madamwar
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, 388 315, India.
| | - Richard J Cogdell
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Pentón-Rol G, Marín-Prida J, Falcón-Cama V. C-Phycocyanin and Phycocyanobilin as Remyelination Therapies for Enhancing Recovery in Multiple Sclerosis and Ischemic Stroke: A Preclinical Perspective. Behav Sci (Basel) 2018; 8:bs8010015. [PMID: 29346320 PMCID: PMC5791033 DOI: 10.3390/bs8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin loss has a crucial impact on behavior disabilities associated to Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Ischemic Stroke (IS). Although several MS therapies are approved, none of them promote remyelination in patients, limiting their ability for chronic recovery. With no available therapeutic options, enhanced demyelination in stroke survivors is correlated with a poorer behavioral recovery. Here, we show the experimental findings of our group and others supporting the remyelinating effects of C-Phycocyanin (C-PC), the main biliprotein of Spirulina platensis and its linked tetrapyrrole Phycocyanobilin (PCB), in models of these illnesses. C-PC promoted white matter regeneration in rats and mice affected by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Electron microscopy analysis in cerebral cortex from ischemic rats revealed a potent remyelinating action of PCB treatment after stroke. Among others biological processes, we discussed the role of regulatory T cell induction, the control of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory mediators, gene expression modulation and COX-2 inhibition as potential mechanisms involved in the C-PC and PCB effects on the recruitment, differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in demyelinated lesions. The assembled evidence supports the implementation of clinical trials to demonstrate the recovery effects of C-PC and PCB in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Pentón-Rol
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Ave. 31 e/158 y 190, Cubanacan, P.O. Box 6162, Playa, Havana 10600, Cuba.
| | - Javier Marín-Prida
- Center for Research and Biological Evaluations (CEIEB), Institute of Pharmacy and Food, University of Havana, Ave. 23 e/214 y 222, La Lisa, PO Box 430, Havana 13600, Cuba.
| | - Viviana Falcón-Cama
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Ave. 31 e/158 y 190, Cubanacan, P.O. Box 6162, Playa, Havana 10600, Cuba.
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Abstract
Linear tetrapyrroles (bilins) are produced from heme by heme oxygenase, usually forming biliverdin IXα (BV). Fungi and bacteria use BV as chromophore for phytochrome photoreceptors. Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms use BV as a substrate for ferredoxin-dependent bilin reductases (FDBRs), enzymes that produce diverse reduced bilins used as light-harvesting pigments in phycobiliproteins and as photoactive photoreceptor chromophores. Bilin biosynthesis is essential for phototrophic growth in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii despite the absence of phytochromes or phycobiliproteins in this organism, raising the possibility that bilins are more generally required for phototrophic growth by algae. We here leverage the recent expansion in available algal transcriptomes, cyanobacterial genomes, and environmental metagenomes to analyze the distribution and diversification of FDBRs. With the possible exception of euglenids, FDBRs are present in all photosynthetic eukaryotic lineages. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that algal FDBRs belong to the three previously recognized FDBR lineages. Our studies provide new insights into FDBR evolution and diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Rockwell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - J Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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Lim S, Yu Q, Rockwell NC, Martin SS, Lagarias JC, Ames JB. 1H, 13C, and 15N chemical shift assignments of cyanobacteriochrome NpR6012g4 in the green-absorbing photoproduct state. Biomol NMR Assign 2016; 10:157-161. [PMID: 26537963 PMCID: PMC6422171 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-015-9657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) are cyanobacterial photosensory proteins with a tetrapyrrole (bilin) chromophore that belong to the phytochrome superfamily. Like phytochromes, CBCRs photoconvert between two photostates with distinct spectral properties. NpR6012g4 from Nostoc punctiforme is a model system for widespread CBCRs with conserved red/green photocycles. Atomic-level structural information for the photoproduct state in this subfamily is not known. Here, we report NMR backbone chemical shift assignments of the light-activated state of NpR6012g4 (BMRB no. 26577) as a first step toward determining its atomic resolution structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghyuk Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Qinhong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Nathan C Rockwell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Shelley S Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - J Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - James B Ames
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Liu J, Zhang QY, Yu LM, Liu B, Li MY, Zhu RZ. Phycocyanobilin accelerates liver regeneration and reduces mortality rate in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury mice. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:5465-5472. [PMID: 25987768 PMCID: PMC4427667 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i18.5465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the hepatoprotective effects of phycocyanobilin (PCB) in reducing hepatic injury and accelerating hepatocyte proliferation following carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treatment.
METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were orally administered PCB 100 mg/kg for 4 d after CCl4 injection, and then the serum and liver tissue of the mice were collected at days 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 after CCl4 treatment. A series of evaluations were performed to identify the curative effects on liver injury and recovery. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected to indirectly assess the anti-inflammatory effects of PCB. Meanwhile, we detected the expressions of hepatocyte growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α), TGF-β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), the factors which are associated with inflammation and liver regeneration. The protein expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), TNF-α and cytochrome C were detected by western blot. Furthermore, the survival rates were analyzed of mice which were administered a lethal dose of CCl4 (2.6 mg/kg) with or without PCB.
RESULTS: In our research, PCB showed a strongly anti-inflammatory effect on CCl4-induced liver injury in mice. The ALT was significantly decreased after CCl4 treatment from day 1 (P < 0.01) and the AST was significantly decreased from day 2 (P < 0.001). Both albumin and liver SOD were increased from day 2 (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01), but serum SOD levels did not show a significant increase (P > 0.05). PCB protected the structure of liver from the injury by CCl4. TUNEL assay showed that PCB dramatically reduced the number of apoptotic cells after CCl4 treatment compared to the control (101.0 ± 25.4 vs 25.7 ± 6.4, P < 0.01). The result of western blotting showed that PCB could increase PCNA expression, decrease TNF-α and cytochrome C expression. Furthermore, data shows that PCB could improve the survival rate of acute liver failure (ALF) mice which were injected with a lethal dose of CCl4 (60.0% vs 20.0%).
CONCLUSION: Our study indicated that PCB could be an ideal candidate for reversing acute liver injury or ALF.
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Marín-Prida J, Pavón-Fuentes N, Llópiz-Arzuaga A, Fernández-Massó JR, Delgado-Roche L, Mendoza-Marí Y, Santana SP, Cruz-Ramírez A, Valenzuela-Silva C, Nazábal-Gálvez M, Cintado-Benítez A, Pardo-Andreu GL, Polentarutti N, Riva F, Pentón-Arias E, Pentón-Rol G. Phycocyanobilin promotes PC12 cell survival and modulates immune and inflammatory genes and oxidative stress markers in acute cerebral hypoperfusion in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:49-60. [PMID: 23732081 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the inflammatory response and oxidative stress are involved in the stroke cascade, we evaluated here the effects of Phycocyanobilin (PCB, the C-Phycocyanin linked tetrapyrrole) on PC12 cell survival, the gene expression and the oxidative status of hypoperfused rat brain. After the permanent bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (BCCAo), the animals were treated with saline or PCB, taking samples 24h post-surgery. Global gene expression was analyzed with GeneChip Rat Gene ST 1.1 from Affymetrix; the expression of particular genes was assessed by the Fast SYBR Green RT-PCR Master Mix and Bioplex methods; and redox markers (MDA, PP, CAT, SOD) were evaluated spectrophotometrically. The PCB treatment prevented the H2O2 and glutamate induced PC12 cell injury assessed by the MTT assay, and modulated 190 genes (93 up- and 97 down-regulated) associated to several immunological and inflammatory processes in BCCAo rats. Furthermore, PCB positively modulated 19 genes mostly related to a detrimental pro-inflammatory environment and counteracted the oxidative imbalance in the treated BCCAo animals. Our results support the view of an effective influence of PCB on major inflammatory mediators in acute cerebral hypoperfusion. These results suggest that PCB has a potential to be a treatment for ischemic stroke for which further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Marín-Prida
- Centre for Research and Biological Evaluations (CEIEB), Institute of Pharmacy and Food, University of Havana, Ave. 23 e/ 214 y 222, La Lisa, PO Box: 430, Havana, Cuba
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