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Li J, Kalyanram P, Rozati S, Monje-Galvan V, Gupta A. Interaction of Cyanine-D112 with Binary Lipid Mixtures: Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Differential Scanning Calorimetry Study. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:9765-9774. [PMID: 35350357 PMCID: PMC8945139 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This comprehensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and experimental study investigates the lipid bilayer interactions of dye D112 for potential photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications. PDT involves formation of a reactive oxidant species in the presence of a light sensitive molecule and light, interrupting cellular functions. D112 was developed as a photographic emulsifier, and we hypothesized that its combined cationic and lipophilic nature can render a superior photosensitizing property-crucial in various light therapies. The focus of this study is to elucidate the binding and insertion mechanisms of D112 with mixed lipid bilayers of anionic dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylserine (DPPS) and zwitterionic dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) lipids to resemble cancer cell membranes. Our studies confirm initial electrostatic binding between the positively charged moieties of D112 and negatively charged lipid headgroups. Additionally, MD simulations combined with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies confirm that D112-lipid interactions are governed by enthalpy-driven nonclassical hydrophobic effects in the membrane interior. It was further noted that despite the electrostatic preference of D112 toward the anionic lipids, D112 molecules colocalized on DPPC-rich domains after insertion. Atomistic level MD studies point toward two possible insertion mechanisms for D112: harpoon and flip. Further insights from the simulation showcase the interactions of low and high aggregates of D112 with the bilayer as the concentration of D112 increases in solution. The size of aggregates modulates the orientation and degree of insertion, providing important information for future studies on membrane permeation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Li
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Poornima Kalyanram
- Department
of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Seyedalireza Rozati
- Department
of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Viviana Monje-Galvan
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Anju Gupta
- Department
of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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2
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Lin MHC, Chang LC, Chung CY, Huang WC, Lee MH, Chen KT, Lai PS, Yang JT. Photochemical Internalization of Etoposide Using Dendrimer Nanospheres Loaded with Etoposide and Protoporphyrin IX on a Glioblastoma Cell Line. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111877. [PMID: 34834292 PMCID: PMC8621426 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant primary neoplasm of the adult central nervous system originating from glial cells. The prognosis of those affected by GBM has remained poor despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a release mechanism of endocytosed therapeutics into the cytoplasm, which relies on the membrane disruptive effect of light-activated photosensitizers. In this study, phototherapy by PCI was performed on a human GBM cell-line using the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide (Etop) and the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) loaded in nanospheres (Ns) made from generation-5 polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM(G5)). The resultant formulation, Etop/PpIX-PAMAM(G5) Ns, measured 217.4 ± 2.9 nm in diameter and 40.5 ± 1.3 mV in charge. Confocal microscopy demonstrated PpIX fluorescence within the endo-lysosomal compartment, and an almost twofold increase in cellular uptake compared to free PpIX by flow cytometry. Phototherapy with 3 min and 5 min light illumination resulted in a greater extent of synergism than with co-administered Etop and PpIX; notably, antagonism was observed without light illumination. Mechanistically, significant increases in oxidative stress and apoptosis were observed with Etop/PpIX-PAMAM(G5) Ns upon 5 min of light illumination in comparison to treatment with either of the agents alone. In conclusion, simultaneous delivery and endo-lysosomal co-localization of Etop and PpIX by PAMAM(G5) Ns leads to a synergistic effect by phototherapy; in addition, the finding of antagonism without light illumination can be advantageous in lowering the dark toxicity and improving photo-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hsiu-Chu Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; (M.H.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (W.-C.H.); (M.-H.L.); (K.-T.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Chang
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan;
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Yen Chung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; (M.H.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (W.-C.H.); (M.-H.L.); (K.-T.C.)
| | - Wei-Chao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; (M.H.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (W.-C.H.); (M.-H.L.); (K.-T.C.)
| | - Ming-Hsueh Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; (M.H.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (W.-C.H.); (M.-H.L.); (K.-T.C.)
| | - Kuo-Tai Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; (M.H.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (W.-C.H.); (M.-H.L.); (K.-T.C.)
| | - Ping-Shan Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Jen-Tsung Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; (M.H.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (W.-C.H.); (M.-H.L.); (K.-T.C.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-5-3621000 (ext. 3412); Fax: +886-5-3621000 (ext. 3002)
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3
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Suzuki IL, de Araujo MM, Bagnato VS, Bentley MVLB. TNFα siRNA delivery by nanoparticles and photochemical internalization for psoriasis topical therapy. J Control Release 2021; 338:316-329. [PMID: 34437914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that presents increased expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), a proinflammatory cytokine. The discovery of RNA interference (RNAi), mediated by short interfering RNA (siRNA), made it possible for the expression of some genes to be eliminated. However, for its application, it is necessary to use carriers that can protect siRNA and release it in the target cells. Herein, we developed a delivery system for siRNA based on hybrid polymer-lipid nanoparticles (PLNs) and combined this system with photochemical internalization (PCI), photoactivating the photosensitizer TPPS2a, to optimize the endosomal escape of TNFα siRNA in the cytoplasm, aiming to use the system as a topical formulation to treat psoriasis. The PLNs composed of 2.0% of Compritol® 888 ATO (lipid), 1.5% of poloxamer 188 and 0.1% of the cationic polymer poly(allylamine hydrochloride) showed an average nanoparticle size of 142 nm, a zeta potential of +25 mV, and the ability to efficiently coencapsulate TPPS2a and complexed siRNA. In addition, these materials did not present cellular toxicity and showed high cellular uptake. In vitro delivery studies using porcine skin model revealed that the PLNs delivered siRNA and TPPS2a into the skin. The efficacy was verified using an in vivo psoriasis animal (hairless mouse) model induced by imiquimod (IMQ) cream. The results revealed that PLN-TPPS2a-TNFα siRNA combined with PCI resulted in a decrease in the levels of TNFα, showing the efficiency of the treatment to silence this cytokine in psoriatic lesions, which was accompanied by a reduction in the redness and scaling of the mouse skin. The results showed the potential of the developed PLNs in combined silencing gene therapy and PCI for topical treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Luiz Suzuki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Margarete Moreno de Araujo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- Physics Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Hagler Institute for Advanced Studies, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Maria Vitoria Lopes Badra Bentley
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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4
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Xue Y, Bai H, Peng B, Fang B, Baell J, Li L, Huang W, Voelcker NH. Stimulus-cleavable chemistry in the field of controlled drug delivery. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4872-4931. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01061h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively summarises stimulus-cleavable linkers from various research areas and their cleavage mechanisms, thus provides an insightful guideline to extend their potential applications to controlled drug release from nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Xue
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Hua Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Bin Fang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Jonathan Baell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton
- Victoria 3168
- Australia
| | - Lin Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Nicolas Hans Voelcker
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
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5
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Cell cycle dependence of apoptosis photo-triggered using peptide-photosensitizer conjugate. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19087. [PMID: 33154435 PMCID: PMC7644668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigation of the relevance between cell cycle status and the bioactivity of exogenously delivered biomacromolecules is hindered by their time-consuming cell internalization and the cytotoxicity of transfection methods. In this study, we addressed these problems by utilizing the photochemical internalization (PCI) method using a peptide/protein-photosensitizer conjugate, which enables immediate cytoplasmic internalization of the bioactive peptides/proteins in a light-dependent manner with low cytotoxicity. To identify the cell-cycle dependent apoptosis, a TatBim peptide-photosensitizer conjugate (TatBim-PS) with apoptotic activity was photo-dependently internalized into HeLa cells expressing a fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator (Fucci2). Upon irradiation, cytoplasmic TatBim-PS internalization exceeded 95% for all cells classified in the G1, S, and G2/M cell cycle phases with no significant differences between groups. TatBim-PS-mediated apoptosis was more efficiently triggered by photoirradiation in the G1/S transition than in the G1 and S/G2/M phases, suggesting high sensitivity of the former phase to Bim-induced apoptosis. Thus, the cell cycle dependence of Bim peptide-induced apoptosis was successfully investigated using Fucci2 indicator and the PCI method. Since PCI-mediated cytoplasmic internalization of peptides is rapid and does not span multiple cell cycle phases, the Fucci-PCI method constitutes a promising tool for analyzing the cell cycle dependence of peptides/protein functions.
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6
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Photochemical Internalization for Intracellular Drug Delivery. From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Research. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020528. [PMID: 32075165 PMCID: PMC7073817 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a unique intervention which involves the release of endocytosed macromolecules into the cytoplasmic matrix. PCI is based on the use of photosensitizers placed in endocytic vesicles that, following light activation, lead to rupture of the endocytic vesicles and the release of the macromolecules into the cytoplasmic matrix. This technology has been shown to improve the biological activity of a number of macromolecules that do not readily penetrate the plasma membrane, including type I ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), gene-encoding plasmids, adenovirus and oligonucleotides and certain chemotherapeutics, such as bleomycin. This new intervention has also been found appealing for intracellular delivery of drugs incorporated into nanocarriers and for cancer vaccination. PCI is currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Data from the first-in-human phase I clinical trial as well as an update on the development of the PCI technology towards clinical practice is presented here.
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7
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Wang X, Tong J, He Z, Yang X, Meng F, Liang H, Zhang X, Luo L. Paclitaxel-Potentiated Photodynamic Theranostics for Synergistic Tumor Ablation and Precise Anticancer Efficacy Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:5476-5487. [PMID: 31910619 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic theranostics that allows for concurrent photodynamic therapy (PDT) and precise therapeutic response report has emerged as an intriguing direction in the development of precision medicine. An ultra-efficient photodynamic theranostics platform was developed here based on combining and potentiating a theranostic photosensitizer, TPCI, with other therapies for synergistic anticancer effect and synchronous self-reporting of therapeutic response. In this study, TPCI and a chemotherapy agent paclitaxel (PTX) were co-encapsulated in liposomes, which exhibited a superb synergistic anticancer effect against a series of tumor cell lines. The potency of both drugs had been boosted for up to 30-fold compared with sole PDT or chemotherapy. More strikingly, the released TPCI lighted up the nuclei of dead cells, triggered either by PDT or chemotherapy, through binding with the chromatin and activating its aggregation-induced emission, therefore self-reporting the anticancer effect of the combined therapy in real time. The in vivo study using a mouse model bearing PC3 prostate tumor cells demonstrated the effective ablation of tumors with initial sizes of 200 mm3 and the precise early tumor response monitoring by TPCI/PTX@Lipo. This PTX-potentiated photodynamic theranostics strategy herein represented a new prototype of self-reporting nanomedicine for precise tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxia Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Junwei Tong
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430022 , China
| | - Zhenyan He
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Fanling Meng
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Huageng Liang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430022 , China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430022 , China
| | - Liang Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
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8
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Scirè A, Tanfani F, Ausili A. A Spectroscopic Study on Secondary Structure and Thermal Unfolding of the Plant Toxin Gelonin Confirms Some Typical Structural Characteristics and Unravels the Sequence of Thermal Unfolding Events. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090483. [PMID: 31443430 PMCID: PMC6783991 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelonin from the Indian plant Gelonium multiflorum belongs to the type I ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs). Like other members of RIPs, this toxin glycoprotein inhibits protein synthesis of eukaryotic cells; hence, it is largely used in the construction of immunotoxins composed of cell-targeted antibodies. Lysosomal degradation is one of the main issues in targeted tumor therapies, especially for type I RIP-based toxins, as they lack the translocation domains. The result is an attenuated cytosolic delivery and a decrease of the antitumor efficacy of these plant-derived toxins; therefore, strategies to permit their release from endosomal vesicles or modifications of the toxins to make them resistant to degradation are necessary to improve their efficacy. Using infrared spectroscopy, we thoroughly analyzed both the secondary structure and the thermal unfolding of gelonin. Moreover, by the combination of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy and phase diagram method, it was possible to deduce the sequence of events during the unfolding, confirming the typical characteristic of the RIP members to denature in two steps, as a sequential loss of tertiary and secondary structure was detected at 58 °C and at 65 °C, respectively. Additionally, some discrepancies in the unfolding process between gelonin and saporin-S6, another type I RIP protein, were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scirè
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Fabio Tanfani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessio Ausili
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular "A", Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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9
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Adigbli DK, Pye H, Seebaluck J, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ. The intracellular redox environment modulates the cytotoxic efficacy of single and combination chemotherapy in breast cancer cells using photochemical internalisation. RSC Adv 2019; 9:25861-25874. [PMID: 35530074 PMCID: PMC9070005 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04430b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The redox environment modulates photochemical internalization of an entrapped cytotoxic agent. Administration of light depicted by jagged arrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derick K. Adigbli
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Hayley Pye
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Jason Seebaluck
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
- University College London
- London
- UK
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10
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Membrane reorganization after photochemical internalization to release transferrin-biofunctionalized polystyrene microparticles. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17617. [PMID: 30514907 PMCID: PMC6279785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic drug carriers can drive their cargo to their target cells. However, an obstacle is usually the entrapment of the drug inside the endolysosomal compartment, which physically impedes its actuation by the impossibility of reaching its molecular site of action. To overcome this hurdle, photochemical internalization (PCI) has been proposed, but the extent of PCI-induced membrane disruption and its capability to allow the release of microparticles is unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine if PCI allows the release of microparticles from the endolysosomal compartment to the cytosol and to analyze at the ultrastructural level the effect of PCI on the membrane surrounding the particles. Confocal microscope allowed us to detect that endolysosomal membranes suffered some disruption after PCI, evidenced by the diffusion of soluble transferrin from the endolysosomes to the cytosol and by a decrease of LAMP1-microparticles co-localization. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed a decrease in the number of well-defined membranes around microparticles after PCI, and scanning TEM combined with energy dispersive x-ray revealed an increase in the width of endolysosomal membranes after treatment. These results suggest that endolysosomal membranes suffered an ultrastructure alteration after PCI, enough to liberate soluble transferrin but not the entire microparticles.
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11
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Light-enhanced VEGF 121/rGel: A tumor targeted modality with vascular and immune-mediated efficacy. J Control Release 2018; 288:161-172. [PMID: 30217739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between stromal cells and tumor cells pay a major role in cancer growth and progression. This is reflected in the composition of anticancer drugs which includes compounds directed towards the immune system and tumor-vasculature in addition to drugs aimed at the cancer cells themselves. Drug-based treatment regimens are currently designed to include compounds targeting the tumor stroma in addition to the cancer cells. Treatment limiting adverse effects remains, however, one of the major challenges for drug-based therapy and novel tolerable treatment modalities with diverse high efficacy on both tumor cells and stroma is therefore of high interest. It was hypothesized that the vascular targeted fusion toxin VEGF121/rGel in combination with the intracellular drug delivery technology photochemical internalization (PCI) stimulate direct cancer parenchymal cell death in addition to inhibition of tumor perfusion, and that an immune mediated response is relevant for treatment outcome. The aim of the present study was therefore to elucidate the anticancer mechanisms of VEGF121/rGel-PCI. In contrast to VEGF121/rGel monotherapy, VEGF121/rGel-PCI was found to mediate its effect through VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, and a targeted treatment effect was shown on two VEGFR1 expressing cancer cell lines. A cancer parenchymal treatment effect was further indicated on H&E stains of CT26-CL25 and 4 T1 tumors. VEGF121/rGel-PCI was shown, by dynamic contrast enhanced MRI, to induce a sustained inhibition of tumor perfusion in both tumor models. A 50% complete remission (CR) of CT26.CL25 colon carcinoma allografts was found in immunocompetent mice while no CR was detected in CT26.CL25 bearing athymic mice. In conclusion, the present report indicate VEGF121/rGel -PCI as a treatment modality with multimodal tumor targeted efficacy that should be further developed towards clinical utilization.
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12
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Eng MS, Kaur J, Prasmickaite L, Engesæter BØ, Weyergang A, Skarpen E, Berg K, Rosenblum MG, Mælandsmo GM, Høgset A, Ferrone S, Selbo PK. Enhanced targeting of triple-negative breast carcinoma and malignant melanoma by photochemical internalization of CSPG4-targeting immunotoxins. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:539-551. [PMID: 29565434 PMCID: PMC8728892 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00358g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and malignant melanoma are highly aggressive cancers that widely express the cell surface chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4/NG2). CSPG4 plays an important role in tumor cell growth and survival and promotes chemo- and radiotherapy resistance, suggesting that CSPG4 is an attractive target in cancer therapy. In the present work, we applied the drug delivery technology photochemical internalization (PCI) in combination with the novel CSPG4-targeting immunotoxin 225.28-saporin as an efficient and specific strategy to kill aggressive TNBC and amelanotic melanoma cells. Light-activation of the clinically relevant photosensitizer TPCS2a (fimaporfin) and 225.28-saporin was found to act in a synergistic manner, and was superior to both PCI of saporin and PCI-no-drug (TPCS2a + light only) in three TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-435 and SUM149) and two BRAFV600E mutated malignant melanoma cell lines (Melmet 1 and Melmet 5). The cytotoxic effect was highly dependent on the light dose and expression of CSPG4 since no enhanced cytotoxicity of PCI of 225.28-saporin compared to PCI of saporin was observed in the CSPG4-negative MCF-7 cells. The PCI of a smaller, and clinically relevant CSPG4-targeting toxin (scFvMEL-rGel) validated the CSPG4-targeting concept in vitro and induced a strong inhibition of tumor growth in the amelanotic melanoma xenograft A-375 model. In conclusion, the combination of the drug delivery technology PCI and CSPG4-targeting immunotoxins is an efficient, specific and light-controlled strategy for the elimination of aggressive cells of TNBC and malignant melanoma origin. This study lays the foundation for further preclinical evaluation of PCI in combination with CSPG4-targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Eng
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - J Kaur
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - L Prasmickaite
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - B Ø Engesæter
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Weyergang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - E Skarpen
- Department of Core Facilities, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - K Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - M G Rosenblum
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - G M Mælandsmo
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - S Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P K Selbo
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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13
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Olsen CE, Weyergang A, Edwards VT, Berg K, Brech A, Weisheit S, Høgset A, Selbo PK. Development of resistance to photodynamic therapy (PDT) in human breast cancer cells is photosensitizer-dependent: Possible mechanisms and approaches for overcoming PDT-resistance. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 144:63-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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The Use of Plant-Derived Ribosome Inactivating Proteins in Immunotoxin Development: Past, Present and Future Generations. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9110344. [PMID: 29076988 PMCID: PMC5705959 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9110344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) form a class of toxins that was identified over a century ago. They continue to fascinate scientists and the public due to their very high activity and long-term stability which might find useful applications in the therapeutic killing of unwanted cells but can also be used in acts of terror. We will focus our review on the canonical plant-derived RIPs which display ribosomal RNA N-glycosidase activity and irreversibly inhibit protein synthesis by cleaving the 28S ribosomal RNA of the large 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. We will place particular emphasis on therapeutic applications and the generation of immunotoxins by coupling antibodies to RIPs in an attempt to target specific cells. Several generations of immunotoxins have been developed and we will review their optimisation as well as their use and limitations in pre-clinical and clinical trials. Finally, we endeavour to provide a perspective on potential future developments for the therapeutic use of immunotoxins.
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15
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Glycosylated Triterpenoids as Endosomal Escape Enhancers in Targeted Tumor Therapies. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5020014. [PMID: 28536357 PMCID: PMC5489800 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-based targeted toxins play an increasingly important role in targeted tumor therapies. In spite of their high intrinsic toxicity, their efficacy in animal models is low. A major reason for this is the limited entry of the toxin into the cytosol of the target cell, which is required to mediate the fatal effect. Target receptor bound and internalized toxins are mostly either recycled back to the cell surface or lysosomally degraded. This might explain why no antibody-targeted protein toxin has been approved for tumor therapeutic applications by the authorities to date although more than 500 targeted toxins have been developed within the last decades. To overcome the problem of insufficient endosomal escape, a number of strategies that make use of diverse chemicals, cell-penetrating or fusogenic peptides, and light-induced techniques were designed to weaken the membrane integrity of endosomes. This review focuses on glycosylated triterpenoids as endosomal escape enhancers and throws light on their structure, the mechanism of action, and on their efficacy in cell culture and animal models. Obstacles, challenges, opportunities, and future prospects are discussed.
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16
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Hirschberg H, Madsen SJ. Synergistic efficacy of ultrasound, sonosensitizers and chemotherapy: a review. Ther Deliv 2017; 8:331-342. [PMID: 28361613 PMCID: PMC6367792 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2016-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents, either in the form of systemically injected free drug or encapsulated in nanoparticles transport vehicles, must overcome three main obstacles prior to reaching and interacting with their intended target inside tumor cells. Drugs must leave the circulation, overcome the tissue-tumor barrier and penetrate the cell's plasma membrane. Since, many agents enter the cell by endocytosis, they must avoid entrapment and degradation by the intracellular endolysosome complex. Ultrasound has demonstrated potential to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy by reducing these barriers. The purpose of this review is to highlight the potential of ultrasound in combination with sonosensitizers to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy by optimizing the anticancer agent's intracellular ability to engage and interact with its target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Hirschberg
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
- Department of Health Physics & Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Steen J Madsen
- Department of Health Physics & Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
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17
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Martinez de Pinillos Bayona A, Woodhams JH, Pye H, Hamoudi RA, Moore CM, MacRobert AJ. Efficacy of photochemical internalisation using disulfonated chlorin and porphyrin photosensitisers: An in vitro study in 2D and 3D prostate cancer models. Cancer Lett 2017; 393:68-75. [PMID: 28223166 PMCID: PMC5360193 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study shows the therapeutic outcome of Photochemical Internalisation (PCI) in prostate cancer in vitro surpasses that of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and could improve prostate PDT in the clinic, whilst avoiding chemotherapeutics side effects. In addition, the study assesses the potential of PCI with two different photosensitisers (TPCS2a and TPPS2a) in prostate cancer cells (human PC3 and rat MatLyLu) using standard 2D monolayer culture and 3D biomimetic model. Photosensitisers were used alone for photodynamic therapy (PDT) or with the cytotoxin saporin (PCI). TPPS2a and TPCS2a were shown to be located in discrete cytoplasmic vesicles before light treatment and redistribute into the cytosol upon light excitation. PC3 cells exhibit a higher uptake than MatLyLu cells for both photosensitisers. In the 2D model, PCI resulted in greater cell death than PDT alone in both cell lines. In 3D model, morphological changes were also observed. Saporin-based toxicity was negligible in PC3 cells, but pronounced in MatLyLu cells (IC50 = 18 nM). In conclusion, the study showed that tumour features such as tumour cell growth rate or interaction with drugs determine therapeutic conditions for optimal photochemical treatment in metastatic prostate cancer. The efficacy of PCI surpasses that of PDT in vitro. PCI could improve prostate cancer treatment and minimise side effects. 3D model observations confirm findings in previous 2D PCI investigations. Tumour features (i.e. doubling rate, interaction with drugs) will determine conditions for optimal photochemical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josephine H Woodhams
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Pye
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rifat A Hamoudi
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Banerjee SM, MacRobert AJ, Mosse CA, Periera B, Bown SG, Keshtgar MRS. Photodynamic therapy: Inception to application in breast cancer. Breast 2016; 31:105-113. [PMID: 27833041 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is already being used in the treatment of many cancers. This review examines its components and the new developments in our understanding of its immunological effects as well as pre-clinical and clinical studies, which have investigated its potential use in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Banerjee
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, UK
| | - A J MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, UK
| | - C A Mosse
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, UK
| | - B Periera
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - S G Bown
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, UK
| | - M R S Keshtgar
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, UK.
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19
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Augmenting the Efficacy of Immunotoxins and Other Targeted Protein Toxins by Endosomal Escape Enhancers. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8070200. [PMID: 27376327 PMCID: PMC4963833 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxic moiety of almost all protein-based targeted toxins must enter the cytosol of the target cell to mediate its fatal effect. Although more than 500 targeted toxins have been investigated in the past decades, no antibody-targeted protein toxin has been approved for tumor therapeutic applications by the authorities to date. Missing efficacy can be attributed in many cases to insufficient endosomal escape and therefore subsequent lysosomal degradation of the endocytosed toxins. To overcome this drawback, many strategies have been described to weaken the membrane integrity of endosomes. This comprises the use of lysosomotropic amines, carboxylic ionophores, calcium channel antagonists, various cell-penetrating peptides of viral, bacterial, plant, animal, human and synthetic origin, other organic molecules and light-induced techniques. Although the efficacy of the targeted toxins was typically augmented in cell culture hundred or thousand fold, in exceptional cases more than million fold, the combination of several substances harbors new problems including additional side effects, loss of target specificity, difficulties to determine the therapeutic window and cell type-dependent variations. This review critically scrutinizes the chances and challenges of endosomal escape enhancers and their potential role in future developments.
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20
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered more than 100 years ago, and has since become a well-studied therapy for cancer and various non-malignant diseases including infections. PDT uses photosensitizers (PSs, non-toxic dyes) that are activated by absorption of visible light to initially form the excited singlet state, followed by transition to the long-lived excited triplet state. This triplet state can undergo photochemical reactions in the presence of oxygen to form reactive oxygen species (including singlet oxygen) that can destroy cancer cells, pathogenic microbes and unwanted tissue. The dual-specificity of PDT relies on accumulation of the PS in diseased tissue and also on localized light delivery. Tetrapyrrole structures such as porphyrins, chlorins, bacteriochlorins and phthalocyanines with appropriate functionalization have been widely investigated in PDT, and several compounds have received clinical approval. Other molecular structures including the synthetic dyes classes as phenothiazinium, squaraine and BODIPY (boron-dipyrromethene), transition metal complexes, and natural products such as hypericin, riboflavin and curcumin have been investigated. Targeted PDT uses PSs conjugated to antibodies, peptides, proteins and other ligands with specific cellular receptors. Nanotechnology has made a significant contribution to PDT, giving rise to approaches such as nanoparticle delivery, fullerene-based PSs, titania photocatalysis, and the use of upconverting nanoparticles to increase light penetration into tissue. Future directions include photochemical internalization, genetically encoded protein PSs, theranostics, two-photon absorption PDT, and sonodynamic therapy using ultrasound.
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21
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Simon N, FitzGerald D. Immunotoxin Therapies for the Treatment of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Dependent Cancers. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050137. [PMID: 27153091 PMCID: PMC4885052 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many epithelial cancers rely on enhanced expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to drive proliferation and survival pathways. Development of therapeutics to target EGFR signaling has been of high importance, and multiple examples have been approved for human use. However, many of the current small molecule or antibody-based therapeutics are of limited effectiveness due to the inevitable development of resistance and toxicity to normal tissues. Recombinant immunotoxins are therapeutic molecules consisting of an antibody or receptor ligand joined to a protein cytotoxin, combining the specific targeting of a cancer-expressed receptor with the potent cell killing of cytotoxic enzymes. Over the decades, many bacterial- or plant-based immunotoxins have been developed with the goal of targeting the broad range of cancers reliant upon EGFR overexpression. Many examples demonstrate excellent anti-cancer properties in preclinical development, and several EGFR-targeted immunotoxins have progressed to human trials. This review summarizes much of the past and current work in the development of immunotoxins for targeting EGFR-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Simon
- Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, 37/5124 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - David FitzGerald
- Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, 37/5124 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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22
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Bull-Hansen B, Berstad MB, Berg K, Cao Y, Skarpen E, Fremstedal AS, Rosenblum MG, Peng Q, Weyergang A. Photochemical activation of MH3-B1/rGel: a HER2-targeted treatment approach for ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:12436-51. [PMID: 26002552 PMCID: PMC4494949 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HER2-targeted therapy has been shown to have limited efficacy in ovarian cancer despite frequent overexpression of this receptor. Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a modality for cytosolic drug delivery, currently undergoing clinical evaluation. In the present project we studied the application of PCI in combination with the HER2-targeted recombinant fusion toxin, MH3-B1/rGel, for the treatment of ovarian cancer. The SKOV-3 cell line, resistant to trastuzumab- and MH3-B1/rGel- monotherapy, was shown to respond strongly to PCI of MH3-B1/rGel to a similar extent as observed for the treatment-sensitive SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells. Extensive hydrolytic degradation of MH3-B1/rGel in acidic endocytic vesicles was indicated as the mechanism of MH3-B1/rGel resistance in SKOV-3 cells. This was shown by the positive Pearson's correlation coefficient between Alexa488-labeled MH3-B1/rGel and Lysotracker in SKOV-3 cells in contrast to the negative Pearson's correlation coefficient in SK-BR-3 cells. The application of PCI to induce the release of MH3-B1/rGel was also demonstrated to be effective on SKOV-3 xenografts. Application of PCI with MH3-B1/rGel was further found highly effective in the HER2 expressing HOC-7 and NuTu-19 ovarian cancer cell lines. The presented results warrant future development of PCI in combination with MH3-B1/rGel as a novel therapeutic approach in preclinical models of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Bull-Hansen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria B Berstad
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yu Cao
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Current address: The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ellen Skarpen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane Sofie Fremstedal
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael G Rosenblum
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anette Weyergang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Osaki T, Yokoe I, Uto Y, Ishizuka M, Tanaka T, Yamanaka N, Kurahashi T, Azuma K, Murahata Y, Tsuka T, Ito N, Imagawa T, Okamoto Y. Bleomycin enhances the efficacy of sonodynamic therapy using aluminum phthalocyanine disulfonate. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2016; 28:161-168. [PMID: 26384895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT), or ultrasound combined with sonosensitization, is a promising approach because it is noninvasive and penetrates deeper than light does in photodynamic therapy. We examined whether bleomycin (BLM) could improve the efficacy of SDT. We performed an in vitro study using Colon-26 cells, which are derived from mouse colon cancer. SDT with BLM was significantly more cytotoxic than SDT alone both in vitro and in vivo. We also observed an ultrasound intensity-dependent cytotoxic effect of SDT with BLM. These findings suggest that SDT with BLM might provide a novel noninvasive treatment for deep-seated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Osaki
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.
| | - Inoru Yokoe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Uto
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Graduate School, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Kazuo Azuma
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murahata
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsuka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Norihiko Ito
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Imagawa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Okamoto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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24
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Homayoni H, Jiang K, Zou X, Hossu M, Rashidi LH, Chen W. Enhancement of protoporphyrin IX performance in aqueous solutions for photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 12:258-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Bostad M, Olsen CE, Peng Q, Berg K, Høgset A, Selbo PK. Light-controlled endosomal escape of the novel CD133-targeting immunotoxin AC133-saporin by photochemical internalization - A minimally invasive cancer stem cell-targeting strategy. J Control Release 2015; 206:37-48. [PMID: 25758331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) marker CD133 is an attractive target to improve antitumor therapy. We have used photochemical internalization (PCI) for the endosomal escape of the novel CD133-targeting immunotoxin AC133-saporin (PCIAC133-saporin). PCI employs an endocytic vesicle-localizing photosensitizer, which generates reactive oxygen species upon light-activation causing a rupture of the vesicle membranes and endosomal escape of entrapped drugs. Here we show that AC133-saporin co-localizes with the PCI-photosensitizer TPCS2a, which upon light exposure induces cytosolic release of AC133-saporin. PCI of picomolar levels of AC133-saporin in colorectal adenocarcinoma WiDr cells blocked cell proliferation and induced 100% inhibition of cell viability and colony forming ability at the highest light doses, whereas no cytotoxicity was obtained in the absence of light. Efficient PCI-based CD133-targeting was in addition demonstrated in the stem-cell-like, triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and in the aggressive malignant melanoma cell line FEMX-1, whereas no enhanced targeting was obtained in the CD133-negative breast cancer cell line MCF-7. PCIAC133-saporin induced mainly necrosis and a minimal apoptotic response based on assessing cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP, and the TUNEL assay. PCIAC133-saporin resulted in S phase arrest and reduced LC3-II conversion compared to control treatments. Notably, co-treatment with Bafilomycin A1 and PCIAC133-saporin blocked LC3-II conversion, indicating a termination of the autophagic flux in WiDr cells. For the first time, we demonstrate laser-controlled targeting of CD133 in vivo. After only one systemic injection of AC133-saporin and TPCS2a, a strong anti-tumor response was observed after PCIAC133-saporin. The present PCI-based endosomal escape technology represents a minimally invasive strategy for spatio-temporal, light-controlled targeting of CD133+ cells in localized primary tumors or metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bostad
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Center (SFI-CAST), Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine Elisabeth Olsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Center (SFI-CAST), Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Høgset
- Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Center (SFI-CAST), Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; PCI Biotech AS, Lysaker, Norway
| | - Pål Kristian Selbo
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Center (SFI-CAST), Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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26
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Berstad MB, Cheung LH, Berg K, Peng Q, Fremstedal ASV, Patzke S, Rosenblum MG, Weyergang A. Design of an EGFR-targeting toxin for photochemical delivery: in vitro and in vivo selectivity and efficacy. Oncogene 2015; 34:5582-92. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Lund K, Bostad M, Skarpen E, Braunagel M, Kiprijanov S, Krauss S, Duncan A, Høgset A, Selbo PK. The novel EpCAM-targeting monoclonal antibody 3-17I linked to saporin is highly cytotoxic after photochemical internalization in breast, pancreas and colon cancer cell lines. MAbs 2015; 6:1038-50. [PMID: 24525727 PMCID: PMC4171007 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is expressed by a wide range of human carcinomas, making it an attractive diagnostic and therapeutic target in oncology. Its recent identification on cancer stem cells has raised further interest in its use for tumor targeting and therapy. Here, we present the characterization and therapeutic potential of 3-17I, a novel human EpCAM-targeting monoclonal antibody. Strong reaction of 3-17I was observed in all lung, colon, and breast human tumor biopsies evaluated. By flow cytometry and confocal fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate that 3-17I specifically targets EpCAM-positive cell lines. We also show evidence for mAb-sequestration in endo-/lysosomes, suggesting internalization of 3-17I by receptor-mediated endocytosis. The ribosomal-inactivating toxin saporin was linked to 3-17I, creating the per se non-toxic immunotoxin 3-17I-saporin, a promising candidate for the drug delivery technology photochemical internalization (PCI). PCI is based on a light-controlled destruction of endolysosomal membranes and subsequent cytosolic release of the sequestered payload upon light exposure. EpCAM-positive human cancer cell lines MCF7 (breast), BxPC-3 (pancreas), WiDr (colon), and the EpCAM-negative COLO320DM (colon), were treated with 3-17I-saporin in combination with the clinically relevant photosensitizer TPCS2a (Amphinex), followed by exposure to light. No cytotoxicity was observed after treatment with 3-17I-saporin without light exposure. However, cell viability, proliferation and colony-forming capacity was strongly reduced in a light-dependent manner after PCI of 3-17I. Our results show that 3-17I is an excellent candidate for diagnosis of EpCAM-positive tumors and for development of clinically relevant antibody-drug conjugates, using PCI for the treatment of localized tumors.
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28
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Selbo PK, Bostad M, Olsen CE, Edwards VT, Høgset A, Weyergang A, Berg K. Photochemical internalisation, a minimally invasive strategy for light-controlled endosomal escape of cancer stem cell-targeting therapeutics. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:1433-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite progress in radio-, chemo- and photodynamic-therapy (PDT) of cancer, treatment resistance still remains a major problem for patients with aggressive tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål Kristian Selbo
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Monica Bostad
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Cathrine Elisabeth Olsen
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Victoria Tudor Edwards
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Anders Høgset
- Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Center (SFI-CAST)
- Institute for Cancer Research
- Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Oslo
| | - Anette Weyergang
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
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29
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Kiesgen S, Liebers N, Cremer M, Arnold U, Weber T, Keller A, Herold-Mende C, Dyckhoff G, Jager D, Kontermann RE, Arndt MAE, Krauss J. A fusogenic dengue virus-derived peptide enhances antitumor efficacy of an antibody-ribonuclease fusion protein targeting the EGF receptor. Protein Eng Des Sel 2014; 27:331-7. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzu040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a light-based intervention with a long and successful clinical track record for both oncology and non-malignancies. In cancer patients, a photosensitizing agent is intravenously, orally or topically applied and allowed time to preferentially accumulate in the tumor region. Light of the appropriate wavelength and intensity to activate the particular photosensitizer employed is then introduced to the tumor bed. The light energy will activate the photosensitizer, which in the presence of oxygen should allow for creation of the toxic photodynamic reaction generating reactive oxygen species. The photodynamic reaction creates a cascading series of events including initiation of apoptotic and necrotic pathways both in tumor and neovasculature, leading to permanent lesion destruction often with upregulation of the immune system. Cutaneous phototoxicity from unintentional sunlight exposure remains the most common morbidity from PDT. This paper will highlight current research and outcomes from the basic science and clinical applications of oncologic PDT and interpret how these findings may lead to enhanced and refined future PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron R Allison
- 21st Century Oncology, 801 WH Smith Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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31
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Bostad M, Kausberg M, Weyergang A, Olsen CE, Berg K, Høgset A, Selbo PK. Light-Triggered, Efficient Cytosolic Release of IM7-Saporin Targeting the Putative Cancer Stem Cell Marker CD44 by Photochemical Internalization. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2764-76. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500129t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anders Høgset
- PCI Biotech
AS, Strandveien 55, N-1366 Lysaker, Norway
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32
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Bull-Hansen B, Cao Y, Berg K, Skarpen E, Rosenblum MG, Weyergang A. Photochemical activation of the recombinant HER2-targeted fusion toxin MH3-B1/rGel; Impact of HER2 expression on treatment outcome. J Control Release 2014; 182:58-66. [PMID: 24637464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HER2 is overexpressed in 20-30% of breast tumors and is associated with aggressiveness and increased risk of recurrence and death. The HER2 protein is internalized as a part of its activity, and may therefore be utilized as a target for the specific intracellular delivery of drugs. Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a novel technology now undergoing clinical evaluation for its ability to improve the release into the cytosol of drugs entrapped in the endo/lysosomal compartment. PCI employs an amphiphilic photosensitizer which localizes in the membranes of endo/lysosomes. Subsequent light exposure (visible light) causes destabilization of the endo/lysosomal membranes. PCI has been proven highly effective for improving the cytosolic delivery of targeted toxins based on type I ribosome inactivating protein toxins such as gelonin. We examined the impact of the level of target antigen expression on PCI efficacy. Four human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, BT-20, Zr-75-1 and SK-BR-3) covering a wide range of HER2 expression were included in the present study. PCI of the HER2-targeted fusion toxin MH3-B1/rGel was found to be highly effective in all four cell lines. The increase in PCI-mediated efficacy was not directly correlated with the cellular levels of HER2 as assessed by western blots, the overall uptake of MH3-B1/rGel as measured by flow cytometry, the amount of MH3-B1/rGel localized to endo/lysosomes assessed by confocal microscopy or the cell sensitivity to the photochemical treatment itself (photosensitizer and light without MH3-B1/rGel). However, correcting the PCI efficacy for the baseline cellular sensitivity to rGel revealed a linear correlation (R(2)=0.80) with HER2 expression. The present report therefore concludes the cellular sensitivity to the toxin as an important parameter for PCI efficacy and also indicates PCI of a HER2-targeted fusion toxin as an attractive treatment alternative for breast cancer patients with both HER2-low and -high expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Bull-Hansen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Yu Cao
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Ellen Skarpen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Michael G Rosenblum
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anette Weyergang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
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33
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Vikdal M, Weyergang A, Selbo PK, Berg K. Vascular endothelial cells as targets for photochemical internalization (PCI). Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:1185-92. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vikdal
- Department of Radiation Biology; Institute for Cancer Research; the Norwegian Radium Hospital; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo; Norway
| | - Anette Weyergang
- Department of Radiation Biology; Institute for Cancer Research; the Norwegian Radium Hospital; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo; Norway
| | | | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology; Institute for Cancer Research; the Norwegian Radium Hospital; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo; Norway
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34
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Vikdal M, Generalov R, Berg K. The photosensitizer disulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine reduces uptake and alters trafficking of fluid phase endocytosed drugs in vascular endothelial cells--impact on efficacy of photochemical internalization. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:748-58. [PMID: 23876343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Targeting cancer vasculature is an emerging field in cancer treatment. Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a drug delivery technology based on photochemical lysis of drug-bearing endocytic vesicles originally designed to target cancer cells. Recent investigations have revealed a lower PCI efficacy in vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro than in HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells. This manuscript aims to explore the limiting factor for the PCI effect in HUVECs. Cellular uptake of the photosensitizers AlPcS(2a) and TPPS(2a), and a model compound for macromolecular drugs taken up by fluid phase endocytosis, Alexa⁴⁸⁸-dextran, was explored by flow cytometry. The uptake of AlPcS(2a) and TPPS(2a) was 3.8-fold and 37-fold higher in HUVECs than in HT1080 cells, respectively, while the Alexa⁴⁸⁸-dextran uptake was 50% lower. AlPcS(2a) (but not TPPS(2a)) was shown to reduce Alexa⁴⁸⁸-dextran uptake in a concentration-dependent manner, resulting in 66% and 33% attenuation of Alexa⁴⁸⁸-dextran uptake at 20 μg/ml AlPcS(2a) in HUVECs and HT1080 cells respectively. Studies of intracellular localization of Alexa⁴⁸⁸-dextran and AlPcS(2a) by confocal microscopy in HUVECs uncovered a concentration-dependent AlPcS(2a)-induced inhibition of Alexa⁴⁸⁸-dextran trafficking into AlPcS(2a)-stained and acidic vesicles. The localization of Alexa⁴⁸⁸-dextran to AlPcS(2a)-localizing compartments was reduced by 40% when the AlPcS(2a) concentration was increased from 5 to 20 μg/ml. The treatment dose of AlPcS(2a) was found to influence on the efficacy of PCI of saporin, but to a lesser extent than expected considering the data from cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of Alexa⁴⁸⁸-dextran. The implications of these results for further development of vascular targeting-PCI are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vikdal
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway
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35
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Chen X, Ding G, Gao Q, Sun J, Zhang Q, Du L, Qiu Z, Wang C, Zheng F, Sun B, Ni J, Feng Z, Zhu J. A human anti-c-Met Fab fragment conjugated with doxorubicin as targeted chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63093. [PMID: 23675455 PMCID: PMC3652865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Met is over-expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) but is absent or expressed at low levels in normal tissues. Therefore we generated a novel conjugate of a human anti-c-Met Fab fragment (MetFab) with doxorubicin (DOX) and assessed whether it had targeted antitumor activity against HCC and reduced the side-effects of DOX. The MetFab was screened from human phage library, conjugated with DOX via chemical synthesis, and the conjugation MetFab-DOX was confirmed by HPLC. The drug release patterns, the binding efficacy, and cellular distribution of MetFab-DOX were assessed. MetFab-DOX was stable at pH7.2 PBS while release doxorubicin quickly at pH4.0, the binding efficacy of MetFab-DOX was similarly as MetFab, and the cellular distribution of the MetFab-DOX is distinct from free DOX. The cytotoxicity of MetFab-DOX was analyzed by the MTT method and the nude mouse HCC model. The MetFab-DOX demonstrated cytotoxic effects on c-Met expressing-tumor cells, but not on the cells without c-Met expression. MetFab-DOX exerted anti-tumor effect and significantly reduced the side effect of free DOX in mice model. Furthermore, the localization of conjugate was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining of tumor tissue sections and optical tumor imaging, respectively, and the tissue-distribution of drug was compared between free DOX and MetFab-DOX treatment by spectrofluorometer. MetFab-DOX can localize to the tumor tissue, and the concentration of doxorubicin in the tumor was higher after MetFab-DOX administration than after DOX administration. In summary, MetFab-DOX can target c-Met expressing HCC cells effectively and have obvious antitumor activity with decreased side-effects in preclinical models of HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Doxorubicin/chemistry
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Stability
- Gene Expression
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/pathology
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Immunoconjugates/genetics
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Peptide Library
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guipeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qihe Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijian Du
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenning Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Wang
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, China
| | - Bowang Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Ni
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenqing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention & Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (ZF); (JZ)
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (ZF); (JZ)
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36
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Moisenovich MM, Agapov II, Ramonova AA, Ol'shevskaya VA, Kalinin VN, Shtil' AA, Kirpichnikov MP. Effect of ricin on photodynamic damage to the plasma membrane. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2013; 449:84-6. [PMID: 23657653 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672913020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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Photochemical internalization of CD133-targeting immunotoxins efficiently depletes sarcoma cells with stem-like properties and reduces tumorigenicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4235-43. [PMID: 23643966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The normal stem cell marker CD133 is also a putative marker of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in different types of cancers. Hence, a major challenge when targeting CD133-expressing CSCs is to prevent depletion of the normal stem cell pool. We hypothesized that the site-specific and light-controlled drug delivery method photochemical internalization (PCI) may have the potential to enhance selectivity and endosomal escape of CD133-targeting immunotoxins in stem-like sarcoma cells. METHODS We have used a sarcoma model, SW872 cells isolated from xenografts harboring CSCs within a ~2% CD133(high) subpopulation to investigate the potential of PCI of CD133-targeting toxin as a novel strategy to kill CSCs. Model immunotoxins were generated by binding the ribosome-inactivating protein toxin saporin to each of the monoclonal antibodies CD133/1 (AC133) or CD133/2 (293C), specific for individual CD133-epitopes. Cellular targeting, intracellular co-localization with the PCI photosensitizer, disulfonated meso-tetraphenylchlorin (TPCS2a), and cytotoxic efficacy of PCI of the CD133-targeting toxins were evaluated. RESULTS PCI of CD133-saporin efficiently targets CD133-expressing SW872 and HT1080 sarcoma cells and results in loss of cell viability. Following sub-toxic treatment, surviving SW872 cells, depleted of the CD133-expressing population, display reduced proliferative capacity and attenuated CSC properties, such as reduced colony-forming ability and tumorigenicity. CONCLUSION Here we present a proof-of-concept study, where PCI enables light-triggered delivery of CD133-targeting antibody-drug conjugates, resulting in decreased sarcoma tumor-initiating capacity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE PCI of CD133-targeting toxins may be used as a minimal invasive strategy in the treatment of sarcomas, and potentially as a therapeutic for other solid tumors expressing CD133.
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38
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Diving through Membranes: Molecular Cunning to Enforce the Endosomal Escape of Antibody-Targeted Anti-Tumor Toxins. Antibodies (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/antib2020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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39
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Photochemical internalization (PCI) of immunotoxins targeting CD133 is specific and highly potent at femtomolar levels in cells with cancer stem cell properties. J Control Release 2013; 168:317-26. [PMID: 23567040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD133 is a putative cancer stem cell (CSC) marker for a number of different cancers and is suggested to be a therapeutic target. Since also normal stem cells express CD133 it is of paramount importance that targeting strategies provide a specific and efficient delivery of cytotoxic drugs in only CD133-positive CSCs. In this study, we have employed photochemical internalization (PCI), a minimally invasive method for light-controlled, specific delivery of membrane-impermeable macromolecules from endocytic vesicles to the cytosol, to specifically target CD133-positive cancer cells. We demonstrate that PCI increases the cytotoxic effect of an immunotoxin (IT) targeting CD133-expressing cancer cells of colon (WiDr and HCT116) and pancreas (BxPC-3) origin. The IT consisted of the mAb CD133/1 (AC133) bound to the ribosome inactivating plant toxin saporin (anti-CD133/1-sap). We show that TPCS2a-PCI of anti-CD133/1-sap is specific, and highly cytotoxic at femto-molar concentrations. Specific binding and uptake of CD133/1, was shown by fluorescence microscopy and co-localization with TPCS2a in endosomes/lysosomes was determined by confocal microscopy. CD133(high) WiDr cells, isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting, had a 7-fold higher capacity to initiate spheroids than CD133(low) cells (P<0.001) and were resistant to photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, PDT-resistance was bypassed by the PCI strategy. Tumor initiation and aggressive growth in athymic nude mice was obtained with only 10 CD133(high) cells in contrast to CD133(low) cells where substantially higher cell numbers were needed. The excellent high efficacy and selectivity of eliminating CD133-expressing cells by PCI warrant further pre-clinical evaluations of this novel therapeutic approach.
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40
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Real-time analysis of membrane permeabilizing effects of oleanane saponins. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2387-2395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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An Old Idea Tackling a New Problem: Targeted Toxins Specific for Cancer Stem Cells. Antibodies (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/antib2010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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42
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Mellert K, Lamla M, Scheffzek K, Wittig R, Kaufmann D. Enhancing endosomal escape of transduced proteins by photochemical internalisation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52473. [PMID: 23285056 PMCID: PMC3528648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced internalisation of functional proteins into cultured cells has become an important aspect in a rising number of in vitro and in vivo assays. The endo-lysosomal entrapment of the transduced proteins remains the major problem in all transduction protocols. In this study we compared the efficiency, cytotoxicity and protein targeting of different commercially available transduction reagents by transducing a well-studied fluorescently labelled protein (Atto488-bovine serum albumin) into cultured human sarcoma cells. The amount of internalised protein and toxicity differed between the different reagents, but the percentage of transduced cells was consistently high. Furthermore, in all protocols the signals of the transduced Atto488-BSA were predominantly punctual consistent with an endosomal localisation. To overcome the endosomal entrapment, the transduction protocols were combined with a photochemical internalisation (PCI) treatment. Using this combination revealed that an endosomal disruption is highly effective in cell penetrating peptide (CPP) mediated transduction, whereas lipid-mediated transductions lead to a lower signal spreading throughout the cytosol. No change in the signal distribution could be achieved in treatments using non-lipid polymers as a transduction reagent. Therefore, the combination of protein transduction protocols based on CPPs with the endosomolytic treatment PCI can facilitate protein transduction experiments in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mellert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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43
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Photochemical internalization (PCI) of HER2-targeted toxins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1849-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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44
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Photochemical internalisation: the journey from basic scientific concept to the threshold of clinical application. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:434-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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45
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Lehner R, Hunziker P. Why not just switch on the light?: light and its versatile applications in the field of nanomedicine. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE 2012. [DOI: 10.1515/ejnm-2012-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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