1
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Matthew SL, Seib FP. Silk Bioconjugates: From Chemistry and Concept to Application. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:12-28. [PMID: 36706352 PMCID: PMC10777352 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Medical silks have captured global interest. While silk sutures have a long track record in humans, silk bioconjugates are still in preclinical development. This perspective examines key advances in silk bioconjugation, including the fabrication of silk-protein conjugates, bioconjugated silk particles, and bioconjugated substrates to enhance cell-material interactions in two and three dimensions. Many of these systems rely on chemical modification of the silk biopolymer, often using carbodiimide and reactive ester chemistries. However, recent progress in enzyme-mediated and click chemistries has expanded the molecular toolbox to enable biorthogonal, site-specific conjugation in a single step when combined with recombinant silk fibroin tagged with noncanonical amino acids. This perspective outlines key strategies available for chemical modification, compares the resulting silk conjugates to clinical benchmarks, and outlines open questions and areas that require more work. Overall, this assessment highlights a domain of new sunrise capabilities and development opportunities for silk bioconjugates that may ultimately offer new ways of delivering improved healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saphia
A. L. Matthew
- Strathclyde
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, U.K.
| | - F. Philipp Seib
- Strathclyde
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, U.K.
- Branch
Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular
Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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2
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Ashton MD, Cooper PA, Municoy S, Desimone MF, Cheneler D, Shnyder SD, Hardy JG. Controlled Bioactive Delivery Using Degradable Electroactive Polymers. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3031-3040. [PMID: 35748772 PMCID: PMC9277582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
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Biomaterials capable
of precisely controlling the delivery of agrochemicals/biologics/drugs/fragrances
have significant markets in the agriscience/healthcare industries.
Here, we report the development of degradable electroactive polymers
and their application for the controlled delivery of a clinically
relevant drug (the anti-inflammatory dexamethasone phosphate, DMP).
Electroactive copolymers composed of blocks of polycaprolactone (PCL)
and naturally occurring electroactive pyrrole oligomers (e.g., bilirubin,
biliverdin, and hemin) were prepared and solution-processed to produce
films (optionally doped with DMP). A combination of in silico/in vitro/in
vivo studies demonstrated the cytocompatibility of the polymers. The
release of DMP in response to the application of an electrical stimulus
was observed to be enhanced by ca. 10–30% relative to the passive
release from nonstimulated samples in vitro. Such stimuli-responsive
biomaterials have the potential for integration devices capable of
delivering a variety of molecules for technical/medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Ashton
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
| | - Patricia A Cooper
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K
| | - Sofia Municoy
- Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones, Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Martin F Desimone
- Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones, Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - David Cheneler
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YW, U.K.,Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
| | - Steven D Shnyder
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K
| | - John G Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.,Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
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3
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Hadar D, Strugach DS, Amiram M. Conjugates of Recombinant Protein‐Based Polymers: Combining Precision with Chemical Diversity. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dagan Hadar
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering Ben-Gurion University of the Negev P.O. Box 653 Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - Daniela S. Strugach
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering Ben-Gurion University of the Negev P.O. Box 653 Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - Miriam Amiram
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering Ben-Gurion University of the Negev P.O. Box 653 Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
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4
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Zhang Q, Li M, Hu W, Wang X, Hu J. Spidroin-Based Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering: General Approaches and Potential Stem Cell Therapies. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:7141550. [PMID: 34966432 PMCID: PMC8712125 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7141550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spider silks are increasingly gaining interest for potential use as biomaterials in tissue engineering and biomedical applications. Owing to their facile and versatile processability in native and regenerated forms, they can be easily tuned via chemical synthesis or recombinant technologies to address specific issues required for applications. In the past few decades, native spider silk and recombinant silk materials have been explored for a wide range of applications due to their superior strength, toughness, and elasticity as well as biocompatibility, biodegradation, and nonimmunogenicity. Herein, we present an overview of the recent advances in spider silk protein that fabricate biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Beginning with a brief description of biological and mechanical properties of spidroin-based materials and the cellular regulatory mechanism, this review summarizes various types of spidroin-based biomaterials from genetically engineered spider silks and their prospects for specific biomedical applications (e.g., lung tissue engineering, vascularization, bone and cartilage regeneration, and peripheral nerve repair), and finally, we prospected the development direction and manufacturing technology of building more refined and customized spidroin-based protein scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Min Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wenbo Hu
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jinlian Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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5
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Stern-Tal D, Ittah S, Sklan E. A new cell-sized support for 3D cell cultures based on recombinant spider silk fibers. J Biomater Appl 2021; 36:1748-1757. [PMID: 34472404 PMCID: PMC8984929 DOI: 10.1177/08853282211037781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It is now generally accepted that 2D cultures cannot accurately replicate the rich
environment and complex tissue architecture that exists in vivo, and that classically
cultured cells tend to lose their original function. Growth of spheroids as opposed to 2D
cultures on plastic has now been hailed as an efficient method to produce quantities of
high-quality cells for cancer research, drug discovery, neuroscience, and regenerative
medicine. We have developed a new recombinant protein that mimics dragline spidersilk and
that self-assembles into cell-sized coils. These have high thermal and shelf-life
stability and can be readily sterilized and stored for an extended period of time. The
fibers are flexible, elastic, and biocompatible and can serve as cell-sized scaffold for
the formation of 3D cell spheroids. As a proof of concept, recombinant spidersilk was
integrated as a scaffold in spheroids of three cell types: primary rat hepatocytes, human
mesenchymal stem cells, and mouse L929 cells. The scaffolds significantly reduced spheroid
shrinkage and unlike scaffold-free spheroids, spheroids did not disintegrate over the
course of long-term culture. Cells in recombinant spidersilk spheroids showed increased
viability, and the cell lines continued to proliferate for longer than control cultures
without spidersilk. The spidersilk also supported biological functions. Recombinant
spidersilk primary hepatocyte spheroids exhibited 2.7-fold higher levels of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) continued to express and secrete albumin and exhibited significantly
higher basal and induced CYP3A activity for at least 6 weeks in culture, while control
spheroids without fibers stopped producing albumin after 27 days and CPY3A activity was
barely detectable after 44 days. These results indicate that recombinant spidersilk can
serve as a useful tool for long-term cell culture of 3D cell spheroids and specifically
that primary hepatocytes can remain active in culture for an extended period of time which
could be of great use in toxicology testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shmulik Ittah
- 26742The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ella Sklan
- Seevix Material Sciences LTD, Jerusalem, Israel
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6
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Rocha I, Cerqueira G, Varella Penteado F, Córdoba de Torresi SI. Electrical Stimulation and Conductive Polymers as a Powerful Toolbox for Tailoring Cell Behaviour in vitro. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 3:670274. [PMID: 35047926 PMCID: PMC8757900 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2021.670274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation (ES) is a well-known method for guiding the behaviour of nerve cells in in vitro systems based on the response of these cells to an electric field. From this perspective, understanding how the electrochemical stimulus can be tuned for the design of a desired cell response is of great importance. Most biomedical studies propose the application of an electrical potential to cell culture arrays while examining the cell response regarding viability, morphology, and gene expression. Conversely, various studies failed to evaluate how the fine physicochemical properties of the materials used for cell culture influence the observed behaviours. Among the various materials used for culturing cells under ES, conductive polymers (CPs) are widely used either in pristine form or in addition to other polymers. CPs themselves do not possess the optimal surface for cell compatibility because of their hydrophobic nature, which leads to poor protein adhesion and, hence, poor bioactivity. Therefore, understanding how to tailor the chemical properties on the material surface will determine the obtention of improved ES platforms. Moreover, the structure of the material, either in a thin film or in porous electrospun scaffolds, also affects the biochemical response and needs to be considered. In this review, we examine how materials based on CPs influence cell behaviour under ES, and we compile the various ES setups and physicochemical properties that affect cell behaviour. This review concerns the culture of various cell types, such as neurons, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and Schwann cells, and it also covers studies on stem cells prone to ES. To understand the mechanistic behaviour of these devices, we also examine studies presenting a more detailed biomolecular level of interaction. This review aims to guide the design of future ES setups regarding the influence of material properties and electrochemical conditions on the behaviour of in vitro cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Rocha
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Pelras T, Loos K. Strategies for the synthesis of sequence-controlled glycopolymers and their potential for advanced applications. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Liu Y, Huang W, Meng M, Chen M, Cao C. Progress in the application of spider silk protein in medicine. J Biomater Appl 2021; 36:859-871. [PMID: 33853426 DOI: 10.1177/08853282211003850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spider silk protein has attracted much attention on account of its excellent mechanical properties, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. As the main protein component of spider silk, spidroin plays important role in spider spinning under natural circumstances and biomaterial application in medicine as well. Compare to the native spidroin which has a large molecular weight (>300 kDa) with highly repeat glycine and polyalanine regions, the recombinant spidroin was maintained the core amino motifs and much easier to collect. Here, we reviewed the application of recombinant spider silk protein eADF4(C16), major ampullate spidroin (MaSp), minor ampullate spidroin (MiSp), and the derivatives of recombinant spider silk protein in drug delivery system. Moreover, we also reviewed the application of spider silk protein in the field of alternative materials, repairing materials, wound dressing, surgical sutures along with advances in recombinant spider silk protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- 1Key Laboratories of Fine Chemicals and Surfactants in Sichuan Provincial Universities, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, China
| | - Wei Huang
- 1Key Laboratories of Fine Chemicals and Surfactants in Sichuan Provincial Universities, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, China
| | - Minsi Meng
- 1Key Laboratories of Fine Chemicals and Surfactants in Sichuan Provincial Universities, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, China
| | - Minhui Chen
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Chengjian Cao
- 3Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, China
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9
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Saxena S, Kandasubramanian B. Glycopolymers in molecular recognition, biomimicking and glycotechnology: a review. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2021.1900181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shatakshi Saxena
- Centre for Converging Technologies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Pune, India
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10
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Wang X, Wang M, Wang C, Deng W, Liu M. Carbohydrate–lectin recognition of well-defined heterogeneous dendronized glycopolymers: systematic studies on the heterogeneity in glycopolymer–lectin binding. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01001h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A platform for achieving dendronized heteroglycopolymers via gradient CuAAC click reaction and PPM was developed. Further systematic studies revealed the synergistic effect of heterogeneity plays a crucial role in glycopolymer–lectin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyou Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengtong Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Deng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Meina Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, People's Republic of China
- Key laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Function Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
- State Key laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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11
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Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Wu H, Shao D, Shen F, Cai H, Quan J. Galactose-functionalized GlycoAuNR as a photothermal conversion complex: Its binding to lectin RCA 120 and hepatoma-targeting therapy. J Biomater Appl 2020; 34:1300-1314. [PMID: 32046572 DOI: 10.1177/0885328220903950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yina Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dongjie Shao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Fawei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jing Quan
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
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12
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Saric M, Scheibel T. Engineering of silk proteins for materials applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 60:213-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Pramudya I, Chung H. Recent progress of glycopolymer synthesis for biomedical applications. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:4848-4872. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01385g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycopolymers are an important class of biomaterials which include carbohydrate moieties in their polymer structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irawan Pramudya
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - Hoyong Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
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14
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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15
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Hadjicharalambous C, Flouraki C, Narain R, Chatzinikolaidou M, Vamvakaki M. Controlling pre-osteoblastic cell adhesion and spreading on glycopolymer brushes of variable film thickness. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 29:98. [PMID: 29946888 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the cell behavior on biocompatible polymer surfaces is critical for the development of suitable medical implant coatings as well as in anti-adhesive applications. Synthetic glycopolymer brushes, based on sugar methacrylate monomers have been reported as robust surfaces to resist protein adsorption and cell adhesion. In this study, poly(D-gluconamidoethyl methacrylate) (PGAMA) brushes of various chain lengths were synthesized directly from initiator functionalized glass substrates using surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The glycopolymer film thicknesses were determined by ellipsometry, whereas the wettability and the morphology of the surfaces were characterized by static water contact angle measurements and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Stable, grafted films with thicknesses in the dry state between 4 and 20 nm and of low roughness (~1 nm) were obtained by varying the polymerization time. Cell experiments with MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts cultured on the PGAMA brushes were performed to examine the effect of film thickness on the cell morphology, cytoskeleton organization and growth. The results revealed good cell spreading and proliferation on PGAMA layers of low film thickness, whereas cell adhesion was prevented on polymer films with thickness higher than ~10 nm, indicating their potential use in medical implants and anti-adhesive surfaces, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystalleni Hadjicharalambous
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, 711 10, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion, 710 03, Crete, Greece
| | - Chara Flouraki
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, 711 10, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion, 710 03, Crete, Greece
| | - Ravin Narain
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria Chatzinikolaidou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, 711 10, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion, 710 03, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Vamvakaki
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, 711 10, Crete, Greece.
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion, 710 03, Crete, Greece.
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16
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Aigner TB, DeSimone E, Scheibel T. Biomedical Applications of Recombinant Silk-Based Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704636. [PMID: 29436028 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Silk is mostly known as a luxurious textile, which originates from silkworms first cultivated in China. A deeper look into the variety of silk reveals that it can be used for much more, in nature and by humanity. For medical purposes, natural silks were recognized early as a potential biomaterial for surgical threads or wound dressings; however, as biomedical engineering advances, the demand for high-performance, naturally derived biomaterials becomes more pressing and stringent. A common problem of natural materials is their large batch-to-batch variation, the quantity available, their potentially high immunogenicity, and their fast biodegradation. Some of these common problems also apply to silk; therefore, recombinant approaches for producing silk proteins have been developed. There are several research groups which study and utilize various recombinantly produced silk proteins, and many of these have also investigated their products for biomedical applications. This review gives a critical overview over of the results for applications of recombinant silk proteins in biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elise DeSimone
- University Bayreuth, Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), Bayreuther Zentrum für Bio-Makromoleküle (bio-mac), Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (BZMB), Bayreuther Materialzentrum (BayMAT), Bayerisches Polymerinstitut (BPI), University Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
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17
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Zhang W, Yu X, Li Y, Su Z, Jandt KD, Wei G. Protein-mimetic peptide nanofibers: Motif design, self-assembly synthesis, and sequence-specific biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Harvey D, Bardelang P, Goodacre SL, Cockayne A, Thomas NR. Antibiotic Spider Silk: Site-Specific Functionalization of Recombinant Spider Silk Using "Click" Chemistry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1604245. [PMID: 28028885 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In a new, versatile approach to fun-ction-alizing recombinant spider silk, L-azidohomoalanine is introduced residue-specifically in the minispidroin protein 4RepCT through expression in an E. coli methionine auxotroph. Both fluorophores and the antibiotic levofloxacin are attached to this bio-orthogonal amino acid using copper-catalyzed click chemistry, either before or after the silk fibers are self-assembled.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Harvey
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Philip Bardelang
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Sara L Goodacre
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Alan Cockayne
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Neil R Thomas
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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19
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Hardy JG, Torres-Rendon JG, Leal-Egaña A, Walther A, Schlaad H, Cölfen H, Scheibel TR. Biomineralization of Engineered Spider Silk Protein-Based Composite Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 9:E560. [PMID: 28773681 PMCID: PMC5456849 DOI: 10.3390/ma9070560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Materials based on biodegradable polyesters, such as poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) or poly(butylene terephthalate-co-poly(alkylene glycol) terephthalate) (PBTAT), have potential application as pro-regenerative scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Herein, the preparation of films composed of PBT or PBTAT and an engineered spider silk protein, (eADF4(C16)), that displays multiple carboxylic acid moieties capable of binding calcium ions and facilitating their biomineralization with calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate is reported. Human mesenchymal stem cells cultured on films mineralized with calcium phosphate show enhanced levels of alkaline phosphatase activity suggesting that such composites have potential use for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Hardy
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95447, Germany.
| | | | - Aldo Leal-Egaña
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95447, Germany.
| | - Andreas Walther
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, Aachen 52056, Germany.
| | - Helmut Schlaad
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Potsdam 14476, Germany.
| | - Helmut Cölfen
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, Konstanz D-78457, Germany.
| | - Thomas R Scheibel
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95447, Germany.
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20
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Vaikkath D, Anitha R, Sumathy B, Nair PD. A simple and effective method for making multipotent/multilineage scaffolds with hydrophilic nature without any postmodification/treatment. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 141:112-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Liu J, Sun Z, Yuan Y, Tian X, Liu X, Duan G, Yang Y, Yuan L, Lin HC, Li X. Peptide Glycosylation Generates Supramolecular Assemblies from Glycopeptides as Biomimetic Scaffolds for Cell Adhesion and Proliferation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:6917-6924. [PMID: 26930123 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycopeptide-based hydrogelators with well-defined molecular structures and varied contents of sugar moieties were prepared via in vitro peptide glycosylation reactions. With systematic glucose modification, these glycopeptide hydrogelators exhibited diverse self-assembling behaviors in water and formed supramolecular hydrogels with enhanced thermostability and biostability, in comparison with their peptide analogue. Moreover, because of high water content and similar structural morphology and composition to extracellular matrixes (ECM) in tissues, these self-assembled hydrogels also exhibited great potential to act as new biomimetic scaffolds for mammalian cell growth. Therefore, peptide glycosylation proved to be an effective means for peptide modification and generation of novel supramolecular hydrogelators/hydrogels with improved biophysical properties (e.g., high biostability, increased thermostability, and cell adhesion) which could promise potential applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ziling Sun
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuqi Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xin Tian
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xi Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Guangxin Duan
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yonggang Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hsin-Chieh Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Xinming Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
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22
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Conducting polymer-based multilayer films for instructive biomaterial coatings. Future Sci OA 2015; 1:FSO79. [PMID: 28031928 PMCID: PMC5137882 DOI: 10.4155/fso.15.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To demonstrate the design, fabrication and testing of conformable conducting biomaterials that encourage cell alignment. Materials & methods: Thin conducting composite biomaterials based on multilayer films of poly(3.4-ethylenedioxythiophene) derivatives, chitosan and gelatin were prepared in a layer-by-layer fashion. Fibroblasts were observed with fluorescence microscopy and their alignment (relative to the dipping direction and direction of electrical current passed through the films) was determined using ImageJ. Results: Fibroblasts adhered to and proliferated on the films. Fibroblasts aligned with the dipping direction used during film preparation and this was enhanced by a DC current. Conclusion: We report the preparation of conducting polymer-based films that enhance the alignment of fibroblasts on their surface which is an important feature of a variety of tissues.
Lay abstract: Cells inhabit environments known as the extracellular matrix (ECM) which consists of a mixture of different biomolecules, and the precise composition and topographical properties are different in different tissues (e.g., bone, brain, muscle, skin). Cells interact intimately with the ECM, not only constructing the biomolecules, but assist its organization in 3D space, and its degradation (which is important for tissue remodeling); reciprocally, cells respond to the ECM (e.g., by modifying their size, shape, etc). Cellular alignment is observed in organs and tissues such as bones, muscles and skin, and this alignment is important for the healthy functioning of the organ/tissue. Here, we present a novel method of aligning cells on biomaterials, simply by applying an electrical current through the biomaterial.
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23
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Hardy JG, Villancio-Wolter MK, Sukhavasi RC, Mouser DJ, Aguilar D, Geissler SA, Kaplan DL, Schmidt CE. Electrical Stimulation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Conductive Nanofibers Enhances their Differentiation toward Osteogenic Outcomes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:1884-1890. [PMID: 26147073 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue scaffolds allowing the behavior of the cells that reside within them to be controlled are of particular interest for tissue engineering. Herein, the preparation of conductive fiber-based bone tissue scaffolds (nonwoven mats of electrospun polycaprolactone with an interpenetrating network of polypyrrole and polystyrenesulfonate) is described that enable the electrical stimulation of human mesenchymal stem cells to enhance their differentiation toward osteogenic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Hardy
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Maria K Villancio-Wolter
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Rushi C Sukhavasi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - David J Mouser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - David Aguilar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Sydney A Geissler
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Christine E Schmidt
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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24
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Li G, Li Y, Chen G, He J, Han Y, Wang X, Kaplan DL. Silk-based biomaterials in biomedical textiles and fiber-based implants. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:1134-51. [PMID: 25772248 PMCID: PMC4456268 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical textiles and fiber-based implants (BTFIs) have been in routine clinical use to facilitate healing for nearly five decades. Amongst the variety of biomaterials used, silk-based biomaterials (SBBs) have been widely used clinically viz. sutures for centuries and are being increasingly recognized as a prospective material for biomedical textiles. The ease of processing, controllable degradability, remarkable mechanical properties and biocompatibility have prompted the use of SBBs for various BTFIs for extracorporeal implants, soft tissue repair, healthcare/hygiene products and related needs. The present Review focuses on BTFIs from the perspective of types and physical and biological properties, and this discussion is followed with an examination of the advantages and limitations of BTFIs from SBBs. The Review covers progress in surface coatings, physical and chemical modifications of SBBs for BTFIs and identifies future needs and opportunities for the further development for BTFIs using SBBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Jihuan He
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Han
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Room 153, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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25
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Hardy JG, Geissler SA, Aguilar D, Villancio-Wolter MK, Mouser DJ, Sukhavasi RC, Cornelison RC, Tien LW, Preda RC, Hayden RS, Chow JK, Nguy L, Kaplan DL, Schmidt CE. Instructive Conductive 3D Silk Foam-Based Bone Tissue Scaffolds Enable Electrical Stimulation of Stem Cells for Enhanced Osteogenic Differentiation. Macromol Biosci 2015; 15:1490-6. [PMID: 26033953 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive materials enabling the behavior of the cells that reside within them to be controlled are vital for the development of instructive tissue scaffolds for tissue engineering. Herein, we describe the preparation of conductive silk foam-based bone tissue scaffolds that enable the electrical stimulation of human mesenchymal stem cells (HMSCs) to enhance their differentiation toward osteogenic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Hardy
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, USA.
| | - Sydney A Geissler
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - David Aguilar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Maria K Villancio-Wolter
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - David J Mouser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Rushi C Sukhavasi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - R Chase Cornelison
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Lee W Tien
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, USA
| | - R Carmen Preda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, USA
| | - Rebecca S Hayden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, USA
| | - Jacqueline K Chow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Lindsey Nguy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, USA.
| | - Christine E Schmidt
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.
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26
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Borkner CB, Elsner MB, Scheibel T. Coatings and films made of silk proteins. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:15611-15625. [PMID: 25004395 DOI: 10.1021/am5008479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Silks are a class of proteinaceous materials produced by arthropods for various purposes. Spider dragline silk is known for its outstanding mechanical properties, and it shows high biocompatibility, good biodegradability, and a lack of immunogenicity and allergenicity. The silk produced by the mulberry silkworm B. mori has been used as a textile fiber and in medical devices for a long time. Here, recent progress in the processing of different silk materials into highly tailored isotropic and anisotropic coatings for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, cell adhesion, and implant coatings as well as for optics and biosensors is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B Borkner
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, ‡Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), §Institut für Bio-Makromoleküle (bio-mac), ∥Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (BZMB), and ⊥Bayreuther Materialzentrum (BayMAT), Universität Bayreuth , Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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27
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Hardy JG, Mouser DJ, Arroyo-Currás N, Geissler S, Chow JK, Nguy L, Kim JM, Schmidt CE. Biodegradable electroactive polymers for electrochemically-triggered drug delivery. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:6809-6822. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00355a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report biodegradable electroactive polymer (EAP)-based materials and their application as drug delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Hardy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin, USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Florida
| | - David J. Mouser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin, USA
| | | | - Sydney Geissler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin, USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Florida
| | - Jacqueline K. Chow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin, USA
| | - Lindsey Nguy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin, USA
| | - Jong M. Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin, USA
| | - Christine E. Schmidt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin, USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Florida
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