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Yu P, Sedlačík T, Parmentier L, Jerca FA, Jerca VV, Van Vlierberghe S, Leiske MN, Hoogenboom R. Degradable Cell-Adhesive Hybrid Hydrogels by Cross-Linking of Gelatin with Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline). Biomacromolecules 2024. [PMID: 39059021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
This study focused on the cross-linking of poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPOx) with gelatin to obtain strong, degradable hybrid hydrogels with good cell adhesion. The molecular weight and concentration of PiPOx and the PiPOx-to-gelatin ratio were varied to adjust the mechanical and swelling properties of the hybrid hydrogels. The swelling degree of PiPOx-gelatin hydrogels in water ranged between 1260 and 810%, with the corresponding Young's compressive moduli ranging from 77 to 215 kPa. Rheological measurements demonstrated the mechanical stability of the hydrogels. The hydrogels exhibited substantial degradation in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) and cell culture medium within several weeks, indicating their degradability and responsiveness. The cell adhesion assay with primary human foreskin fibroblasts revealed the hybrid hydrogels are noncytotoxic and support cell attachment and proliferation. These strong hydrogels thus show excellent potential as biomedical cell scaffolds, combining the tunability and strength of PiPOx hydrogels with gelatin's cell-interactive properties while the ester-containing cross-links provide tunable degradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peitao Yu
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tomáš Sedlačík
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurens Parmentier
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Florica Adriana Jerca
- Smart Organic Materials Group, "Costin D. Nenitzescu" Institute of Organic and Supramolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 202B Splaiul Independentei, 060023 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentin Victor Jerca
- Smart Organic Materials Group, "Costin D. Nenitzescu" Institute of Organic and Supramolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 202B Splaiul Independentei, 060023 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Meike N Leiske
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Kronek J, Minarčíková A, Kroneková Z, Majerčíková M, Strasser P, Teasdale I. Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) as a Versatile Functional Polymer for Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1708. [PMID: 38932057 PMCID: PMC11207257 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional polymers play an important role in various biomedical applications. From many choices, poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) (PIPOx) represents a promising reactive polymer with great potential in various biomedical applications. PIPOx, with pendant reactive 2-oxazoline groups, can be readily prepared in a controllable manner via several controlled/living polymerization methods, such as living anionic polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) or rare earth metal-mediated group transfer polymerization. The reactivity of pendant 2-oxazoline allows selective reactions with thiol and carboxylic group-containing compounds without the presence of any catalyst. Moreover, PIPOx has been demonstrated to be a non-cytotoxic polymer with immunomodulative properties. Post-polymerization functionalization of PIPOx has been used for the preparation of thermosensitive or cationic polymers, drug conjugates, hydrogels, brush-like materials, and polymer coatings available for drug and gene delivery, tissue engineering, blood-like materials, antimicrobial materials, and many others. This mini-review covers new achievements in PIPOx synthesis, reactivity, and use in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Kronek
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.M.); (Z.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Alžbeta Minarčíková
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.M.); (Z.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Zuzana Kroneková
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.M.); (Z.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Monika Majerčíková
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.M.); (Z.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Paul Strasser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (P.S.); (I.T.)
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (P.S.); (I.T.)
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Kroneková Z, Majerčíková M, Paulovičová E, Minarčíková A, Danko M, Markus J, Letasiova S, Kronek J. Cytotoxicity and Bioimmunological Activity of Poly(2-Isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) Conjugates with Ibuprofen Using 3D Reconstructed Tissue Models. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3288-3301. [PMID: 38805352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) (PIPOx) represents a universal polymer platform with pendant 2-oxazoline groups, allowing the preparation of biomaterials for various biomedical applications. However, there is a lack of information on PIPOx concerning the effect of molar mass (Mn) on cytotoxicity and bioimmunological properties. Here, aqueous copper(0)-mediated reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (Cu0-RDPR) was used for the preparation of PIPOx with defined Mn and low dispersity. PIPOx of different Mn are used for the synthesis of conjugates with ibuprofen (5 mol %), the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The release of ibuprofen at 37 °C and different pH values is monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography, where the rate of drug release increases with increasing pH and lower Mn. In vitro cytotoxicity and bioimmunological properties of PIPOx and drug conjugates are studied using 3D reconstructed tissue models of the human epidermis and intestinal epithelium. We demonstrate low cytotoxicity of PIPOx and conjugates with different Mn values on both 3D tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kroneková
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Majerčíková
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ema Paulovičová
- Department of Glycomaterials, Immunology & Cell Culture Laboratories, Center for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alžbeta Minarčíková
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Danko
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Markus
- MatTek In Vitro Life Science Laboratories, Mlynske Nivy 73, 821 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Silvia Letasiova
- MatTek In Vitro Life Science Laboratories, Mlynske Nivy 73, 821 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Kronek
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Jerca FA, Muntean C, Remaut K, Jerca VV, Raemdonck K, Hoogenboom R. Cationic amino-acid functionalized polymethacrylamide vectors for siRNA transfection based on modification of poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline). J Control Release 2023; 364:687-699. [PMID: 37935258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPOx) is a functional polymer showing great potential for the development of smart biomaterials. The straightforward synthesis and post-polymerization functionalization of PiPOx offers many opportunities for tailoring the properties of the polymer towards biomaterials. In this study we report for the first time PiPOx-based cationic charged polymethacrylamides with amino acid side chains that can complex siRNA and promote transfection in vitro. Therefore, PiPOx was fully modified via ring opening addition reactions with the carboxylic acid groups of a series of N-Boc-L-amino acids and their reaction kinetics were investigated. Based on the determined kinetic constants, another series of PiPOx-based copolymers with balanced hydrophilic/hydrophobic content of N-Boc-L-amino acids were obtained via one-pot modification reaction with two different N-Boc-L-amino acids. The N-Boc protected homopolymers and related copolymers were deprotected to obtain (co)polymers with the targeted side chain cationic charged units. The (co)polymers' structures were fully investigated via FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and TGA-DSC-MS analysis. The polarimetry measurements revealed that the homopolymers retain their chiroptical properties after post-modification, and a sign inversion is noticed from (L) N-Boc-protected analogues to (D) for the TFA cationic charged homopolymers. Generally, cationically charged homopolymers with hydrophilic amino acids on the side chain showed efficient complexation of siRNA, but poor transfection while cationic copolymers having both tryptophan and valine or proline side chains revealed moderate siRNA binding, high transfection efficiency (> 90% of the cells) and potent gene silencing with IC50 values down to 5.5 nM. Particularly, these cationic copolymers showed higher gene silencing potency as compared to the commercial JetPRIME® reference, without reducing cell viability in the concentration range used for transfection, making this a very interesting system for in vitro siRNA transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florica Adriana Jerca
- Smart Organic Materials Group, "Costin D. Nenitzescu" Institute of Organic and Supramolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 202B Spl. Independentei CP 35-108, 060023 Bucharest, Romania; Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Cristina Muntean
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valentin Victor Jerca
- Smart Organic Materials Group, "Costin D. Nenitzescu" Institute of Organic and Supramolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 202B Spl. Independentei CP 35-108, 060023 Bucharest, Romania; Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Poly(2-oxazoline)s as Stimuli-Responsive Materials for Biomedical Applications: Recent Developments of Polish Scientists. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194176. [PMID: 36236124 PMCID: PMC9572872 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(2-oxazoline)s are the synthetic polymers that are the products of the cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) of 2-oxazoline monomers. Due to their beneficial properties, from which biocompatibility, stealth behavior, high functionalization possibilities, low dispersity, stability, nonionic character, and solubility in water and organic solvents should be noted, they have found many applications and gained enormous interest from scientists. Additionally, with high versatility attainable through copolymerization or through post-polymerization modifications, this class of polymeric systems has been widely used as a polymeric platform for novel biomedical applications. The chemistry of polymers significant expanded into biomedical applications, in which polymeric networks can be successfully used in pharmaceutical development for tissue engineering, gene therapies, and also drug delivery systems. On the other hand, there is also a need to create ‘smart’ polymer biomaterials, responsive to the specified factor, that will be sensitive to various environmental stimuli. The commonly used stimuli-responsive biomedical materials are based mostly on temperature-, light-, magnetic-, electric-, and pH-responsive systems. Thus, creating selective and responsive materials that allow personalized treatment is in the interest of the scientific world. This review article focuses on recent discoveries by Polish scientists working in the field of stimuli-responsive poly(2-oxazoline)s, and their work is compared and contrasted with results reported by other world-renowned specialists.
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Kopka B, Kost B, Basko M. Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) as a reactive polymer for materials development. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00660j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) has attracted growing interest as a reactive polymer that can be used as a starting material for the construction of more complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Kopka
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Kost
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Basko
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
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Jerca FA, Jerca VV, Hoogenboom R. In Vitro Assessment of the Hydrolytic Stability of Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline). Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:5020-5032. [PMID: 34753285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPOx) is emerging as a promising, versatile polymer platform to design functional materials and particularly biomaterials that rely on the hydrophilic character of the 2-oxazoline side units. To be able to assess the applicability of PiPOx in a biomedical context, it is essential to understand its stability and degradation behavior in physiological conditions. In the present work, the hydrolytic stability of PiPOx was systematically investigated as a function of pH during incubation in various buffers. PiPOx was found to be stable in deionized water (pH 6.9), to have good stability in basic conditions (pH 8 and 9), to be satisfactorily stable in neutral conditions (pH 7.4), and to have moderate to low stability in acidic conditions (decreases drastically from pH 6 to pH 1.2). At pH 4, PiPOx formed a crosslinked network in a timeframe of hours, while at pH 1.2, PiPOx was transformed to a water-soluble poly(N-(2-hydroxyethyl)methacrylamide) type of structure over the course of 2 weeks. In vitro stability assays were performed in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4), simulated body fluid (SBF) (pH 7.4), simulated saliva (pH 6.4), simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8), and plasma (pH 7.4) revealing that PiPOx is stable in these SBFs up to 1 week of incubation. When incubated in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2), PiPOx exhibited a similar degradation behavior to that observed in the buffer at pH 1.2, rendering a water-soluble structure. The presented results on the stability of PiPOx will be important for future use of PiPOx for the development of drug-delivery systems and biomedical applications, such as hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florica Adriana Jerca
- Centre of Organic Chemistry "Costin D. Nenitzescu", Romanian Academy, 202B Spl. Independentei CP 35-108, 060023 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentin Victor Jerca
- Centre of Organic Chemistry "Costin D. Nenitzescu", Romanian Academy, 202B Spl. Independentei CP 35-108, 060023 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Kopka B, Kost B, Rajkowska K, Pawlak A, Kunicka-Styczyńska A, Biela T, Basko M. A simple strategy for efficient preparation of networks based on poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline), poly(ethylene oxide), and selected biologically active compounds: Novel hydrogels with antibacterial properties. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:10683-10695. [PMID: 34783330 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01066b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Novel polymer networks composed of biocompatible, hydrophilic poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPOx), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and selected biologically active compounds (cinnamic acid, benzoic acid or eugenol) were developed for potential antimicrobial applications. The applied crosslinking method, based on the addition reaction between oxazoline pendant groups and chosen reagents containing carboxyl functions, is relatively facile, free from by-products, and thus well suited for biomaterial preparation. The one-step synthesis enabled efficient network formation with high gel contents (>90%). The chemical structure of the newly synthesized networks was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared-attenuated Total Reflection spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) and 13C Magic-Angle Spinning (MAS) NMR. To evaluate the suitability for biomedical applications, swelling in water and the mechanical properties of the networks were investigated. The antimicrobial efficacy of the prepared hydrogels was tested in neutral medium both by the agar diffusion method and in the liquid culture against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloaceae. All the tested hydrogels showed an antimicrobial effect in the direct contact zone. Moreover, the eugenol loaded hydrogel expressed a broader bacteriostatic effect inhibiting microorganism growth beyond the contact zone. These form-stable hydrogels with antibacterial properties may be of interest for designing materials dedicated to biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Kopka
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Bartłomiej Kost
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Rajkowska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pawlak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Alina Kunicka-Styczyńska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Biela
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Basko
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
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Mahalingam S, Bayram C, Gultekinoglu M, Ulubayram K, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Edirisinghe M. Co-Axial Gyro-Spinning of PCL/PVA/HA Core-Sheath Fibrous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100177. [PMID: 34310053 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study aspires towards fabricating core-sheath fibrous scaffolds by state-of-the-art pressurized gyration for bone tissue engineering applications. The core-sheath fibers comprising dual-phase poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) core and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sheath are fabricated using a novel "co-axial" pressurized gyration method. Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocrystals are embedded in the sheath of the fabricated scaffolds to improve the performance for application as a bone tissue regeneration material. The diameter of the fabricated fiber is 3.97 ± 1.31 µm for PCL-PVA/3%HA while pure PCL-PVA with no HA loading gives 3.03 ± 0.45 µm. Bead-free fiber morphology is ascertained for all sample groups. The chemistry, water contact angle and swelling behavior measurements of the fabricated core-sheath fibrous scaffolds indicate the suitability of the structures in cellular activities. Saos-2 bone osteosarcoma cells are employed to determine the biocompatibility of the scaffolds, wherein none of the scaffolds possess any cytotoxicity effect, while cell proliferation of 94% is obtained for PCL-PVA/5%HA fibers. The alkaline phosphatase activity results suggest the osteogenic activities on the scaffolds begin earlier than day 7. Overall, adaptations of co-axial pressurized gyration provides the flexibility to embed or encapsulate bioactive substances in core-sheath fiber assemblies and is a promising strategy for bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cem Bayram
- Department of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Merve Gultekinoglu
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
| | - Kezban Ulubayram
- Department of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
| | | | - Mohan Edirisinghe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
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Paulovičová E, Kroneková Z, Paulovičová L, Majerčíková M, Kronek J. Cell-Mediated Immunoreactivity of Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) as Promising Formulation for Immunomodulation. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061371. [PMID: 33809040 PMCID: PMC7999147 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) (PIPOx) represents a functional polymer with high potential for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and immunomodulation. The immunomodulatory efficiency of the PIPOx formulation has been studied in vitro following splenic cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages exposition. The cell-specific immunomodulative effect on production of Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg signature cytokines has been demonstrated. The impact on the functionality of PIPOx-sensitized RAW 264.7 macrophages was assessed by cell phagocytosis. Time- and concentration-dependent cell internalization and intracellular organelles colocalization of fluorescently labeled PIPOx has been examined. The in vitro results demonstrated the PIPOx bioavailability and the capability of triggering immune cell responses resulting in the induced production of cell-specific signature interleukins, important prerequisite properties for future potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Paulovičová
- Immunol & Cell Culture Laboratories, Department Immunochemistry of Glycoconjugates, Center of Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia; (E.P.); (L.P.)
| | - Zuzana Kroneková
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Lucia Paulovičová
- Immunol & Cell Culture Laboratories, Department Immunochemistry of Glycoconjugates, Center of Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia; (E.P.); (L.P.)
| | - Monika Majerčíková
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Juraj Kronek
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.K.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-3229-4366
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Zahoranová A, Luxenhofer R. Poly(2-oxazoline)- and Poly(2-oxazine)-Based Self-Assemblies, Polyplexes, and Drug Nanoformulations-An Update. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001382. [PMID: 33448122 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For many decades, poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s, two closely related families of polymers, have led the life of a rather obscure research topic with only a few research groups world-wide working with them. This has changed in the last five to ten years, presumably triggered significantly by very promising clinical trials of the first poly(2-oxazoline)-based drug conjugate. The huge chemical and structural toolbox poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s has been extended very significantly in the last few years, but their potential still remains largely untapped. Here, specifically, the developments in macromolecular self-assemblies and non-covalent drug delivery systems such as polyplexes and drug nanoformulations based on poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s are reviewed. This highly dynamic field benefits particularly from the extensive synthetic toolbox poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s offer and also may have the largest potential for a further development. It is expected that the research dynamics will remain high in the next few years, particularly as more about the safety and therapeutic potential of poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s is learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zahoranová
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Vienna University of Technology Getreidemarkt 9/163MC Vienna 1060 Austria
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg Röntgenring 11 Würzburg 97070 Germany
- Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Chemistry Helsinki University Helsinki 00014 Finland
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Šrámková P, Zahoranová A, Kelar J, Kelar Tučeková Z, Stupavská M, Krumpolec R, Jurmanová J, Kováčik D, Černák M. Cold atmospheric pressure plasma: simple and efficient strategy for preparation of poly(2-oxazoline)-based coatings designed for biomedical applications. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9478. [PMID: 32528062 PMCID: PMC7289869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66423-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(2-oxazolines) (POx) are an attractive material of choice for biocompatible and bioactive coatings in medical applications. To prepare POx coatings, the plasma polymerization represents a fast and facile approach that is surface-independent. However, unfavorable factors of this method such as using the low-pressure regimes and noble gases, or poor control over the resulting surface chemistry limit its utilization. Here, we propose to overcome these drawbacks by using well-defined POx-based copolymers prepared by living cationic polymerization as a starting material. Chemically inert polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is selected as a substrate due to its beneficial features for medical applications. The deposited POx layer is additionally post-treated by non-equilibrium plasma generated at atmospheric pressure. For this purpose, diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge (DCSBD) is used as a source of "cold" homogeneous plasma, as it is operating at atmospheric pressure even in ambient air. Prepared POx coatings possess hydrophilic nature with an achieved water contact angle of 60°, which is noticeably lower in comparison to the initial value of 106° for raw PTFE. Moreover, the increased fibroblasts adhesion in comparison to raw PTFE is achieved, and the physical and biological properties of the POx-modified surfaces remain stable for 30 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Šrámková
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Anna Zahoranová
- Dapartment for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Kelar
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zlata Kelar Tučeková
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Stupavská
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Krumpolec
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jurmanová
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Kováčik
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mirko Černák
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
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Cegłowski M, Jerca VV, Jerca FA, Hoogenboom R. Reduction-Responsive Molecularly Imprinted Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) for Controlled Release of Anticancer Agents. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E506. [PMID: 32498326 PMCID: PMC7356239 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Trigger-responsive materials are capable of controlled drug release in the presence of a specific trigger. Reduction induced drug release is especially interesting as the reductive stress is higher inside cells than in the bloodstream, providing a conceptual controlled release mechanism after cellular uptake. In this work, we report the synthesis of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) based on poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPOx) using 3,3'-dithiodipropionic acid (DTDPA) as a reduction-responsive functional cross-linker. The disulfide bond of DTDPA can be cleaved by the addition of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), leading to a reduction-induced 5-FU release. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics for 5-FU indicate that the adsorption kinetics process for imprinted and non-imprinted adsorbents follows two different kinetic models, thus suggesting that different mechanisms are responsible for adsorption. The release kinetics revealed that the addition of TCEP significantly influenced the release of 5-FU from PiPOx-MIP, whereas for non-imprinted PiPOx, no statistically relevant differences were observed. This work provides a conceptual basis for reduction-induced 5-FU release from molecularly imprinted PiPOx, which in future work may be further developed into MIP nanoparticles for the controlled release of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Cegłowski
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Center of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (V.V.J.); (F.A.J.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Valentin Victor Jerca
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Center of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (V.V.J.); (F.A.J.)
- Centre of Organic Chemistry “Costin D. Nenitzescu”, Romanian Academy, Spl. Independentei 202B, 060023 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florica Adriana Jerca
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Center of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (V.V.J.); (F.A.J.)
- Centre of Organic Chemistry “Costin D. Nenitzescu”, Romanian Academy, Spl. Independentei 202B, 060023 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Center of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (V.V.J.); (F.A.J.)
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Raus V, Hološ A, Kronek J, Mosnáček J. Well-Defined Linear and Grafted Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline)s Prepared via Copper-Mediated Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerization Methods. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Raus
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ana Hološ
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Kronek
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Mosnáček
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Centre for Advanced Materials Application of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Leiske MN, Mahmoud AM, Warne NM, Goos JACM, Pascual S, Montembault V, Fontaine L, Davis TP, Whittaker MR, Kempe K. Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) – a structural analogue to poly(vinyl azlactone) with Orthogonal Reactivity. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00861c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A modular copolymer platform based on two oxazole derivatives is presented. Post-polymerisation modifications revealed the potential to selectively modify the individual side groups, providing access to functional copolymer libraries in the future.
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Abstract
We explore the design and synthesis of hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering from the perspective of the underlying polymer chemistry. The key polymers, properties and architectures used, and their effect on tissue growth are discussed.
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Lorson T, Lübtow MM, Wegener E, Haider MS, Borova S, Nahm D, Jordan R, Sokolski-Papkov M, Kabanov AV, Luxenhofer R. Poly(2-oxazoline)s based biomaterials: A comprehensive and critical update. Biomaterials 2018; 178:204-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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‘Green’ synthesis of silver polymer Nanocomposites of poly (2-isopropenyl-2- oxazoline-co- N-vinylpyrrolidone) and its catalytic activity. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jerca FA, Jerca VV, Anghelache AM, Vuluga DM, Hoogenboom R. Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) as a versatile platform towards thermoresponsive copolymers. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00612a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive (co)polymers with LCST behavior based on a well-defined PiPOx scaffold showing high versatility in tuning up the TCP as well as the interval of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florica Adriana Jerca
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent
| | - Valentin Victor Jerca
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent
| | - Alina Maria Anghelache
- Centre of Organic Chemistry “Costin D. Nenitescu”
- Romanian Academy
- 060023 Bucharest
- Romania
- Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science
| | - Dumitru Mircea Vuluga
- Centre of Organic Chemistry “Costin D. Nenitescu”
- Romanian Academy
- 060023 Bucharest
- Romania
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent
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Šrámková P, Zahoranová A, Kroneková Z, Šišková A, Kronek J. Poly(2-oxazoline) hydrogels by photoinduced thiol-ene “click” reaction using different dithiol crosslinkers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zahoranová A, Mrlík M, Tomanová K, Kronek J, Luxenhofer R. ABA and BAB Triblock Copolymers Based on 2-Methyl-2-oxazoline and 2-n-Propyl-2-oxazoline: Synthesis and Thermoresponsive Behavior in Water. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zahoranová
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dúbravská cesta 9 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Mrlík
- Centre of Polymer Systems; University Institute; Tomas Bata University in Zlín; Trˇída T. Bati 5678 760 01 Zlín Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Tomanová
- Department of Polymer Processing; Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers; Slovak University of Technology; Krsˇkanská 21 949 01 Nitra Slovakia
| | - Juraj Kronek
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dúbravská cesta 9 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials; Chair for Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis; University of Würzburg; Röntgenring 11 97070 Würzburg Germany
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