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Wang X, Li K, Yuan Y, Zhang N, Zou Z, Wang Y, Yan S, Li X, Zhao P, Li Q. Nonlinear Elasticity of Blood Vessels and Vascular Grafts. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:3631-3654. [PMID: 38815169 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The transplantation of vascular grafts has emerged as a prevailing approach to address vascular disorders. However, the development of small-diameter vascular grafts is still in progress, as they serve in a more complicated mechanical environment than their counterparts with larger diameters. The biocompatibility and functional characteristics of small-diameter vascular grafts have been well developed; however, mismatch in mechanical properties between the vascular grafts and native arteries has not been accomplished, which might facilitate the long-term patency of small-diameter vascular grafts. From a point of view in mechanics, mimicking the nonlinear elastic mechanical behavior exhibited by natural blood vessels might be the state-of-the-art in designing vascular grafts. This review centers on elucidating the nonlinear elastic behavior of natural blood vessels and vascular grafts. The biological functionality and limitations associated with as-reported vascular grafts are meticulously reviewed and the future trajectory for fabricating biomimetic small-diameter grafts is discussed. This review might provide a different insight from the traditional design and fabrication of artificial vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, National Center for International Research of Micro-nano Molding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kecheng Li
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, National Center for International Research of Micro-nano Molding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, National Center for International Research of Micro-nano Molding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, National Center for International Research of Micro-nano Molding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zifan Zou
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, National Center for International Research of Micro-nano Molding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, National Center for International Research of Micro-nano Molding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shujie Yan
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, National Center for International Research of Micro-nano Molding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, National Center for International Research of Micro-nano Molding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, National Center for International Research of Micro-nano Molding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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2
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Li MX, Wei QQ, Mo HL, Ren Y, Zhang W, Lu HJ, Joung YK. Challenges and advances in materials and fabrication technologies of small-diameter vascular grafts. Biomater Res 2023; 27:58. [PMID: 37291675 PMCID: PMC10251629 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The arterial occlusive disease is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular diseases, often requiring revascularization. Lack of suitable small-diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs), infection, thrombosis, and intimal hyperplasia associated with synthetic vascular grafts lead to a low success rate of SDVGs (< 6 mm) transplantation in the clinical treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The development of fabrication technology along with vascular tissue engineering and regenerative medicine technology allows biological tissue-engineered vascular grafts to become living grafts, which can integrate, remodel, and repair the host vessels as well as respond to the surrounding mechanical and biochemical stimuli. Hence, they potentially alleviate the shortage of existing vascular grafts. This paper evaluates the current advanced fabrication technologies for SDVGs, including electrospinning, molding, 3D printing, decellularization, and so on. Various characteristics of synthetic polymers and surface modification methods are also introduced. In addition, it also provides interdisciplinary insights into the future of small-diameter prostheses and discusses vital factors and perspectives for developing such prostheses in clinical applications. We propose that the performance of SDVGs can be improved by integrating various technologies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Xian Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Qian-Qi Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Tibet Military Command, Xizang, China
| | - Hui-Lin Mo
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Yu Ren
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China.
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China.
| | - Huan-Jun Lu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China.
| | - Yoon Ki Joung
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Li Y, Jin D, Fan Y, Zhang K, Yang T, Zou C, Yin A. Preparation and performance of random- and oriented-fiber membranes with core-shell structures via coaxial electrospinning. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1114034. [PMID: 36698642 PMCID: PMC9868300 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1114034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The cells and tissue in the human body are orderly and directionally arranged, and constructing an ideal biomimetic extracellular matrix is still a major problem to be solved in tissue engineering. In the field of the bioresorbable vascular grafts, the long-term functional prognosis requires that cells first migrate and grow along the physiological arrangement direction of the vessel itself. Moreover, the graft is required to promote the formation of neointima and the development of the vessel walls while ensuring that the whole repair process does not form a thrombus. In this study, poly (l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) shell layers and polyethylene oxide (PEO) core layers with different microstructures and loaded with sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) were prepared by coaxial electrospinning. The mechanical properties proved that the fiber membranes had good mechanical support, higher than that of the human aorta, as well as great suture retention strengths. The hydrophilicity of the oriented-fiber membranes was greatly improved compared with that of the random-fiber membranes. Furthermore, we investigated the biocompatibility and hemocompatibility of different functional fiber membranes, and the results showed that the oriented-fiber membranes containing sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate had an excellent antiplatelet adhesion effect compared to other fiber membranes. Cytological analysis confirmed that the functional fiber membranes were non-cytotoxic and had significant cell proliferation capacities. The oriented-fiber membranes induced cell growth along the orientation direction. Degradation tests showed that the pH variation range had little change, the material mass was gradually reduced, and the fiber morphology was slowly destroyed. Thus, results indicated the degradation rate of the oriented-fiber graft likely is suitable for the process of new tissue regeneration, while the random-fiber graft with a low degradation rate may cause the material to reside in the tissue for too long, which would impede new tissue reconstitution. In summary, the oriented-functional-fiber membranes possessing core-shell structures with sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate/polyethylene oxide loading could be used as tissue engineering materials for applications such as vascular grafts with good prospects, and their clinical application potential will be further explored in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhuan Li
- Department of Materials Engineering, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology, College of Material and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dalai Jin
- Department of Materials Engineering, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongyong Fan
- Department of Materials Engineering, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology, College of Material and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kuihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology, College of Material and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology, College of Material and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengyu Zou
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology, College of Material and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anlin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology, College of Material and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Anlin Yin,
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Elomaa L, Lindner M, Leben R, Niesner R, Weinhart M. In vitro vascularization of hydrogel-based tissue constructs via a combined approach of cell sheet engineering and dynamic perfusion cell culture. Biofabrication 2023; 15. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac9433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The bioengineering of artificial tissue constructs requires special attention to their fast vascularization to provide cells with sufficient nutrients and oxygen. We addressed the challenge of in vitro vascularization by employing a combined approach of cell sheet engineering, 3D printing, and cellular self-organization in dynamic maturation culture. A confluent cell sheet of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was detached from a thermoresponsive cell culture substrate and transferred onto a 3D-printed, perfusable tubular scaffold using a custom-made cell sheet rolling device. Under indirect co-culture conditions with human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), the cell sheet-covered vessel mimic embedded in a collagen gel together with additional singularized HUVECs started sprouting into the surrounding gel, while the suspended cells around the tube self-organized and formed a dense lumen-containing 3D vascular network throughout the gel. The HDFs cultured below the HUVEC-containing cell culture insert provided angiogenic support to the HUVECs via molecular crosstalk without competing for space with the HUVECs or inducing rapid collagen matrix remodeling. The resulting vascular network remained viable under these conditions throughout the 3 week cell culture period. This static indirect co-culture setup was further transferred to dynamic flow conditions, where the medium perfusion was enabled via two independently addressable perfusion circuits equipped with two different cell culture chambers, one hosting the HDFs and the other hosting the HUVEC-laden collagen gel. Using this system, we successfully connected the collagen-embedded HUVEC culture to a dynamic medium flow, and within 1 week of the dynamic cell culture, we detected angiogenic sprouting and dense microvascular network formation via HUVEC self-organization in the hydrogel. Our approach of combining a 3D-printed and cell sheet-covered vascular precursor that retained its sprouting capacity together with the self-assembling HUVECs in a dynamic perfusion culture resulted in a vascular-like 3D network, which is a critical step toward the long-term vascularization of bioengineered in vitro tissue constructs.
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5
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Drewry M, Dailey MT, Rothermund K, Backman C, Dahl KN, Syed-Picard FN. Promoting and Orienting Axon Extension Using Scaffold-Free Dental Pulp Stem Cell Sheets. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:814-825. [PMID: 34982537 PMCID: PMC9821555 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Current treatments of facial nerve injury result in poor functional outcomes due to slow and inefficient axon regeneration and aberrant reinnervation. To address these clinical challenges, bioactive scaffold-free cell sheets were engineered using neurotrophic dental pulp stem/progenitor cells (DPCs) and their aligned extracellular matrix (ECM). DPCs endogenously supply high levels of neurotrophic factors (NTFs), growth factors capable of stimulating axonal regeneration, and an aligned ECM provides guidance cues to direct axon extension. Human DPCs were grown on a substrate comprising parallel microgrooves, inducing the cells to align and deposit a linearly aligned, collagenous ECM. The resulting cell sheets were robust and could be easily removed from the underlying substrate. DPC sheets produced NTFs at levels previously shown capable of promoting axon regeneration, and, moreover, inducing DPC alignment increased the expression of select NTFs relative to unaligned controls. Furthermore, the aligned DPC sheets were able to stimulate functional neuritogenic effects in neuron-like cells in vitro. Neuronally differentiated neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells produced neurites that were significantly more oriented and less branched when cultured on aligned cell sheets relative to unaligned sheets. These data demonstrate that the linearly aligned DPC sheets can biomechanically support axon regeneration and improve axonal guidance which, when applied to a facial nerve injury, will result in more accurate reinnervation. The aligned DPC sheets generated here could be used in combination with commercially available nerve conduits to enhance their bioactivity or be formed into stand-alone scaffold-free nerve conduits capable of facilitating improved facial nerve recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle
D. Drewry
- Department
of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Matthew T. Dailey
- Department
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kristi Rothermund
- Department
of Oral Biology and Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of
Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Charles Backman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kris N. Dahl
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States,Department
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States,McGowan
Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States,Forensics, Thornton Tomasetti, New York, New York 10271, United States
| | - Fatima N. Syed-Picard
- Department
of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States,Department
of Oral Biology and Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of
Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States,McGowan
Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States,. Phone: 412-648-8824
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6
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Xu W, Chen S, Yao M, Lu Q. Mechanical Behavior of Biomimetic Oriented Cell Sheets from a Perspective of Living Materials. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3099-3109. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00302c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
When compared to random cell organization, cell sheets with well-organized cell orientation are similar to natural tissues exhibiting better mechanical strength. Furthermore, as living materials, the mechanical strength of cell...
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7
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Efremov YM, Zurina IM, Presniakova VS, Kosheleva NV, Butnaru DV, Svistunov AA, Rochev YA, Timashev PS. Mechanical properties of cell sheets and spheroids: the link between single cells and complex tissues. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:541-561. [PMID: 34471438 PMCID: PMC8355304 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00821-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell aggregates, including sheets and spheroids, represent a simple yet powerful model system to study both biochemical and biophysical intercellular interactions. However, it is becoming evident that, although the mechanical properties and behavior of multicellular structures share some similarities with individual cells, yet distinct differences are observed in some principal aspects. The description of mechanical phenomena at the level of multicellular model systems is a necessary step for understanding tissue mechanics and its fundamental principles in health and disease. Both cell sheets and spheroids are used in tissue engineering, and the modulation of mechanical properties of cell constructs is a promising tool for regenerative medicine. Here, we review the data on mechanical characterization of cell sheets and spheroids, focusing both on advances in the measurement techniques and current understanding of the subject. The reviewed material suggest that interplay between the ECM, intercellular junctions, and cellular contractility determines the behavior and mechanical properties of the cell aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri M. Efremov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - Irina M. Zurina
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
- FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315, 8 Baltiyskaya St, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktoria S. Presniakova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nastasia V. Kosheleva
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
- FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315, 8 Baltiyskaya St, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis V. Butnaru
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Svistunov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991, 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury A. Rochev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Peter S. Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
- Department of Polymers and Composites, N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, 119991 4 Kosygin St, Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1–3, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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8
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Nakano H, Kakinoki S, Iwasaki Y. Long-lasting hydrophilic surface generated on poly(dimethyl siloxane) with photoreactive zwitterionic polymers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 205:111900. [PMID: 34102530 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is known as one of the most established polymers for making elastomers. Therefore, it is commonly used for the fabrication of biomedical devices. Many PDMS surface modification processes have been proposed recently to increase PDMS reliability in medical fields. However, the modified surface's long-term stability is still limited. Hydrophobic recovery of PDMS is widely recognized as a factor that reduces the efficacy of PDMS surface modification. The photoreactive zwitterionic polymer effectively suppresses the hydrophobic recovery of PDMS, according to the current analysis. The photoreactive zwitterionic monomer, 2-[2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyldimethylanmmonium] ethyl benzophenoxy phosphate (MBPP) was polymerized by conventional radical polymerization and coated on O2-plasma-treated PDMS specimens. The specimens were immersed in an aqueous solution of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and exposed under ultraviolet (UV) radiation for 3 h. Instead, of poly(MBPP) (PMBPP), benzophenone (BP) was also used as a conventional photoinitiator. The time-dependent change in the wettability and elemental composition of the specimen surface was monitored for nine weeks after photo-grafting of poly[2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)] (PMPC). The advancing and receding contact angles (θA/θR) of the pristine PDMS specimen were 112°/71° and significantly decreased immediately after the grafting of PMPC regardless of types of photoinitiator. However, the hydrophobicity of the surface gradually recovered, and θA was changed from 12° to 81° for nine weeks of storage under air atmosphere when BP was used as a photoinitiator for graft polymerization of MPC. However, surface hydrophilicity (θA ≅ 20°) of the surface grafted with PMPC with PMBPP as an initiator was effectively preserved for nine weeks. This surface also showed excellent lubricity and non-fouling properties regardless of the storage periods. Therefore, zwitterionic photoreactive polymer, PMBPP, is then used as a macrophotoinitiator for the surface modification of PDMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nakano
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Sachiro Kakinoki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan; Organization for Research and Development of Innovative Science and Technology, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Iwasaki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan; Organization for Research and Development of Innovative Science and Technology, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan.
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9
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Scaffold-free cell-based tissue engineering therapies: advances, shortfalls and forecast. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:18. [PMID: 33782415 PMCID: PMC8007731 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based scaffold-free therapies seek to develop in vitro organotypic three-dimensional (3D) tissue-like surrogates, capitalising upon the inherent capacity of cells to create tissues with efficiency and sophistication that is still unparalleled by human-made devices. Although automation systems have been realised and (some) success stories have been witnessed over the years in clinical and commercial arenas, in vitro organogenesis is far from becoming a standard way of care. This limited technology transfer is largely attributed to scalability-associated costs, considering that the development of a borderline 3D implantable device requires very high number of functional cells and prolonged ex vivo culture periods. Herein, we critically discuss advancements and shortfalls of scaffold-free cell-based tissue engineering strategies, along with pioneering concepts that have the potential to transform regenerative and reparative medicine.
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10
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Akiyama Y. Influence of poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm) graft density on properties of PIPAAm grafted poly(dimethylsiloxane) surfaces and their stability. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06520. [PMID: 33786400 PMCID: PMC7988317 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous report shows that poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm) gel grafted onto poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) (PI-PDMS) surfaces with large PIPAAm graft density (Lar-PI-PDMS), is prepared by using electron beam irradiation, demonstrating that applied mechanical stretching affects properties of the Lar-PI-PDMS surface. However, the influence of PIPAAm graft density on the properties of PI-PDMS surfaces and their stability are not understood. To provide insight into these points, the properties of PI-PDMS surfaces with low PIPAAm graft density (Low-PI-PDMS) surfaces with stretched (stretch ratio = 20%) and unstretched states were examined as stretchable temperature-responsive cell culture surface using contact angle measurement and cell attachment/detachment assays, compared to those with Lar-PI-PDMS, as previously reported. Long-term contact angle measurements (61 days) for unstretched Low-PI-PDMS and Lar-PI-PDMS surfaces indicated that the cross-linked structure of the grafted PIPAAm gel suppressed hydrophobic recovery of the basal PDMS surface. The cell attachment assay revealed that the stretched Low-PI-PDMS surface was less cell adhesive than that of the unstretched Low-PI-PDMS surface despite of a larger amount of adsorbed fibronectin (FN). The lower cell adhesiveness was possibly explained by denaturation of adsorbed FN, which was induced by the strong hydrophobic property of the stretched Low-PI-PDMS surface. The cell detachment assay revealed that dual stimuli, low temperature treatment and mechanical shrinking stress applied to the stretched Low-PI-PDMS surface promoted cell detachment compared to a single stimulus, low temperature treatment or mechanical shrinking stress. These results suggested that the PIPAAm gelgrafted PDMS surface was chemically stable and did not suffer from hydrophobic recovery. External mechanical stretching stress not only strongly dehydrated grafted PIPAAm chains, but also denatured the adsorbed FN when the grafted PIPAAm layer was extremely thin, as in Low-PI-PDMS surfaces. Thus, PI-PDMS may be utilized as a stretchable temperature-responsive cell culture surface without significant hydrophobic recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu Akiyama
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University (TWIns), 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8886, Japan
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11
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Shimura R, Suematsu Y, Horiuchi H, Takeoka S, Oshima A, Washio M. Fabrication of thermo-responsive cell-culture membranes with Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) by electron-beam graft polymerization. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Mikkonen R, Puistola P, Jönkkäri I, Mäntysalo M. Inkjet Printable Polydimethylsiloxane for All-Inkjet-Printed Multilayered Soft Electrical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:11990-11997. [PMID: 32050758 PMCID: PMC7145287 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, additive manufacturing of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has gained interest for the development of soft electronics. To build complex electrical devices, fabrication of multilayered structures is required. We propose here a straightforward digital printing fabrication process of silicone rubber-based, multilayered electronics. An inkjet-printable PDMS solution was developed for the digital patterning of elastomeric structures. The silicone ink was used together with a highly conductive silver nanoparticle (Ag NP) ink for the fabrication of all-inkjet-printed multilayered electrical devices. The application of the multilayered circuit board was successful. The sheet resistances were below 0.3 Ω/□, and the conductive layer thickness was less than 1 μm. The electrical insulation between the conductive layers was done by printing a 20-25 μm-thick dielectric PDMS layer selectively on top of the bottommost conductive layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Mikkonen
- Unit
of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication
Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 7, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Paula Puistola
- Unit
of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication
Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 7, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilari Jönkkäri
- Unit
of Materials Science and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 6, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Mäntysalo
- Unit
of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication
Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 7, 33720 Tampere, Finland
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13
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Kwong G, Marquez HA, Yang C, Wong JY, Kotton DN. Generation of a Purified iPSC-Derived Smooth Muscle-like Population for Cell Sheet Engineering. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:499-514. [PMID: 31422908 PMCID: PMC6739689 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a potential source for the derivation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs); however, current approaches are limited by the production of heterogeneous cell types and a paucity of tools or markers for tracking and purifying candidate SMCs. Here, we develop murine and human iPSC lines carrying fluorochrome reporters (Acta2hrGFP and ACTA2eGFP, respectively) that identify Acta2+/ACTA2+ cells as they emerge in vitro in real time during iPSC-directed differentiation. We find that Acta2hrGFP+ and ACTA2eGFP+ cells can be sorted to purity and are enriched in markers characteristic of an immature or synthetic SMC. We characterize the resulting GFP+ populations through global transcriptomic profiling and functional studies, including the capacity to form engineered cell sheets. We conclude that these reporter lines allow for generation of sortable, live iPSC-derived Acta2+/ACTA2+ cells highly enriched in smooth muscle lineages for basic developmental studies, tissue engineering, or future clinical regenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kwong
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, 670 Albany Street, 2(nd) Floor, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hector A Marquez
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, 670 Albany Street, 2(nd) Floor, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Chian Yang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, 670 Albany Street, 2(nd) Floor, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joyce Y Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, 670 Albany Street, 2(nd) Floor, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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14
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Verotti M, Di Giamberardino P, Belfiore N, Giannini O. A genetic algorithm-based method for the mechanical characterization of biosamples using a MEMS microgripper: numerical simulations. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 96:88-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Goins A, Webb AR, Allen JB. Multi-layer approaches to scaffold-based small diameter vessel engineering: A review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 97:896-912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Thermally-triggered fabrication of cell sheets for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 138:276-292. [PMID: 30639258 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell transplantation is a promising approach for promoting tissue regeneration in the treatment of damaged tissues or organs. Although cells have conventionally been delivered by direct injection to damaged tissues, cell injection has limited efficiency to deliver therapeutic cells to the target sites. Progress in tissue engineering has moved scaffold-based cell/tissue delivery into the mainstream of tissue regeneration. A variety of scaffolds can be fabricated from natural or synthetic polymers to provide the appropriate culture conditions for cell growth and achieve in-vitro tissue formation. Tissue engineering has now become the primary approach for cell-based therapies. However, there are still serious limitations, particularly for engineering of cell-dense tissues. "Cell sheet engineering" is a scaffold-free tissue technology that holds even greater promise in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-grafted surfaces allow the fabrication of a tissue-like cell monolayer, a "cell sheet", and efficiently delivers this cell-dense tissue to damaged sites without the use of scaffolds. At present, this unique approach has been applied to human clinical studies in regenerative medicine. Furthermore, this thermally triggered cell manipulation system allows us to produce various types of 3D tissue models not only for regenerative medicine but also for tissue modeling, which can be used for drug discovery. Here, new cell sheet-based technologies are described including vascularization for scaled-up 3D tissue constructs, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology for human cell sheet fabrication and microfabrication for arranging tissue microstructures, all of which are expected to produce more complex tissues based on cell sheet tissue engineering.
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17
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Stöbener DD, Hoppensack A, Scholz J, Weinhart M. Endothelial, smooth muscle and fibroblast cell sheet fabrication from self-assembled thermoresponsive poly(glycidyl ether) brushes. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:8333-8343. [PMID: 30298896 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01099d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a platform to fabricate human dermal fibroblast (HDF), human aortic smooth muscle cell (HAoSMC) and human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) sheets using thermoresponsive poly(glycidyl ether) coatings. Copolymer brushes based on glycidyl methyl ether (GME) and ethyl glycidyl ether (EGE) were self-assembled onto polystyrene (PS) culture substrates via the physical adsorption of a hydrophobic, photoreactive benzophenone anchor block based on the monomer 4-[2-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)ethoxy]benzophenone (EEBP). The directed self-assembly of well-defined, end-tethered poly(GME-ran-EGE)-block-poly(EEBP) (PGE) brushes was achieved via the selective, EEBP-driven adsorption of the asymmetric block copolymer from dilute aqueous solution below its cloud point temperature (CPT). Subsequently, the PGE brush layers were covalently immobilized onto the PS surfaces by irradiation with UV light and characterized by ellipsometry, static water contact angle (CA) measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We found that, by decreasing the temperature from 37 to 20 °C, the coatings undergo a pancake-to-brush transition, which triggers cell sheet detachment. In addition, cell culture parameters were optimized to allow proper adhesion and controlled detachment of confluent HDF, HAoSMC and HUVEC sheets, which can be applied in vascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel David Stöbener
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anke Hoppensack
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Johanna Scholz
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Recursive Least Squares Filtering Algorithms for On-Line Viscoelastic Characterization of Biosamples. ACTUATORS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/act7040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical characterization of biological samples is a fundamental issue in biology and related fields, such as tissue and cell mechanics, regenerative medicine and diagnosis of diseases. In this paper, a novel approach for the identification of the stiffness and damping coefficients of biosamples is introduced. According to the proposed method, a MEMS-based microgripper in operational condition is used as a measurement tool. The mechanical model describing the dynamics of the gripper-sample system considers the pseudo-rigid body model for the microgripper, and the Kelvin–Voigt constitutive law of viscoelasticity for the sample. Then, two algorithms based on recursive least square (RLS) methods are implemented for the estimation of the mechanical coefficients, that are the forgetting factor based RLS and the normalised gradient based RLS algorithms. Numerical simulations are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Results confirm the feasibility of the method that enables the ability to perform simultaneously two tasks: sample manipulation and parameters identification.
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19
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Rim NG, Yih A, Hsi P, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wong JY. Micropatterned cell sheets as structural building blocks for biomimetic vascular patches. Biomaterials 2018; 181:126-139. [PMID: 30081303 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To successfully develop a functional tissue-engineered vascular patch, recapitulating the hierarchical structure of vessel is critical to mimic mechanical properties. Here, we use a cell sheet engineering strategy with micropatterning technique to control structural organization of bovine aortic vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) sheets. Actin filament staining and image analysis showed clear cellular alignment of VSMC sheets cultured on patterned substrates. Viability of harvested VSMC sheets was confirmed by Live/Dead® cell viability assay after 24 and 48 h of transfer. VSMC sheets stacked to generate bilayer VSMC patches exhibited strong inter-layer bonding as shown by lap shear test. Uniaxial tensile testing of monolayer VSMC sheets and bilayer VSMC patches displayed nonlinear, anisotropic stress-stretch response similar to the biomechanical characteristic of a native arterial wall. Collagen content and structure were characterized to determine the effects of patterning and stacking on extracellular matrix of VSMC sheets. Using finite-element modeling to simulate uniaxial tensile testing of bilayer VSMC patches, we found the stress-stretch response of bilayer patterned VSMC patches under uniaxial tension to be predicted using an anisotropic hyperelastic constitutive model. Thus, our cell sheet harvesting system combined with biomechanical modeling is a promising approach to generate building blocks for tissue-engineered vascular patches with structure and mechanical behavior mimicking native tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nae Gyune Rim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alice Yih
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Peter Hsi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yunjie Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yanhang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joyce Y Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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20
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Keskin D, Mokabbar T, Pei Y, Van Rijn P. The Relationship between Bulk Silicone and Benzophenone-Initiated Hydrogel Coating Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E534. [PMID: 30966568 PMCID: PMC6415430 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a silicone elastomer-based material that is used in various applications, including coatings, tubing, microfluidics, and medical implants. PDMS has been modified with hydrogel coatings to prevent fouling, which can be done through UV-mediated free radical polymerization using benzophenone. However, to the best of our knowledge, the properties of hydrogel coatings and their influence on the bulk properties of PDMS under various preparation conditions, such as the type and concentration of monomers, and UV treatment time, have never been investigated. Acrylate-based monomers were used to perform free radical polymerization on PDMS surfaces under various reaction conditions. This approach provides insights into the relationship between the hydrogel coating and bulk properties of PDMS. Altering the UV polymerization time and the monomer concentration resulted in different morphologies with different roughness and thickness of the hydrogel coating, as well as differences in the bulk material stiffness. The surface morphology of the coated PDMS was characterized by AFM. The cross section and thickness of the coatings were examined using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The dependence of coating development on the monomer type and concentration used was evaluated by surface hydrophilicity, as measured by water contact angle. Elongation-until-break analysis revealed that specific reaction conditions affected the bulk properties and made the coated PDMS brittle. Therefore, boundary conditions have been identified to enable high quality hydrogel coating formation without affecting the bulk properties of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Keskin
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40, W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science-FB41, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Taraneh Mokabbar
- Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Yutao Pei
- Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Patrick Van Rijn
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40, W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science-FB41, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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21
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Gökçinar-Yagci B, Yersal N, Korkusuz P, Çelebi-Saltik B. Generation of human umbilical cord vein CD146+ perivascular cell origined three-dimensional vascular construct. Microvasc Res 2018; 118:101-112. [PMID: 29550275 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Small-diameter vascular grafts are needed for the treatment of coronary artery diseases in the case of limited accessibility of the autologous vessels. Synthetic scaffolds have many disadvantages so in recent years vascular constructs (VCs) made from cellularized natural scaffolds was seen to be very promising but number of studies comprising this area is very limited. In our study, our aim is to generate fully natural triple-layered VC that constitutes all the layers of blood vessel with vascular cells. CD146+ perivascular cells (PCs) were isolated from human umbilical cord vein (HUCV) and differentiated into smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and fibroblasts. They were then combined with collagen type I/elastin/dermatan sulfate and collagen type I/fibrin to form tunica media and tunica adventitia respectively. HUCV endothelial cells (ECs) were seeded on the construct by cell sheet engineering method after fibronectin and heparin coating. Characterization of the VC was performed by immunolabeling, histochemical staining and electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Differentiated cells were identified by means of immunofluorescent (IF) labeling. SEM and TEM analysis of VCs revealed the presence of three histologic tunicae. Collagen and elastic fibers were observed within the ECM by histochemical staining. The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor expressing ECs in tunica intima; α-SMA expressing SMCs in tunica media and; the tenascin expressing fibroblasts in tunica adventitia were detected by IF labeling. In conclusion, by combining natural scaffolds and vascular cells differentiated from CD146+ PCs, VCs can be generated layer by layer. This study will provide a preliminary blood vessel model for generation of fully natural small-diameter vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Gökçinar-Yagci
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey; Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nilgün Yersal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Petek Korkusuz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Betül Çelebi-Saltik
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey; Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
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