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Pohlit H, Bohlin J, Katiyar N, Hilborn J, Tenje M. Technology platform for facile handling of 3D hydrogel cell culture scaffolds. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12829. [PMID: 37550357 PMCID: PMC10406881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are used extensively as cell-culture scaffolds for both 2D and 3D cell cultures due to their biocompatibility and the ease in which their mechanical and biological properties can be tailored to mimic natural tissue. The challenge when working with hydrogel-based scaffolds is in their handling, as hydrogels that mimic e.g. brain tissue, are both fragile and brittle when prepared as thin (sub-mm) membranes. Here, we describe a method for facile handling of thin hydrogel cell culture scaffolds by molding them onto a polycaprolactone (PCL) mesh support attached to a commonly used Transwell set-up in which the original membrane has been removed. In addition to demonstrating the assembly of this set-up, we also show some applications for this type of biological membrane. A polyethylene glycol (PEG)-gelatin hydrogel supports cell adhesion, and the structures can be used for biological barrier models comprising either one or multiple hydrogel layers. Here, we demonstrate the formation of a tight layer of an epithelial cell model comprising MDCK cells cultured over 9 days by following the build-up of the transepithelial electrical resistances. Second, by integrating a pure PEG hydrogel into the PCL mesh, significant swelling is induced, which leads to the formation of a non-adherent biological scaffold with a large curvature that is useful for spheroid formation. In conclusion, we demonstrate the development of a handling platform for hydrogel cell culture scaffolds for easy integration with conventional measurement techniques and miniaturized organs-on-chip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pohlit
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Bohlin
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Neeraj Katiyar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jöns Hilborn
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Tenje
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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2
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Su M, Ruan L, Dong X, Tian S, Lang W, Wu M, Chen Y, Lv Q, Lei L. Current state of knowledge on intelligent-response biological and other macromolecular hydrogels in biomedical engineering: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:472-492. [PMID: 36549612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Because intelligent hydrogels have good biocompatibility, a rapid response, and good degradability as well as a stimulus response mode that is rich, hydrophilic, and similar to the softness and elasticity of living tissue, they have received widespread attention and are widely used in biomedical engineering. In this article, we conduct a systematic review of the use of smart hydrogels in biomedical engineering. First, we introduce the properties and applications of hydrogels and compare the similarities and differences between traditional hydrogels and smart hydrogels. Secondly, we summarize the intelligent hydrogel types, the mechanisms of action used by different hydrogels, and the materials for preparing different types of hydrogels, such as the materials for the preparation of temperature-responsive hydrogels, which mainly include gelatin, carrageenan, agarose, amylose, etc.; summarize the morphologies of different hydrogels, such as films, fibers and microspheres; and summarize the application of smart hydrogels in biomedical engineering, such as for the delivery of proteins, antibiotics, deoxyribonucleic acid, etc. Finally, we summarize the shortcomings of current research and present future prospects for smart hydrogels. The purpose of this paper is to provide researchers engaged in related fields with a systematic review of the application of intelligent hydrogels in biomedical engineering. We hope that they will get some inspiration from this work to provide new directions for the development of related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrong Su
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Lian Ruan
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Dong
- Institute of Medicine Nursing, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Shujing Tian
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Wen Lang
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Minhui Wu
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Qizhuang Lv
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Yulin 537000, China.
| | - Lanjie Lei
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Lab of System Biomedicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China.
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Alameda BM, Murphy JS, Barea-López BL, Knox KD, Sisemore JD, Patton DL. Hydrolyzable Poly(β-Thioether Ester Ketal) Thermosets via Acyclic Ketal Monomers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200028. [PMID: 35146833 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolytically degradable poly(β-thioether ester ketal) thermosets are synthesized via radical-mediated thiol-ene photopolymerization using three novel dialkene acyclic ketal monomers and a mercaptopropionate based tetrafunctional thiol. For all thermoset compositions investigated, degradation behavior is highly tunable based on the structure of the incorporated ketal and pH. Complete degradation of the thermosets is observed upon exposure to acidic and neutral pH, and under high humidity conditions. Polymer networks comprised of crosslink junctions based on acyclic dimethyl ketals degrade the quickest, whereas networks containing acyclic cyclohexyl ketals undergo hydrolytic degradation on a longer timescale. Thermomechanical analysis revealed low glass transition temperatures and moduli typical of thioether-based thermosets. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Alameda
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - J Scott Murphy
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Bernardo L Barea-López
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Karly D Knox
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Jonathan D Sisemore
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Derek L Patton
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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Wang YQ, Dou XY, Wang HF, Wang X, Wu DC. Dendrimer-based Hydrogels with Controlled Drug Delivery Property for Tissue Adhesion. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Myrgorodska I, Jenkinson-Finch M, Moreno-Tortolero RO, Mann S, Gobbo P. A Novel Acid-Degradable PEG Crosslinker for the Fabrication of pH-Responsive Soft Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100102. [PMID: 33749064 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a novel acid-degradable polyethylene glycol-based N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester-activated crosslinker is reported. The crosslinker is reactive towards nucleophiles and features a central ketal functional group that is stable at pH > 7.5 and rapidly hydrolyses at pH > 6.0. The crosslinker is used to (i) fabricate acid-degradable polysaccharide hydrogels that exhibit controlled degradation upon exposure to an acidic environment or via endogenous enzyme activity; and (ii) construct hydrogel-filled protein-polymer microcompartments (termed proteinosomes) capable of pH-dependent membrane disassembly. Taken together the results provide new opportunities for the fabrication of pH-responsive soft materials with potential applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and soft-matter bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Myrgorodska
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organised Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Mary Jenkinson-Finch
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organised Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | | | - Stephen Mann
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organised Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Pierangelo Gobbo
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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Zhao X, Shan P, Liu H, Li D, Cai P, Li Z, Li Z. Poly(ethylene glycol)s With a Single Cinnamaldehyde Acetal Unit for Fabricating Acid-Degradable Hydrogel. Front Chem 2020; 8:839. [PMID: 33102441 PMCID: PMC7522333 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic route to prepare a poly(ethylene glycol) with a single cinnamaldehyde acetal unit in the polymer chain, was successfully established using a newly synthesized cinnamaldehyde acetal diethylene glycol (CADEG) as initiator. This HO-PEG(ca)-OH is non-toxic and would be degraded into a cinnamaldehyde and two PEG diols in acid environment. A whole polyethylene glycol based hydrogel was easily fabricated by thiol-ene “click” reaction in alkalescence aqueous solution using acrylate-PEG(ca)-acrylate and 4-arm PEG-SH as raw materials at room temperature. The gel time was dependent on the pH of the solution and its alkalinity can promote gel. The hydrogel can be degradable in acidic conditions and the stronger the acidity, the faster the degradation. This HO-PEG(ca)-OH also can be used in synthesis of cinnamaldehyde containing PEG derivatives, block copolymers or other acid degradable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry & Vision Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry & Vision Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haiwei Liu
- The Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Daai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry & Vision Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Peihan Cai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry & Vision Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Houck HA, Müller P, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C, Du Prez FE, Blasco E. Shining Light on Poly(ethylene glycol): From Polymer Modification to 3D Laser Printing of Water Erasable Microstructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003060. [PMID: 32644269 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of stimuli-responsive bonds into 3D network assemblies is a key concept to design adaptive materials that can reshape and degrade. Here, a straightforward but unique photoresist is introduced for the tailored fabrication of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) materials that can be readily erased by water, even without the need for acidic or basic additives. Specifically, a new class of photoresist is developed that operates through the backbone crosslinking of PEG when irradiated in the presence of a bivalent triazolinedione. Hence, macroscopic gels are obtained upon visible light-emitting diode irradiation (λ > 515 nm) that are stable in organic media but rapidly degrade upon the addition of water. Photoinduced curing is also applicable to multiphoton laser lithography (λ > 700 nm), hence providing access to 3D printed microstructures that vanish when immersed in water at 37 °C. Materials with varying crosslinking densities are accessed by adapting the applied laser writing power, thereby allowing for tunable hydrolytic erasing timescales. A new platform technology is thus presented that enables the crosslinking and 3D laser printing of PEG-based materials, which can be cleaved and erased in water, and additionally holds potential for the facile modification and backbone degradation of polyether-containing materials in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes A Houck
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Gent, 9000, Belgium
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Gent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
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Ewald J, Blankenburg J, Worm M, Besch L, Unger RE, Tremel W, Frey H, Pohlit H. Acid-Cleavable Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogels Displaying Protein Release at pH 5. Chemistry 2020; 26:2947-2953. [PMID: 31850549 PMCID: PMC7079179 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PEG is the gold standard polymer for pharmaceutical applications, however it lacks degradability. Degradation under physiologically relevant pH as present in endolysosomes, cancerous and inflammatory tissues is crucial for many areas. The authors present anionic ring-opening copolymerization of ethylene oxide with 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EPB) and subsequent modification to introduce acid-degradable vinyl ether groups as well as methacrylate (MA) units, enabling radical cross-linking. Copolymers with different molar ratios of EPB, molecular weights (Mn ) up to 10 000 g mol-1 and narrow dispersities (Đ<1.05) were prepared. Both the P(EG-co-isoEPB)MA copolymer and the hydrogels showed pH-dependent, rapid hydrolysis at pH 5-6 and long-term storage stability at neutral pH (pH 7.4). By designing the degree of polymerization and content of degradable vinyl ether groups, the release time of an entrapped protein OVA-Alexa488 can be tailored from a few hours to several days (hydrolysis half-life time t1/2 at pH 5: 13 h to 51 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ewald
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg-UniversityDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Jan Blankenburg
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg-UniversityDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudinger Weg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Matthias Worm
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg-UniversityDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Laura Besch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg-UniversityDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Ronald E. Unger
- Institute for PathologyJohannes Gutenberg University MainzObere Zahlbacher Straße 6355101MainzGermany
| | - Wolfgang Tremel
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg-UniversityDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg-UniversityDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Hannah Pohlit
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg-UniversityDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Engineering Sciences DepartmentScience for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityLägerhyddsvägen 175121UppsalaSweden
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Raghupathi K, Kumar V, Sridhar U, Ribbe AE, He H, Thayumanavan S. Role of Oligoethylene Glycol Side Chain Length in Responsive Polymeric Nanoassemblies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7929-7936. [PMID: 31095400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An oft-desired feature of a responsive nanomaterial is that it should undergo disassembly or morphological change upon application of a specific stimulus. The extent of response has been found to depend on factors such as the nature and the number of responsive functionalities incorporated into these particles. In this work, the length of oligoethylene glycol (OEG) side chains associated with the polymers has been shown to greatly influence the responsive behavior of polymeric nanoparticles. The integrity of these OEG-based polymeric assemblies was found to depend not only on the chemical cross-links but also on the physical cross-links in these aggregates in cases where the polymer chains bear long OEG side chains. The physical cross-linking in longer OEG side chain containing polymeric nanogels is present in the form of crystalline domains. Our results here highlight that these ethylene glycol-based hydrophilic units are not to be ignored as spectator units with water-solubilization characteristics but must be analyzed in the context of assembly stabilization and triggerability with the targeted stimulus.
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Burek M, Kubic K, Nabiałczyk I, Waśkiewicz S, Wandzik I. Study on protein release from hydrolytically degradable hydrogels governed by substituent effects in trehalose-based crosslinker and network properties. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kepola EJ, Patrickios CS. Networks Based on “Core-First” Star Polymers End-Linked Using a Degradable Ketal Cross-Linker: Synthesis, Characterization, and Cleavage. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni J. Kepola
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cyprus; P. O. Box 20537, 1 University Avenue Aglanjia 2109 Nicosia Cyprus
| | - Costas S. Patrickios
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cyprus; P. O. Box 20537, 1 University Avenue Aglanjia 2109 Nicosia Cyprus
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Synthesis of Macromolecules Department, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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