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Pachla J, Kopiasz RJ, Marek G, Tomaszewski W, Głogowska A, Drężek K, Kowalczyk S, Podgórski R, Butruk-Raszeja B, Ciach T, Mierzejewska J, Plichta A, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Jańczewski D. Polytrimethylenimines: Highly Potent Antibacterial Agents with Activity and Toxicity Modulated by the Polymer Molecular Weight. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:2237-2249. [PMID: 37093622 PMCID: PMC10170506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Cationic polymers have been extensively investigated as a potential replacement for traditional antibiotics. Here, we examined the effect of molecular weight (MW) on the antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and hemolytic activity of linear polytrimethylenimine (L-PTMI). The results indicate that the biological activity of the polymer sharply increases as MW increases. Thanks to a different position of the antibacterial activity and toxicity thresholds, tuning the MW of PTMI allows one to achieve a therapeutic window between antimicrobial activity and toxicity concentrations. L-PTMI presents significantly higher antimicrobial activity against model microorganisms than linear polyethylenimine (L-PEI) when polymers with a similar number of repeating units are compared. For the derivatives of L-PTMI and L-PEI, obtained through N-monomethylation and partial N,N-dimethylation of linear polyamines, the antimicrobial activity and toxicity were both reduced; however, resulting selectivity indices were higher. Selected materials were tested against clinical isolates of pathogens from the ESKAPE group and Mycobacteria, revealing good antibacterial properties of L-PTMI against antibiotic-resistant strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria but limited antibacterial properties against Mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Pachla
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał J Kopiasz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gabriela Marek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Waldemar Tomaszewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Głogowska
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Płocka 26, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Drężek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Kowalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Podgórski
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Butruk-Raszeja
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ciach
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Mierzejewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Plichta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Płocka 26, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Jańczewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Takahashi H, Sovadinova I, Yasuhara K, Vemparala S, Caputo GA, Kuroda K. Biomimetic antimicrobial polymers—Design, characterization, antimicrobial, and novel applications. WIRES NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 15:e1866. [PMID: 36300561 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic antimicrobial polymers have been an area of great interest as the need for novel antimicrobial compounds grows due to the development of resistance. These polymers were designed and developed to mimic naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides in both physicochemical composition and mechanism of action. These antimicrobial peptide mimetic polymers have been extensively investigated using chemical, biophysical, microbiological, and computational approaches to gain a deeper understanding of the molecular interactions that drive function. These studies have helped inform SARs, mechanism of action, and general physicochemical factors that influence the activity and properties of antimicrobial polymers. However, there are still lingering questions in this field regarding 3D structural patterning, bioavailability, and applicability to alternative targets. In this review, we present a perspective on the development and characterization of several antimicrobial polymers and discuss novel applications of these molecules emerging in the field. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Takahashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Hiroshima Japan
| | - Iva Sovadinova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Kazuma Yasuhara
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology Nara Institute of Science and Technology Nara Japan
- Center for Digital Green‐Innovation Nara Institute of Science and Technology Nara Japan
| | - Satyavani Vemparala
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences CIT Campus Chennai India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute Training School Complex Mumbai India
| | - Gregory A. Caputo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | - Kenichi Kuroda
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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3
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Mikula P, Mlnaříková M, Nadres ET, Takahashi H, Babica P, Kuroda K, Bláha L, Sovadinová I. Synthetic Biomimetic Polymethacrylates: Promising Platform for the Design of Anti-Cyanobacterial and Anti-Algal Agents. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071025. [PMID: 33810255 PMCID: PMC8036423 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive, uncontrolled growth of algae and cyanobacteria is an environmental, public health, economic, and technical issue in managing natural and engineered water systems. Synthetic biomimetic polymers have been almost exclusively considered antimicrobial alternatives to conventional antibiotics to treat human bacterial infections. Very little is known about their applicability in an aquatic environment. Here, we introduce synthetic biomimetic polymethacrylates (SBPs) as a cost-effective and chemically facile, flexible platform for designing a new type of agent suitable for controlling and mitigating photosynthetic microorganisms. Since SBPs are cationic and membranolytic in heterotrophic bacteria, we hypothesized they could also interact with negatively charged cyanobacterial or algal cell walls and membranes. We demonstrated that SBPs inhibited the growth of aquatic photosynthetic organisms of concern, i.e., cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa and Synechococcus elongatus) and green algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Desmodesmus quadricauda), with 50% effective growth-inhibiting concentrations ranging between 95 nM and 6.5 μM. Additionally, SBPs exhibited algicidal effects on C. reinhardtii and cyanocidal effects on picocyanobacterium S. elongatus and microcystin-producing cyanobacterium M. aeruginosa. SBP copolymers, particularly those with moderate hydrophobic content, induced more potent cyanostatic and cyanocidal effects than homopolymers. Thus, biomimetic polymers are a promising platform for the design of anti-cyanobacterial and anti-algal agents for water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Přemysl Mikula
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (M.M.); (P.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Marie Mlnaříková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (M.M.); (P.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Enrico T. Nadres
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (E.T.N.); (H.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Haruko Takahashi
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (E.T.N.); (H.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (M.M.); (P.B.); (L.B.)
- Department of Experimental Phycology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Botany of the CAS, CZ-60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kenichi Kuroda
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (E.T.N.); (H.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Luděk Bláha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (M.M.); (P.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Iva Sovadinová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (M.M.); (P.B.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-549-494-738
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Liu L, Courtney KC, Huth SW, Rank LA, Weisblum B, Chapman ER, Gellman SH. Beyond Amphiphilic Balance: Changing Subunit Stereochemistry Alters the Pore-Forming Activity of Nylon-3 Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3219-3230. [PMID: 33611913 PMCID: PMC7944571 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic nylon-3 polymers have been reported to mimic the biological activities of natural antimicrobial peptides, with high potency against bacteria and minimal toxicity toward eukaryotic cells. Amphiphilic balance, determined by the proportions of hydrophilic and lipophilic subunits, is considered one of the most important features for achieving this activity profile for nylon-3 polymers and many other antimicrobial polymers. Insufficient hydrophobicity often correlates with weak activities against bacteria, whereas excessive hydrophobicity correlates with high toxicity toward eukaryotic cells. To ask whether factors beyond amphiphilic balance influence polymer activities, we synthesized and evaluated new nylon-3 polymers with two stereoisomeric subunits, each bearing an ethyl side chain and an aminomethyl side chain. Subunits that differ only in stereochemistry are predicted to contribute equally to amphiphilic balance, but we observed that the stereochemical difference correlates with significant changes in biological activity profile. Antibacterial activities were not strongly affected by subunit stereochemistry, but the ability to disrupt eukaryotic cell membranes varied considerably. Experiments with planar lipid bilayers and synthetic liposomes suggested that eukaryotic membrane disruption results from polymer-mediated formation of large pores. Collectively, our results suggest that factors other than amphiphilic balance influence the membrane activity profile of synthetic polymers. Subunits that differ in stereochemistry are likely to have distinct conformational propensities, which could potentially lead to differences in the average shapes of polymer chains, even when the subunits are heterochiral. These findings highlight a dimension of polymer design that should be considered more broadly in efforts to improve specificity and efficacy of antimicrobial polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kevin C. Courtney
- Department
of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, University of
Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Sean W. Huth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Leslie A. Rank
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Bernard Weisblum
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Edwin R. Chapman
- Department
of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, University of
Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Wang X, Yu L, Liu Y, Jiang X. Synthesis and fouling resistance of capsaicin derivatives containing amide groups. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:136361. [PMID: 31926417 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Capsaicin, which inhibits the attachment and growth of fouling organisms, is a bioactive substance that is generally recognized as a highly active environmental algaecide agent. Its derivatives are simple in structure and have been proven to have low toxicity and be environmentally friendly. Six capsaicin derivatives were synthesized via Friedel-Crafts alkylation and characterized using melting point (MP) analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The inhibition effect and toxicity of these compounds towards Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum), Skeletonema costatum (S. costatum) and Chaetoceros curvisetus (C. curvisetus) were tested. The capsaicin derivatives all showed inhibitory effects. In particular, compound E with over 95% (3 mg·L-1) inhibition and intermediate toxicity was superior to the other compounds, reflecting an environmentally friendly effect. This finding indicates that capsaicin derivatives possess the potential to become environmentally friendly algaecide agents. The fouling resistance of capsaicin derivatives incorporated into the coatings as antifouling agents was measured in the marine environment. The results showed that capsaicin derivatives possess excellent fouling resistance, with only a small amount of algae and muck attached to the tested panel at 90 days. The above results provide a scientific basis for the application of capsaicin derivatives as environmentally friendly antifouling agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Liangmin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Open Studio for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yujing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Open Studio for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China.
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