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Zhu S, Liu X, Lu X, Liao Q, Luo H, Tian Y, Cheng X, Jiang Y, Liu G, Chen J. Biomaterials and tissue engineering in traumatic brain injury: novel perspectives on promoting neural regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2157-2174. [PMID: 38488550 PMCID: PMC11034597 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a serious medical condition that can be attributed to falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries and acts of violence, causing a series of neural injuries and neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, limited accessibility to the injury sites, complicated histological and anatomical structure, intricate cellular and extracellular milieu, lack of regenerative capacity in the native cells, vast variety of damage routes, and the insufficient time available for treatment have restricted the widespread application of several therapeutic methods in cases of central nervous system injury. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have emerged as innovative approaches in the field of nerve regeneration. By combining biomaterials, stem cells, and growth factors, these approaches have provided a platform for developing effective treatments for neural injuries, which can offer the potential to restore neural function, improve patient outcomes, and reduce the need for drugs and invasive surgical procedures. Biomaterials have shown advantages in promoting neural development, inhibiting glial scar formation, and providing a suitable biomimetic neural microenvironment, which makes their application promising in the field of neural regeneration. For instance, bioactive scaffolds loaded with stem cells can provide a biocompatible and biodegradable milieu. Furthermore, stem cells-derived exosomes combine the advantages of stem cells, avoid the risk of immune rejection, cooperate with biomaterials to enhance their biological functions, and exert stable functions, thereby inducing angiogenesis and neural regeneration in patients with traumatic brain injury and promoting the recovery of brain function. Unfortunately, biomaterials have shown positive effects in the laboratory, but when similar materials are used in clinical studies of human central nervous system regeneration, their efficacy is unsatisfactory. Here, we review the characteristics and properties of various bioactive materials, followed by the introduction of applications based on biochemistry and cell molecules, and discuss the emerging role of biomaterials in promoting neural regeneration. Further, we summarize the adaptive biomaterials infused with exosomes produced from stem cells and stem cells themselves for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Finally, we present the main limitations of biomaterials for the treatment of traumatic brain injury and offer insights into their future potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaoyin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiyue Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qiang Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Huiyang Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yaxin Jiang
- Out-patient Department, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Guangdi Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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El-Husseiny HM, Mady EA, Doghish AS, Zewail MB, Abdelfatah AM, Noshy M, Mohammed OA, El-Dakroury WA. Smart/stimuli-responsive chitosan/gelatin and other polymeric macromolecules natural hydrogels vs. synthetic hydrogels systems for brain tissue engineering: A state-of-the-art review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129323. [PMID: 38242393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Currently, there are no viable curative treatments that can enhance the central nervous system's (CNS) recovery from trauma or illness. Bioengineered injectable smart/stimuli-responsive hydrogels (SSRHs) that mirror the intricacy of the CNS milieu and architecture have been suggested as a way to get around these restrictions in combination with medication and cell therapy. Additionally, the right biophysical and pharmacological stimuli are required to boost meaningful CNS regeneration. Recent research has focused heavily on developing SSRHs as cutting-edge delivery systems that can direct the regeneration of brain tissue. In the present article, we have discussed the pathology of brain injuries, and the applicable strategies employed to regenerate the brain tissues. Moreover, the most promising SSRHs for neural tissue engineering (TE) including alginate (Alg.), hyaluronic acid (HA), chitosan (CH), gelatin, and collagen are used in natural polymer-based hydrogels and thoroughly discussed in this review. The ability of these hydrogels to distribute bioactive substances or cells in response to internal and external stimuli is highlighted with particular attention. In addition, this article provides a summary of the most cutting-edge techniques for CNS recovery employing SSRHs for several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein M El-Husseiny
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai Cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya 13736, Egypt.
| | - Eman A Mady
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai Cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Animal Hygiene, Behavior and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya 13736, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Moataz B Zewail
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Amr M Abdelfatah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mina Noshy
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University (KSIU), South Sinai, Ras Sudr 46612, Egypt
| | - Osama A Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa A El-Dakroury
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
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Gwardys P, Marcisz K, Jagleniec D, Romanski J, Karbarz M. Electrochemically Controlled Release from a Thin Hydrogel Layer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49865-49873. [PMID: 37877416 PMCID: PMC10614182 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present a thermoresponsive thin hydrogel layer based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), functionalized with β-cyclodextrin groups (p(NIPA-βCD)), as a novel electrochemically controlled release system. This thin hydrogel layer was synthesized and simultaneously attached to the surface of a Au quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) electrode using electrochemically induced free radical polymerization. The process was induced and monitored using cyclic voltammetry and a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), respectively. The properties of the thin layer were investigated by using QCM-D and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The incorporation of β-cyclodextrin moieties within the polymer network allowed rhodamine B dye modified with ferrocene (RdFc), serving as a model metallodrug, to accumulate in the p(NIPA-βCD) layer through host-guest inclusion complex formation. The redox properties of the electroactive p(NIPA-βCD/RdFc) layer and the dissociation of the host-guest complex triggered by changes in the oxidation state of the ferrocene groups were investigated. It was found that oxidation of the ferrocene moieties led to the release of RdFc. It was crucial to achieve precise control over the release of RdFc by applying the appropriate electrochemical signal, specifically, by applying the appropriate potential to the electrode. Importantly, the electrochemically controlled RdFc release process was performed at a temperature similar to that of the human body and monitored using a spectrofluorimetric technique. The presented system appears to be particularly suitable for transdermal delivery and delivery from intrabody implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Gwardys
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteura, WarsawPL 02-093, Poland
| | - Kamil Marcisz
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteura, WarsawPL 02-093, Poland
| | - Damian Jagleniec
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteura, WarsawPL 02-093, Poland
| | - Jan Romanski
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteura, WarsawPL 02-093, Poland
| | - Marcin Karbarz
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteura, WarsawPL 02-093, Poland
- Biological
and Chemical Research Center, University
of Warsaw, 101 Żwirki i Wigury Av., WarsawPL 02-089, Poland
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Harley-Troxell ME, Steiner R, Advincula RC, Anderson DE, Dhar M. Interactions of Cells and Biomaterials for Nerve Tissue Engineering: Polymers and Fabrication. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3685. [PMID: 37765540 PMCID: PMC10536046 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural injuries affect millions globally, significantly impacting their quality of life. The inability of these injuries to heal, limited ability to regenerate, and the lack of available treatments make regenerative medicine and tissue engineering a promising field of research for developing methods for nerve repair. This review evaluates the use of natural and synthetic polymers, and the fabrication methods applied that influence a cell's behavior. Methods include cross-linking hydrogels, incorporation of nanoparticles, and 3D printing with and without live cells. The endogenous cells within the injured area and any exogenous cells seeded on the polymer construct play a vital role in regulating healthy neural activity. This review evaluates the body's local and systemic reactions to the implanted materials. Although numerous variables are involved, many of these materials and methods have exhibited the potential to provide a biomaterial environment that promotes biocompatibility and the regeneration of a physical and functional nerve. Future studies may evaluate advanced methods for modifying material properties and characterizing the tissue-biomaterial interface for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan E. Harley-Troxell
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.E.H.-T.); (R.S.); (D.E.A.)
| | - Richard Steiner
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.E.H.-T.); (R.S.); (D.E.A.)
| | - Rigoberto C. Advincula
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - David E. Anderson
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.E.H.-T.); (R.S.); (D.E.A.)
| | - Madhu Dhar
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.E.H.-T.); (R.S.); (D.E.A.)
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5
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Ziai Y, Zargarian SS, Rinoldi C, Nakielski P, Sola A, Lanzi M, Truong YB, Pierini F. Conducting polymer-based nanostructured materials for brain-machine interfaces. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1895. [PMID: 37141863 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As scientists discovered that raw neurological signals could translate into bioelectric information, brain-machine interfaces (BMI) for experimental and clinical studies have experienced massive growth. Developing suitable materials for bioelectronic devices to be used for real-time recording and data digitalizing has three important necessitates which should be covered. Biocompatibility, electrical conductivity, and having mechanical properties similar to soft brain tissue to decrease mechanical mismatch should be adopted for all materials. In this review, inorganic nanoparticles and intrinsically conducting polymers are discussed to impart electrical conductivity to systems, where soft materials such as hydrogels can offer reliable mechanical properties and a biocompatible substrate. Interpenetrating hydrogel networks offer more mechanical stability and provide a path for incorporating polymers with desired properties into one strong network. Promising fabrication methods, like electrospinning and additive manufacturing, allow scientists to customize designs for each application and reach the maximum potential for the system. In the near future, it is desired to fabricate biohybrid conducting polymer-based interfaces loaded with cells, giving the opportunity for simultaneous stimulation and regeneration. Developing multi-modal BMIs, Using artificial intelligence and machine learning to design advanced materials are among the future goals for this field. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Ziai
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Seyed Shahrooz Zargarian
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chiara Rinoldi
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Nakielski
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Antonella Sola
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Manufacturing Business Unit, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Massimiliano Lanzi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Yen Bach Truong
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Manufacturing Business Unit, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Filippo Pierini
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Zhao W, Tu H, Chen J, Wang J, Liu H, Zhang F, Li J. Functionalized hydrogels in neural injury repairing. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1199299. [PMID: 37404462 PMCID: PMC10315583 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1199299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Repairing injuries to the nervous system has always been a prominent topic in clinical research. Direct suturing and nerve displacement surgery are the primary treatment options, but they may not be suitable for long nerve injuries and may require sacrificing the functionality of other autologous nerves. With the emergence of tissue engineering, hydrogel materials have been identified as a promising technology with clinical translation potential for repairing nervous system injuries due to their excellent biocompatibility and ability to release or deliver functional ions. By controlling their composition and structure, hydrogels can be Functionalized and almost fully matched with nerve tissue and even simulate nerve conduction function and mechanical properties. Thus, they are suitable for repairing injuries to both the central and peripheral nervous systems. This article provides a review of recent research progress in functionalized hydrogels for nerve injury repair, highlighting the design differences among various materials and future research directions. We strongly believe that the development of functionalized hydrogels has great potential for improving the clinical treatment of nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Zhao
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Hui Tu
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jianxiao Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Haoting Liu
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Fengshou Zhang
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jing Li
- Office of Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Rinoldi C, Ziai Y, Zargarian SS, Nakielski P, Zembrzycki K, Haghighat Bayan MA, Zakrzewska AB, Fiorelli R, Lanzi M, Kostrzewska-Księżyk A, Czajkowski R, Kublik E, Kaczmarek L, Pierini F. In Vivo Chronic Brain Cortex Signal Recording Based on a Soft Conductive Hydrogel Biointerface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:6283-6296. [PMID: 36576451 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In neuroscience, the acquisition of neural signals from the brain cortex is crucial to analyze brain processes, detect neurological disorders, and offer therapeutic brain-computer interfaces. The design of neural interfaces conformable to the brain tissue is one of today's major challenges since the insufficient biocompatibility of those systems provokes a fibrotic encapsulation response, leading to an inaccurate signal recording and tissue damage precluding long-term/permanent implants. The design and production of a novel soft neural biointerface made of polyacrylamide hydrogels loaded with plasmonic silver nanocubes are reported herein. Hydrogels are surrounded by a silicon-based template as a supporting element for guaranteeing an intimate neural-hydrogel contact while making possible stable recordings from specific sites in the brain cortex. The nanostructured hydrogels show superior electroconductivity while mimicking the mechanical characteristics of the brain tissue. Furthermore, in vitro biological tests performed by culturing neural progenitor cells demonstrate the biocompatibility of hydrogels along with neuronal differentiation. In vivo chronic neuroinflammation tests on a mouse model show no adverse immune response toward the nanostructured hydrogel-based neural interface. Additionally, electrocorticography acquisitions indicate that the proposed platform permits long-term efficient recordings of neural signals, revealing the suitability of the system as a chronic neural biointerface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Rinoldi
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-106, Poland
| | - Yasamin Ziai
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-106, Poland
| | - Seyed Shahrooz Zargarian
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-106, Poland
| | - Paweł Nakielski
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-106, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zembrzycki
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-106, Poland
| | - Mohammad Ali Haghighat Bayan
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-106, Poland
| | - Anna Beata Zakrzewska
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-106, Poland
| | - Roberto Fiorelli
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-106, Poland
| | - Massimiliano Lanzi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna40136, Italy
| | | | - Rafał Czajkowski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-093, Poland
| | - Ewa Kublik
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-093, Poland
| | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-093, Poland
| | - Filippo Pierini
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-106, Poland
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8
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Kang X, Zhang XB, Gao XD, Hao DJ, Li T, Xu ZW. Bioprinting for bone tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1036375. [PMID: 36507261 PMCID: PMC9732272 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1036375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape transformation characteristics of four-dimensional (4D)-printed bone structures can meet the individual bone regeneration needs, while their structure can be programmed to cross-link or reassemble by stimulating responsive materials. At the same time, it can be used to design vascularized bone structures that help establish a bionic microenvironment, thus influencing cellular behavior and enhancing stem cell differentiation in the postprinting phase. These developments significantly improve conventional three-dimensional (3D)-printed bone structures with enhanced functional adaptability, providing theoretical support to fabricate bone structures to adapt to defective areas dynamically. The printing inks used are stimulus-responsive materials that enable spatiotemporal distribution, maintenance of bioactivity and cellular release for bone, vascular and neural tissue regeneration. This paper discusses the limitations of current bone defect therapies, 4D printing materials used to stimulate bone tissue engineering (e.g., hydrogels), the printing process, the printing classification and their value for clinical applications. We focus on summarizing the technical challenges faced to provide novel therapeutic implications for bone defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Kang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xian, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xian, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi-Dan Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ding-Jun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xian, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xian, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xian, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Zheng-Wei Xu,
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Yuan Z, Ding J, Zhang Y, Huang B, Song Z, Meng X, Ma X, Gong X, Huang Z, Ma S, Xiang S, Xu W. Components, mechanisms and applications of stimuli-responsive polymer gels. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Mousa A, Bliman D, Hiram Betancourt L, Hellman K, Ekström P, Savvakis M, Strakosas X, Marko-Varga G, Berggren M, Hjort M, Ek F, Olsson R. Method Matters: Exploring Alkoxysulfonate-Functionalized Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Its Unintentional Self-Aggregating Copolymer toward Injectable Bioelectronics. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:2752-2763. [PMID: 35360437 PMCID: PMC8944941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c04342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Injectable bioelectronics could become an alternative or a complement to traditional drug treatments. To this end, a new self-doped p-type conducting PEDOT-S copolymer (A5) was synthesized. This copolymer formed highly water-dispersed nanoparticles and aggregated into a mixed ion-electron conducting hydrogel when injected into a tissue model. First, we synthetically repeated most of the published methods for PEDOT-S at the lab scale. Surprisingly, analysis using high-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectroscopy showed that almost all the methods generated PEDOT-S derivatives with the same polymer lengths (i.e., oligomers, seven to eight monomers in average); thus, the polymer length cannot account for the differences in the conductivities reported earlier. The main difference, however, was that some methods generated an unintentional copolymer P(EDOT-S/EDOT-OH) that is more prone to aggregate and display higher conductivities in general than the PEDOT-S homopolymer. Based on this, we synthesized the PEDOT-S derivative A5, that displayed the highest film conductivity (33 S cm-1) among all PEDOT-S derivatives synthesized. Injecting A5 nanoparticles into the agarose gel cast with a physiological buffer generated a stable and highly conductive hydrogel (1-5 S cm-1), where no conductive structures were seen in agarose with the other PEDOT-S derivatives. Furthermore, the ion-treated A5 hydrogel remained stable and maintained initial conductivities for 7 months (the longest period tested) in pure water, and A5 mixed with Fe3O4 nanoparticles generated a magnetoconductive relay device in water. Thus, we have successfully synthesized a water-processable, syringe-injectable, and self-doped PEDOT-S polymer capable of forming a conductive hydrogel in tissue mimics, thereby paving a way for future applications within in vivo electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrazek
H. Mousa
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Chemical
Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - David Bliman
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Chemical
Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lazaro Hiram Betancourt
- Division
of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Translational Medicine, Lund University,
Skåne University Hospital Malmö, 202 13 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karin Hellman
- Chemical
Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Ekström
- Chemical
Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marios Savvakis
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xenofon Strakosas
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - György Marko-Varga
- Division
of Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Department of Clinical
Sciences and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Martin Hjort
- Chemical
Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Ek
- Chemical
Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Roger Olsson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Chemical
Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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