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Jiang Y, Chen D, Zhang Z, Wu X, Tu Y, Zheng Z, Mao L, Li W, Ma Y, Yang X, Wang WJ, Liu P. Meta-Structured Covalent Organic Framework Nanocoatings with Active and Angle-Independent Structural Coloration. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311784. [PMID: 38277506 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
High-performance multifunctional nanocoatings not only protect and enhance substrate materials but also offer additional functionalities. This demands a sophisticated coordination of the coating's inherent properties and microstructural features. Here, a multifunctional active nanocoating via meta-structural engineering of covalent organic framework (COF) deposition materials is presented. This COF nanocoating, characterized by well-defined micropores (1-2 nm), meta-structured textures (30-300 nm), tailored thickness (100-300 nm), and good uniformness, showcases a unique combination of angle-independent structural coloration and ultrafast responsiveness to gaseous stimuli. Remarkably, it demonstrates good compatibility with a wide range of inert substrate materials, from rigid ones like glass and metal to flexible elastomers and nanomaterial films of various shapes and sizes. This versatility enables the facile development of devices that can optically report information about their environments. Examples include chemically active coatings with ultrafast (≈10 ms) color-changing behaviors and programmable actuation behaviors upon exposure to gaseous stimuli, and mechanically active coatings that can detect substrate strain up to 50% yet maintain structural robustness and consistent coloration hue. It is believed that meta-structural engineering of COF nanocoatings on inert substrates can enable them to respond to environmental stimuli, potentially indicating a new trend in developing multifunctional materials and smart devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Jiang
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Di Chen
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xubing Wu
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yinuo Tu
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhenqian Zheng
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Linjie Mao
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yuting Ma
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xuan Yang
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Pingwei Liu
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou, 324000, China
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Rader C, Grillo L, Weder C. Water and Oxygen Barrier Properties of All-Cellulose Nanocomposites. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1906-1915. [PMID: 38394342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) is potentially interesting as a biobased, rigid food packaging material, but its stiffness and strength are somewhat low, and its water and oxygen transport rates are too high. To improve these characteristics, we investigated nanocomposites of HPC and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). These high-aspect-ratio nanoparticles display high stiffness and strength, and their high crystallinity renders them virtually impermeable. Exchanging the counterions of sulfate-ester decorated CNCs with cetyltrimethylammonium ions affords particles that are dispersible in ethanol (CTA.CNC) and allows solvent casting of HPC/CTA.CNC nanocomposite films, which, even at a CTA.CNC content of 90 wt %, are highly transparent. The introduction of CTA.CNC considerably increases the Young's modulus (Ey) and upper tensile strength (σUTS). For example, in the nanocomposite with 90% CTA.CNC, Ey = 7.6 GPa is increased 20-fold and σUTS = 42.7 MPa is more than doubled in comparison to HPC, whereas the extensibility (1.1%) remains appreciable. Composites with a CTA.CNC content of 70 wt % or less show a lower water vapor permeability (6.4-9.2 × 10-5 g μm m-2 s-1 Pa-1) than the neat HPC (1.5 × 10-4 g μm m-2 s-1 Pa-1), whereas the oxygen permeability (5.6 × 10-7-1.3 × 10-6 cm3 μm m-2 s-1 Pa-1) is reduced by 1 order of magnitude compared to HPC (3.2 × 10-6 cm3 μm m-2 s-1 Pa-1). The biobased nanocomposites retain their mechanical integrity at a relative humidity of 75% but readily disintegrate in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Rader
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Polymer Chemistry and Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Luca Grillo
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Polymer Chemistry and Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Polymer Chemistry and Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
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3
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Zhou S, Zhang C, Fu Z, Zhu Q, Zhou Z, Gong J, Zhu N, Wang X, Wei X, Xia L, Xu W. Color construction of multi-colored carbon fibers using glucose. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1979. [PMID: 38438379 PMCID: PMC10912437 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon fibers (CFs) have attracted attention in the automotive, aviation, and aerospace industries. However, the coloration of CFs is challenging due to their brittleness, inertness, complexity, and time/energy-intensive processes. Herein, inspired by the naturally grown protrusive nanostructures on the green central surface of peacock back feathers, we report an in-situ self-growing strategy for developing carbon spheres (CSs) on the CFs surface to achieve color tuning. This is achieved via the dynamic growth of CSs using glucose as the feeding material. Combined with the coloration process, the interaction between CSs and CFs promotes stable interfacial forces in integrated molding. This strategy allows the coloring system to continuously vary its color in a designated manner, thereby, endowing it with satisfactory mechanical robustness, acid durability, and light fastness. We anticipate this developed approach can be potentially competitive in the color construction of CFs with multi-colors due to its low-cost manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Zhuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Qimeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Zhaozixuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Junyao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Na Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Xinjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Liangjun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China.
| | - Weilin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China.
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4
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Yang SY, Kang DS, Lee CY. Coloration on Bluish Alginate Films with Amorphous Heterogeneity Thereof. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3627. [PMID: 37688253 PMCID: PMC10489677 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Using sodium alginate (Alg) aqueous solution containing indigo carmine (IdC) at various concentrations we characterized the rippled surface pattern with micro-spacing on a flexible film as intriguing bluish Alg-IdC iridescence. The characterization was performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and photoluminescence detection. The edge pattern on the film had a maximum depth of 825 nm, a peak-to-peak distance of 63.0 nm, and an average distance of 2.34 nm. The center of the pattern had a maximum depth of 343 nm and a peak-to-peak distance of 162 nm. The pattern spacing rippled irregularly, widening toward the center and narrowing toward the edges. The rippled nano-patterned areas effectively generated iridescence. The ultraviolet absorption spectra of the mixture in the 270 and 615 nm ranges were the same for both the iridescent and non-iridescent film surfaces. By adding Ag+ ions to Alg-IdC, self-assembled microspheres were formed, and conductivity was improved. Cross-linked bluish materials were immediately formed by the addition of Ca2+ ions, and the film was prepared by controlling their concentration. This flexible film can be used in applications such as eco-friendly camouflage, anti-counterfeiting, QR code materials for imaging/sensing, and smart hybrid displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeon Yang
- Institute of Aerospace System, Inha University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Soo Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chang-Yull Lee
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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Kamita G, Vignolini S, Dumanli AG. Edible cellulose-based colorimetric timer. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023. [PMID: 37066860 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00006k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A biocompatible and edible colorimetric timer is obtained by exploiting the dynamic colour changes of the cholesteric liquid crystalline mesophases of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) in aqueous suspensions. The edible timer is encapsulated between semi permeable membranes made of shellac. The cholesteric organisation of the HPC provides vibrant colouration, while the shellac layers allow tuning of the evaporation rate of water from the mesophase, which results in a colour change. Due to the biocompatibility of the components and the direct read-out of the system, i.e. the colour change can be visually detected, and the developed timer can be implemented as a colorimetric sensor with potential to be used in food packaging, and as a smart labelling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Kamita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Ahu Gümrah Dumanli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- The School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
- Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Hsieh AH, Franses EI, Corti DS. Formation of gem-like dispersions of soft crystallites in water by vesicles of a cationic surfactant. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Rheological and morphological evidence of binary liquid crystalline phases in solutions of an organo-soluble cyano-substituted p-aramid. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Wang Z, Servio P, Rey AD. Complex Nanowrinkling in Chiral Liquid Crystal Surfaces: From Shaping Mechanisms to Geometric Statistics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1555. [PMID: 35564263 PMCID: PMC9105835 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Surface wrinkling is closely linked to a significant number of surface functionalities such as wetting, structural colour, tribology, frictions, biological growth and more. Given its ubiquity in nature's surfaces and that most material formation processes are driven by self-assembly and self-organization and many are formed by fibrous composites or analogues of liquid crystals, in this work, we extend our previous theory and modeling work on in silico biomimicking nanowrinkling using chiral liquid crystal surface physics by including higher-order anisotropic surface tension nonlinearities. The modeling is based on a compact liquid crystal shape equation containing anisotropic capillary pressures, whose solution predicts a superposition of uniaxial, equibiaxial and biaxial egg carton surfaces with amplitudes dictated by material anchoring energy parameters and by the symmetry of the liquid crystal orientation field. The numerical solutions are validated by analytical solutions. The blending and interaction of egg carton surfaces create surface reliefs whose amplitudes depend on the highest nonlinearity and whose morphology depends on the anchoring coefficient ratio. Targeting specific wrinkling patterns is realized by selecting trajectories on an appropriate parametric space. Finally, given its importance in surface functionalities and applications, the geometric statistics of the patterns up to the fourth order are characterized and connected to the parametric anchoring energy space. We show how to minimize and/or maximize skewness and kurtosis by specific changes in the surface energy anisotropy. Taken together, this paper presents a theory and simulation platform for the design of nano-wrinkled surfaces with targeted surface roughness metrics generated by internal capillary pressures, of interest in the development of biomimetic multifunctional surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alejandro D. Rey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montréal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada; (Z.W.); (P.S.)
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Emerging Developments on Nanocellulose as Liquid Crystals: A Biomimetic Approach. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081546. [PMID: 35458295 PMCID: PMC9025541 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomimetics is the field of obtaining ideas from nature that can be applied in science, engineering, and medicine. The usefulness of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and their excellent characteristics in biomimetic applications are exciting and promising areas of present and future research. CNCs are bio-based nanostructured material that can be isolated from several natural biomasses. The CNCs are one-dimensional with a high aspect ratio. They possess high crystalline order and high chirality when they are allowed to assemble in concentrated dispersions. Recent studies have demonstrated that CNCs possess remarkable optical and chemical properties that can be used to fabricate liquid crystals. Research is present in the early stage to develop CNC-based solvent-free liquid crystals that behave like both crystalline solids and liquids and exhibit the phenomenon of birefringence in anisotropic media. All these characteristics are beneficial for several biomimetic applications. Moreover, the films of CNC show the property of iridescent colors, making it suitable for photonic applications in various devices, such as electro-optical devices and flat panel displays.
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10
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Wang Z, Servio P, Rey A. Wrinkling pattern formation with periodic nematic orientation: From egg cartons to corrugated surfaces. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:034702. [PMID: 35428159 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.034702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Egg cartons, known as doubly sinusoidal surfaces, display a rich variety of saddles-cylinder-spherical patches organized with different spatial symmetries and connectivities. Egg carton surfaces, rich in functionalities, are observed in synthetic and biological materials, as well as across atomic and macroscopic scales. In this work we use the liquid crystal shape equation in the absence of elastic effects and normal stress jumps to predict and classify a family of uniaxial, equibiaxial, and biaxial egg cartons, according to the periodicities of the surface director field in nematic (N) and cholesteric (N*) liquid crystals under the presence of anisotropic surface tension (anchoring). Egg carton surface shape periodic solutions to the nonlinear and linearized liquid crystal shape equations predict that the mean curvature is a linear function of the orthogonal (along the surface normal) splay and bend contributions. Mixtures of egg carton surfaces (uniaxial, equibiaxial, and biaxial) emerge according to the symmetries of the nonsingular director field, and the spatial distributions of the director escape into the third dimension; pure uniaxial egg cartons emerge when the director escape has linelike geometries and mixtures of egg cartons arise under source or sink orientation lattices. Orientation symmetry and permutation analysis are incorporated into a full curvature (Casorati, shape parameter, mean curvature, and Gaussian curvature) characterization. Under a fixed anchoring parameter, conditions for maximal nanoscale curvedness and microscale maximal shape gradient diversity are identified. The present results contribute to various pathways to surface pattern formation using intrinsic anisotropic interfacial tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0C5
| | - Phillip Servio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0C5
| | - Alejandro Rey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0C5
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11
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Kumar A, Cruz C, Figueirinhas JL, Sebastião PJ, Trindade AC, Fernandes SN, Godinho MH, Fossum JO. Water Dynamics in Composite Aqueous Suspensions of Cellulose Nanocrystals and a Clay Mineral Studied through Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12787-12796. [PMID: 34762439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1H spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) measurements were performed to probe the dynamic behavior of water in aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and a layered smectite clay mineral with different degrees of concentration. 1H-T1 experiments were carried out over a wide frequency domain, ranging from a few kilohertz to 500 MHz, with the aid of conventional and fast field cycling nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The experimental relaxometry data illustrate differences between the dynamic behavior of bulk water and that confined in the vicinity of CNC-clay surfaces. Clay alone in moderate concentration was found to enforce almost no effect on the water dynamics, whereas introducing CNCs to the system presented a significantly enhanced relaxivity. The modeling of the relaxation dispersions allowed the determination of dynamical processes and variables explaining the dynamic behavior of water in CNC-clay suspensions. It turned out that reorientations mediated by translational displacements are a leading NMR relaxation mechanism for water interacting with the surfaces of CNC-clay particles in the low-frequency domain. In the high-frequency regime, however, the inner-sphere paramagnetic relaxation mechanism dominates, which is caused by the interaction of water protons with dissolved Fe ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anant Kumar
- Centro de Física e Engenharia de Materiais Avançados, Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos Cruz
- Centro de Física e Engenharia de Materiais Avançados, Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João L Figueirinhas
- Centro de Física e Engenharia de Materiais Avançados, Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro J Sebastião
- Centro de Física e Engenharia de Materiais Avançados, Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana C Trindade
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Hoegskoleringen 5, N-7492 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Susete N Fernandes
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria H Godinho
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jon Otto Fossum
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Hoegskoleringen 5, N-7492 Trondheim, Norway
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12
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Liu Y, Feng Z, Xu C, Chatterjee A, Gorodetsky AA. Reconfigurable Micro- and Nano-Structured Camouflage Surfaces Inspired by Cephalopods. ACS NANO 2021; 15:17299-17309. [PMID: 34633175 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wrinkled surfaces and materials are found throughout the natural world in various plants and animals and are known to improve the performance of emerging optical and electrical technologies. Despite much progress, the reversible post-fabrication tuning of wrinkle sizes and geometries across multiple length scales has remained relatively challenging for some materials, and the development of comprehensive structure-function relationships for optically active wrinkled surfaces has often proven difficult. Herein, by drawing inspiration from natural cephalopod skin and leveraging methodologies established for artificial adaptive infrared platforms, we engineer systems with hierarchically reconfigurable wrinkled surface morphologies and dynamically tunable visible-to-infrared spectroscopic properties. Specifically, we demonstrate architectures for which mechanical actuation changes the surface morphological characteristics; modulates the reflectance, transmittance, and absorptance across a broad spectral window; controls the specular-to-diffuse reflectance ratios; and alters the visible and thermal appearances. Moreover, we demonstrate the incorporation of these architectures into analogous electrically actuated appearance-changing devices that feature competitive figures of merit, such as reasonable maximum areal strains, rapid response times, and good stabilities upon repeated actuation. Overall, our findings constitute another step forward in the continued development of cephalopod-inspired light- and heat-manipulating systems and may facilitate advanced applications in the areas of sensing, electronics, optics, soft robotics, and thermal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Zhijing Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Chengyi Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Atrouli Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Alon A Gorodetsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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13
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Barty-King CH, Chan CLC, Parker RM, Bay MM, Vadrucci R, De Volder M, Vignolini S. Mechanochromic, Structurally Colored, and Edible Hydrogels Prepared from Hydroxypropyl Cellulose and Gelatin. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102112. [PMID: 34323315 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) is an edible, cost-effective and widely used derivative of cellulose. Under lyotropic conditions in water, HPC forms a photonic, liquid crystalline mesophase with an exceptional mechanochromic response. However, due to insufficient physical cross-linking photonic HPC can flow freely as a viscous liquid, preventing the exploitation of this mechanochromic material in the absence of any external encapsulation or structural confinement. Here this challenge is addressed by mixing HPC and gelatin in water to form a self-supporting, viscoelastic, and edible supramolecular photonic hydrogel. It is demonstrated that the structural coloration, mechanochromism and non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior of the lyotropic HPC solutions can all be retained into the gel state. Moreover, the rigidity of the HPC-gel provides a 69% shorter mechanochromic relaxation time back to its initial color when compared to the liquid HPC-water only system, broadening the dynamic color range of HPC by approximately 2.5× in response to a compressive pressure. Finally, the ability to formulate the HPC-gels in a scalable fashion from only water and "food-grade" constituents unlocks a wide range of potential applications, from response-tunable mechanochromic materials and colorant-free food decoration, to short-term sensors in, for example, biodegradable "smart labels" for food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Barty-King
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 17 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Chun Lam Clement Chan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Richard M Parker
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Mélanie M Bay
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Roberto Vadrucci
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Michael De Volder
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 17 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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Zhou Q, Park JG, Bae J, Ha D, Park J, Song K, Kim T. Multimodal and Covert-Overt Convertible Structural Coloration Transformed by Mechanical Stress. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001467. [PMID: 32383288 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most materials and devices with structurally switchable color features responsive to external stimuli can actively and flexibly display various colors. However, realizing covert-overt transformation behavior, especially switching between transparent and colored states, is more challenging. A composite laminate of soft poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) with a rigid SiO2 -nanoparticle (NP) structure pattern is developed as a multidimensional structural color platform. Owing to the similarity in the optical properties of PDMS and SiO2 NPs, this device is fully transparent in the normal state. However, as their mechanical strengths differ considerably, upon compressive loading, a buckling-type instability arises on the surface of the laminate, leading to the generation of 1D or 2D wrinkled patterns in the form of gratings. Finally, an application of the device in which quick response codes are displayed or hidden as covert-overt convertible colored patterns for optical encryption/decryption, showing their remarkable potential for anticounterfeiting applications, is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitao Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of the Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jun Gyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeol Bae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dogyeong Ha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungyul Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 06520, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjun Song
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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15
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Walters CM, Boott CE, Nguyen TD, Hamad WY, MacLachlan MJ. Iridescent Cellulose Nanocrystal Films Modified with Hydroxypropyl Cellulose. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1295-1302. [PMID: 32053370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of polymers into a chiral nematic cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) matrix allows for the tuning of optical and mechanical properties, enabling the development of responsive photonic materials. In this study, we explored the incorporation of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) into a CNC film prepared by slow evaporation. In the composite CNC/HPC thin films, the CNCs adopt a chiral nematic structure, which can selectively reflect certain wavelengths of light to yield a colored film. The color could be tuned across the visible spectrum by changing the concentration or molecular weight of the HPC. Importantly, the composite films were more flexible than pure CNC films with up to a ten-fold increase in elasticity and a decrease in stiffness and tensile strength of up to six times and four times, respectively. Surface modification of the films with methacrylate groups increased the hydrophobicity of the films, and therefore, the water stability of these materials was also improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Walters
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Charlotte E Boott
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Thanh-Dinh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Wadood Y Hamad
- Transformation and Interfaces Group, Bioproducts Innovation Centre of Excellence, FPInnovations, 2665 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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16
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Hanif Z, Choi D, Tariq MZ, La M, Park SJ. Water-Stable Flexible Nanocellulose Chiral Nematic Films through Acid Vapor Cross-Linked Glutaraldehyde for Chiral Nematic Templating. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:146-151. [PMID: 35638674 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have drawn considerable attention for their use in optical and sensor applications due to their appealing properties of chiral nematic photonic structures. However, the flexibility and water instability of neat CNC chiral nematic films are questionable and compromise their outstanding properties. We propose a room-temperature process for fabricating flexible, water-stable chiral nematic CNC films. Aqueous glutaraldehyde (GA) was first mixed with CNCs, and then free-standing films were formed by evaporation-induced self-assembly. The chiral nematic dry films that formed were then exposed to hydrochloric acid vapor for subsequent GA cross-linking with CNCs. The GA cross-linked CNC films had a highly ordered chiral nematic organization. The enhanced water stability of the films was demonstrated by using GA cross-linked CNC films as freestanding template substrates for conducting polymers (polypyrrole) and metal oxides (iron oxide) to form flexible chiral nematic photonic hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dongwhi Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 17104 Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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17
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Flexible and Structural Coloured Composite Films from Cellulose Nanocrystals/Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Lyotropic Suspensions. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lyotropic colloidal aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can, after solvent evaporation, retain their chiral nematic arrangement. As water is removed the pitch value of the suspension decreases and structural colour-generating films, which are mechanically brittle in nature, can be obtained. Increasing their flexibility while keeping the chiral nematic structure and biocompatible nature is a challenging task. However, if achievable, this will promote their use in new and interesting applications. In this study, we report on the addition of different amounts of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) to CNCs suspension within the coexistence of the isotropic-anisotropic phases and infer the influence of this cellulosic derivative on the properties of the obtained solid films. It was possible to add 50 wt.% of HPC to a CNCs aqueous suspension (to obtain a 50/50 solids ratio) without disrupting the LC phase of CNCs and maintaining a left-handed helical structure in the obtained films. When 30 wt.% of HPC was added to the suspension of CNCs, a strong colouration in the film was still observed. This colour shifts to the near-infrared region as the HPC content in the colloidal suspension increases to 40 wt.% or 50 wt.% The all-cellulosic composite films present an increase in the maximum strain as the concentration of HPC increases, as shown by the bending experiments and an improvement in their thermal properties.
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18
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Gleuwitz FR, Friedrich C, Laborie MPG. Lignin-Assisted Stabilization of an Oriented Liquid Crystalline Cellulosic Mesophase, Part A: Observation of Microstructural and Mechanical Behavior. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1069-1077. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Robert Gleuwitz
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Chair of Forest Biomaterials, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Centre (FMF), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Friedrich
- Freiburg Materials Research Centre (FMF), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Pierre G. Laborie
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Chair of Forest Biomaterials, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Centre (FMF), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Boott CE, Tran A, Hamad WY, MacLachlan MJ. Cellulose Nanocrystal Elastomers with Reversible Visible Color. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:226-231. [PMID: 31663249 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Responsive photonic crystals have potential applications in mechanical sensors and soft displays; however, new materials are constantly desired to provide new innovations and improve on existing technologies. To address this, we report stretchable chiral nematic cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) elastomer composites that exhibit reversible visible color upon the application of mechanical stress. When stretched (or compressed) the colorless materials maintain their chiral nematic structure but the helical pitch is reduced into the visible region, resulting in coloration of the CNC-elastomer composite. By increasing the percentage elongation of the material (ca. 50-300 %), the structural color can be tuned from red to blue. The color of the materials was characterized by reflectance optical microscopy and reflectance circular dichroism to confirm the wavelength and polarization of the reflected light. We also probed the mechanism of the structural color using 2D-X-ray diffraction. Finally, by either water-patterning the starting CNC film, or by forming a CNC film with gradient color, through masked evaporation, we were able to prepare encoded stretchable chiral nematic CNC-elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Boott
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Mail Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Andy Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Mail Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Wadood Y Hamad
- FPInnovations, 2665 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Mail Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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20
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Boott CE, Tran A, Hamad WY, MacLachlan MJ. Cellulose Nanocrystal Elastomers with Reversible Visible Color. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E. Boott
- Department of Chemistry University of British Columbia 2036 Mail Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Andy Tran
- Department of Chemistry University of British Columbia 2036 Mail Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | | | - Mark J. MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry University of British Columbia 2036 Mail Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute 2355 East Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
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21
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Echeverria C, Almeida PL, Figueirinhas JL, Godinho MH. Understanding the influence of carbon nanotubes on the flow behavior of liquid crystalline hydroxypropylcellulose: A Rheo-NMR study. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Oh JH, Woo JY, Jo S, Han CS. Iridescent and Glossy Effect on Polymer Surface Using Micro-/Nanohierarchical Structure: Artificial Queen of the Night Tulip Petals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:26442-26447. [PMID: 31145579 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many petals in nature have a hierarchical structure that imparts various optical properties. Among these, the petals of the Queen of the Night tulip exhibit an iridescent and glossy color due to the diffraction and scattering of light. Herein, we report a bioinspired micro-/nanohierarchical structure that mimics Queen of the Night tulip petal surfaces. Using a method that combined soft lithography and UV-ozone treatment, we fabricated nanoscale line patterns with a linewidth of 600 nm on microwrinkles of 15 μm width and 3 μm height. Using optical microscopy in the dark-field mode and monochromatic light diffraction measurements, we found that these hierarchical structures on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate synergistically improved the scattering and diffraction effects, unlike the pristine, nano-, and microstructures. In addition, using a dye-colored PDMS material, we fabricated artificial Queen of the Night petals with iridescent and glossy effects. They show great potential for a range of applications, such as coloring, smart displays, dynamic gratings, and light-control devices.
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23
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Portela R, Leal CR, Almeida PL, Sobral RG. Bacterial cellulose: a versatile biopolymer for wound dressing applications. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:586-610. [PMID: 30838788 PMCID: PMC6559198 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several therapeutic approaches are available for wound and burn treatment and much progress has been made in this area, room for improvement still exists, driven by the urgent need of better strategies to accelerate wound healing and recovery, mostly for cases of severe burned patients. Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a biopolymer produced by bacteria with several advantages over vegetal cellulose, such as purity, high porosity, permeability to liquid and gases, elevated water uptake capacity and mechanical robustness. Besides its biocompatibility, BC can be modified in order to acquire antibacterial response and possible local drug delivery features. Due to its intrinsic versatility, BC is the perfect example of a biotechnological response to a clinical problem. In this review, we assess the BC main features and emphasis is given to a specific biomedical application: wound dressings. The production process and the physical-chemical properties that entitle this material to be used as wound dressing namely for burn healing are highlighted. An overview of the most common BC composites and their enhanced properties, in particular physical and biological, is provided, including the different production processes. A particular focus is given to the biochemistry and genetic manipulation of BC. A summary of the current marketed BC-based wound dressing products is presented, and finally, future perspectives for the usage of BC as wound dressing are foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Portela
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology of Bacterial PathogensUCIBIO@REQUIMTEDepartamento de Ciências da VidaFaculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade Nova de Lisboa2829‐516CaparicaPortugal
| | - Catarina R. Leal
- Área Departamental de FísicaISEL ‐ Instituto Superior de Engenharia de LisboaInstituto Politécnico de LisboaRua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1P‐1959‐007LisboaPortugal
- CENIMAT/I3NDepartamento de Ciência dos MateriaisFaculdade Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade Nova de Lisboa2829‐516CaparicaPortugal
| | - Pedro L. Almeida
- Área Departamental de FísicaISEL ‐ Instituto Superior de Engenharia de LisboaInstituto Politécnico de LisboaRua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1P‐1959‐007LisboaPortugal
- CENIMAT/I3NDepartamento de Ciência dos MateriaisFaculdade Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade Nova de Lisboa2829‐516CaparicaPortugal
| | - Rita G. Sobral
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology of Bacterial PathogensUCIBIO@REQUIMTEDepartamento de Ciências da VidaFaculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade Nova de Lisboa2829‐516CaparicaPortugal
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24
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Paiva T, Echeverria C, Godinho MH, Almeida PL, Corvo MC. On the influence of imidazolium ionic liquids on cellulose derived polymers. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Surface Anchoring Effects on the Formation of Two-Wavelength Surface Patterns in Chiral Liquid Crystals. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst9040190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a theoretical analysis and linear scaling of two-wavelength surface nanostructures formed at the free surface of cholesteric liquid crystals (CLC). An anchoring model based on the capillary shape equation with the high order interaction of anisotropic interfacial tension is derived to elucidate the formation of the surface wrinkling. We showed that the main pattern-formation mechanism is originated due to the interaction between lower and higher order anchoring modes. A general phase diagram of the surface morphologies is presented in a parametric space of anchoring coefficients, and a set of anchoring modes and critical lines are defined to categorize the different types of surface patterns. To analyze the origin of surface reliefs, the correlation between surface energy and surface nano-wrinkles is investigated, and the symmetry and similarity between the energy and surface profile are identified. It is found that the surface wrinkling is driven by the director pressure and is annihilated by two induced capillary pressures. Linear approximation for the cases with sufficient small values of anchoring coefficients is used to realize the intrinsic properties and relations between the surface curvature and the capillary pressures. The contributions of capillary pressures on surface nano-wrinkling and the relations between the capillary vectors are also systematically investigated. These new findings establish a new approach for characterizing two-length scale surface wrinkling in CLCs, and can inspire the design of novel functional surface structures with the potential optical, friction, and thermal applications.
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26
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Younas M, Noreen A, Sharif A, Majeed A, Hassan A, Tabasum S, Mohammadi A, Zia KM. A review on versatile applications of blends and composites of CNC with natural and synthetic polymers with mathematical modeling. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 124:591-626. [PMID: 30447361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is world's most abundant, renewable and recyclable polysaccharide on earth. Cellulose is composed of both amorphous and crystalline regions. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are extracted from crystalline region of cellulose. The most attractive feature of CNC is that it can be used as nanofiller to reinforce several synthetic and natural polymers. In this article, a comprehensive overview of modification of several natural and synthetic polymers using CNCs as reinforcer in respective polymer matrix is given. The immense activities of CNCs are successfully utilized to enhance the mechanical properties and to broaden the field of application of respective polymer. All the technical scientific issues have been discussed highlighting the recent advancement in biomedical and packaging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Younas
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aqdas Noreen
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Sharif
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Majeed
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Abida Hassan
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Tabasum
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Abbas Mohammadi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Khalid Mahmood Zia
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan.
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27
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Colouration by total internal reflection and interference at microscale concave interfaces. Nature 2019; 566:523-527. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0946-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Zola RS, Bisoyi HK, Wang H, Urbas AM, Bunning TJ, Li Q. Dynamic Control of Light Direction Enabled by Stimuli-Responsive Liquid Crystal Gratings. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806172. [PMID: 30570775 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control light direction with tailored precision via facile means is long-desired in science and industry. With the advances in optics, a periodic structure called diffraction grating gains prominence and renders a more flexible control over light propagation when compared to prisms. Today, diffraction gratings are common components in wavelength division multiplexing devices, monochromators, lasers, spectrometers, media storage, beam steering, and many other applications. Next-generation optical devices, however, demand nonmechanical, full and remote control, besides generating higher than 1D diffraction patterns with as few optical elements as possible. Liquid crystals (LCs) are great candidates for light control since they can form various patterns under different stimuli, including periodic structures capable of behaving as diffraction gratings. The characteristics of such gratings depend on several physical properties of the LCs such as film thickness, periodicity, and molecular orientation, all resulting from the internal constraints of the sample, and all of these are easily controllable. In this review, the authors summarize the research and development on stimuli-controllable diffraction gratings and beam steering using LCs as the active optical materials. Dynamic gratings fabricated by applying external field forces or surface treatments and made of chiral and nonchiral LCs with and without polymer networks are described. LC gratings capable of switching under external stimuli such as light, electric and magnetic fields, heat, and chemical composition are discussed. The focus is on the materials, designs, applications, and future prospects of diffraction gratings using LC materials as active layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael S Zola
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, OH, 44242, USA
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Parana, Rua Marcílio Dias, 635, 86812-460, Apucarana, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Hari Krishna Bisoyi
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Augustine M Urbas
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Timothy J Bunning
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Quan Li
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, OH, 44242, USA
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29
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Ying Z, Lin XY, Du C, Zheng SY, Wu ZL, Zheng Q. Anisotropic nanocomposite films of hydroxypropylcellulose and graphene oxide with multi-responsiveness. RSC Adv 2019; 9:28876-28885. [PMID: 35529649 PMCID: PMC9071186 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04558a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anisotropic nanocomposite films of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) and graphene oxide (GO) were fabricated by blade-coating of the aqueous mixture to align the substance and subsequent solvent evaporation to freeze the oriented structure. Owing to the anisotropic structure, the composite films showed anisotropic mechanical properties and response to external stimuli. The influences of GO content, stretch rate, and relative humidity on the anisotropic structure and mechanical properties of the films were investigated. The incorporation of GO did not destroy the anisotropic structure of the HPC film, but improved the mechanical properties to some extent and favoured the bending deformation and locomotion of the composite film under the humidity gradient. These behaviours were associated with the large aspect ratio and excellent gas barrier property of GO nanosheets that favoured suppressing the slippage of HPC chains and enhanced the differential volume change at the top and bottom surfaces of the film. The composite HPC film with GO or reduced GO also responded to near-infrared light due to the photothermal effect and the variation of HPC matrix at a high temperature. This facile strategy should be applicable to other natural or synthetic polymers to fabricate anisotropic composite films with potential applications as optical devices, sensors, and actuators. Nanocomposite films fabricated by blade-coating possess anisotropic mechanical properties and multi-responsiveness to external stimuli, affording potential applications as sensors and actuators.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Ying
- Second Affiliated Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310009
- China
| | - Xiao Ying Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Cong Du
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Si Yu Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Zi Liang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
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30
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Saha P, Ansari N, Kitchens CL, Ashurst WR, Davis VA. Microelectromechanical Systems from Aligned Cellulose Nanocrystal Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:24116-24123. [PMID: 29938487 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have become a ubiquitous part of a multitude of industries including transportation, communication, medical, and consumer products. The majority of commercial MEMS devices are produced from silicon using energy-intensive and harsh chemical processing. We report that actuatable standard MEMS devices such as cantilever beam arrays, doubly clamped beams, residual strain testers, and mechanical strength testers can be produced via low-temperature fabrication of shear-aligned cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) films. The devices had feature sizes as small as 6 μm and anisotropic mechanical properties. For 4 μm thick doubly clamped beams with the CNC aligned parallel to the devices' long axes, the Young's moduli averaged 51 GPa and the fracture strength averaged 1.1 GPa. These mechanical properties are within one-third of typical values for polysilicon devices. This new paradigm of producing MEMS devices from CNC extracted from waste biomass provides the simplicity and tunability of fluid-phase processing while enabling anisotropic mechanical properties on the order of those obtained in standard silicon MEMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Saha
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
| | - Naveed Ansari
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
| | - Christopher L Kitchens
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
| | - W Robert Ashurst
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
| | - Virginia A Davis
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
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31
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Schwartz M, Lenzini G, Geng Y, Rønne PB, Ryan PYA, Lagerwall JPF. Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Shells as Enabling Material for Information-Rich Design and Architecture. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1707382. [PMID: 29756303 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The responsive and dynamic character of liquid crystals (LCs), arising from their ability to self-organize into long-range ordered structures while maintaining fluidity, has given them a role as key enabling materials in the information technology that surrounds us today. Ongoing research hints at future LC-based technologies of entirely different types, for instance by taking advantage of the peculiar behavior of cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) subject to curvature. Spherical shells of CLC reflect light omnidirectionally with specific polarization and wavelength, tunable from the UV to the infrared (IR) range, with complex patterns arising when many of them are brought together. Here, these properties are analyzed and explained, and future application opportunities from an interdisciplinary standpoint are discussed. By incorporating arrangements of CLC shells in smart facades or vehicle coatings, or in objects of high value subject to counterfeiting, game-changing future uses might arise in fields spanning information security, design, and architecture. The focus here is on the challenges of a digitized and information-rich future society where humans increasingly rely on technology and share their space with autonomous vehicles, drones, and robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Schwartz
- College of Architecture and Design, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 154 Summit Street, University Heights, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Gabriele Lenzini
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, 29 Avenue J. F. Kennedy, L-1855, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Yong Geng
- Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 162 A Avenue de la Faïencerie, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Peter B Rønne
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, 29 Avenue J. F. Kennedy, L-1855, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Peter Y A Ryan
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, 29 Avenue J. F. Kennedy, L-1855, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Jan P F Lagerwall
- Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 162 A Avenue de la Faïencerie, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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32
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Rofouie P, Wang Z, Rey AD. Two-wavelength wrinkling patterns in helicoidal plywood surfaces: imprinting energy landscapes onto geometric landscapes. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:5180-5185. [PMID: 29911719 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01022f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a model to investigate the formation of two-length scale surface patterns in biological and synthetic anisotropic soft matter materials through the high order interaction of anisotropic interfacial tension and capillarity at their free surfaces. The unique pattern-formation mechanism emerging from the presented model is based on the interaction between lower and higher order anchoring modes. Analytical and numerical solutions are used to shed light on why and how simple anisotropic anchoring generates two-lengthscale wrinkles whose amplitudes are given in terms of anchoring coefficients. The novel finding is that the surface energy landscape with its maxima and minima can be imprinted onto the surface geometric landscape. Symmetry relations and scaling laws are used to provide the explicit relations between the anchoring constants and surface profile of the two length scale wrinkles. These new findings establish a new paradigm for characterizing surface wrinkling in biological liquid crystals, and inspire the design of novel functional surface structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rofouie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2, Canada.
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33
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Almeida APC, Canejo JP, Fernandes SN, Echeverria C, Almeida PL, Godinho MH. Cellulose-Based Biomimetics and Their Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1703655. [PMID: 29333680 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nature has been producing cellulose since long before man walked the surface of the earth. Millions of years of natural design and testing have resulted in cellulose-based structures that are an inspiration for the production of synthetic materials based on cellulose with properties that can mimic natural designs, functions, and properties. Here, five sections describe cellulose-based materials with characteristics that are inspired by gratings that exist on the petals of the plants, structurally colored materials, helical filaments produced by plants, water-responsive materials in plants, and environmental stimuli-responsive tissues found in insects and plants. The synthetic cellulose-based materials described herein are in the form of fibers and films. Fascinating multifunctional materials are prepared from cellulose-based liquid crystals and from composite cellulosic materials that combine functionality with structural performance. Future and recent applications are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P C Almeida
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - João P Canejo
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Susete N Fernandes
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Coro Echeverria
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro L Almeida
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
- Área Departamental de Física, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1959-007, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria H Godinho
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
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34
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Kolle M, Lee S. Progress and Opportunities in Soft Photonics and Biologically Inspired Optics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1702669. [PMID: 29057519 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical components made fully or partially from reconfigurable, stimuli-responsive, soft solids or fluids-collectively referred to as soft photonics-are poised to form the platform for tunable optical devices with unprecedented functionality and performance characteristics. Currently, however, soft solid and fluid material systems still represent an underutilized class of materials in the optical engineers' toolbox. This is in part due to challenges in fabrication, integration, and structural control on the nano- and microscale associated with the application of soft components in optics. These challenges might be addressed with the help of a resourceful ally: nature. Organisms from many different phyla have evolved an impressive arsenal of light manipulation strategies that rely on the ability to generate and dynamically reconfigure hierarchically structured, complex optical material designs, often involving soft or fluid components. A comprehensive understanding of design concepts, structure formation principles, material integration, and control mechanisms employed in biological photonic systems will allow this study to challenge current paradigms in optical technology. This review provides an overview of recent developments in the fields of soft photonics and biologically inspired optics, emphasizes the ties between the two fields, and outlines future opportunities that result from advancements in soft and bioinspired photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Kolle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Seungwoo Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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35
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Dalstein O, Gkaniatsou E, Sicard C, Sel O, Perrot H, Serre C, Boissière C, Faustini M. Evaporation-Directed Crack-Patterning of Metal-Organic Framework Colloidal Films and Their Application as Photonic Sensors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14011-14015. [PMID: 28940925 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Dalstein
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; CNRS, Collège de France; UMR 7574; Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris; Paris France
| | - Effrosyni Gkaniatsou
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UVSQ; CNRS; Université Paris-Saclay; Versailles France
| | - Clemence Sicard
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UVSQ; CNRS; Université Paris-Saclay; Versailles France
| | - Ozlem Sel
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ. Paris 06; CNRS, UMR 8235, LISE; Paris France
| | - Hubert Perrot
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ. Paris 06; CNRS, UMR 8235, LISE; Paris France
| | - Christian Serre
- Institut des Matériaux Poreux de Paris, FRE 2000 CNRS-ENS-ESPCI; PSL research university; 75005 Paris France
| | - Cédric Boissière
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; CNRS, Collège de France; UMR 7574; Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris; Paris France
| | - Marco Faustini
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; CNRS, Collège de France; UMR 7574; Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris; Paris France
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36
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Dalstein O, Gkaniatsou E, Sicard C, Sel O, Perrot H, Serre C, Boissière C, Faustini M. Evaporation-Directed Crack-Patterning of Metal-Organic Framework Colloidal Films and Their Application as Photonic Sensors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Dalstein
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; CNRS, Collège de France; UMR 7574; Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris; Paris France
| | - Effrosyni Gkaniatsou
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UVSQ; CNRS; Université Paris-Saclay; Versailles France
| | - Clemence Sicard
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UVSQ; CNRS; Université Paris-Saclay; Versailles France
| | - Ozlem Sel
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ. Paris 06; CNRS, UMR 8235, LISE; Paris France
| | - Hubert Perrot
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ. Paris 06; CNRS, UMR 8235, LISE; Paris France
| | - Christian Serre
- Institut des Matériaux Poreux de Paris, FRE 2000 CNRS-ENS-ESPCI; PSL research university; 75005 Paris France
| | - Cédric Boissière
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; CNRS, Collège de France; UMR 7574; Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris; Paris France
| | - Marco Faustini
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; CNRS, Collège de France; UMR 7574; Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris; Paris France
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37
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Yao K, Meng Q, Bulone V, Zhou Q. Flexible and Responsive Chiral Nematic Cellulose Nanocrystal/Poly(ethylene glycol) Composite Films with Uniform and Tunable Structural Color. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1701323. [PMID: 28558169 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of responsive photonic structures from cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) that can operate in the entire visible spectrum is challenging due to the requirements of precise periodic modulation of the pitch size of the self-assembled multilayer structures at the length scale within the wavelength of the visible light. The surface charge density of CNCs is an important factor in controlling the pitch size of the chiral nematic structure of the dried solid CNC films. The assembly of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) together with CNCs into smaller chiral nematic domains results in solid films with uniform helical structure upon slow drying. Large, flexible, and flat photonic composite films with uniform structure colors from blue to red are prepared by changing the composition of CNCs and PEG. The CNC/PEG(80/20) composite film demonstrates a reversible and smooth structural color change between green and transparent in response to an increase and decrease of relative humidity between 50% and 100% owing to the reversible swelling and dehydration of the chiral nematic structure. The composite also shows excellent mechanical and thermal properties, complementing the multifunctional property profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yao
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qijun Meng
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Lu T, Pan H, Ma J, Li Y, Bokhari SW, Jiang X, Zhu S, Zhang D. Cellulose Nanocrystals/Polyacrylamide Composites of High Sensitivity and Cycling Performance To Gauge Humidity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:18231-18237. [PMID: 28489948 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have attracted much interest due to their unique optical property, rich resource, environment friendliness, and templating potentials. CNCs have been reported as novel photonic humidity sensors, which are unfortunately limited by the dissolution and unideal moisture absorption of CNCs. We, in this study, developed a high-performance photonic humidity composite sensor that consisted of CNCs and polyacrylamide; chemical bonding was induced between the two components by using glutaraldehyde as a bridging agent. The composites inherited the chiral nematic structure of CNCs and maintained it well through a cycling test. A distinct color change was observed for these composites used as a humidity indicator; the change was caused by polyacrylamide swelling with water and thus enlarging the helical pitch of the chiral nematic structure. The composites showed no degradation of the sensing performance through cycling. The excellent cycling stability was attributed to the bonding between polyacrylamide and CNCs. This composite strategy can extend to the development of other photonic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- School of Advanced Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Syeda Wishal Bokhari
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xueliang Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology , Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shenmin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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39
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Fritz B, Hünig R, Schmager R, Hetterich M, Lemmer U, Gomard G. Assessing the influence of structural disorder on the plant epidermal cells' optical properties: a numerical analysis. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2017; 12:036011. [PMID: 28471745 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/aa6c46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many plant surfaces, such as rose petals, display lens-like epidermal cells that are known to assist the collection and focusing of the sunlight. Those cells form an array with a high degree of structural irregularities including disorder in the height and orientation of the cells, and in their arrangement. In this study, we numerically analyze the influence of structural disorder on the optical properties of a 3D modeled epidermal cell array using ray tracing simulations. We conclude that the anti-reflection properties of such structures are almost unperturbed by disorder effects, although the latter can notably broaden the propagation angle distribution of the collected light. Those results also have a direct implication on the design of plant-inspired light management structures. This aspect is illustrated by introducing the example of a thin-film solar cell covered by a light harvesting epidermal cells replica and simulated for each of the three disorder types considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fritz
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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40
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Rofouie P, Pasini D, Rey AD. Multiple-wavelength surface patterns in models of biological chiral liquid crystal membranes. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:541-545. [PMID: 27976774 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02619b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a model to investigate the formation of surface patterns in biological materials through the interaction of anisotropic interfacial tension, bending elasticity, and capillarity at their free surfaces. Focusing on the cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) material model, the generalized shape equation for anisotropic interfaces using the Rapini-Papoular anchoring and Helfrich free energies is applied to understand the formation of multi-length scale patterns, such as those found in floral petals. The chiral liquid crystal-membrane model is shown to be analogous to a driven pendulum, a connection that enables generic pattern classification as a function of bending elasticity, liquid crystal chirality and anchoring strength. The unique pattern-formation mechanism emerging from the model here presented is based on the nonlinear interaction between bending-driven folding and anchoring-driven creasing. The predictions are shown to capture accurately the two-scale wrinkling of certain tulips. These new findings enable not only to establish a new paradigm for characterizing surface wrinkling in biological liquid crystals, but also to inspire the design of functional surface structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rofouie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2, Canada.
| | - D Pasini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrook West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - A D Rey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2, Canada.
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41
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Gray DG. Recent Advances in Chiral Nematic Structure and Iridescent Color of Cellulose Nanocrystal Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 6:E213. [PMID: 28335340 PMCID: PMC5245745 DOI: 10.3390/nano6110213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
One unique property of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) is their property of forming suspensions with chiral nematic order. This order can be preserved in films cast from the suspensions, raising the possibility of applications as photonic materials and templates. However, it has proved difficult to generate uniform, well-ordered chiral nematic materials from CNC. Recently, the importance of kinetic arrest due to gel formation in the later stages of evaporation has been recognized as a key step in film formation. In this brief review, recent developments regarding the structure of chiral nematic suspensions and films as monitored by polarized light microscopy are outlined, and attention is drawn to the importance of shear forces on the self-organization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek G Gray
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada.
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42
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Echeverria C, Fernandes SN, Almeida PL, Godinho MH. Effect of cellulose nanocrystals in a cellulosic liquid crystal behaviour under low shear (regime I): Structure and molecular dynamics. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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A cellulosic liquid crystal pool for cellulose nanocrystals: Structure and molecular dynamics at high shear rates. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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44
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Echeverria C, Aguirre LE, Merino EG, Almeida PL, Godinho MH. Carbon Nanotubes as Reinforcement of Cellulose Liquid Crystalline Responsive Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:21005-21009. [PMID: 26378467 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of small amount of highly anisotropic nanoparticles into liquid crystalline hydroxypropylcellulose (LC-HPC) matrix improves its response when is exposed to humidity gradients due to an anisotropic increment of order in the structure. Dispersed nanoparticles give rise to faster order/disorder transitions when exposed to moisture as it is qualitatively observed and quantified by stress-time measurements. The presence of carbon nanotubes derives in a improvement of the mechanical properties of LC-HPC thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coro Echeverria
- I3N-CENIMAT, and Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Luis E Aguirre
- I3N-CENIMAT, and Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Esther G Merino
- I3N-CENIMAT, and Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Soft Matter and Molecular Biophysics Group. Department of Applied Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela , E-15782, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, España
| | - Pedro L Almeida
- I3N-CENIMAT, and Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Area Departamental de Física, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa , ISEL/IPL, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria H Godinho
- I3N-CENIMAT, and Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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45
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Rofouie P, Pasini D, Rey AD. Tunable nano-wrinkling of chiral surfaces: Structure and diffraction optics. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:114701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4929337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P. Rofouie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2, Canada
| | - D. Pasini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrook West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - A. D. Rey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2, Canada
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46
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Rofouie P, Pasini D, Rey AD. Nano-scale surface wrinkling in chiral liquid crystals and plant-based plywoods. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:1127-1139. [PMID: 25531936 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02371d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present theoretical scaling and computational analysis of nanostructured free surfaces formed in chiral liquid crystals (LC) and plant-based twisted plywoods. A nemato-capillary model is used to derive a generalized equation that governs the shape of cholesteric free surfaces. It is shown that the shape equation includes three distinct contributions to the capillary pressure: area dilation, area rotation, and director curvature. To analyse the origin of periodic reliefs in plywood surfaces, these three pressure contributions and corresponding surface energies are systematically investigated. It is found that for weak homeotropic surface anchoring, the nano-wrinkling is driven by the director curvature pressure mechanism. Consequently, the model predicts that for a planar surface with a uniform tangential helix vector, no surface nano-scale wrinkling can be observed because the director curvature pressure is zero. Scaling is used to derive the explicit relation between the wrinkling's amplitude to the wavelength ratio as a function of the anisotropic surface tension, which is then validated with experimental values. These new findings can be used to characterize plant-based twisted plywoods, as well as to inspire the design of biomimetic chiro-optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Rofouie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2, Canada.
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47
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Giese M, Blusch LK, Khan MK, MacLachlan MJ. Functional Materials from Cellulose-Derived Liquid-Crystal Templates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:2888-910. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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48
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Giese M, Blusch LK, Khan MK, MacLachlan MJ. Funktionsmaterialien mit Cellulose-basierten Flüssigkristall-Templaten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zhao N, Wang Z, Cai C, Shen H, Liang F, Wang D, Wang C, Zhu T, Guo J, Wang Y, Liu X, Duan C, Wang H, Mao Y, Jia X, Dong H, Zhang X, Xu J. Bioinspired materials: from low to high dimensional structure. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:6994-7017. [PMID: 25212698 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The surprising properties of biomaterials are the results of billions of years of evolution. Generally, biomaterials are assembled under mild conditions with very limited supply of constituents available for living organism, and their amazing properties largely result from the sophisticated hierarchical structures. Following the biomimetic principles to prepare manmade materials has drawn great research interests in materials science and engineering. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in fabricating bioinspired materials with the emphasis on mimicking the structure from one to three dimensions. Selected examples are described with a focus on the relationship between the structural characters and the corresponding functions. For one-dimensional materials, spider fibers, polar bear hair, multichannel plant roots and so on have been involved. Natural structure color and color shifting surfaces, and the antifouling, antireflective coatings of biomaterials are chosen as the typical examples of the two-dimensional biomimicking. The outstanding protection performance, and the stimuli responsive and self-healing functions of biomaterials based on the sophisticated hierarchical bulk structures are the emphases of the three-dimensional mimicking. Finally, a summary and outlook are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
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van der Kooi CJ, Wilts BD, Leertouwer HL, Staal M, Elzenga JTM, Stavenga DG. Iridescent flowers? Contribution of surface structures to optical signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:667-673. [PMID: 24713039 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The color of natural objects depends on how they are structured and pigmented. In flowers, both the surface structure of the petals and the pigments they contain determine coloration. The aim of the present study was to assess the contribution of structural coloration, including iridescence, to overall floral coloration. We studied the reflection characteristics of flower petals of various plant species with an imaging scatterometer, which allows direct visualization of the angle dependence of the reflected light in the hemisphere above the petal. To separate the light reflected by the flower surface from the light backscattered by the components inside (e.g. the vacuoles), we also investigated surface casts. A survey among angiosperms revealed three different types of floral surface structure, each with distinct reflections. Petals with a smooth and very flat surface had mirror-like reflections and petal surfaces with cones yielded diffuse reflections. Petals with striations yielded diffraction patterns when single cells were illuminated. The iridescent signal, however, vanished when illumination similar to that found in natural conditions was applied. Pigmentary rather than structural coloration determines the optical appearance of flowers. Therefore, the hypothesized signaling by flowers with striated surfaces to attract potential pollinators presently seems untenable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper J van der Kooi
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Plant Physiology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hein L Leertouwer
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marten Staal
- Plant Physiology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Theo M Elzenga
- Plant Physiology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Doekele G Stavenga
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
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