1
|
Zeitler SM, Golder MR. Shake, shear, and grind! - the evolution of mechanoredox polymerization methodology. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 60:26-35. [PMID: 38018257 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04323a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
In the last half decade, mechanoredox catalysis has enabled an entirely new genre of polymerization methodology. In this paradigm, mechanical force, such as ultrasonic cavitation bubble collapse or ball mill grinding, polarizes piezoelectric nanoparticles; the resultant piezopotential drives the redox processes necessary for free- and controlled-radical polymerizations. Since being introduced, evolution of these methods facilitates exploration of mechanistic underpinnings behind key electron-transfer events. Mechanical force has not only been identified as a "greener" alternative to more traditional reaction stimuli (e.g., heat, light) for the synthesis of commodity polymers, but also a potential technology to enable the production of novel thermoplastic and thermoset materials that are either challenging, or even impossible, to access using conventional solution-state approaches. In this Feature Article, significant contributions to such methods are highlighted within. Advances and ongoing challenges in both ultrasound and ball milling driven reactions for radical polymerization and crosslinking are identified and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Zeitler
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Matthew R Golder
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zeitler SM, Chakma P, Golder MR. Diaryliodonium salts facilitate metal-free mechanoredox free radical polymerizations. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4131-4138. [PMID: 35440983 PMCID: PMC8985515 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00313a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanically-induced redox processes offer a promising alternative to more conventional thermal and photochemical synthetic methods. For macromolecule synthesis, current methods utilize sensitive transition metal additives and suffer from background reactivity. Alternative methodology will offer exquisite control over these stimuli-induced mechanoredox reactions to couple force with redox-driven chemical transformations. Herein, we present the iodonium-initiated free-radical polymerization of (meth)acrylate monomers under ultrasonic irradiation and ball-milling conditions. We explore the kinetic and structural consequences of these complementary mechanical inputs to access high molecular weight polymers. This methodology will undoubtedly find broad utility across stimuli-controlled polymerization reactions and adaptive material design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Zeitler
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, University of Washington 36 Bagley Hall Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Progyateg Chakma
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, University of Washington 36 Bagley Hall Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Matthew R Golder
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, University of Washington 36 Bagley Hall Seattle WA 98195 USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Y, Yang Z, Zhao X, Zhang J, Ding L, Pan L, Lin C, Zheng X. Practicable self‐healing polyurethane binder for energetic composites combining thermo‐reversible
DA
action and shape‐memory effect. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Zhijian Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Jianhu Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Ling Ding
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Liping Pan
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Congmei Lin
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Xue Zheng
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yamamoto T, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Polystyrene Functionalized with Diarylacetonitrile for the Visualization of Mechanoradicals and Improved Thermal Stability. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:744-748. [PMID: 35549102 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The direct scission of polymer main chains leads to a decrease in the performance of the polymeric materials. Polystyrene-functionalized with diarylacetonitrile (DAAN) was prepared through a postpolymerization modification with 4-methoxymandelonitrile to generate mechanofluorescent polymers that enable the visualization of the scission of the polymer main chain. The polymeric mechanoradicals obtained from the homolytic cleavage of the polymer main chain in response to mechanical stress were observed using fluorescence and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Moreover, a thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal stability of the polymers was greatly improved relative to the parent polystyrene, that is, the introduction of the DAAN moiety via postpolymerization modification endowed the original polymers with multiple functions in one step; specifically, the ability to visualize polymer main-chain scission and improved thermal stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shen H, Larsen MB, Roessler AG, Zimmerman PM, Boydston AJ. Mechanochemical Release of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes from Flex-Activated Mechanophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13559-13563. [PMID: 33826803 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have discovered a new flex-activated mechanophore that releases an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) under mechanical load. The mechanophore design is based upon NHC-carbodiimide (NHC-CDI) adducts and demonstrates an important first step toward flex-activated designs capable of further downstream reactivities. Since the flex-activation is non-destructive to the main polymer chains, the material can be subjected to multiple compression cycles to achieve iterative increases in the activation percentage of mechanophores. Two different NHC structures were demonstrated, signifying the potential modularity of the mechanophore design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michael B Larsen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
| | - Allison G Roessler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Oglethorpe University, 4484 Peachtree Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30319, USA
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Andrew J Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shen H, Larsen MB, Roessler AG, Zimmerman PM, Boydston AJ. Mechanochemical Release of
N
‐Heterocyclic Carbenes from Flex‐Activated Mechanophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Shen
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Michael B. Larsen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Chemistry Western Washington University Bellingham WA 98225 USA
| | - Allison G. Roessler
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 N. University Ave Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
- Department of Chemistry Oglethorpe University 4484 Peachtree Rd Atlanta GA 30319 USA
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 N. University Ave Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Andrew J. Boydston
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Chemistry Western Washington University Bellingham WA 98225 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Odom TL, Blankenship JR, Campos G, Mart DC, Liu W, Wang R, Yoshimatsu K. Effect of vortex‐induced physical stress on fluorescent properties of dye‐containing poly(ethylene glycol)‐
block
‐poly
(lactic acid) micelles. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler L. Odom
- Department of Chemistry Missouri State University Springfield Missouri USA
| | | | - Giselle Campos
- Department of Chemistry Missouri State University Springfield Missouri USA
| | - Devin C. Mart
- Department of Chemistry Missouri State University Springfield Missouri USA
| | - Wenyan Liu
- Center for Research in Energy and Environment Missouri University of Science and Technology Rolla Missouri USA
- Department of Chemistry Missouri University of Science and Technology Rolla Missouri USA
| | - Risheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry Missouri University of Science and Technology Rolla Missouri USA
| | - Keiichi Yoshimatsu
- Department of Chemistry Missouri State University Springfield Missouri USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qiang Z, Wang M. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Enabling Advances in Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1342-1356. [PMID: 35638626 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past few decades there has been a revolution in the field of optical microscopy with emerging capabilities such as super-resolution and single-molecule fluorescence techniques. Combined with the classical advantages of fluorescence imaging, such as chemical labeling specificity, and noninvasive sample preparation and imaging, these methods have enabled significant advances in our polymer community. This Viewpoint discusses several of these capabilities and how they can uniquely offer information where other characterization techniques are limited. Several examples are highlighted that demonstrate the ability of fluorescence microscopy to understand key questions in polymer science such as single-molecule diffusion and orientation, 3D nanostructural morphology, and interfacial and multicomponent dynamics. Finally, we briefly discuss opportunities for further advances in techniques that may allow them to make an even greater contribution in polymer science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Qiang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Muzhou Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang J, Horst M, Werby SH, Cegelski L, Burns NZ, Xia Y. Bicyclohexene- peri-naphthalenes: Scalable Synthesis, Diverse Functionalization, Efficient Polymerization, and Facile Mechanoactivation of Their Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14619-14626. [PMID: 32786795 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pursuing polymers that can transform from a nonconjugated to a conjugated state under mechanical stress to significantly change their properties, we developed a new generation of ladder-type mechanophore monomers, bicyclo[2.2.0]hex-5-ene-peri-naphthalene (BCH-Naph), that can be directly and efficiently polymerized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). BCH-Naphs can be synthesized in multigram quantities and functionalized with a wide range of electron-rich and electron-poor substituents, allowing tuning of the optoelectronic and physical properties of mechanically generated conjugated polymers. Efficient ROMP of BCH-Naphs yielded ultrahigh molecular weight polymechanophores with controlled MWs and low dispersity. The resulting poly(BCH-Naph)s can be mechanically activated into conjugated polymers using ultrasonication, grinding, and even simple stirring of the dilute solutions, leading to changes in absorption and fluorescence. Poly(BCH-Naph)s represent an attractive polymechanophore system to explore multifaceted mechanical response in solution and solid states, owing to the synthetic scalability, functional diversity, efficient polymerization, and facile mechanoactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matias Horst
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sabrina H Werby
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lynette Cegelski
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Noah Z Burns
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Peterson GI, Noh J, Bang KT, Ma H, Kim KT, Choi TL. Mechanochemical Degradation of Brush Polymers: Kinetics of Ultrasound-Induced Backbone and Arm Scission. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Bang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Taek Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Peterson GI, Lee J, Choi TL. Multimechanophore Graft Polymers: Mechanochemical Reactions at Backbone–Arm Junctions. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Feasible self-healing CL-20 based PBX: Employing a novel polyurethane-urea containing disulfide bonds as polymer binder. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.104342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
13
|
Ashlin M, Hobbs CE. Post‐Polymerization Thiol Substitutions Facilitated by Mechanochemistry. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marshal Ashlin
- Department of ChemistrySam Houston State University Huntsville TX 77340 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Appuhamillage GA, Chartrain N, Meenakshisundaram V, Feller KD, Williams CB, Long TE. 110th Anniversary: Vat Photopolymerization-Based Additive Manufacturing: Current Trends and Future Directions in Materials Design. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
15
|
Shafranek RT, Millik SC, Smith PT, Lee CU, Boydston AJ, Nelson A. Stimuli-responsive materials in additive manufacturing. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
16
|
Yang J, Horst M, Romaniuk JAH, Jin Z, Cegelski L, Xia Y. Benzoladderene Mechanophores: Synthesis, Polymerization, and Mechanochemical Transformation. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6479-6483. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matias Horst
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Joseph A. H. Romaniuk
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zexin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lynette Cegelski
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Barbee MH, Kouznetsova T, Barrett SL, Gossweiler GR, Lin Y, Rastogi SK, Brittain WJ, Craig SL. Substituent Effects and Mechanism in a Mechanochemical Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12746-12750. [PMID: 30260221 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the effect of substituents on the force-induced reactivity of a spiropyran mechanophore. Using single molecule force spectroscopy, force-rate behavior was determined for a series of spiropyran derivatives substituted with H, Br, or NO2 para to the breaking spirocyclic C-O bond. The force required to achieve the rate constants of ∼10 s-1 necessary to observe transitions in the force spectroscopy experiments depends on the substituent, with the more electron withdrawing substituent requiring less force. Rate constants at 375 pN were determined for all three derivatives, and the force-coupled rate dependence on substituent identity is well explained by a Hammett linear free energy relationship with a value of ρ = 2.9, consistent with a highly polar transition state with heterolytic, dissociative character. The methodology paves the way for further application of linear free energy relationships and physical organic methodologies to mechanochemical reactions, and the characterization of new force probes should enable additional, quantitative studies of force-coupled molecular behavior in polymeric materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith H Barbee
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Tatiana Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Scott L Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas State University , San Marcos , Texas 78666 , United States
| | - Gregory R Gossweiler
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Shiva K Rastogi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas State University , San Marcos , Texas 78666 , United States
| | - William J Brittain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas State University , San Marcos , Texas 78666 , United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Barbee MH, Mondal K, Deng JZ, Bharambe V, Neumann TV, Adams JJ, Boechler N, Dickey MD, Craig SL. Mechanochromic Stretchable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:29918-29924. [PMID: 30091895 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Soft and stretchable electronics are promising for a variety of applications such as wearable electronics, human-machine interfaces, and soft robotics. These devices, which are often encased in elastomeric materials, maintain or adjust their functionality during deformation, but can fail catastrophically if extended too far. Here, we report new functional composites in which stretchable electronic properties are coupled to molecular mechanochromic function, enabling at-a-glance visual cues that inform user control. These properties are realized by covalently incorporating a spiropyran mechanophore within poly(dimethylsiloxane) to indicate with a visible color change that a strain threshold has been reached. The resulting colorimetric elastomers can be molded and patterned so that, for example, the word "STOP" appears when a critical strain is reached, indicating to the user that further strain risks device failure. We also show that the strain at color onset can be controlled by layering silicones with different moduli into a composite. As a demonstration, we show how color onset can be tailored to indicate a when a specified frequency of a stretchable liquid metal antenna has been reached. The multiscale combination of mechanochromism and soft electronics offers a new avenue to empower user control of strain-dependent properties for future stretchable devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith H Barbee
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | | | - John Z Deng
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas Boechler
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of California , La Jolla, San Diego , California 92093 , United States
| | | | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li Q, Qian H, Shao B, Hughes RP, Aprahamian I. Building Strain with Large Macrocycles and Using It To Tune the Thermal Half-Lives of Hydrazone Photochromes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11829-11835. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Hai Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Baihao Shao
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Russell P. Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Ivan Aprahamian
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Parameswar AV, Fitch KR, Bull DS, Duke VR, Goodwin AP. Polyacrylamide Hydrogels Produce Hydrogen Peroxide from Osmotic Swelling in Aqueous Media. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3421-3426. [PMID: 30052430 PMCID: PMC6687575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is generated in weak polyacrylamide hydrogels due to mechanochemical reactions to osmotic swelling. Hydrogels are important tools and materials for many biomedical applications, particularly for growth of stem cells. However, swollen gels are under constant tension, which makes their individual chains susceptible to mechanochemical bond breakage. In this work, an assay was developed to measure the generation of H2O2 as a result of hydrogel swelling. Polyacrylamide hydrogels with both weak disulfide and strong PEG-diacrylate crosslinkers were synthesized and swelled. H2O2 generation increased in the presence of weaker crosslinkers, up to 30 μM H2O2, whereas stronger crosslinkers reduced this to 5 μM H2O2. H2O2 levels decreased when swelled in the presence of dextran to reduce osmotic stress or increased if the gels were conjugated to an acrylated surface. Finally, H2O2 continued to form for days after the gels had reached their equilibrium sizes, independently of dissolved oxygen. The results of this work impact those working in the 3D cell culture community and demonstrate that even well-characterized systems undergo mechanochemical processes in mild environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashray V. Parameswar
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Kirsten R. Fitch
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - David S. Bull
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Victoria R. Duke
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Andrew P. Goodwin
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Peterson GI, Bang KT, Choi TL. Mechanochemical Degradation of Denpols: Synthesis and Ultrasound-Induced Chain Scission of Polyphenylene-Based Dendronized Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8599-8608. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Bang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yamakado T, Otsubo K, Osuka A, Saito S. Compression of a Flapping Mechanophore Accompanied by Thermal Void Collapse in a Crystalline Phase. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6245-6248. [PMID: 29747510 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical control of the molecular energy landscape is an important issue in modern materials science. Mechanophores play a unique role in that the mechanical responses are induced against the activation barrier for intramolecular transformation with the aid of external forces. Here we report an unprecedented activation process of a flexible flapping mechanophore. Namely, thermal void collapse in a crystalline phase triggers mechanophore compression in a definite proportion. Unfavored conformational planarization of the flapping mechanophore is compulsorily induced by packing force, leading to a total energy gain in crystal packing. Fluorescence chromism indicates extended π conjugation resulting from the mechanophore compression, giving rise to an energy transfer from the unpressed to compressed conformers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamakado
- Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
| | - Kazuya Otsubo
- Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
| | - Shohei Saito
- Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang Y, Pang B, Yang S, Fang W, Yang S, Yuan TQ, Sun RC. Improvement in Wood Bonding Strength of Poly (Vinyl Acetate-Butyl Acrylate) Emulsion by Controlling the Amount of Redox Initiator. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11010089. [PMID: 29316725 PMCID: PMC5793587 DOI: 10.3390/ma11010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyvinyl acetate emulsion adhesive has been widely used due to its good bonding performance and environmentally friendly properties. Indeed, the bonding performance can be further improved by copolymerizing with other monomers. In this study, the effect of the adjunction of redox initiator (hydrogen peroxide–tartaric acid, H2O2–TA) on the properties of the poly (vinyl acetate-butyl acrylate) (P (VAc–BA)) emulsion adhesive was investigated. With increasing dosage, the reaction became more complete and the obtained film was more compact, as identified via SEM. The core-shell structure of the emulsion particles was confirmed via TEM. Results indicate that while the initiator content increased from 0.5 to 1.0%, a clearer core-shell structure was obtained and the bonding strength of the plywood improved from 2.34 to 2.97 MPa. With the further incorporation of H2O2–TA (i.e., 1.5%), the bonding performance deteriorated. The optimum wood bonding strength (2.97 MPa) of the prepared P (VAc-BA) emulsion adhesive was even better than that (2.55 MPa) of a commercial PVAc emulsion adhesive, suggesting its potential application for the wood industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Bo Pang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Sen Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Wei Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Sheng Yang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1 Dong Xiao Fu, Xiang Shan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Tong-Qi Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Run-Cang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bofill JM, Ribas-Ariño J, García SP, Quapp W. An algorithm to locate optimal bond breaking points on a potential energy surface for applications in mechanochemistry and catalysis. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:152710. [PMID: 29055306 DOI: 10.1063/1.4994925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The reaction path of a mechanically induced chemical transformation changes under stress. It is well established that the force-induced structural changes of minima and saddle points, i.e., the movement of the stationary points on the original or stress-free potential energy surface, can be described by a Newton Trajectory (NT). Given a reactive molecular system, a well-fitted pulling direction, and a sufficiently large value of the force, the minimum configuration of the reactant and the saddle point configuration of a transition state collapse at a point on the corresponding NT trajectory. This point is called barrier breakdown point or bond breaking point (BBP). The Hessian matrix at the BBP has a zero eigenvector which coincides with the gradient. It indicates which force (both in magnitude and direction) should be applied to the system to induce the reaction in a barrierless process. Within the manifold of BBPs, there exist optimal BBPs which indicate what is the optimal pulling direction and what is the minimal magnitude of the force to be applied for a given mechanochemical transformation. Since these special points are very important in the context of mechanochemistry and catalysis, it is crucial to develop efficient algorithms for their location. Here, we propose a Gauss-Newton algorithm that is based on the minimization of a positively defined function (the so-called σ-function). The behavior and efficiency of the new algorithm are shown for 2D test functions and for a real chemical example.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josep Maria Bofill
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona (IQTCUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ribas-Ariño
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona (IQTCUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Pablo García
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona (IQTCUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Quapp
- Mathematisches Institut, Universität Leipzig, PF 100920, D-04009 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Woen DH, Kotyk CM, Mueller TJ, Ziller JW, Evans WJ. Tris(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) Complexes of Late Lanthanides Tb, Dy, Ho, and Er: Solution and Mechanochemical Syntheses and Structural Comparisons. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David H. Woen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Christopher M. Kotyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Thomas J. Mueller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph W. Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - William J. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Akbulatov S, Boulatov R. Experimental Polymer Mechanochemistry and its Interpretational Frameworks. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1422-1450. [PMID: 28256793 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry is an emerging field at the interface of chemistry, materials science, physics and engineering. It aims at understanding and exploiting unique reactivities of polymer chains confined to highly non-equilibrium stretched geometries by interactions with their surroundings. Macromolecular chains or their segments become stretched in bulk polymers under mechanical loads or when polymer solutions are sonicated or flow rapidly through abrupt contractions. An increasing amount of empirical data suggests that mechanochemical phenomena are widespread wherever polymers are used. In the past decade, empirical mechanochemistry has progressed enormously, from studying fragmentations of commodity polymers by simple backbone homolysis to demonstrations of self-strengthening and stress-reporting materials and mechanochemical cascades using purposefully designed monomers. This progress has not yet been matched by the development of conceptual frameworks within which to rationalize, systematize and generalize empirical mechanochemical observations. As a result, mechanistic and/or quantitative understanding of mechanochemical phenomena remains, with few exceptions, tentative. In this review we aim at systematizing reported macroscopic manifestations of polymer mechanochemistry, and critically assessing the interpretational framework that underlies their molecular rationalizations from a physical chemist's perspective. We propose a hierarchy of mechanochemical phenomena which may guide the development of multiscale models of mechanochemical reactivity to match the breadth and utility of the Eyring equation of chemical kinetics. We discuss the limitations of the approaches to quantifying and validating mechanochemical reactivity, with particular focus on sonicated polymer solutions, in order to identify outstanding questions that need to be solved for polymer mechanochemistry to become a rigorous, quantitative field. We conclude by proposing 7 problems whose solution may have a disproportionate impact on the development of polymer mechanochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Akbulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nofen EM, Dasgupta A, Zimmer N, Gunckel R, Koo B, Chattopadhyay A, Dai LL. Universal stress‐sensing dimeric anthracene‐based mechanophore particle fillers incorporated into polyurethane thermoset matrices. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Nofen
- School for Engineering of MatterTransport and Energy, Arizona State UniversityTempe Arizona85287
| | - Avi Dasgupta
- School for Engineering of MatterTransport and Energy, Arizona State UniversityTempe Arizona85287
| | - Nicholas Zimmer
- School for Engineering of MatterTransport and Energy, Arizona State UniversityTempe Arizona85287
| | - Ryan Gunckel
- School for Engineering of MatterTransport and Energy, Arizona State UniversityTempe Arizona85287
| | - Bonsung Koo
- School for Engineering of MatterTransport and Energy, Arizona State UniversityTempe Arizona85287
| | - Aditi Chattopadhyay
- School for Engineering of MatterTransport and Energy, Arizona State UniversityTempe Arizona85287
| | - Lenore L. Dai
- School for Engineering of MatterTransport and Energy, Arizona State UniversityTempe Arizona85287
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Varma RS. Greener and Sustainable Trends in Synthesis of Organics and Nanomaterials. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2016; 4:5866-5878. [PMID: 32704457 PMCID: PMC7377218 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Trends in greener and sustainable process development during the past 25 years are abridged involving the use of alternate energy inputs (mechanochemistry, ultrasound- or microwave irradiation), photochemistry, and greener reaction media as applied to synthesis of organics and nanomaterials. In the organic synthesis arena, examples comprise assembly of heterocyclic compounds, coupling and a variety of other name reactions catalyzed by basic water or recyclable magnetic nanocatalysts. Generation of nanoparticles benefits from the biomimetic approaches where vitamins, sugars, and plant polyphenols, including agricultural waste residues, can serve as reducing and capping agents. Metal nanocatalysts (Pd, Au, Ag, Ni, Ru, Ce, Cu, etc.) immobilized on biodegradable supports such as cellulose and chitosan, or on recyclable magnetic ferrites via ligands, namely dopamine or glutathione, are receiving special attention. These strategic approaches attempt to address most of the Green Chemistry Principles while producing functional chemicals with utmost level of waste minimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajender S Varma
- Sustainable Technology Division, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West M.L.K. Drive, MS 443, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
|