1
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Park EJ, Jannasch P, Miyatake K, Bae C, Noonan K, Fujimoto C, Holdcroft S, Varcoe JR, Henkensmeier D, Guiver MD, Kim YS. Aryl ether-free polymer electrolytes for electrochemical and energy devices. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5704-5780. [PMID: 38666439 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00186e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Anion exchange polymers (AEPs) play a crucial role in green hydrogen production through anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. The chemical stability of AEPs is paramount for stable system operation in electrolysers and other electrochemical devices. Given the instability of aryl ether-containing AEPs under high pH conditions, recent research has focused on quaternized aryl ether-free variants. The primary goal of this review is to provide a greater depth of knowledge on the synthesis of aryl ether-free AEPs targeted for electrochemical devices. Synthetic pathways that yield polyaromatic AEPs include acid-catalysed polyhydroxyalkylation, metal-promoted coupling reactions, ionene synthesis via nucleophilic substitution, alkylation of polybenzimidazole, and Diels-Alder polymerization. Polyolefinic AEPs are prepared through addition polymerization, ring-opening metathesis, radiation grafting reactions, and anionic polymerization. Discussions cover structure-property-performance relationships of AEPs in fuel cells, redox flow batteries, and water and CO2 electrolysers, along with the current status of scale-up synthesis and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Park
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | | | - Kenji Miyatake
- University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
- Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Kevin Noonan
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Cy Fujimoto
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
| | | | | | - Dirk Henkensmeier
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- KU-KIST School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Michael D Guiver
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yu Seung Kim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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2
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Li Q, Yan F, Texter J. Polymerized and Colloidal Ionic Liquids─Syntheses and Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3813-3931. [PMID: 38512224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The breadth and importance of polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) are steadily expanding, and this review updates advances and trends in syntheses, properties, and applications over the past five to six years. We begin with an historical overview of the genesis and growth of the PIL field as a subset of materials science. The genesis of ionic liquids (ILs) over nano to meso length-scales exhibiting 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D topologies defines colloidal ionic liquids, CILs, which compose a subclass of PILs and provide a synthetic bridge between IL monomers (ILMs) and micro to macro-scale PIL materials. The second focus of this review addresses design and syntheses of ILMs and their polymerization reactions to yield PILs and PIL-based materials. A burgeoning diversity of ILMs reflects increasing use of nonimidazolium nuclei and an expanding use of step-growth chemistries in synthesizing PIL materials. Radical chain polymerization remains a primary method of making PILs and reflects an increasing use of controlled polymerization methods. Step-growth chemistries used in creating some CILs utilize extensive cross-linking. This cross-linking is enabled by incorporating reactive functionalities in CILs and PILs, and some of these CILs and PILs may be viewed as exotic cross-linking agents. The third part of this update focuses upon some advances in key properties, including molecular weight, thermal properties, rheology, ion transport, self-healing, and stimuli-responsiveness. Glass transitions, critical solution temperatures, and liquidity are key thermal properties that tie to PIL rheology and viscoelasticity. These properties in turn modulate mechanical properties and ion transport, which are foundational in increasing applications of PILs. Cross-linking in gelation and ionogels and reversible step-growth chemistries are essential for self-healing PILs. Stimuli-responsiveness distinguishes PILs from many other classes of polymers, and it emphasizes the importance of segmentally controlling and tuning solvation in CILs and PILs. The fourth part of this review addresses development of applications, and the diverse scope of such applications supports the increasing importance of PILs in materials science. Adhesion applications are supported by ionogel properties, especially cross-linking and solvation tunable interactions with adjacent phases. Antimicrobial and antifouling applications are consequences of the cationic nature of PILs. Similarly, emulsion and dispersion applications rely on tunable solvation of functional groups and on how such groups interact with continuous phases and substrates. Catalysis is another significant application, and this is an historical tie between ILs and PILs. This component also provides a connection to diverse and porous carbon phases templated by PILs that are catalysts or serve as supports for catalysts. Devices, including sensors and actuators, also rely on solvation tuning and stimuli-responsiveness that include photo and electrochemical stimuli. We conclude our view of applications with 3D printing. The largest components of these applications are energy related and include developments for supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells, and solar cells. We conclude with our vision of how PIL development will evolve over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - John Texter
- Strider Research Corporation, Rochester, New York 14610-2246, United States
- School of Engineering, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197, United States
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3
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Lee JS, Taghavimehr M, Montazami R, Green MD. Synthesis and characterization of poly(tetramethylene oxide)-based segmented ionenes block copolymer with aliphatic or DABCO hard segments. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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4
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Sims SM, Brown H, Hunter JR, Johnson RD, Whittaker RE, Miller KM. PAEK- and PES-like perarylated phosphonium ionenes: Synthesis, thermal properties, and conductivity. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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5
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Liu Y, Russell TP. Electroactive Ionenes: Efficient Interlayer Materials in Organic Photovoltaics. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1097-1108. [PMID: 35188380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusOrganic photovoltaics (OPVs) have the advantages of being lightweight, mechanically flexible, and solution-processable over large areas, and for decades, they have been the focus of the academic and industrial communities. Recent progress in the design of high-performance organic semiconductors and device optimization has promoted solar cell efficiencies of up to 19%, showing great promise for commercialization. Optimally designed OPVs are achieved using a bicontinuous interpenetrating network of donor and acceptor materials in between two charge-collecting electrodes. Charge extraction and transport between metal electrodes and organic semiconductors are crucial to device operation. The energy-level mismatch when metal electrodes and organic semiconductors are in contact usually induces additional energy barriers and resultant inefficient charge transport and collection, leading to charge carrier recombination at the interface and inferior device performance. To align energy levels at the interface, interlayer materials and their integration into devices have emerged as a widely used strategy to promote the performance of solar cell devices. Interlayer materials have the ability to modify the work functions (WFs) of metal electrodes, holding the potential to enhance the built-in electrostatic field (Vbi) of the devices and suppress the charge recombination loss, which is beneficial to improving the open circuit voltage (VOC), short circuit current density (JSC), and fill factor (FF) of the solar cells.Organic interlayer materials have recently come into focus for fundamental study and practical development because of their diverse molecular design and superior solution processability. Tremendous effort has been devoted to exploring novel organic interlayer materials to achieve all-solution-processed multilayer solar cells. Such interlayer materials usually have orthogonal solubilities relative to the photoactive layer materials, working as multifunctional interfacial layers to manipulate the mechanical and electrical contacts in solar cell devices. Ionenes are a unique class of polyelectrolytes wherein the ionic species reside within the polymer backbone rather than as pendant groups. In ionenes, the charge density is high in comparison to that of other polyelectrolytes, and the periodicity of the charges is easily controlled, providing a tunable density of dipole moments. Ionenes can be readily synthesized from 3° diamines and α,ω-dihaloalkanes to generate polymer chains of ammonium cations connected by flexible hydrocarbon linkages with mobile anions. However, the requisite building blocks of ionenes are not limited to such molecules. Recent advances in combining ionenes with conjugated molecules to generate electroactive ionenes have catalyzed a great amount of interest in such polymers for organic electronic devices.In this Account, we first introduce the molecular design and synthesis of electroactive ionenes. Following this, we will discuss the mechanism and effect of ionenes on the modification of metal electrodes. We then review the strategies for controlling the morphology of ionene interlayers. Finally, we compare the doping effect, conductivity, and charge transport of some representative ionenes and their performance as interlayers in solar cell devices. We present our current understanding based on recent progress and outstanding issues of interlayer materials in OPVs and to propose future directions and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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6
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Tuning conformational structures of imidazolium ionenes with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquid solvents. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Synthesis and characterization of Poly(ethylene glycol)-based segmented ionenes block copolymer with aliphatic or DABCO hard segments. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Barman R, Ray D, Aswal VK, Ghosh S. Chain-folding regulated self-assembly, outstanding bactericidal activity and biofilm eradication by biomimetic amphiphilic polymers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00625a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chain-folding regulated hierarchical self-assembly of cationic host defense peptide mimicking amphiphilic polyurethanes exhibit excellent antibacterial activity and biofilm killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit Barman
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, Pin-700032, India
| | - Debes Ray
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - V. K. Aswal
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Suhrit Ghosh
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, Pin-700032, India
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9
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Barbosa GD, Turner CH. Martini Coarse-Grained Model for Poly(alkylimidazolium) Ionenes and Applications in Aromatic Compound Extraction. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D. Barbosa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - C. Heath Turner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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10
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Lindenmeyer KM, Miller KM. Thiol‐yne photoclick polymerization as a method for preparing
imidazolium‐containing
ionene networks. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin M. Miller
- Department of Chemistry Murray State University Murray Kentucky USA
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11
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Wanghofer F, Wolfberger A, Wolfahrt M, Schlögl S. Cross-Linking and Evaluation of the Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Epoxy Based Poly(ionic Liquid) Thermosets. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3914. [PMID: 34833212 PMCID: PMC8620924 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) and ionenes are polymers containing ionic groups in their repeating units. The unique properties of these polymers render them as interesting candidates for a variety of applications, such as gas separation membranes and polyelectrolytes. Due to the vast number of possible structures, numerous synthesis protocols to produce monomers with different functional groups for task-specific PILs are reported in literature. A difunctional epoxy-IL resin was synthesized and cured with multifunctional amine and anhydride hardeners and the thermal and thermomechanical properties of the networks were assessed via differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. By the selection of suitable hardeners, the glass transition onset temperature (Tg,onset) of the resulting networks was varied between 18 °C and 99 °C. Copolymerization of epoxy-IL with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) led to a further increase of the Tg,onset. The results demonstrate the potential of epoxy chemistry for tailorable PIL networks, where the hardener takes the place of the ligands without requiring an additional synthesis step and can be chosen from a broad range of commercially available compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Archim Wolfberger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (F.W.); (M.W.); (S.S.)
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12
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Stadler BM, de Vries JG. Chemical upcycling ofpolymers. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200341. [PMID: 34510924 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the production volume of polymers increases, so does the amount of plastic waste. Plastic recycling is one of the concepts to address in this issue. Unfortunately, only a small fraction of plastic waste is recycled. Even with the development of polymers for closed loop recycling that can be in theory reprocessed infinitely the inherent dilemma is that because of collection, cleaning and separation processes the obtained materials simply are not cost competitive with virgin materials. Chemical upcycling, the conversion of polymers to higher valuable products, either polymeric or monomeric, could mitigate this issue. In the following article, we highlight recent examples in this young but fast-growing field. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard M Stadler
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT Rostock), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes G de Vries
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT Rostock), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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13
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Li W, Olvera de la Cruz M. Glass transition of ion-containing polymer melts in bulk and thin films. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:8420-8433. [PMID: 34542131 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01098k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ion-containing polymers often are good glass formers, and the glass transition temperature is an important parameter to consider for practical applications, which prescribes the working temperature range for different mechanical and dynamic properties. In this work, we present a systematic molecular dynamics simulation study on the coupling of ionic correlations with the glass transition, based on a generic coarse-grained model of ionic polymers. The variation of the glass transition temperature is examined concerning the influence of the electrostatic interaction strength, charge fraction, and charge sequence. The interplay with the film thickness effect is also discussed. Our results reveal a few typical features about the glass transition process that are in qualitative agreement with previous studies, further highlighting the effects of counterion entropy at weak ionic correlations and physical crosslinking of ionic aggregates at strong ionic correlations. Detailed parametric dependencies are displayed, which demonstrate that introducing strong ionic correlations promotes vitrification while adopting a precise charge sequence and applying strong confinement with weak surface affinity reduce the glass transition temperature. Overall, our investigation provides an improved picture towards a comprehensive understanding of the glass transition in ion-containing polymeric systems from a molecular simulation perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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14
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Bonardd S, Ángel A, Norambuena Á, Coll D, Tundidor-Camba A, Ortiz PA. Novel Polyelectrolytes Obtained by Direct Alkylation and Ion Replacement of a New Aromatic Polyamide Copolymer Bearing Pyridinyl Pendant Groups. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121993. [PMID: 34207038 PMCID: PMC8233918 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The following work shows, for the first time, the synthesis and characterization of a new family of polyelectrolytes, along with their preliminary assessments in terms of desalin water treatment. These materials fall into the category of aromatic co-polyamides, which are obtained by the direct condensation of monomers 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA), isophthaloyl chloride, and 3,5-diamino-N-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)benzamide (PyMDA). Thereby, the charged nature exhibited by these materials was achieved through the quaternization of PyMDA moieties using linear iodoalkanes of different lengths (CnI with n = 1, 2, 4, and 6). After completing the quaternization process, polyelectrolytes were subjected to a one-step anion substitution process, where iodide counterions were replaced by bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide entities. For all the obtained materials, solubility tests were carried out, showing that those alkylated with methyl and ethyl chains exhibit high solubility in rutinary aprotic polar solvents, while those containing n-butyl and n-hexyl units resulted in the formation of insoluble gels. Due to the above, the latest were discarded from this study early on. The structural characterization of the initial neutral co-polyamide was carried out by means of infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C-NMR), and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), while the structure of methylated and ethylated polyelectrolytes was successfully confirmed through FT-IR, 1H, 13C, and 19F-NMR. Additionally, the thermal behavior of these materials was analyzed in terms of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), showing thermal degradation temperatures above 300 °C and glass transition temperatures (Tg) above 200 °C, resulting in polymers with outstanding thermal properties for water treatment applications. On the other hand, through the solvent-casting method, both neutral and charged polymers were found to be easily prepared into films, exhibiting a remarkably flexibility. The mechanical properties of the films were analyzed using the traction test, from which tensile strength values ranging between 83.5 and 87.9 Mpa, along with Young’s modulus values between 2.4 and 2.5 Gpa were obtained. Moreover, through contact angle measurements and absorption analysis by immersion, polyelectrolytes showed important changes in terms of affinity against polar and polar substances (water, n-heptane, and benzene), exhibiting a higher rejection regarding the neutral polymer. Finally, as a preliminary test against the seepage of saline waters, thin polymer films (from 11.4 to 17.1 µm) were deposited on top of commercial filter discs and tested as filters of saline solutions ([NaCl] = 1000 and 2000 ppm). These tests revealed a decrease of the salt concentration in the obtained filtrates, with retention values ranging between 6.2 and 20.3%, depending on the concentration of the former solution and the polymer used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Bonardd
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda, Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Spain;
- Instituto de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda, Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ángel
- Advanced Polymer Synthesis Laboratory (APSL), Centro de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile; (A.Á.); (Á.N.)
| | - Ángel Norambuena
- Advanced Polymer Synthesis Laboratory (APSL), Centro de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile; (A.Á.); (Á.N.)
- Instituto de Investigaciones y Control del Ejército de Chile (IDIC), Santiago 8370899, Chile
| | - Deysma Coll
- Advanced Polymer Synthesis Laboratory (APSL), Núcleo de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile;
| | - Alain Tundidor-Camba
- Research Laboratory for Organic Polymers (RLOP), Department of Organic Chemistry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820244, Chile;
| | - Pablo A. Ortiz
- Advanced Polymer Synthesis Laboratory (APSL), Centro de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile; (A.Á.); (Á.N.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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O’Harra KE, DeVriese EM, Turflinger EM, Noll DM, Bara JE. Design and Gas Separation Performance of Imidazolium Poly(ILs) Containing Multivalent Imidazolium Fillers and Crosslinking Agents. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091388. [PMID: 33923351 PMCID: PMC8123196 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work introduces a series of vinyl-imidazolium-based polyelectrolyte composites, which were structurally modified via impregnation with multivalent imidazolium-benzene ionic liquids (ILs) or crosslinked with novel cationic crosslinkers which possess internal imidazolium cations and vinylimidazolium cations at the periphery. A set of eight [C4vim][Tf2N]-based membranes were prepared via UV-initiated free radical polymerization, including four composites containing di-, tri-, tetra-, and hexa-imidazolium benzene ILs and four crosslinked derivatives which utilized tri- and tetra- vinylimidazolium benzene crosslinking agents. Structural and functional characterizations were performed, and pure gas permeation data were collected to better understand the effects of “free” ILs dispersed in the polymeric matrix versus integrated ionic crosslinks on the transport behaviors of these thin films. These imidazolium PIL:IL composites exhibited moderately high CO2 permeabilities (~20–40 Barrer), a 4–7× increase relative to corresponding neat PIL, with excellent selectivities against N2 or CH4. The addition of imidazolium-benzene fillers with increased imidazolium content were shown to correspondingly enhance CO2 solubility (di- < tri- < tetra- < hexa-), with the [C4vim][Tf2N]: [Hexa(Im+)Benz ][Tf2N] composite showing the highest CO2 permeability (PCO2 = 38.4 Barrer), while maintaining modest selectivities (αCO2/CH4 = 20.2, αCO2/N2 = 23.6). Additionally, these metrics were similarly improved with the integration of more ionic content bonded to the polymeric matrix; increased PCO2 with increased wt% of the tri- and tetra-vinylimidazolium benzene crosslinking agent was observed. This study demonstrates the intriguing interactions and effects of ionic additives or crosslinkers within a PIL matrix, revealing the potential for the tuning of the properties and transport behaviors of ionic polymers using ionic liquid-inspired small molecules.
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16
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Influence of counteranion and humidity on the thermal, mechanical and conductive properties of covalently crosslinked ionenes. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Sappidi P, Liu X, O’Harra KE, Bara JE, Turner CH. How Do Ionic Liquids “Fold” Ionenes? Computational and Experimental Analysis of Imidazolium Polymers Based on Ether and Alkyl Chain Variations Dissolved in an Ionic Liquid. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Praveenkumar Sappidi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Kathryn E. O’Harra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Jason E. Bara
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - C. Heath Turner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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Cao W, Tan L, Wang H, Yuan J. Dual-Cationic Poly(ionic liquid)s Carrying 1,2,4-Triazolium and Imidazolium Moieties: Synthesis and Formation of a Single-Component Porous Membrane. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:161-166. [PMID: 33489467 PMCID: PMC7818656 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Both imidazolium and 1,2,4-triazolium cations are important functional moieties widely incorporated as building blocks in poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs). In a classical model, a PIL usually contains either imidazolium or 1,2,4-triazolium in its repeating unit. Herein, via exploiting the slight reactivity difference of alkyl bromide with imidazole and 1,2,4-triazole at room temperature, we synthesized dual-cationic PIL homopolymers carrying both imidazolium and 1,2,4-triazolium moieties in the same repeating unit, that is, an asymmetrically dicationic unit. We investigated their fundamental properties, for example, thermal stability and solubility, as well as their unique function in forming supramolecular porous membranes via a water-initiated phase-separation and cross-linking process. With such knowledge, we identified a water-based fabricate strategy toward air-stable porous membranes from single-component PILs. This study will enrich the design tools and chemical structure library of PILs and expand their application spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Liangxiao Tan
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Hong Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education),
Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
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19
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Dennis GP, O'Harra KE, Kammakakam I, Jones TA, Mittenthal MS, Flowers BS, Tuan Y, Jackson EM, Bara JE. 6FDA
‐containing
polyimide‐ionene
+ ionic liquid gas separation membranes. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grayson P. Dennis
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
| | - Kathryn E. O'Harra
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
| | - Irshad Kammakakam
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
| | - Tristin A. Jones
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
| | - Max S. Mittenthal
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
| | - Brian S. Flowers
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
| | - Yi Tuan
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville Alabama USA
| | | | - Jason E. Bara
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
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20
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Demarteau J, O'Harra KE, Bara JE, Sardon H. Valorization of Plastic Wastes for the Synthesis of Imidazolium-Based Self-Supported Elastomeric Ionenes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3122-3126. [PMID: 32314494 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Imidazolium-based ionenes are known to be high-performance materials for a great variety of applications. The preparation of these polymers requires the use of bis-imidazole starting monomers, which are commonly prepared by using toxic chloride reagents. In this study, bis-imidazole monomers are synthesized by organocatalytic chemical recycling of discarded plastics through chemical depolymerization. By using poly(ethylene terephthalate) and bisphenol A polycarbonate as starting materials, different monomers containing amide or urea functionalities are prepared to produce high-molecular-weight ionic polymers. These novel ionenes show excellent elastomeric and self-healing behavior, serving as a promising means to expand the exploration of plastic wastes as a source of new materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Demarteau
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 7, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Kathryn E O'Harra
- University of Alabama, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0203, USA
| | - Jason E Bara
- University of Alabama, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0203, USA
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 7, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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21
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Designing Imidazolium Poly(amide-amide) and Poly(amide-imide) Ionenes and Their Interactions with Mono- and Tris(imidazolium) Ionic Liquids. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061254. [PMID: 32486156 PMCID: PMC7362236 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we introduce the synthesis and thermal properties of a series of sophisticated imidazolium ionenes with alternating amide-amide or amide-imide backbone functionality, and investigate the structural effects of mono(imidazolium) and unprecedented tris(imidazolium) ionic liquids (ILs) in these ionenes. The new set of poly(amide-amide) (PAA) and poly(amide-imide) (PAI) ionenes represent the intersection of conventional high-performance polymers with the ionene archetype-presenting polymers with alternating functional and ionic elements precisely sequenced along the backbone. The effects of polymer composition on the thermal properties and morphology were analyzed. Five distinct polymer backbones were synthesized and combined with a stoichiometric equivalent of the IL 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium bistriflimide ([Bnmim][Tf2N]), which were studied to probe the self-assembly, structuring, and contributions of intermolecular forces when IL is added. Furthermore, three polyamide (PA) or polyimide (PI) ionenes with simpler xylyl linkages were interfaced with [Bnmim][Tf2N] as well as a novel amide-linked tris(imidazolium) IL, to demonstrate the structural changes imparted by the inclusion of functional, ionic additives dispersed within the ionene matrix. This work highlights the possibilities for utilizing concepts from small molecules which exhibit supramolecular self-assembly to guide creative design and manipulate the structuring of ionenes.
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22
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O'Harra KE, Kammakakam I, Noll DM, Turflinger EM, Dennis GP, Jackson EM, Bara JE. Synthesis and Performance of Aromatic Polyamide Ionenes as Gas Separation Membranes. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E51. [PMID: 32235739 PMCID: PMC7143725 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the synthesis and thermophysical properties of seven primarily aromatic, imidazolium-based polyamide ionenes. The effects of varied para-, meta-, and ortho-connectivity, and spacing of ionic and amide functional groups, on structural and thermophysical properties were analyzed. Suitable, robust derivatives were cast into thin films, neat, or with stoichiometric equivalents of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-benzy-3-methylimidazolium bistriflimide ([Bnmim][Tf2N]), and the gas transport properties of these membranes were measured. Pure gas permeabilities and permselectivities for N2, CH4, and CO2 are reported. Consistent para-connectivity in the backbone was shown to yield the highest CO2 permeability and suitability for casting as a very thin, flexible film. Derivatives containing terephthalamide segments exhibited the highest CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 selectivities, yet CO2 permeability decreased with further deviation from consistent para-linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E O'Harra
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA
| | - Irshad Kammakakam
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA
| | - Danielle M Noll
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA
| | - Erika M Turflinger
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA
| | - Grayson P Dennis
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA
| | | | - Jason E Bara
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA
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23
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Rees M, Wright AG, Holdcroft S, Bertoncello P. Voltammetry at Hexamethyl-P-Terphenyl Poly(Benzimidazolium) (HMT-PMBI)-Coated Glassy Carbon Electrodes: Charge Transport Properties and Detection of Uric and Ascorbic Acid. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E443. [PMID: 31941118 PMCID: PMC7013716 DOI: 10.3390/s20020443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe the voltammetric behavior of an anion-exchange membrane, hexamethyl-p-terphenyl poly(benzimidazolium) (HMT-PMBI). The anion-exchange properties of HMT-PMBI chemically modified electrodes were investigated using K4Fe(CN)6 and K2IrCl6 as redox probes. The permselectivity properties of HMT-PMBI chemically modified electrodes were ascertained using tris(2-2')bipyridyl-ruthenium(II) chloride Ru(bpy)32+. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry were utilized to extract parameters such as the concentration of the redox mediators inside the films and the apparent diffusion coefficients. We found the concentration of K4Fe(CN)6 and K2IrCl6 redox species within HMT-PMBI-coated films to be on the order of 0.04-0.1 mol·dm-3, and values of Dapp ca. 10-10-10-9 cm2·s-1. To evaluate the possibility of using such a polymer coating in electroanalysis, HMT-PMBI-modified electrodes were utilized for the voltammetric detection of uric acid in artificial urine, Surine® and ascorbic acid in Vitamin C samples. The results showed that HMT-PMBI-coated electrodes can detect uric acid in Surine® with a limit of detection (LoD) of 7.7 µM, sensitivity of 0.14 µA·µM-1·cm-2, and linear range between 5 μM and 200 μM, whereas for Vitamin C tablets, the LoD is 41.4 µM, the sensitivity is 0.08 µA·µM-1·cm-2, and the linear range is between 25 μM and 450 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Rees
- Systems and Process Engineering Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Crymlyn Burrows, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK;
| | - Andrew G. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (A.G.W.); (S.H.)
| | - Steven Holdcroft
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (A.G.W.); (S.H.)
| | - Paolo Bertoncello
- Systems and Process Engineering Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Crymlyn Burrows, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK;
- Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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24
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Yahia M, Mei S, Mathew AP, Yuan J. Linear Main-Chain 1,2,4-Triazolium Poly(ionic liquid)s: Single-Step Synthesis and Stabilization of Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1372-1377. [PMID: 35651167 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Linear main-chain 1,2,4-triazolium-based poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) were synthesized in this contribution. The polymerization process is experimentally very simple and involves only a single-step polycondensation of a commercially available monomer in DMSO as solvent at 120 °C. Their thermal stability and solubility were analyzed in terms of different counteranions. Due to the ease of this synthetic route, it was readily applied to graft onto sulfonated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) via a one-step in situ polymerization. The as-synthesized PIL@CNC hybrid colloids exhibit adaptive dispensability in water and organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Yahia
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Shilin Mei
- Soft Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fuer Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germnay
| | - Aji P. Mathew
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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O'Harra KE, Kammakakam I, Devriese EM, Noll DM, Bara JE, Jackson EM. Synthesis and Performance of 6FDA-Based Polyimide-Ionenes and Composites with Ionic Liquids as Gas Separation Membranes. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:E79. [PMID: 31277233 PMCID: PMC6681123 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9070079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Three new isomeric 6FDA-based polyimide-ionenes, with imidazolium moieties and varying regiochemistry (para-, meta-, and ortho- connectivity), and composites with three different ionic liquids (ILs) have been developed as gas separation membranes. The structural-property relationships and gas separation behaviors of the newly developed 6FDA polyimide-ionene + IL composites have been extensively studied. All the 6FDA-based polyimide-ionenes exhibited good compatibility with the ILs and produced homogeneous hybrid membranes with the high thermal stability of ~380 °C. Particularly, [6FDA I4A pXy][Tf2N] ionene + IL hybrids having [C4mim][Tf2N] and [Bnmim][Tf2N] ILs offered mechanically stable matrixes with high CO2 affinity. The permeability of CO2 was increased by factors of 2 and 3 for C4mim and Bnmim hybrids (2.15 to 6.32 barrers), respectively, compared to the neat [6FDA I4A pXy][Tf2N] without sacrificing their permselectivity for CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 gas pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E O'Harra
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA
| | - Irshad Kammakakam
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA
| | - Emily M Devriese
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA
| | - Danielle M Noll
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA
| | - Jason E Bara
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA.
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