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Drain BA, Becer RC. Hydrolysis of hydrophobic poly(2-oxazoline)s and their subsequent modification via aza-Michael addition. Des Monomers Polym 2023; 26:214-222. [PMID: 37840642 PMCID: PMC10569348 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2023.2267232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Partially hydrolysed poly(2-oxazoline)s possess unique properties. However, much of the focus in this area has been on water soluble poly(2-oxazoline)s. Where hydrophobic poly(2-oxazoline)s have been used, this is often for selective hydrolysis. However, hydrolysis of very hydrophobic polymers could lead to interesting solution behaviour. Herein, we describe universal conditions for the hydrolysis of poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s suitable for both hydrophobic and hydrophilic 2-oxazolines. We show that the system utilised gives comparable rates to that of water alone for poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline). In addition, poly(2-fatty acid-2-oxazoline) was hydrolysed using the developed system and was found to proceed in a controlled manner allowing the targeting of specific degrees of hydrolysis, albeit much slower than for poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline). Finally, we demonstrate the partial functionalisation of poly(2-oxazoline)-poly(ethylene imine) co-polymers via aza-Michael addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A. Drain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Remzi C. Becer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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2
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Zahoranová A, Luxenhofer R. Poly(2-oxazoline)- and Poly(2-oxazine)-Based Self-Assemblies, Polyplexes, and Drug Nanoformulations-An Update. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001382. [PMID: 33448122 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For many decades, poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s, two closely related families of polymers, have led the life of a rather obscure research topic with only a few research groups world-wide working with them. This has changed in the last five to ten years, presumably triggered significantly by very promising clinical trials of the first poly(2-oxazoline)-based drug conjugate. The huge chemical and structural toolbox poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s has been extended very significantly in the last few years, but their potential still remains largely untapped. Here, specifically, the developments in macromolecular self-assemblies and non-covalent drug delivery systems such as polyplexes and drug nanoformulations based on poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s are reviewed. This highly dynamic field benefits particularly from the extensive synthetic toolbox poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s offer and also may have the largest potential for a further development. It is expected that the research dynamics will remain high in the next few years, particularly as more about the safety and therapeutic potential of poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s is learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zahoranová
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Vienna University of Technology Getreidemarkt 9/163MC Vienna 1060 Austria
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg Röntgenring 11 Würzburg 97070 Germany
- Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Chemistry Helsinki University Helsinki 00014 Finland
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3
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Oleszko-Torbus N, Mendrek B, Kowalczuk A, Utrata-Wesołek A, Dworak A, Wałach W. Selective Partial Hydrolysis of 2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline Copolymers towards Decreasing the Ability to Crystallize. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3403. [PMID: 32752250 PMCID: PMC7435452 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPrOx) is readily prone to crystallization both in solid and from solutions. This feature is detrimental for certain applications. Here, we examine whether the presence of unsubstituted ethyleneimine (EI) units, a gradient distributed within a polymer chain composed of 2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline (iPrOx) and 2-methyl-2-oxazoline (MOx) units, decreases the ability to crystallize the copolymer and affects thermal properties compared to the homopolymer of iPrOx. We assumed that the separation of stiff iPrOx units by the more flexible EI will affect the spatial arrangements of the ordered chains, slightly plasticize and, as a result, decrease their ability to crystallize. The selective hydrolysis of gradient iPrOx and 2-methyl-2-oxazoline (MOx) copolymers, carried out under mild conditions, led to iPrOx/MOx/EI copolymers. To the best of our knowledge, the selective hydrolysis of these copolymers has never been carried out before. Their thermal properties and crystallization abilities, both in a solid state and from an aqueous solution, were analyzed. Based on the analysis of polymer charge and cytotoxicity studies, the potential use of the copolymers obtained was indicated in some biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Oleszko-Torbus
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Skłodowskiej St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (B.M.); (A.K.); (A.U.-W.); (A.D.); (W.W.)
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4
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Bauer M, Tauhardt L, Lambermont-Thijs HM, Kempe K, Hoogenboom R, Schubert US, Fischer D. Rethinking the impact of the protonable amine density on cationic polymers for gene delivery: A comparative study of partially hydrolyzed poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)s and linear poly(ethylene imine)s. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 133:112-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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5
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Kara A, Ozturk N, Esendagli G, Ozkose UU, Gulyuz S, Yilmaz O, Telci D, Bozkir A, Vural I. Development of novel self-assembled polymeric micelles from partially hydrolysed poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-co-PEI-b-PCL block copolymer as non-viral vectors for plasmid DNA in vitro transfection. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:S264-S273. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1491478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asli Kara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
- Department of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, Hacettepe University Institute of Science, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Naile Ozturk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gunes Esendagli
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umut Ugur Ozkose
- Materials Institute, Marmara Research Center, TUBITAK, Gebze, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Piri Reis University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Gulyuz
- Materials Institute, Marmara Research Center, TUBITAK, Gebze, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Yilmaz
- Materials Institute, Marmara Research Center, TUBITAK, Gebze, Turkey
| | - Dilek Telci
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asuman Bozkir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Imran Vural
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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6
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Vlassi E, Papagiannopoulos A, Pispas S. Hydrolyzed Poly(2-plenyl-2-oxazoline)s in Aqueous Media and Biological Fluids. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Vlassi
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute; National Hellenic Research Foundation; 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue ,11635 Athens Greece
| | - Aristeidis Papagiannopoulos
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute; National Hellenic Research Foundation; 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue ,11635 Athens Greece
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute; National Hellenic Research Foundation; 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue ,11635 Athens Greece
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7
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Richter L, Hijazi M, Arfeen F, Krumm C, Tiller JC. Telechelic, Antimicrobial Hydrophilic Polycations with Two Modes of Action. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1700389. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Richter
- Biomaterials and Polymer Science; Department of Bio- and Chemical Engineering; TU Dortmund; Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Montasser Hijazi
- Biomaterials and Polymer Science; Department of Bio- and Chemical Engineering; TU Dortmund; Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Fatima Arfeen
- Biomaterials and Polymer Science; Department of Bio- and Chemical Engineering; TU Dortmund; Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Christian Krumm
- Biomaterials and Polymer Science; Department of Bio- and Chemical Engineering; TU Dortmund; Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Joerg C. Tiller
- Biomaterials and Polymer Science; Department of Bio- and Chemical Engineering; TU Dortmund; Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund Germany
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8
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Mees MA, Hoogenboom R. Full and partial hydrolysis of poly(2-oxazoline)s and the subsequent post-polymerization modification of the resulting polyethylenimine (co)polymers. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00978c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the full and partial hydrolysis of poly(2-oxazoline)s as well as the synthetic methods that have been reported to modify the resulting secondary amine groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten A. Mees
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
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9
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Jana S, Saha A, Paira TK, Mandal TK. Synthesis and Self-Aggregation of Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-Based Photocleavable Block Copolymer: Micelle, Compound Micelle, Reverse Micelle, and Dye Encapsulation/Release. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:813-24. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b10019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somdeb Jana
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Anupam Saha
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tapas K. Paira
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tarun K. Mandal
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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10
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de la Rosa VR, Tempelaar S, Dubois P, Hoogenboom R, Mespouille L. Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-block-polycarbonate block copolymers: from improved end-group control in poly(2-oxazoline)s to chain extension with aliphatic polycarbonate through a fully metal-free ring-opening polymerisation process. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01913c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This work reports on defining optimal conditions to achieve tailored P(EtOx-co-PC) copolymers in an efficient and metal-free ring-opening polymerisation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor R. de la Rosa
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Sarah Tempelaar
- Centre of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP)
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials
- HEALTH and MATERIALS Research Institutes University of Mons
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Centre of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP)
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials
- HEALTH and MATERIALS Research Institutes University of Mons
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Laetitia Mespouille
- Centre of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP)
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials
- HEALTH and MATERIALS Research Institutes University of Mons
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
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11
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12
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Uchman M, Hajduová J, Vlassi E, Pispas S, Appavou MS, Štěpánek M. Self- and co-assembly of amphiphilic gradient polyelectrolyte in aqueous solution: Interaction with oppositely charged ionic surfactant. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Luef KP, Hoogenboom R, Schubert US, Wiesbrock F. Microwave-assisted cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-oxazolines. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE = FORTSCHRITTE DER HOCHPOLYMEREN-FORSCHUNG 2015; 274:183-208. [PMID: 28239203 PMCID: PMC5321602 DOI: 10.1007/12_2015_340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Unlike any other polymer class, the (co-)poly(2-oxazoline)s have tremendously benefited from the introduction of microwave reactors into chemical laboratories. This review focuses on the research activities in the area of (co-)poly(2-oxazoline)s prepared by microwave-assisted syntheses and, correspondingly, summarizes the current-state-of the-art of the microwave-assisted synthesis of 2-oxazoline monomers and the microwave-assisted ring-opening (co-)polymerization of 2-oxazolines as well as prominent examples of post-polymerization modification of (co-)poly(2-oxazoline)s. Special attention is attributed to the kinetic analysis of the microwave-assisted polymerization of 2-oxazolines and the discussion of non-thermal microwave effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus P. Luef
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
- Graz University of Technology, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Wiesbrock
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
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14
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Shah R, Kronekova Z, Zahoranová A, Roller L, Saha N, Saha P, Kronek J. In vitro study of partially hydrolyzed poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazolines) as materials for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:157. [PMID: 25783502 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5485-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polymers based on 2-oxazoline, such as poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazolines) (PETOx), are considered to be a type of 'pseudopeptide' with the ability to form novel biomaterials. The hydrolysis of PETOx was carried out to evaluate its use in biomedical applications. In the present work, PETOx samples with a range of molar masses were prepared by living cationic polymerization. Hydrolysis was carried out at time intervals ranging from 15 to 180 min to prepare copolymers with different amounts of ethylene imine units. (1)H NMR spectroscopy was used to identify the structure of the hydrolyzed polymers. The dependence of in vitro cell viability on the degree of hydrolysis was determined using three different model cell lines, namely, mouse embryonic 3T3 fibroblasts, pancreatic βTC3 cells, and mouse lymphoid macrophages P388.D1. It was demonstrated that increasing the degree of hydrolysis decreased cell viability for all cell types. Fibroblast cells displayed the highest tolerance; additionally, the effect of polymer size showed no observable significance. Macrophage cells, immune system representatives, displayed the highest sensitivity to contact with hydrolyzed PETOx. The effect of polymer hydrolysis, polymer concentration and the incubation time on cell viability was experimentally observed. Confocal laser-scanning microscopy provided evidence of cellular uptake of pyrene-labeled (co)polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushita Shah
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Nad Ovcirnou 3685, Zlin, 760 01, Czech Republic
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15
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Vlassi E, Pispas S. Solution Behavior of Hydrolyzed Gradient Methyl/Phenyl Oxazoline Copolymers and Complexation with DNA. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Vlassi
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute; National Hellenic Research Foundation; 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue 11635 Athens Greece
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute; National Hellenic Research Foundation; 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue 11635 Athens Greece
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16
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de la Rosa VR, Bauwens E, Monnery BD, De Geest BG, Hoogenboom R. Fast and accurate partial hydrolysis of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) into tailored linear polyethylenimine copolymers. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00355a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work reports on defining optimal conditions to achieve tailored P(EtOx-co-EI) copolymers in a fast and reproducible way, utilizing high temperatures and controlled acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor R. de la Rosa
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva Bauwens
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bryn D. Monnery
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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18
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Peng KY, Wang SW, Lee RS. Amphiphilic diblock copolymers based on poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and poly(4-substituted-ε-caprolactone): Synthesis, characterization, and cellular uptake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Yu Peng
- Department of Natural Science; Center of General Education; Chang Gung University; 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan 333 Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Wei Wang
- Department of Natural Science; Center of General Education; Chang Gung University; 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan 333 Taiwan
| | - Ren-Shen Lee
- Department of Natural Science; Center of General Education; Chang Gung University; 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan 333 Taiwan
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19
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Legros C, De Pauw-Gillet MC, Tam KC, Lecommmandoux S, Taton D. pH and redox responsive hydrogels and nanogels made from poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline). Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00685a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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de la Rosa VR, Bouten PJM, Hoogenboom R. First Symposium on Poly(2-oxazoline)s and Related Pseudo-Polypeptide Structures. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Effect of carbon chain length of monocarboxylic acids on cloud point temperature of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline). Colloid Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-012-2810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Van Kuringen HPC, Lenoir J, Adriaens E, Bender J, De Geest BG, Hoogenboom R. Partial Hydrolysis of Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and Potential Implications for Biomedical Applications? Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:1114-23. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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