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Haudum S, Strasser P, Teasdale I. Phosphorus and Silicon-Based Macromolecules as Degradable Biomedical Polymers. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300127. [PMID: 37326117 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are indispensable in biomedical applications because they can be fabricated with consistent and reproducible properties, facile scalability, and customizable functionality to perform diverse tasks. However, currently available synthetic polymers have limitations, most notably when timely biodegradation is required. Despite there being, in principle, an entire periodic table to choose from, with the obvious exception of silicones, nearly all known synthetic polymers are combinations of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in the main chain. Expanding this to main-group heteroatoms can open the way to novel material properties. Herein the authors report on research to incorporate the chemically versatile and abundant silicon and phosphorus into polymers to induce cleavability into the polymer main chain. Less stable polymers, which degrade in a timely manner in mild biological environments, have considerable potential in biomedical applications. Herein the basic chemistry behind these materials is described and some recent studies into their medical applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Haudum
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Paul Strasser
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
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2
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Abstract
Inspired by the increasing desire to mimic the perfection of nature, micro- and nanorobots are triggering increasing interest among the scientific community. The development of such tiny machines that can autonomously perform specific and various tasks at a small scale has reached a high-level of complexity over the last 15 years although the transition from hard to soft self-propelled architectures has had the most profound impact. The use of organic components, such as polymers, is of particular interest to fulfill the lack of biocompatibility and biodegradability of inorganic-based microrobots. Additionally, the combination of self-powered micro- and nanorobots with some macromolecules' ability to be deformed and respond to external stimuli is an important topic. This review aims to critically assess the fundamental aspects of smart machines composed of polymers, examine recent advances in the combined systems at the micro- and nanoscale, and discuss the specific contribution of several polymer families. This review elucidates the role of smart polymers in the expanding field of intelligent micromachines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ussia
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic. .,Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 16628, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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3
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Fiedler C, Ulbricht C, Truglas T, Wielend D, Bednorz M, Groiss H, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I, Salinas Y. Reversible Speed Regulation of Self-Propelled Janus Micromotors via Thermoresponsive Bottle-Brush Polymers. Chemistry 2021; 27:3262-3267. [PMID: 33205559 PMCID: PMC7898474 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This work reports a reversible braking system for micromotors that can be controlled by small temperature changes (≈5 °C). To achieve this, gated-mesoporous organosilica microparticles are internally loaded with metal catalysts (to form the motor) and the exterior (partially) grafted with thermosensitive bottle-brush polyphosphazenes to form Janus particles. When placed in an aqueous solution of H2 O2 (the fuel), rapid forward propulsion of the motors ensues due to decomposition of the fuel. Conformational changes of the polymers at defined temperatures regulate the bubble formation rate and thus act as brakes with considerable deceleration/acceleration observed. As the components can be easily varied, this represents a versatile, modular platform for the exogenous velocity control of micromotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Fiedler
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Christoph Ulbricht
- Institute of Physical Chemistry-Linz Institute for Organic Solar CellsJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Tia Truglas
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Nanoscale Phase TransformationsCenter of Surface and NanoanalyticsJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Dominik Wielend
- Institute of Physical Chemistry-Linz Institute for Organic Solar CellsJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Mateusz Bednorz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry-Linz Institute for Organic Solar CellsJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Heiko Groiss
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Nanoscale Phase TransformationsCenter of Surface and NanoanalyticsJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
- Linz Institute of TechnologyJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Yolanda Salinas
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
- Linz Institute of TechnologyJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstraße 694040LinzAustria
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Strasser P, Russo M, Stadler P, Breiteneder P, Redhammer G, Himmelsbach M, Brüggemann O, Monkowius U, Klán P, Teasdale I. Green-light photocleavable meso-methyl BODIPY building blocks for macromolecular chemistry. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01245b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the design of easily accessible, meso-methyl BODIPY monomers and their incorporation into photoclippable macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Strasser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Marina Russo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pauline Stadler
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Patrick Breiteneder
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Günther Redhammer
- Chemie und Physik der Materialien, Abteilung für Materialwissenschaften und Mineralogie, Paris-Lodron Universität Salzburg, Jakob-Haringerstr. 2A, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Uwe Monkowius
- Linz School of Education, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Petr Klán
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
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Salinas Y, Kneidinger M, Fornaguera C, Borrós S, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Dual stimuli-responsive polyphosphazene-based molecular gates for controlled drug delivery in lung cancer cells. RSC Adv 2020; 10:27305-27314. [PMID: 35516962 PMCID: PMC9055533 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03210g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A switchable silane derived stimuli-responsive bottle-brush polyphosphazene (PPz) was prepared and attached to the surface of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). The hybrid polymer with PEG-like Jeffamine® M-2005 side-arms undergo conformational changes in response to both pH and temperature due to its amphiphilic substituents and protonatable main-chain, hence were investigated as a gatekeeper. Safranin O as control fluorophore or the anticancer drug camptothecin (CPT) were encapsulated in the PPz-coated MSNs. At temperatures below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), the swollen conformation of PPz efficiently blocked the cargo within the pores. However, above the LCST, the PPz collapsed, allowing release of the payload. Additionally, protonation of the polymer backbone at lower pH values was observed to enhance opening of the pores from the surface of the MSNs and therefore the release of the dye. In vitro studies demonstrated the ability of these nanoparticles loaded with the drug camptothecin to be endocytosed in both models of tumor (A549) and healthy epithelial (BEAS-2B) lung cells. Their accumulation and the release of the chemotherapeutic drug, co-localized within lysosomes, was faster and higher for tumor than for healthy cells, further, the biocompatibility of PPz-gated nanosystem without drug was demonstrated. Tailored dual responsive polyphosphazenes thus represent novel and promising candidates in the construction of future gated mesoporous silica nanocarriers designs for lung cancer-directed treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Salinas
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry (ICP), Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU) Altenberger Strasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
- Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU) Altenberger Strasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Michael Kneidinger
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry (ICP), Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU) Altenberger Strasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Cristina Fornaguera
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (GEMAT), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull (URL) Via Augusta 390 Barcelona 08017 Spain
| | - Salvador Borrós
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (GEMAT), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull (URL) Via Augusta 390 Barcelona 08017 Spain
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry (ICP), Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU) Altenberger Strasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry (ICP), Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU) Altenberger Strasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
- Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU) Altenberger Strasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
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Salinas Y, Brüggemann O, Monkowius U, Teasdale I. Visible Light Photocleavable Ruthenium-Based Molecular Gates to Reversibly Control Release from Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10061030. [PMID: 32481603 PMCID: PMC7352806 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein we present hybrid mesoporous silica nanomaterials (MSN) with visible light-sensitive ruthenium complexes acting as gates. Two different [Ru(bpy)2L1L2]2+ complexes were investigated by grafting [Ru(bpy)2(4AMP)2](PF6)2 (RC1) and [Ru(bpy)2(PPh3)Cl]Cl (RC2) via two or one ligands onto the surface of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), to give MSN1-RC1 and MSN2-RC2, respectively. The pores were previously loaded with a common dye, safranin O, and release studies were conducted. The number and position of the ligands were shown to influence the photocages behavior and thus the release of the cargo. Release studies from MSN1-RC1 in acetonitrile showed that in the dark the amount of dye released was minimal after 300 min, whereas a significant increase was measured upon visible light irradiation (ca. 90%). While successful as a photochemically-controlled gated system, RC1 was restricted to organic solvents since it required cleavage of two ligands in order to be cleaved from the surface, and in water only one is cleaved. Release studies from the second nanomaterial MSN2-RC2, where the complex RC2 was bound to the MSN via only one ligand, showed stability under darkness and in aqueous solution up to 180 min and, rapid release of the dye when irradiated with visible light. Furthermore, this system was demonstrated to be reversible, since, upon heating to 80 °C, the system could effectively re-close the pores and re-open it again upon visible light irradiation. This work, thus, demonstrates the potential reversible gate mechanism of the ruthenium-gated nanomaterials upon visible light irradiation, and could be envisioned as a future design of photochemically-driven drug delivery nanosystems or on/off switches for nanorelease systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Salinas
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (O.B.); (I.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-732-2468-9075
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (O.B.); (I.T.)
| | - Uwe Monkowius
- Linz School of Education, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria;
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (O.B.); (I.T.)
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Strasser P, Teasdale I. Main-Chain Phosphorus-Containing Polymers for Therapeutic Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:E1716. [PMID: 32276516 PMCID: PMC7181247 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers in which phosphorus is an integral part of the main chain, including polyphosphazenes and polyphosphoesters, have been widely investigated in recent years for their potential in a number of therapeutic applications. Phosphorus, as the central feature of these polymers, endears the chemical functionalization, and in some cases (bio)degradability, to facilitate their use in such therapeutic formulations. Recent advances in the synthetic polymer chemistry have allowed for controlled synthesis methods in order to prepare the complex macromolecular structures required, alongside the control and reproducibility desired for such medical applications. While the main polymer families described herein, polyphosphazenes and polyphosphoesters and their analogues, as well as phosphorus-based dendrimers, have hitherto predominantly been investigated in isolation from one another, this review aims to highlight and bring together some of this research. In doing so, the focus is placed on the essential, and often mutual, design features and structure-property relationships that allow the preparation of such functional materials. The first part of the review details the relevant features of phosphorus-containing polymers in respect to their use in therapeutic applications, while the second part highlights some recent and innovative applications, offering insights into the most state-of-the-art research on phosphorus-based polymers in a therapeutic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Strasser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
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