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Yang H, Wu M, Pan M, Zhou C, Sun Y, Huang P, Yang L, Liu J, Zeng H. Highly Stretchable, Transparent, Self-Healing Ion-Conducting Elastomers for Long-Term Reliable Human Motion Detection. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400362. [PMID: 39078623 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The flexible electronic sensor is a critical component of wearable devices, generally requiring high stretchability, excellent transmittance, conductivity, self-healing capability, and strong adhesion. However, designing ion-conducting elastomers meeting all these requirements simultaneously remains a challenge. In this study, a novel approach is presented to fabricate highly stretchable, transparent, and self-healing ion-conducting elastomers, which are synthesized via photo-polymerization of two polymerizable deep eutectic solvents (PDESs) monomers, i.e., methacrylic acid (MAA)/choline chloride (ChCl) and itaconic acid (IA)/ChCl. The as-prepared ion-conducting elastomers possess outstanding properties, including high transparency, conductivity, and the capability to adhere to various substrates. The elastomers also demonstrate ultra-stretchability (up to 3900%) owing to a combination of covalent cross-linking and noncovalent cross-linking. In addition, the elastomers can recover up to 3250% strain and over 94.5% of their original conductivity after self-healing at room temperature for 5 min, indicating remarkable mechanical and conductive self-healing abilities. When utilized as strain sensors to monitor real-time motion of human fingers, wrist, elbow, and knee joints, the elastomers exhibit stable and strong repetitive electrical signals, demonstrating excellent sensing performance for large-scale movements of the human body. It is anticipated that these ion-conducting elastomers will find promising applications in flexible and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mingfei Pan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, P. R. China
| | - Chengliang Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yongxiang Sun
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Pan Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Jifang Liu
- Cancer Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510700, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
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2
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O’Connor NA, Syed A, Kastrat E, Cheng HP. Antibacterial Silver Nanoparticle Containing Polydopamine Hydrogels That Enhance Re-Epithelization. Gels 2024; 10:363. [PMID: 38920909 PMCID: PMC11202472 DOI: 10.3390/gels10060363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A polydopamine polyelectrolyte hydrogel was developed by ionic crosslinking dextran sulfate with a copolymer of polyethyleneimine and polydopamine. Gelation was promoted by the slow hydrolysis of glucono-δ-lactone. Within this hydrogel, silver nanoparticles were generated in situ, ranging from 25 nm to 200 nm in size. The antibacterial activity of the hydrogel was proportional to the quantity of silver nanoparticles produced, increasing as the nanoparticle count rose. The hydrogels demonstrated broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy at concentrations up to 108 cells/mL for P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. coli and S. aureus, the four most prevalent bacterial pathogens in chronic septic wounds. In ex vivo studies on human skin, biocompatibility was enhanced by the presence of polydopamine. Dextran sulfate is a known irritant, but formulations with polydopamine showed improved cell viability and reduced levels of the inflammatory biomarkers IL-8 and IL-1α. Silver nanoparticles can inhibit cell migration, but an ex vivo human skin study showed significant re-epithelialization in wounds treated with hydrogels containing silver nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naphtali A. O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry, Lehman College of the City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA (H.-P.C.)
| | - Abdulhaq Syed
- Department of Chemistry, Lehman College of the City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Ertan Kastrat
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA (H.-P.C.)
| | - Hai-Ping Cheng
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA (H.-P.C.)
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3
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Li HN, Zhang C, Yang HC, Liang HQ, Wang Z, Xu ZK. Solid-state, liquid-free ion-conducting elastomers: rising-star platforms for flexible intelligent devices. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:1152-1176. [PMID: 38165799 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01812a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Soft ionic conductors have emerged as a powerful toolkit to engineer transparent flexible intelligent devices that go beyond their conventional counterparts. Particularly, due to their superior capacities of eliminating the evaporation, freezing and leakage issues of the liquid phase encountered with hydrogels, organohydrogels and ionogels, the emerging solid-state, liquid-free ion-conducting elastomers have been largely recognized as ideal candidates for intelligent flexible devices. However, despite their extensive development, a comprehensive and timely review in this emerging field is lacking, particularly from the perspective of design principles, advanced manufacturing, and distinctive applications. Herein, we present (1) the design principles and intriguing merits of solid-state, liquid-free ion-conducting elastomers; (2) the methods to manufacture solid-state, liquid-free ion-conducting elastomers with preferential architectures and functions using advanced technologies such as 3D printing; (3) how to leverage solid-state, liquid-free ion-conducting elastomers in exploiting advanced applications, especially in the fields of flexible wearable sensors, bioelectronics and energy harvesting; (4) what are the unsolved scientific and technical challenges and future opportunities in this multidisciplinary field. We envision that this review will provide a paradigm shift to trigger insightful thinking and innovation in the development of intelligent flexible devices and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Nan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Hao-Cheng Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Hong-Qing Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Zuankai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Zhi-Kang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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4
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Li L, Wang X, Gao S, Zheng S, Zou X, Xiong J, Li W, Yan F. High-Toughness and High-Strength Solvent-Free Linear Poly(ionic liquid) Elastomers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308547. [PMID: 37816506 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Solvent-free elastomers, unlike gels, do not suffer from solvent evaporation and leakage in practical applications. However, it is challenging to realize the preparation of high-toughness (with both high stress and strain) ionic elastomers. Herein, high-toughness linear poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) elastomers are constructed via supramolecular ionic networks formed by the polymerization of halometallate ionic liquid (IL) monomers, without any chemical crosslinking. The obtained linear PIL elastomers exhibit high strength (16.5 MPa), Young's modulus (157.49 MPa), toughness (130.31 MJ m-3 ), and high crack propagation insensitivity (fracture energy 243.37 kJ m-2 ), owing to the enhanced intermolecular noncovalent interactions of PIL chains. Furthermore, PIL elastomer-based strain, pressure, and touch sensors have shown high sensitivity. The linear noncovalent crosslinked network endows the PIL elastomers with self-healing and recyclable properties, and broad application prospects in the fields of flexible sensor devices, health monitoring, and human-machine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shuna Gao
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Sijie Zheng
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiuyang Zou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiaofeng Xiong
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Weizheng Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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5
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Sun L, Huang H, Zhang L, Neisiany RE, Ma X, Tan H, You Z. Spider-Silk-Inspired Tough, Self-Healing, and Melt-Spinnable Ionogels. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305697. [PMID: 37997206 PMCID: PMC10797445 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
As stretchable conductive materials, ionogels have gained increasing attention. However, it still remains crucial to integrate multiple functions including mechanically robust, room temperature self-healing capacity, facile processing, and recyclability into an ionogel-based device with high potential for applications such as soft robots, electronic skins, and wearable electronics. Herein, inspired by the structure of spider silk, a multilevel hydrogen bonding strategy to effectively produce multi-functional ionogels is proposed with a combination of the desirable properties. The ionogels are synthesized based on N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), N, N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA), and ionic liquids (ILs) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMI][TFSI]). The synergistic hydrogen bonding interactions between PNIPAM chains, PDMA chains, and ILs endow the ionogels with improved mechanical strength along with fast self-healing ability at ambient conditions. Furthermore, the synthesized ionogels show great capability for the continuous fabrication of the ionogel-based fibers using the melt-spinning process. The ionogel fibers exhibit spider-silk-like features with hysteresis behavior, indicating their excellent energy dissipation performance. Moreover, an interwoven network of ionogel fibers with strain and thermal sensing performance can accurately sense the location of objects. In addition, the ionogels show great recyclability and processability into different shapes using 3D printing. This work provides a new strategy to design superior ionogels for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Sun
- Center for Child Care and Mental Health (CCCMH)Shenzhen Children's HospitalShenzhen518038China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Biomaterials and Regenerative MedicineDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Hongfei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Biomaterials and Regenerative MedicineDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Luzhi Zhang
- Center for Child Care and Mental Health (CCCMH)Shenzhen Children's HospitalShenzhen518038China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Biomaterials and Regenerative MedicineDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Rasoul Esmaeely Neisiany
- Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringHakim Sabzevari UniversitySabzevar9617976487Iran
- Biotechnology CentreSilesian University of TechnologyKrzywoustego 8Gliwice44‐100Poland
| | - Xiaopeng Ma
- Center for Child Care and Mental Health (CCCMH)Shenzhen Children's HospitalShenzhen518038China
| | - Hui Tan
- Center for Child Care and Mental Health (CCCMH)Shenzhen Children's HospitalShenzhen518038China
| | - Zhengwei You
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Biomaterials and Regenerative MedicineDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
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6
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Kim TH, Yu BS, Ko HW, Park NW, Saeed MA, Ahn J, Jo S, Kim DY, Yoon SK, Lee KH, Jeong SY, Woo HY, Kim HJ, Kim TG, Park J, Park MC, Hwang DK, Shim JW. Self-Powering Sensory Device with Multi-Spectrum Image Realization for Smart Indoor Environments. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307523. [PMID: 37972308 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of organic-based optoelectronic technologies for the indoor Internet of Things market, which relies on ambient energy sources, has increased, with organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and photodetectors (OPDs) considered promising candidates for sustainable indoor electronic devices. However, the manufacturing processes of standalone OPVs and OPDs can be complex and costly, resulting in high production costs and limited scalability, thus limiting their use in a wide range of indoor applications. This study uses a multi-component photoactive structure to develop a self-powering dual-functional sensory device with effective energy harvesting and sensing capabilities. The optimized device demonstrates improved free-charge generation yield by quantifying charge carrier dynamics, with a high output power density of over 81 and 76 µW cm-2 for rigid and flexible OPVs under indoor conditions (LED 1000 lx (5200 K)). Furthermore, a single-pixel image sensor is demonstrated as a feasible prototype for practical indoor operating in commercial settings by leveraging the excellent OPD performance with a linear dynamic range of over 130 dB in photovoltaic mode (no external bias). This apparatus with high-performance OPV-OPD characteristics provides a roadmap for further exploration of the potential, which can lead to synergistic effects for practical multifunctional applications in the real world by their mutual relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyuk Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Soo Yu
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nanoscience and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Ko
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Won Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Saeed
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongtae Ahn
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Jo
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Yeon Kim
- Department of Art and Technology, Seokyeong University, Seoul, 02713, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Kyu Yoon
- Spatial Optical Information Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI), Gwangju, 61007, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hoon Lee
- Spatial Optical Information Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI), Gwangju, 61007, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo J Kim
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Geun Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeHong Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Chul Park
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyung Hwang
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nanoscience and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Shim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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Choi SG, Kang SH, Lee JY, Park JH, Kang SK. Recent advances in wearable iontronic sensors for healthcare applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1335188. [PMID: 38162187 PMCID: PMC10757853 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1335188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Iontronic sensors have garnered significant attention as wearable sensors due to their exceptional mechanical performance and the ability to maintain electrical performance under various mechanical stimuli. Iontronic sensors can respond to stimuli like mechanical stimuli, humidity, and temperature, which has led to exploration of their potential as versatile sensors. Here, a comprehensive review of the recent researches and developments on several types of iontronic sensors (e.g., pressure, strain, humidity, temperature, and multi-modal sensors), in terms of their sensing principles, constituent materials, and their healthcare-related applications is provided. The strategies for improving the sensing performance and environmental stability of iontronic sensors through various innovative ionic materials and structural designs are reviewed. This review also provides the healthcare applications of iontronic sensors that have gained increased feasibility and broader applicability due to the improved sensing performance. Lastly, outlook section discusses the current challenges and the future direction in terms of the applicability of the iontronic sensors to the healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Geun Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hun Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyeon Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kyun Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Nano Systems Institute SOFT Foundry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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8
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Gao J, Zhang Q, Wu B, Gao X, Liu Z, Yang H, Yuan J, Huang J. Mussel-Inspired, Underwater Self-Healing Ionoelastomers Based on α-Lipoic Acid for Iontronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207334. [PMID: 36869411 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Weak adhesion and lack of underwater self-healability hinder advancing soft iontronics particularly in wet environments like sweaty skin and biological fluids. Mussel-inspired, liquid-free ionoelastomers are reported based on seminal thermal ring-opening polymerization of a biomass molecule of α-lipoic acid (LA), followed by sequentially incorporating dopamine methacrylamide as a chain extender, N,N'-bis(acryloyl) cystamine, and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl) imide (LiTFSI). The ionoelastomers exhibit universal adhesion to 12 substrates in both dry and wet states, superfast self-healing underwater, sensing capability for monitoring human motion, and flame retardancy. The underwater self-repairabilitiy prolongs over three months without deterioration, and sustains even when mechanical properties greatly increase. The unprecedented underwater self-mendability benefits synergistically from the maximized availability of dynamic disulfide bonds and diverse reversible noncovalent interactions endowed by carboxylic groups, catechols, and LiTFSI, along with the prevented depolymerization by LiTFSI and tunability in mechanical strength. The ionic conductivity reaches 1.4 × 10-6 -2.7 × 10-5 S m-1 because of partial dissociation of LiTFSI. The design rationale offers a new route for creating a wide range of LA- and sulfur-derived supramolecular (bio)polymers with superior adhesion, healability, and other functionalities, and thus has technological implications for coatings, adhesives, binders and sealants, biomedical engineering and drug delivery, wearable and flexible electronics, and human-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Gao
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Gao
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyuan Liu
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Haoyu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jikang Yuan
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Green Energy Materials and Battery Cascade Utilization, School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Huzhou College, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, P. R. China
| | - Jijun Huang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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9
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Lan MH, Guan X, Zhu DY, Chen ZP, Liu T, Tang Z. Highly Elastic, Self-Healing, Recyclable Interlocking Double-Network Liquid-Free Ionic Conductive Elastomers via Facile Fabrication for Wearable Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:19447-19458. [PMID: 37037788 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-free ionic conductive elastomers (ICEs) are ideal materials for wearable strain sensors in increasingly flexible electronic devices. However, developing recyclable ICEs with high elasticity, self-healability, and recyclability is still a great challenge. In this study, we fabricated a series of novel ICEs by in situ polymerization of lipoic acid (LA) in poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) solution and cross-linking by coordination bonding and hydrogen bonding. One of the obtained dynamically cross-linked interlocking double-network ICEs, PLA-PAA4-1% ICE, showed excellent mechanical properties, with high elasticity (90%) and stretchability (610%), as well as rapid self-healability (mechanical self-healing within 2 h and electrical recovery within 0.3 s). The PLA-PAA4-1% ICE was used as a strain sensor and possessed excellent linear sensitivity and highly cyclic stability, effectively monitoring diverse human motions with both stretched and compressed deformations. Notably, the PLA-PAA4-1% ICE can be fully recycled and reused as a new strain sensor without any structure change or degradation in performance. This work provided a viable path to fabricate conductive materials by solving the two contradictions of high mechanical property and self-healability, and structure stability and recyclability. We believe that the superior overall performance and feasible fabrication make the developed PLA-PAA4-1% ICE hold great promise as a multifunctional strain sensor for practical applications in flexible wearable electronic devices and humanoid robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hui Lan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Guan
- China Electronic Product Reliability and Environmental Testing Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510507, P. R. China
| | - Dong Yu Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Peng Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
| | - Tingsu Liu
- School of Physics and Optoeletronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Tang
- School of Physics and Optoeletronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
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Lv J, Thangavel G, Lee PS. Reliability of printed stretchable electronics based on nano/micro materials for practical applications. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:434-449. [PMID: 36515001 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04464a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed the booming development of stretchable electronics based on nano/micro composite inks. Printing is a scalable, low-cost, and high-efficiency fabrication tool to realize stretchable electronics through additive processes. However, compared with conventional flexible electronics, stretchable electronics need to experience more severe mechanical deformation which may cause destructive damage. Most of the reported works in this field mainly focus on how to achieve a high stretchability of nano/micro composite conductors or single working modules/devices, with limited attention given to the reliability for practical applications. In this minireview, we summarized the failure modes when printing stretchable electronics using nano/micro composite ink, including dysfunction of the stretchable interconnects, the stress-concentrated rigid-soft interfaces for hybrid electronics, the vulnerable vias upon stretching, thermal accumulation, and environmental instability of stretchable materials. Strategies for tackling these challenges to realize reliable performances are proposed and discussed. Our review provides an overview on the importance of reliable, printable, and stretchable electronics, which are the key enablers in propelling stretchable electronics from fancy demos to practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Smart Grippers for Soft Robotics (SGSR), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Gurunathan Thangavel
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Smart Grippers for Soft Robotics (SGSR), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, Singapore 138602, Singapore
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