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Haworth-Duff A, Smith BL, Sham TT, Boisdon C, Loughnane P, Burnley M, Hawcutt DB, Raval R, Maher S. Rapid differentiation of cystic fibrosis-related bacteria via reagentless atmospheric pressure photoionisation mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17067. [PMID: 39048618 PMCID: PMC11269582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Breath analysis is an area of significant interest in medical research as it allows for non-invasive sampling with exceptional potential for disease monitoring and diagnosis. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in breath can offer critical insight into a person's lifestyle and/or disease/health state. To this end, the development of a rapid, sensitive, cost-effective and potentially portable method for the detection of key compounds in breath would mark a significant advancement. Herein, we have designed, built and tested a novel reagent-less atmospheric pressure photoionisation (APPI) source, coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), utilising a bespoke bias electrode within a custom 3D printed sampling chamber for direct analysis of VOCs. Optimal APPI-MS conditions were identified, including bias voltage, cone voltage and vaporisation temperature. Calibration curves were produced for ethanol, acetone, 2-butanone, ethyl acetate and eucalyptol, yielding R2 > 0.99 and limits of detection < 10 pg. As a pre-clinical proof of concept, this method was applied to bacterial headspace samples of Escherichia coli (EC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSA) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA) collected in 1 L Tedlar bags. In particular, PSA and SA are commonly associated with lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients. The headspace samples were classified using principal component analysis with 86.9% of the total variance across the first three components and yielding 100% classification in a blind-sample study. All experiments conducted with the novel APPI arrangement were carried out directly in real-time with low-resolution MS, which opens up exciting possibilities in the future for on-site (e.g., in the clinic) analysis with a portable system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Haworth-Duff
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Barry L Smith
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tung-Ting Sham
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cedric Boisdon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Loughnane
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark Burnley
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel B Hawcutt
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- NIHR Alder Hey Clinical Research Facility, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rasmita Raval
- Open Innovation Hub for Antimicrobial Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon Maher
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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2
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Wang W, Xu C, Li Z, Qiu C, Xu F, Ding CF. Development of dual-photoionization ion trap mass spectrometry and its application for direct analysis of VOCs in fruit aroma. Talanta 2024; 271:125673. [PMID: 38244311 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Photoionization-ion trap mass spectrometry (PI-ITMS) is one of the major directions of mass spectrometer miniaturization because of its great potential for rapid on-site VOCs detection in many cases. Traditionally, PI has always been investigated separately and is restrained by ion transmission structure, so a new structure needs to be designed and investigated for simplifying and improving the ion transmission efficiency. Interestingly, our preliminary experiments found that the signal intensity and mass range can be effectively improved by combing atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) and low-pressure photoionization (LPPI). Therefore, in this paper, a new dual photoionization - ion trap mass spectrometry (DPI-ITMS) was developed, explored and used to directly analyze complex VOCs. Compared with traditional single PI configuration, it presents two obvious merits: (1) simplified ion transmission structure, eliminating the need to use deflection electrode to repel ions and avoiding breakdown risk. (2) some missing/weak low m/z ion mass spectral peaks in APPI and some high m/z ion mass spectral peaks in LPPI were improved in DPI detection mode. In addition, by combining multivariate statistical analysis, we preliminary achieved in differentiating fruit types and maturity level. In summary, we concluded that the developed DPI-ITMS has moderate detection sensitivity (limited by the homemade ITMS, 0.1-1 ppmv with RSD of 6.36 %), and the DPI-ITMS configuration can be referenced by future PI-MS, and this study also provides a high-throughput, simple, noninvasive and no chemical contamination solution for analyzing main VOCs in fruit aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Wang
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Chuting Xu
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Chaohui Qiu
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Fuxing Xu
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Chuan-Fan Ding
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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3
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Qi K, Lv Y, Xiong Y, Tian C, Liu C, Pan Y. Development of Transmission Ambient Pressure Laser Desorption Ionization/Postphotoionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5489-5498. [PMID: 38527864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Laser-based high-resolution mass spectrometry imaging at ambient conditions has promising applications in life science. However, the ion yield during laser desorption/ablation is poor. Here, transmission atmospheric pressure laser desorption ionization combined with a compact postphotoionization (t-AP-LDI/PI) assembly with a krypton discharge lamp was developed for the untargeted imaging of various biomolecules. The spatial distributions of numerous lipid classes, fatty acids, neurotransmitters, and amino acids in the subregions of mouse cerebellum tissue were obtained. Compared with single laser ablation, the sensitivities for most analytes were increased by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude by dopant-assisted postphotoionization. After careful optimization, a spatial resolution of 4 μm could be achieved for the metabolites in mouse hippocampus tissue. Finally, the melanoma tissue slices were analyzed using t-AP-LDI/PI MSI, which revealed the metabolic heterogeneity of the melanoma microenvironment and exhibited the phenomenon of abnormal proliferation and invasion trends in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Qi
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Yongmei Lv
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Changlin Tian
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
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4
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Luo R, Schrader W. Physical removal of PAXHs from highly contaminated soil by density differentiation: studying the effectiveness on the molecular level. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:136-145. [PMID: 37994147 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00379e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated soils from industrial sites, such as for coal mining or manufactured gas production, can contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with a concentration higher than 10 000 mg kg-1, which require an integrated approach for remediation. A physical treatment by separating organic contaminants from soil materials using the density difference could lower the cost for the upcoming chemical and/or biological treatment. In our study, a highly PAH contaminated soil was separated in a 39% (w/w) calcium chloride solution (ρ = 1.4 g cm-3) via stirring, aeration or ultrasonication. Both first and second methods could separate soil materials from organic particles efficiently. The light fraction comprised around 10% of the total soil weight but 80% of solvent extractable organics (SEO). Optical and transmission electron microscopic analysis showed the light fraction, which consisted of mainly black solid aggregates (BSA), differed strongly from soil materials. Additionally, the original contaminated soil, its light and heavy fractions and the corresponding water phase together with the manually separated BSA were analyzed on the molecular level using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with different atmospheric pressure ionization (API) methods, such as electrospray (ESI) and atmospheric pressure photo ionization (APPI). Results showed that SEO, which were primarily associated with BSA and successfully separated through physical method, contained mainly condensed aromatic ring structures of pure hydrocarbons and nitrogen heterocycles with low oxygen content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoji Luo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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Victoria Zhang Y, Garg U. Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Laboratory: Applications in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2737:1-13. [PMID: 38036805 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3541-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) or gas chromatography (GC) has been proven to be a powerful platform in research and specialized clinical laboratories for decades. In clinical laboratories, it is used for compound identification and quantification. Due to the ability to provide specific identification, high sensitivity, and simultaneous analysis of multiple analytes (>100) in recent years, application of MS in routine clinical laboratories has increased significantly. Although MS is used in many laboratory areas, therapeutic drug monitoring, drugs of abuse, and clinical toxicology remain the primary focuses of the field. Due to rapid increase in the number of prescription drugs and drugs of abuse (e.g., novel psychoactive substances), clinical laboratories are challenged with developing new MS assays to meet the clinical needs of the patients. We are here to present "off-the-shelf" and "ready-to-use" protocols of recent developments in new assays to help the clinical laboratory community adopt the technology and analysis for the betterment of patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Victoria Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Uttam Garg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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6
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Zhu Y, Aliang M, Wang X, Yu Q. Hydrogen-Assisted Photoionization and Its Use in Promoting Mass Spectrometry Analysis of VOCs. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17166-17169. [PMID: 37966263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
As a simple soft ionization method, photoionization (PI) is often coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) for the direct analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). PI enables selective ionization of analytes, but the ion yield is generally not high due to the limited light intensity of the ultraviolet lamp. Here, a hydrogen-assisted photoionization (HAPI) strategy was developed and integrated into a miniature ion trap mass spectrometer. In particular, hydrogen was introduced as a versatile buffer gas to facilitate both photoionization and ion trap operation. This can increase the ion yields by up to 2 orders of magnitude compared to conventional PI-MS, with a low hydrogen consumption (less than 100 μL) for each analysis. The generation of protonated ions indicates a specific photochemical process in HAPI, which has also been studied and initially revealed. The detection of various VOCs and plant volatile gases confirmed the versatility and practicality of the HAPI technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zhu
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mushage Aliang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Quan Yu
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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7
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Shastry A, Dunham-Snary K. Metabolomics and mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiometabolic disease. Life Sci 2023; 333:122137. [PMID: 37788764 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Circulating metabolites are indicators of systemic metabolic dysfunction and can be detected through contemporary techniques in metabolomics. These metabolites are involved in numerous mitochondrial metabolic processes including glycolysis, fatty acid β-oxidation, and amino acid catabolism, and changes in the abundance of these metabolites is implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs). Epigenetic regulation and direct metabolite-protein interactions modulate metabolism, both within cells and in the circulation. Dysfunction of multiple mitochondrial components stemming from mitochondrial DNA mutations are implicated in disease pathogenesis. This review will summarize the current state of knowledge regarding: i) the interactions between metabolites found within the mitochondrial environment during CMDs, ii) various metabolites' effects on cellular and systemic function, iii) how harnessing the power of metabolomic analyses represents the next frontier of precision medicine, and iv) how these concepts integrate to expand the clinical potential for translational cardiometabolic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Shastry
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kimberly Dunham-Snary
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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8
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Mase C, Maillard JF, Piparo M, Friederici L, Rüger CP, Marceau S, Paupy B, Hubert-Roux M, Afonso C, Giusti P. GC-FTICR mass spectrometry with dopant assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization: application to the characterization of plastic pyrolysis oil. Analyst 2023; 148:5221-5232. [PMID: 37724415 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01246h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis is a promising way to convert plastic waste into valuable resources. However, for downstream upgrading processes, many undesirable species, such as conjugated diolefins or heteroatom-containing compounds, can be generated during this pyrolysis. In-depth chemical characterization is therefore required to improve conversion and valorization. Because of the high molecular diversity found in these samples, advanced analytical instrumentation is needed to provide accurate and complete characterization. Generally, direct infusion Fourier transform mass spectrometry is used to gather information at the molecular level, but it has the disadvantage of limited structural insights. To overcome this drawback, gas chromatography has been coupled to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. By taking advantage of soft atmospheric pressure photoionization, which preserves molecular information, and the use of different dopants (pyrrole, toluene, and benzene), selective ionization of different chemical families was achieved. Differences in the ionization energy of the dopants will only allow the ionization of the molecules of the pyrolysis oil which have lower ionization energy, or which are accessible via specific chemical ionization pathways. With a selective focus on hydrocarbon species and especially hydrocarbon species having a double bond equivalent (DBE) value of 2, pyrrole is prone to better ionize low-mass molecules with lower retention times compared to the dopant benzene, which allowed better ionization of high-mass molecules with higher retention times. The toluene dopant presented the advantage of ionizing both low and high mass molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Mase
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
- TotalEnergies OneTech, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Julien F Maillard
- TotalEnergies OneTech, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Marco Piparo
- TotalEnergies OneTech, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Lukas Friederici
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 27, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christopher P Rüger
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 27, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sabrina Marceau
- TotalEnergies OneTech, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Benoit Paupy
- TotalEnergies OneTech, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Marie Hubert-Roux
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Pierre Giusti
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
- TotalEnergies OneTech, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
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Rossi C, Gans B, Giuliani A, Jacovella U. Vacuum Ultraviolet Fingerprints as a New Way of Disentangling Tropylium/Benzylium Isomers. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8444-8447. [PMID: 37713678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The two inseparable companions, tropylium (Tr+) and benzylium (Bz+), were interrogated by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation from 4.5 to 7.0 eV in an ion trap. These new fingerprints provide a new means of distinguishing these two intertwined C7H7+ isomers. In particular, the singular spectral signature of Tr+ in the VUV consists of a single strong electronic transition at ≈6 eV. To illustrate this diagnostic tool, we shed light on the structure of the C7H7+ intermediate that is ubiquitous when using commercial atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) sources. We have identified its structure as the 7-membered ring Tr+, which contradicts some previous beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Rossi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Bérenger Gans
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Alexandre Giuliani
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91192 Saint Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- INRAE, UAR1008, Transform Department, Rue de la Géraudiére, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Ugo Jacovella
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
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Yan Z, Shan L, Cheng S, Yu Z, Wei Z, Wang H, Sun H, Yang B, Shu J, Li Z. A Simple High-Flux Switchable VUV Lamp Based on an Electrodeless Fluorescent Lamp for SPI/PAI Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:11859-11867. [PMID: 37474253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon ionization (SPI) is a unique soft ionization technique for organic analysis. A convenient high-flux vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light source is a key precondition for wide application of SPI techniques. In this study, we present a novel VUV lamp by simply modifying an ordinary electrodeless fluorescent lamp. By replacing the glass bulb with a stainless steel bulb and introducing 5% Kr/He (v/v) as the excitation gas, an excellent VUV photon flux over 4.0 × 1014 photons s-1 was obtained. Due to its rapid glow characteristics, the VUV lamp can be switched on and off instantly as required by detection, ensuring the stability and service life of the lamp. To demonstrate the performance of the new lamp, the switchable VUV lamp was coupled with an SPI-mass spectrometer, which could be changed to photoinduced associative ionization (PAI) mode by doping gaseous CH2Cl2 to initiate an associative ionization reaction. Two types of volatile organic compounds sensitive to SPI and PAI, typically benzene series and oxygenated organics, respectively, were selected as samples. The instrument exhibited a high detection sensitivity for the tested compounds. With a measurement time of 11 s, the 3σ limits of detection ranged from 0.33 to 0.75 pptv in SPI mode and from 0.03 to 0.12 pptv in PAI mode. This study provides an extremely simple method to assemble a VUV lamp with many merits, e.g., portability, robustness, durability, low cost, and high flux. The VUV lamp may contribute to the development of SPI-related highly sensitive detection technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitao Yan
- Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Shan
- Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Cheng
- Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangqi Yu
- Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyang Wei
- Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijie Wang
- Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Haohang Sun
- Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinian Shu
- Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
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11
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Zhang X, Frankevich V, Ding J, Ma Y, Chingin K, Chen H. Direct mass spectrometry analysis of exhaled human breath in real-time. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023. [PMID: 37565588 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The molecular composition of exhaled human breath can reflect various physiological and pathological conditions. Considerable progress has been achieved over the past decade in real-time analysis of exhaled human breath using direct mass spectrometry methods, including selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, acetone-assisted negative photoionization mass spectrometry, atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry, and low-pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. Here, recent developments in direct mass spectrometry analysis of exhaled human breath are reviewed with regard to analytical performance (chemical sensitivity, selectivity, quantitative capabilities) and applications of the developed methods in disease diagnosis, targeted molecular detection, and real-time metabolic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Vladimir Frankevich
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Jianhua Ding
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of GCP, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Konstantin Chingin
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
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12
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Zhang S, Liu J, Hou X, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Jiang G. Sensitive method for simultaneous determination of TBBPA and its ten derivatives. Talanta 2023; 264:124750. [PMID: 37290335 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its derivatives are regarded as new contaminants, raising much attention on their environmental occurrence and fates. However, the sensitive detection of TBBPA and its main derivatives is still a great challenge. This study investigated a sensitive method for simultaneous detection of TBBPA and its ten derivatives using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source. The method exhibited much better performance than previously reported methods. Furthermore, it was successfully applied in determining complicated environmental samples, including sewage sludge, river water and vegetable samples with concentration range from undetected (n.d.) to 25.8 ng g-1 dry weight (dw). For sewage sludge, river water and vegetable samples, the spiking recoveries of TBBPA and its derivatives ranged from 69.6 ± 7.0% to 86.1 ± 12.9%, 69.5 ± 13.9% to 87.5 ± 6.6%, and 68.2 ± 5.6% to 80.2 ± 8.3%, respectively; the accuracy ranged from 94.9 ± 4.6% to 113 ± 5%, 91.9 ± 10.9% to 112 ± 7%, and 92.1 ± 5.1% to 106 ± 6%, and the method quantitative limits ranged from 0.00801 to 0.224 ng g-1 dw, 0.0104-0.253 ng L-1, and 0.00524-0.152 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Moreover, the present manuscript describes for the first time the simultaneous detection of TBBPA and ten derivatives from various environmental samples, providing fundamental work for further research on their environmental occurrences, behaviors and fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Xingwang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Hongrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhanao Zhu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
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13
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Dang M, Li M, Li J, Liu R, Guo Y, Hou K. Emissions of Formamide and Ammonia from Foam Mats: Online Measurement Based on Dopant-Assisted Photoionization TOFMS and Assessment of Their Exposure for Children. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5646-5654. [PMID: 36988557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Formamide has been classified as a Class 1B reproductive toxicant to children by the European Union (EU) Chemicals Agency. Foam mats are a potential source of formamide and ammonia. Online dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DA-APPI-TOFMS) coupled with a Teflon environmental chamber was developed to assess the exposure risk of formamide and ammonia from foam mats to children. High levels of formamide (average 3363.72 mg/m3) and ammonia (average 1586.78 mg/m3) emissions were measured from 21 foam mats with three different raw material types: ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA: n = 7), polyethylene (PE: n = 7), and cross-linked polyethylene (XPE: n = 7). The 28 day emission testing for the selected PE mat showed that the emissions of formamide were 2 orders of magnitude higher than the EU emission limit of 20 μg/m3, and formamide may be a permanent indoor contaminant for foam mat products during their life cycle. The exposure assessment of children aged 0.5-6 years showed that the exposure dose was approximately hundreds of mg/kg-day, and the age group of 0.5-2 years was subject to much higher dermal exposures than others. Thus, this study provided key relevant information for further studies on assessing children's exposure to indoor air pollution from foam mats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Dang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Mei Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jing Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ruidong Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yingzhe Guo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
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14
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Kloudová B, Strmeň T, Vrkoslav V, Chára Z, Pačes O, Cvačka J. Gas Dynamic Virtual Nozzle Sprayer for an Introduction of Liquid Samples in Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4196-4203. [PMID: 36800482 PMCID: PMC10016749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray may exhibit inadequate ionization efficiency in some applications. In such cases, atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and photoionization (APPI) can be used. Despite a wide application potential, no APCI and APPI sources dedicated to very low sample flow rates exist on the market. Since the ion source performance depends on the transfer of analytes from the liquid to the gas phase, a nebulizer is a critical component of an ion source. Here, we report on the nebulizer with a gas dynamic virtual nozzle (GDVN) and its applicability in APCI at microliter-per-minute flow rates. Nebulizers differing by geometrical parameters were fabricated and characterized regarding the jet breakup regime, droplet size, droplet velocity, and spray angle for liquid flow rates of 0.75-15.0 μL/min. A micro-APCI source with the GDVN nebulizer behaved as a mass-flow-sensitive detector and provided stable and intense analyte signals. Compared to a classical APCI source, an order of magnitude lower detection limit for verapamil was achieved. Mass spectra recorded with the nebulizer in dripping and jetting modes were almost identical and did not differ from normal APCI spectra. Clogging never occurred during the experiments, indicating the high robustness of the nebulizer. Low-flow-rate APCI and APPI sources with a GDVN sprayer promise new applications for low- and medium-polar analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Kloudová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, CZ-128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Timotej Strmeň
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Vrkoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Chára
- Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Pat'ankou 30/5, CZ-166 12 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Pačes
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, CZ-128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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15
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Bouza M, García-Martínez J, Gilbert-López B, Brandt S, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A, Franzke J. Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Mechanisms: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as a Case of Study. Anal Chem 2022; 95:854-861. [PMID: 36538370 PMCID: PMC9850405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) is a versatile tool for small-molecule mass spectrometry applications, helping cover from polar to low polar molecules. However, the plasma gas-phase interactions are highly complex and have been scarcely investigated. The ionization mechanisms of plasmas have long been assumed to be somewhat similar to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). Here, we evaluated the ionization mechanisms of a two-ring DBDI ion source, using different discharge gases to analyze vaporized liquid samples. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were used as model analytes to assess the mechanisms' dominance: protonation, [M + H]+, or radical ion species formation, [M]·+. In the present work, two different ionization trends were observed for APCI and DBDI during the PAH analysis; the compounds with proton affinities (PA) over 856 kJ/mol were detected as [M + H]+ when APCI was used as ionization source. Meanwhile, independently of the PA, DBDI showed the prevalence of charge exchange reactions. The addition of dopants in the gas-phase region shifted the ionization mechanisms toward charge exchange reactions, facilitating the formation of [M]·+ ion species, showing anisole a significant boost of the PAH radical ion species signals, over nine times for Ar-Prop-DBDI analysis. The presence of high-energy metastable atoms (e.g., HeM) with high ionization potentials (IE = 19.80 eV) did not show boosted PAH abundances or extensive molecule fragmentation. Moreover, other species in the plasma jet region with closer and more appropriate IE, such as N2 B3Πg excited molecules, are likely responsible for PAH Penning ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Bouza
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain,. Phone: +34 953 212758
| | - Julio García-Martínez
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Bienvenida Gilbert-López
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139Dortmund, Germany
| | - Juan F. García-Reyes
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina-Díaz
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139Dortmund, Germany,. Phone: +49 0231 1392-174
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16
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Ayala-Cabrera JF, Montero L, Meckelmann SW, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Review on atmospheric pressure ionization sources for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Part I: Current ion source developments and improvements in ionization strategies. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1238:340353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Ayala-Cabrera JF, Montero L, Meckelmann SW, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Review on atmospheric pressure ionization sources for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Part II: Current applications. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1238:340379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Görs PE, Wittenhofer P, Ayala-Cabrera JF, Meckelmann SW. Potential of atmospheric pressure ionization sources for the analysis of free fatty acids in clinical and biological samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6621-6634. [PMID: 35851410 PMCID: PMC9411222 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Because of the central role of fatty acids in biological systems, their accurate quantification is still important. However, the impact of the complex matrix of biologically and clinically relevant samples such as plasma, serum, or cells makes the analysis still challenging, especially, when free non-esterified fatty acids have to be quantified. Here we developed and characterized a novel GC-MS method using pentafluorobenzyl bromide as a derivatization agent and compared different ionization techniques such as atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), atmospheric pressure chemical photoionization (APPI), and negative ion chemical ionization (NICI). The GC-APCI-MS showed the lowest limits of detection from 30 to 300 nM for a broad range of fatty acids and a similar response for various fatty acids from a chain length of 10 to 20 carbon atoms. This allows the number of internal standards necessary for accurate quantification to be reduced. Moreover, the use of pentafluorobenzyl bromide allows the direct derivatization of free fatty acids making them accessible for GC-MS analysis without labor-intense sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Görs
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Pia Wittenhofer
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Juan F Ayala-Cabrera
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Sven W Meckelmann
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
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19
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Bookmeyer C, Röhling U, Dreisewerd K, Soltwisch J. Single‐Photon‐Induced Post‐Ionization to Boost Ion Yields in MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202165. [PMID: 35727295 PMCID: PMC9546322 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI‐MSI) is a rapidly growing method in the life sciences. However, for many analyte classes, its sensitivity is limited due to poor ionization efficiencies. To mitigate this problem, we here introduce a novel post‐ionization scheme based on single‐photon induced chemical ionization using pulsed RF‐Kr lamps. The fine‐vacuum conditions of a dual ion‐funnel ion source effectively thermalize the evolving MALDI plume and enable ample gas‐phase reactions. Injected chemical dopants crucially support fragment‐less ionization to [M+H]+/[M−H]− species. Based on this interplay, numerous glycerophospho‐, sphingo‐, and further lipids, registered from mammalian tissue sections, were boosted by up to three orders of magnitude, similar to results obtained with laser‐based post‐ionization (MALDI‐2). Experiments with deuterated matrix and dopant, however, indicated complex chemical ionization pathways different from MALDI‐2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bookmeyer
- Institute of Hygiene University of Münster Robert-Koch-Str. 41 48149 Münster Germany
- Metabolomics Interdisciplinary Laboratory University of Tarragona Avinguda Països Catalans 26 43007 Tarragona (Spain)
| | - Ulrich Röhling
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics University of Münster Robert-Koch-Str. 31 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Klaus Dreisewerd
- Institute of Hygiene University of Münster Robert-Koch-Str. 41 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Jens Soltwisch
- Institute of Hygiene University of Münster Robert-Koch-Str. 41 48149 Münster Germany
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20
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Ayala-Cabrera JF, Turkowski J, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Development of a Tube Plasma Ion Source for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Comparison with Other Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Techniques. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9595-9602. [PMID: 35758294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A tube plasma ionization (TPI) open-air source for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed. This source is based on an inverse low temperature plasma configuration where the pin inner electrode is applying the high voltage and the grounded electrode is the housing itself. The ionization possibilities were tested by using an EPA mix of priority contaminants, showing that 68% of the analytes could undergo both proton-transfer and charge-exchange reactions. The potential of using different discharge gases (He and Ar) to ionize the analytes and auxiliary gases (He, N2, O2, and synthetic air) to transport the ions toward the MS was carefully investigated. Additionally, the addition of water was also tested to show the different ionization trends in the TPI source. Finally, the ionization by TPI under both dry and wet conditions was compared with other gas-phase atmospheric pressure ionization sources showing TPI could ionize a wider range of compounds (97%) than atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI, 95%) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI, 87%). Besides, the detection capability of TPI was better than APCI and APPI, achieving instrumental limits of detection down to 3 fg on column, which demonstrates the great potential of this ionization source for GC-MS determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Ayala-Cabrera
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.,Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Turkowski
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.,Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Uteschil
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.,Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver J Schmitz
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.,Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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21
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Bookmeyer C, Röhling U, Dreisewerd K, Soltwisch J. Single‐Photon‐Induced Post‐Ionization to Boost Ion Yields in MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bookmeyer
- University of Münster: Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institute of Hygiene Robert-Koch.Str. 41 48149 Münster GERMANY
| | - Ulrich Röhling
- University of Münster: Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics GERMANY
| | - Klaus Dreisewerd
- University of Münster: Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institute of Hygiene GERMANY
| | - Jens Soltwisch
- Westfalische Wilhelms-Universität Munster Institute of Hygiene Robert-Koch-Str. 41 48149 Munster GERMANY
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22
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Hu C, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Liu ZF, Feng XS. Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine and related compounds in the environment: Recent updates on pretreatment, analysis, and removal techniques. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128708. [PMID: 35344890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (1,1-Dimethylhydrazine, UDMH) has been widely used as aerospace fuel in many countries. The launch of space vehicles can cause the release and leakage of UDMH into the environment, posing serious threats to ecology system and human population. Even worse, the health risks are also pertinent to its numerous classes of transformation products including N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), because most of them display carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Recently, there has been an intense ongoing development of simple, fast, green, and effective techniques for determining and removing these hazardous substances. This review summarizes the latest research progress regarding the sources, fates, pretreatment, analysis, and removal techniques of UDMH and related products in the environment. Sample preparation methods mainly include pressurized liquid extraction, liquid-phase microextraction techniques, solid-phase extraction, headspace-solid-phase microextraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Detection and identification methods mainly include high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), and sensors. Removal methods mainly include advanced oxidation processes, adsorption, biodegradation techniques. The advantages/disadvantages, applications, and trends of the proposed approaches are thoroughly discussed to provide a valuable reference for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Hu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Zhi-Fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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23
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Dong F, Li H, Liu B, Liu R, Hou K. Protonated acetone ion chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for real-time measurement of atmospheric ammonia. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:66-74. [PMID: 35459515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is ubiquitous in the atmosphere, it can affect the formation of secondary aerosols and particulate matter, and cause soil eutrophication through sedimentation. Currently, the use of radioactive primary reagent ion source and the humidity interference on the sensitivity and stability are the two major issues faced by chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) in the analysis of atmospheric ammonia. In this work, a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) Kr lamp was used to replace the radioactive source, and acetone was ionized under atmospheric pressure to obtain protonated acetone reagent ions to ionize ammonia. The ionization source is designed as a separated three-zone structure, and even 90 vol.% high-humidity samples can still be directly analyzed with a sensitivity of sub-ppbv. A signal normalization processing method was designed, and with this new method, the quantitative relative standard deviation (RSD) of the instrument was decreased from 17.5% to 9.1%, and the coefficient of determination was increased from 0.8340 to 0.9856. The humidity correction parameters of the instrument were calculated from different humidity, and the ammonia concentrations obtained under different humidity were converted to its concentration under zero humidity condition with these correction parameters. The analytical time for a single sample is only 60 sec, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 8.59 pptv (signal-to-noise ratio S/N = 3). The ambient measurement made in Qingdao, China, in January 2021 with this newly designed CIMS, showed that the concentration of ammonia ranged from 1 to 130 ppbv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengshuo Dong
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ruidong Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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24
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Wu L, Qi K, Xu M, Liu C, Pan Y. Effects of dopants in the imaging of mouse brain by desorption electrospray ionization/post-photoionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2022; 57:e4813. [PMID: 35189674 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Desorption electrospray ionization/post-photoionization (DESI/PI) is a newly developed ionization method by the combination of DESI and post-photoionization for the simultaneous imaging of polar and nonpolar compounds in biological tissues. Dopants are of great importance in DESI/PI for the enhancement of signal intensities through ion-molecule reactions. In this work, to evaluate the performance of dopants in DESI/PI, an efficient homogenate model was developed, and four kinds of dopants (toluene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, and anisole) were tested using homogenate of mouse brain tissue as target sample. The influences of the dopants on the signal enhancements of different compounds were explained reasonably by the ionization mechanism. Then, the dopants with their optimum volume contents were applied to the mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). For a comprehensive imaging of various compounds with different polarities, methanol/toluene/formic acid (7:3:0.1) was chosen as the best choice. Finally, the stronger quantitative ability of DESI/PI with toluene as dopant for a few compounds in mouse brain tissue was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liutian Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Keke Qi
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Minggao Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Dang M, Liu R, Dong F, Liu B, Hou K. Vacuum ultraviolet photoionization on-line mass spectrometry: instrumentation developments and applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Nontargeted Screening Using Gas Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Recent Trends and Emerging Potential. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226911. [PMID: 34834002 PMCID: PMC8624013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC–HRMS) is a powerful nontargeted screening technique that promises to accelerate the identification of environmental pollutants. Currently, most GC–HRMS instruments are equipped with electron ionization (EI), but atmospheric pressure ionization (API) ion sources have attracted renewed interest because: (i) collisional cooling at atmospheric pressure minimizes fragmentation, resulting in an increased yield of molecular ions for elemental composition determination and improved detection limits; (ii) a wide range of sophisticated tandem (ion mobility) mass spectrometers can be easily adapted for operation with GC–API; and (iii) the conditions of an atmospheric pressure ion source can promote structure diagnostic ion–molecule reactions that are otherwise difficult to perform using conventional GC–MS instrumentation. This literature review addresses the merits of GC–API for nontargeted screening while summarizing recent applications using various GC–API techniques. One perceived drawback of GC–API is the paucity of spectral libraries that can be used to guide structure elucidation. Herein, novel data acquisition, deconvolution and spectral prediction tools will be reviewed. With continued development, it is anticipated that API may eventually supplant EI as the de facto GC–MS ion source used to identify unknowns.
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Liu C, Zeng J, Sinues P, Fang M, Zhou Z, Li X. Quantification of volatile organic compounds by secondary electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1180:338876. [PMID: 34538336 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Secondary electrospray ionization coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (SESI-HRMS) is a direct mass spectrometry technique, which can identify trace volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in real time without sample pretreatment and chromatographic separation. SESI-HRMS has been successfully applied in multiple applications, including breath analysis, animals and plants VOCs emissions, analysis of headspace of cell cultures and indoor and outdoor air. The range of areas where the technique can potentially have a substantial impact is very broad. However, one critical aspect that requires further development to consolidate the technique is absolute quantification. Therefore, in this study we aim to develop a quantitative method for eight representative VOCs, including ketones (acetone, 2-butanone and 2-pentanone), alkenes (isoprene and α-terpinene) and aromatics (toluene, styrene and mesitylene). The mass spectrometric platform includes a commercial SESI source hyphenated with a Q-Exactive hybrid quadrupole Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometer. Within the concentration range of 0-100 ppbv studied, the optimal coefficient of determination for linear regression (R2 = 0.993-0.999) between signal intensity and concentration is obtained in the range of 0-10 ppbv for all eight VOCs. The detection limits range between 3 (2-Pentanone) and 15 (Acetone) pptv. The intra-day (n = 10) and inter-day (n = 30) coefficients of variation (CV) are ≤ 6% and ≤10%, respectively. Finally the method is applied for the fast evaluation (<5 min) of different materials widely used for the collection, storage or pretreatment of gas sample. Better recovery of trace levels of eight VOCs is observed for PTFE gas sampling bag as compared to Nalophan and Tedlar bags; when Nafion tube is used to pretreat the gas sample, recovery of ≤50% are obtained for 2-pentanone, α-terpinene and all three aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jiafa Zeng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Basel University, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland; University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Sinues
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Basel University, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland; University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Mingliang Fang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., LTD., Guangzhou, 510530, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., LTD., Guangzhou, 510530, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Kosyakov DS, Pikovskoi II, Ul'yanovskii NV. Dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization Orbitrap mass spectrometry - An approach to molecular characterization of lignin oligomers. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1179:338836. [PMID: 34535257 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer in nature and is considered an important renewable source of aromatic compounds. One of the most promising analytical methods for molecular characterization of lignin is Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), proved itself in the study of lignins of various origins and their depolymerization products. In this work, the photoionization of lignin using acetone, 1,4-dioxane, and THF as solvents for the biopolymer and APPI dopants providing the generation of protonated and deprotonated molecules of lignin oligomers has been studied. The ionization conditions were optimized on the basis of the dependences of the total ion current on temperature and the flow rate of the solution into the ion source. Lignin degradation processes under APPI conditions occur mainly with the cleavage of ether β-O-4 bonds between phenylpropane structural units, demethylation (negative ion mode), as well as the loss of water and formaldehyde (positive ion mode). Negative ion mode APPI provides a higher ionization efficiency in the region of high molecular weights, however, it is characterized by an increased fragmentation of β-O-4 ether bonds compared to APPI(+) leading to a partial depolymerization of lignin in the ion source. The combination of APPI with Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry allows obtaining mass spectra of coniferous and deciduous wood lignins with resolved fine structure and containing signals of up to 3000 oligomers in the mass range of 300-1800 Da. This can be used for comprehensive characterization of lignins at molecular level and tracking changes in biopolymer chemical composition in various processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Kosyakov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia.
| | - Ilya I Pikovskoi
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Ul'yanovskii
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
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Bahureksa W, Tfaily MM, Boiteau RM, Young RB, Logan MN, McKenna AM, Borch T. Soil Organic Matter Characterization by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FTICR MS): A Critical Review of Sample Preparation, Analysis, and Data Interpretation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9637-9656. [PMID: 34232025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The biogeochemical cycling of soil organic matter (SOM) plays a central role in regulating soil health, water quality, carbon storage, and greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, many studies have been conducted to reveal how anthropogenic and climate variables affect carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling. Among the analytical techniques used to better understand the speciation and transformation of SOM, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS) is the only technique that has sufficient mass resolving power to separate and accurately assign elemental compositions to individual SOM molecules. The global increase in the application of FTICR MS to address SOM complexity has highlighted the many challenges and opportunities associated with SOM sample preparation, FTICR MS analysis, and mass spectral interpretation. Here, we provide a critical review of recent strategies for SOM characterization by FTICR MS with emphasis on SOM sample collection, preparation, analysis, and data interpretation. Data processing and visualization methods are presented with suggested workflows that detail the considerations needed for the application of molecular information derived from FTICR MS. Finally, we highlight current research gaps, biases, and future directions needed to improve our understanding of organic matter chemistry and cycling within terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bahureksa
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Malak M Tfaily
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Rene M Boiteau
- College of Earth, Ocean, Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Robert B Young
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1170, United States
| | - Merritt N Logan
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Amy M McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
| | - Thomas Borch
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1170, United States
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Hieta JP, Vesander R, Sipilä M, Sarnela N, Kostiainen R. Soft X-ray Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization in Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9309-9313. [PMID: 34197089 PMCID: PMC8382217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Soft X-ray atmospheric pressure photoionization (soft X-ray APPI) as an ionization method in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is presented. The ionization mechanism was examined with selected test compounds in the negative ion mode, using soft X-ray APPI source emitting 4.9 keV photons. Test compounds with an acidic group were ionized by a proton transfer reaction, producing deprotonated molecules ([M - H]-), whereas compounds having positive electron affinity were ionized by a charge exchange reaction, producing negative molecular ions (M-•). Soft X-ray APPI does not require a dopant to achieve high ionization efficiency, which is an advantage compared with vacuum ultraviolet APPI with 10 eV photons, in which a dopant is needed to improve ionization efficiency. The energy of the soft X-ray photons is in the keV range, which is high enough to displace a valence electron and often also inner shell electrons from LC eluents and atmospheric gases, initiating an efficient ionization process in the negative ion mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha-Pekka Hieta
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roope Vesander
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Sarnela
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Kostiainen
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry variants for metabolomics research. Nat Methods 2021; 18:733-746. [PMID: 33972782 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) variants currently represent the best tools to tackle the challenges of complexity and lack of comprehensive coverage of the metabolome. UHPLC offers flexible and efficient separation coupled with high-sensitivity detection via HRMS, allowing for the detection and identification of a broad range of metabolites. Here we discuss current common strategies for UHPLC-HRMS-based metabolomics, with a focus on expanding metabolome coverage.
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Blackwell BR, Ankley GT. Simultaneous determination of a suite of endogenous steroids by LC-APPI-MS: Application to the identification of endocrine disruptors in aquatic toxicology. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1163:122513. [PMID: 33440276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) can alter steroid hormone production in vertebrates, sometimes leading to adverse reproductive or developmental effects. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry methods are the gold standard for analyte confirmation and quantification in biological matrices, but radioimmunoassays (RIAs) are most commonly used for measurement of select steroid hormones in aquatic toxicology studies. Existing methods for steroid quantification often employ derivatization, limiting the range of steroids that can be simultaneously measured in a single process. In the current study, a method for the simultaneous measurement of thirteen endogenous steroids in small sample volumes without derivatization using liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-APPI-MS/MS) was developed. Several physiologically important steroids, including 11-deoxycortisol, 11-ketotestosterone, 17α- and 17β-estradiol, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, 17,20β-dihydroxyprogesterone, 17,20β,21-trihydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, cortisol, estriol, estrone, progesterone, and testosterone, were selected for the analysis. The method was validated for application to small volumes of fish plasma and fish holding water. Method detection limits using only 10 µL of plasma ranged from 0.05 to 1.0 ng/mL. As a potential surrogate for plasma steroid measurements, fish holding water was analyzed to measure excreted steroids. Lower limits of quantification when using 0.25 L of water ranged from 0.05 to 1.0 ng/L. The validated method was applied to two different experiments with small fish species exposed to an EDC known to affect steroid synthesis, fadrozole. Concentrations of the 13 steroids were measured in plasma or holding water from the studies. This work demonstrates the potential application of the developed method to measure endogenous steroids for identification of EDCs in aquatic toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Blackwell
- US EPA, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, USA.
| | - Gerald T Ankley
- US EPA, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
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Imaging of Polar and Nonpolar Lipids Using Desorption Electrospray Ionization/Post-photoionization Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2306:285-298. [PMID: 33954954 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1410-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) can record 2D distribution of polar lipids in tissue slices at ambient condition. However, sensitivity of DESI-MSI for nonpolar lipids is restricted by low ionization efficiency and severe ion suppression. Here, a compact post-photoionization assembly combined with DESI (DESI/PI) was developed for simultaneous imaging polar and nonpolar lipids in tissue sections by switching off/on a portable krypton lamp. Compared with DESI, higher signal intensities of nonpolar compounds could be detected with DESI/PI. We describe the fabrication, optimization, implementation, and data transformation for imaging both the polar and nonpolar lipids in mouse brain tissue using an Agilent 6224 Accurate-Mass TOF mass spectrometer. More than ten nonpolar lipids including cholesterol and GalCer lipids were detected by DESI/PI in the positive ion mode, compared with that by DESI. In the negative-ion mode, ion yields of DESI/PI for lipids (HexCer, PE, and PE-P) were also increased by several folds.
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Son CE, Choi SS. The influence of different types of reactant ions on the ionization behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8936. [PMID: 32875612 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered to be cancer-causing chemicals, and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is used for on-site detection of such hazardous chemicals. In IMS, the ionization behavior of analytes is affected by the types of reactant ions (RIs). In the present work, the influence of different types of RIs on the ionization behaviors of PAHs in an ion mobility spectrometer equipped with a corona discharge ionization source was investigated using various RIs. METHODS Selected PAHs were dissolved in anisole, fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, or bromobenzene. The IMS analysis procedure was performed as follows: (a) the PAH solution was dropped onto the smear matrix; (b) the smear matrix was immediately inserted into the sample inlet to minimize evaporation of the solvent; and (c) the IMS analysis was performed. The lowest amount studied was 10 ng. Variations in the IMS spectra with time were investigated. RESULTS PAHs were not ionized by RIs of protonated molecules ([M + H]+ ) such as air/moisture and acetone, but they were ionized by charge transfer reactions with RIs of molecular ions (M•+ ) of solvents such as anisole, fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, and bromobenzene. The PAH ions were detected following a time delay of ~1-5 s after the sample introduction, and the times at which the maximum intensities for the PAHs were observed were different. The detection limits of PAHs in chlorobenzene were on the whole better than those in other solvents, whereas those in fluorobenzene were worse. The detection limits of pyrene and benzo[a]anthracene were better than those of the other PAHs irrespective of the solvent used. CONCLUSIONS PAH molecules were ionized by charge transfer reactions with RIs of the solvents, and their ions were detected ~1-5 s after sample introduction. The order of the ionization efficiency was chlorobenzene > anisole > bromobenzene > fluorobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Eun Son
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Seen Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
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Popov MS, Ul’yanovskii NV, Kosyakov DS. Application of Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization to the Determination of 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Transformation Products by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820130109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wu C, Wen Y, Hua L, Jiang J, Xie Y, Cao Y, Chai S, Hou K, Li H. Rapid and highly sensitive measurement of trimethylamine in seawater using dynamic purge-release and dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1137:56-63. [PMID: 33153609 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Trimethylamine (TMA) is ubiquitous in the marine systems and may affect atmospheric chemistry as a precursor and strong stabilizer of atmospheric secondary aerosol, influencing cloud formation. Rapid and accurate measurement of the concentration of TMA in seawater is challenging due to their polarity, aqueous solubility, volatility and existence at low concentrations in marine environments. In this study, a dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DA-APPI-TOFMS) coupled with a dynamic purge-release method was developed for rapid and sensitive analysis of TMA in seawater. A novel three-zones ionization source has been developed for improving the ionization efficiency of analyte molecules and minimizing the influence of high-humidity of the sample gas, which allowed direct analysis of high-humidity (RH> 90%) gas samples from microbubble purging process by the mass spectrometer. At atmospheric pressure, the three-zones ionization source allows the use of high-speed purge gas to quickly purge all organic amines dissolved in the water into the gas phase, ensuring quantitative accuracy. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for TMA down to 0.1 μg L-1 was obtained in less than 2 min by consuming only 2 mL seawater sample. This method was applied for the determination of the concentrations of TMA in the coastal seawater to validate its practicability and reliability for analysis of trace amines in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jichun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixue Cao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Chai
- College of Physics Department, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China.
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Rapid quantitative determination of blood propofol concentration throughout perioperative period by negative photoionization ion mobility spectrometer with solvent-assisted neutral desorption. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1142:118-126. [PMID: 33280689 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and quantitative determination of blood propofol concentration is important for anesthesiologists to accurately control intraoperative propofol dose, timely monitor physiological statuses of patients and greatly improve the safety of surgery. Herein, a dopant-assisted negative photoionization ion mobility spectrometer with the optimized ionization region structure and the three-way inlet design was developed, increasing the generation ratio of the reactant ions O2-, and improving the ionization efficiency of propofol molecules. Besides, the addition of methanol-anisole solution during injection promoted the neutral desorption of propofol in blood, further improving the detection sensitivity by an order of magnitude, eliminating any sample pretreatment and effectively reducing the single analysis time to less than 1 min compared to the previous article. The dual calibration quantitative method, i.e. the method of calibrating the O2- concentration and the sample concentration changes during the entire process of detecting propofol through the integral value of M·O2- and the maximum signal intensity of O2-, successfully achieved accurate quantification of blood propofol. And the linear calibration curve of propofol was obtained with the range of 0.1-15 ng μL-1 and with the limit of detection of 0.03 ng μL-1, which was fulfilled to conduct propofol determination throughout the perioperative period. Finally, this method was applied to clinically measure the blood propofol concentration in patients newly regained consciousness with concentrations ranging from 0.2 ng μL-1 to 3 ng μL-1, and it turned out that the older patient had the lower propofol concentration in blood.
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Yu Z, Liu C, Niu H, Wu M, Gao W, Zhou Z, Huang Z, Li X. Real time analysis of trace volatile organic compounds in ambient air: a comparison between membrane inlet single photon ionization mass spectrometry and proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4343-4350. [PMID: 32844845 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01102a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is critical for a better understanding of chemical processes in ambient air or making minute-by-minute decisions in emergency situations. Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) is nowadays the most commonly used technique for real-time monitoring of VOCs while membrane single photon ionization mass spectrometry (MI-SPI-MS) is a promising MS technique for online detection of trace VOCs. Here, to evaluate the potential of MI-SPI-MS as a complementary tool to PTR-MS, a comprehensive comparison has been performed between MI-SPI-MS and PTR-MS. By using two sets of standard gas mixtures TO15 and PAMS, SPI-MS shows advantages in the detection of ≥C5 alkanes, aromatics and halogens; especially for aromatics, the LODs can reach the ppt level. PTR-MS has performed better in the detection of alkenes, ketones and aldehydes. For outdoor measurements, a number of VOCs have been detected while using MI-SPI-MS and PTR-MS in parallel. Consistent temporal variations have been observed for toluene, C8-aromatics and C9-aromatics by the two instruments, with a more sensitive response from the MI-SPI-MS. Thus by measuring both standard gas mixture and complex ambient air samples, we have successfully demonstrated that MI-SPI-MS will be a helpful tool to provide important complementary information on aromatics and alkanes in air, and proper application of MI-SPI-MS will benefit the real-time monitoring of trace VOCs in relative fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujun Yu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Brecht D, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Development of a fast-switching dual (ESI/APCI) ionization source for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8845. [PMID: 32468622 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE High-throughput liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is an increasing topic in analytical chemistry. Especially the idle time of a mass spectrometer should be reduced for an efficient and cost-saving use. Therefore, a fast-switching dual ion source was developed, which uses the most important ionization techniques at atmospheric pressure, electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), with one or more LC systems. METHODS The performance of the developed ion source is shown by infusion experiments and chromatographic analyses of different standard substances. A high-throughput method is demonstrated by coupling two UHPLC systems to the dual ion source with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. RESULTS No decrease in the ion abundance and a stable performance of the mass spectrometer are presented while using the dual ion source. Instrumental limits of detection are 30 ng L-1 for testosterone using ESI and 1 μg L-1 for vitamin D3 using APCI. A fast switching between two UHPLC systems and the dual ion source leads to a high sample throughput of 50 samples in 75 min with relative standard deviations for testosterone and vitamin D3 of 1.5% and 3.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This work presents the development of a dual ESI and APCI ion source operating simultaneously or in switched mode. The results show sensitive and reliable performance as well as the hyphenation to one or more HPLC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Brecht
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Florian Uteschil
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Oliver J Schmitz
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, Essen, 45141, Germany
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40
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Hebra T, Eparvier V, Touboul D. Atmospheric pressure photoionization versus electrospray for the dereplication of highly conjugated natural products using molecular networks. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1630:461533. [PMID: 32950817 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural products are sources of inspiration and reservoir of high valuable molecules. Recently, analytical tools based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to generate molecular network became widely employed for dereplication. This strategy greatly accelerates the identification of known and structural hypothesis of unknown. Despite the availability of different ionization sources, alternatives to classical electrospray ionization (ESI), such as atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) or photoionization (APPI), have been neglected. In particular, APPI has been described for its ionization efficiency on non-polar molecules bearing no acid or basic groups. For that reason, we investigated APPI potential to generate molecular network and compare it to ESI on several criteria that are generation of ion species, sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for different extracts rich in highly conjugated natural products. We first optimized APPI experimental conditions on crude extract from a fungus, Penicillium sclerotiorum, producing polyketones belonging to the azaphilone family. Then we compared APPI and ESI on different fractions of the fungus and on two plant extracts, French Guyanese Swartzia panacoco (Aubl.) R.S. Cowan (arial parts) and Indian Cassia auriculata L. (leaves) containing phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids. While ESI generated more ion species and displayed a better sensitivity, APPI generated only protonated adduct and better SNR. Comparing ESI and APPI generated species on molecular network reveal that both strategies overlap for the majority of protonated ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teo Hebra
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Véronique Eparvier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Touboul
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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41
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Bookmeyer C, Soltwisch J, Röhling U, Dreisewerd K. Low-Pressure Photoionization in a Dual-Ion Funnel Injector Coupled to an Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer for Direct Analysis of Human Breath and Head-Space Sampled Coffee Roasts. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1559-1563. [PMID: 32725968 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Low-pressure photoionization (LPPI) is a versatile tool for the mass spectrometric detection of (semi-)volatile organic compounds, (s)VOC. Here, a dual-ion funnel MALDI/ESI ion injector was equipped with a direct-inlet LPPI module. A radio-frequency (RF) drive enabled the implementation of three Kr discharge lamps in a novel design optimized for efficient photoionization and undisturbed ion trajectories. Supported by expansion and collisional cooling and, optionally, dopant vapor, primarily intact radical ions and protonated molecules were generated. Molecular identification was supported by the high-resolving power of an Orbitrap mass analyzer. In our proof-of-concept study, exhaled human breath and head-space sampled coffee grounds were characterized with this high-throughput technique. From breath, a few hundred and for the coffee roasts more than thousand distinct (s)VOC features were recorded. Principal component analysis enabled the differentiation of coffee grounds by origin and roasting protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bookmeyer
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Soltwisch
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Domagkstr. 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Röhling
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 31, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Dreisewerd
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Domagkstr. 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
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42
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Kondyli A, Schrader W. Evaluation of the combination of different atmospheric pressure ionization sources for the analysis of extremely complex mixtures. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8676. [PMID: 31773793 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Characterization of complex samples remains a challenging task due to the high number of compounds present. Matrix effects, ion discrimination and suppression are limiting factors which force the use of different methods for the same sample to gain a broad understanding of complex mixtures. METHODS Various ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) have been used in various problems for complex mixture analysis. Especially demanding is the analysis of energy-related hydrocarbon mixtures, such as crude oil. Here, the different ionization sources alone and in combination with each other have been used on an ultrahigh resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer to study a light crude oil. RESULTS Despite the great variety of the available ionization sources, there is no single technique which can fully characterize the crude oil. Each ionization technique shows a selectivity towards specific types of compounds. While ESI is the method of choice for the detection of polar compounds, APPI and APCI favor the detection of nonpolar and low-to-medium polar compounds, respectively. The combination of ESI/APPI favors hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing species. CONCLUSIONS Combining different ionization methods can be used as an alternative in order to gain more information about compounds present in a complex mixture although a combination of different ion sources could enhance suppression effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Kondyli
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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43
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Tang C, Tan J, Fan Y, Peng X. Ascertaining Hydrogen-Abstraction Reaction Efficiencies of Halogenated Organic Compounds in Electron Impact Ionization Processes by Gas Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:8496-8507. [PMID: 32337410 PMCID: PMC7178364 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
H-Abstraction reactions occurring during electron impact ionization processes in electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS) are a long-standing and crucial topic in MS research. Yet, some critical relevant mechanisms are controversial and ambiguous, and information about the EI-induced H-abstraction reactions of halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) is completely in the dark. This study provides a systematic investigation of H-abstraction reactions of HOCs taking place in the EI source using 13C6-hexachlorobenzene (13C6-HCB) and 13C6-hexabromobenzene (13C6-HBB) as exemplary compounds by gas chromatography (GC)-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). The H-abstraction efficiencies were evaluated with the MS signal intensity ratios of ions with H-abstraction relative to the corresponding original ions (without H-abstraction). Ion source temperatures, EI energies, and numbers of heavy isotope atoms (37Cl or 81Br) of isotopologues were investigated in terms of their effects on the H-abstraction efficiencies. The H-abstraction efficiencies of individual isotopologues generally decreased from the first to the last isotopologues of respective ions, and those of individual ions were different from each other, with the highest values of 0.017 and 0.444 for 13C6-HCB and 13C6-HBB, respectively. The overall H-abstraction efficiencies involving all measured ions of 13C6-HCB and 13C6-HBB were 0.004 and 0.128, respectively. With increasing ion source temperatures, the H-abstraction efficiencies first increased to a summit and then began to linearly decrease. EI energies and emission currents could impact the H-abstraction efficiencies but showed no certain tendency. The H-abstraction reactions were inferred to belong to ion-molecule reactions, and the siloxanes bleeding from the GC column might be a hydrogen source. Some strategies were proposed for eliminating or alleviating the interference triggered by the H-abstraction reactions in EI-MS in identification of halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs). Our findings provide a better understanding of the EI-induced H-abstraction reactions of HOCs and may benefit the identification of HOPs in environmental analysis, especially for novel HOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiming Tang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianhua Tan
- Guangzhou
Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou 510110, China
| | - Yujuan Fan
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianzhi Peng
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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44
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Meng X, Tang C, Zhang C, Li D, Xu W, Zhai Y. A "Brick" Mass Spectrometer with Photoionization for Direct Analysis of Trace Volatile Compounds. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:961-968. [PMID: 32233377 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With high portability and favorable performance, miniature mass spectrometers have become one of the most attractive tools for on-site analysis of trace volatile compounds. Based on the "Brick" mass spectrometer (BMS) developed previously, a hand-held BMS integrated with a photoionization source (PI-BMS) was developed in this study for volatile compound analysis. With compact dimensions of 30 cm × 18.5 cm × 27.6 cm (length × width × height), the PI-BMS was equipped with a 10.6 eV UV lamp and capable of generating molecular ions. The capabilities of qualitative and quantitative analyses for different volatile samples were demonstrated and characterized. Under optimized conditions, high detection sensitivity in open air was obtained for the PI-BMS with a limit of detection (LOD) of ∼10 ppbv. As demonstrations of mixture analysis, four different fresh fruits were directly analyzed using PI-BMS, observing characteristic mass spectra for each type of fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhi Meng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Caowei Tang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Changxin Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dayu Li
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanbing Zhai
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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45
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Zhang Q, Tian Y, Aliang M, Yu Q, Wang X. Implementation and study of dopant-assisted photoionization with a miniature capillary inlet ion trap mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8621. [PMID: 31658505 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopant-assisted photoionization (PI) has been widely used in the mass spectrometric analysis of volatile compounds. Exploring simple doping methods will benefit parameter optimization and promote the application of this technique. METHODS A previously built miniature ion trap mass spectrometer was used to study dopant-assisted vacuum PI. The sampling system of this device was modified to provide three inlets for the simultaneous introduction of analytes, dopants, and auxiliary air. Then, dopant solution was directly injected into the ion trap chamber through a self-aspirating capillary inlet and rapidly evaporated without heating. Various dopant solutions were prepared and switched during the experiments. RESULTS When analyzing some aniline compounds, the signals of all analytes were improved by more than 10 times after the injection of 2% anisole solution as a dopant. In addition, anisole can provide analyte signals more than three times stronger than those provided by the other dopants. On the basis of the ionization energy selectivity of dopant-assisted PI, some isomers in the mass spectrometric analysis were distinguished using different additives. CONCLUSIONS In general, liquid doping is as feasible and as effective as other traditional methods, and using appropriate dopants with high PI efficiency or feeding more dopants contributes to the ionization of analytes. The proposed method also offers several unique merits, such as simple operation, low consumption, and smooth switching with minimal residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Mushage Aliang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Quan Yu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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46
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Chen C, Jiang D, Li H. UV photoionization ion mobility spectrometry: Fundamentals and applications. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1077:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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47
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Chen X, Hua L, Jiang J, Hu F, Wan N, Li H. Multi-capillary column high-pressure photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and its application for online rapid analysis of flavor compounds. Talanta 2019; 201:33-39. [PMID: 31122430 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-pressure photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPPI-TOFMS) is a versatile and highly sensitive analytical technique for online and real-time analysis of trace volatile organic compounds in complex mixtures. However, discrimination of isomers is usually a great challenge for the soft ionization method, and matrix effect is also inevitable under high pressure in the HPPI source. In this work, we describe a first attempt to develop a two-dimensional (2D) hyphenated instrument by coupling of a multi-capillary column (MCC) with a HPPI-TOFMS to overcome these problems. The capability of the MCC-HPPI-TOFMS for discrimination of isomeric compounds and elimination of the matrix effect was demonstrated by analyzing flavor mixtures. With the merits of fast separation, soft ionization and high detection sensitivity, satisfactory effects in the 2D analysis were achieved, despite the relatively low chromatographic resolution of MCC. As a result, three isomers, eucalyptol, l-menthone and linalool, in a flavor mixture were successfully categorized within 90 s, and the matrix effect caused by solvent ethanol was significantly eliminated as well. The limits of detection (LODs) down to sub-ppbv level were achieved for the investigated five flavor compounds without any enrichment process, and an excellent repeatability was obtained with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of signal intensities ≤5%. The MCC-HPPI-TOFMS system was preliminarily applied for rapid and online analysis of flavor compounds in the exhaled gas of a volunteer after mouth rinsing with a gargle product. The rapid changes of the three flavor compounds, as well as the steady endogenous metabolite acetone, in the exhaled gas were successfully determined with a time-resolution of only 1.5 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jichun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Hu
- Henan Province Medical Instrument Testing Institute, 79 Xiongerhe Road, Zhengzhou, 450018, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningbo Wan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
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48
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Hanley L, Wickramasinghe R, Yung YP. Laser Desorption Combined with Laser Postionization for Mass Spectrometry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:225-245. [PMID: 30786215 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lasers with pulse lengths from nanoseconds to femtoseconds and wavelengths from the mid-infrared to extreme ultraviolet (UV) have been used for desorption or ablation in mass spectrometry. Such laser sampling can often benefit from the addition of a second laser for postionization of neutrals. The advantages offered by laser postionization include the ability to forego matrix application, high lateral resolution, decoupling of ionization from desorption, improved analysis of electrically insulating samples, and potential for high sensitivity and depth profiling while minimizing differential detection. A description of postionization by vacuum UV radiation is followed by a consideration of multiphoton, short pulse, and other postionization strategies. The impacts of laser pulse length and wavelength are considered for laser desorption or laser ablation at low pressures. Atomic and molecular analysis via direct laser desorption/ionization using near-infrared ultrashort pulses is described. Finally, the postionization of clusters, the role of gaseous collisions, sampling at ambient pressure, atmospheric pressure photoionization, and the addition of UV postionization to MALDI are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Hanley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA;
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49
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Brecht D, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Thermogravimetry coupled to an atmospheric pressure photo ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry for the product control of pharmaceutical formulations and the analysis of plasticizers in polymers. Talanta 2019; 198:440-446. [PMID: 30876584 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of a thermogravimetry coupled to an atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (TG-APPI-MS) with a high temperature and flexible transfer line is presented. A method was developed to analyze plasticizers in solution which consist of a solvent evaporation step and subsequent evaporation of the analyte. These solutions of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in hexane were used to investigate the repeatability (RSD: 3.6%) and linearity (R2: 0.9995) of the new developed system. With the new device the detection of different phthalates in a standardized PVC (polyvinyl chloride) polymer is shown. On the example of ASA, the degradation of a pharmaceutical drug is investigated. The dimerization and the possible trimerization of ASA during the thermal degradation is shown. Ten tablets of different ASA manufacturers were analyzed with the new developed analysis platform. The active substance was found in every tablet. Differences in mass spectral data as well as the studying of the pack insert were used to assign the tablets to companies and their subsidiaries. A unique formulation of ASA was found to have a different mass pattern when analyzed with TG-APPI-qMS. The developed device is a promising tool for the product control and the identification of falsified drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Brecht
- Department of Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Uteschil
- Department of Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver J Schmitz
- Department of Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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50
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Huang J, Yang B, Shu J, Zhang Z, Li Z, Jiang K. Kinetic Understanding of the Ultrahigh Ionization Efficiencies (up to 28%) of Excited-State CH 2Cl 2-Induced Associative Ionization: A Case Study with Nitro Compounds. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5605-5612. [PMID: 30841695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Excited-state CH2Cl2-induced associative ionization (AI) is a newly developed ionization method that is very effective for oxygenated organics. However, this method is not widely known. In this study, an unprecedented ionization efficiency and ultrafast reaction rate of AI toward nitro compounds were observed. The ionization efficiencies of o-nitrotoluene (o-NT), m-nitrotoluene (m-NT), and nitrobenzene (NB) were as high as (28 ± 3)%, (27 ± 2)%, and (13 ± 1)%, respectively (∼1-3 ions for every 10 molecules). The measured reaction rate coefficients of these nitroaromatics were (0.5-1.3) × 10-7 molecule-1 cm3 s-1 (∼300 K). These unusual rate coefficients indicated strong long-range interactions between the two neutral reactants, which was regarded as a key factor leading to the ultrahigh ionization efficiency. The detection sensitivities of the nitroaromatics, (1.01-2.16) × 104 counts pptv-1 in 10 s acquisition time, were obtained by an AI time-of-flight mass spectrometer (AI-TOFMS). These experimental results not only provide new insight into the AI reaction but also reveal an excellent ionization method that can improve the detection sensitivity of nitroaromatics to an unprecedented degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 101408 , People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 101408 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinian Shu
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 101408 , People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zuojian Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 101408 , People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 101408 , People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 101408 , People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , People's Republic of China
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