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Jafari VF, Mossayebi Z, Allison-Logan S, Shabani S, Qiao GG. The Power of Automation in Polymer Chemistry: Precision Synthesis of Multiblock Copolymers with Block Sequence Control. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301767. [PMID: 37401148 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Machines can revolutionize the field of chemistry and material science, driving the development of new chemistries, increasing productivity, and facilitating reaction scale up. The incorporation of automated systems in the field of polymer chemistry has however proven challenging owing to the demanding reaction conditions, rendering the automation setup complex and costly. There is an imminent need for an automation platform which uses fast and simple polymerization protocols, while providing a high level of control on the structure of macromolecules via precision synthesis. This work combines an oxygen tolerant, room temperature polymerization method with a simple liquid handling robot to automatically prepare precise and high order multiblock copolymers with unprecedented livingness even after many chain extensions. The highest number of blocks synthesized in such a system is reported, demonstrating the capabilities of this automated platform for the rapid synthesis and complex polymer structure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianna F Jafari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Zahra Mossayebi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stephanie Allison-Logan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sadegh Shabani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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2
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Boyer C, Kamigaito M, Satoh K, Moad G. Radical-Promoted Single-unit Monomer Insertion (SUMI) [aka. Reversible-Deactivation Radical Addition (RDRA)]. Prog Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2023.101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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3
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Ventura-Hunter C, Lechuga-Islas VD, Ulbrich J, Kellner C, Schubert US, Saldívar-Guerra E, Rosales-Guzmán M, Guerrero-Sánchez C. Glycerol methacrylate-based copolymers: Reactivity ratios, physicochemical characterization and cytotoxicity. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Kumar R. Materiomically Designed Polymeric Vehicles for Nucleic Acids: Quo Vadis? ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2507-2535. [PMID: 35642794 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite rapid advances in molecular biology, particularly in site-specific genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9 and base editing, financial and logistical challenges hinder a broad population from accessing and benefiting from gene therapy. To improve the affordability and scalability of gene therapy, we need to deploy chemically defined, economical, and scalable materials, such as synthetic polymers. For polymers to deliver nucleic acids efficaciously to targeted cells, they must optimally combine design attributes, such as architecture, length, composition, spatial distribution of monomers, basicity, hydrophilic-hydrophobic phase balance, or protonation degree. Designing polymeric vectors for specific nucleic acid payloads is a multivariate optimization problem wherein even minuscule deviations from the optimum are poorly tolerated. To explore the multivariate polymer design space rapidly, efficiently, and fruitfully, we must integrate parallelized polymer synthesis, high-throughput biological screening, and statistical modeling. Although materiomics approaches promise to streamline polymeric vector development, several methodological ambiguities must be resolved. For instance, establishing a flexible polymer ontology that accommodates recent synthetic advances, enforcing uniform polymer characterization and data reporting standards, and implementing multiplexed in vitro and in vivo screening studies require considerable planning, coordination, and effort. This contribution will acquaint readers with the challenges associated with materiomics approaches to polymeric gene delivery and offers guidelines for overcoming these challenges. Here, we summarize recent developments in combinatorial polymer synthesis, high-throughput screening of polymeric vectors, omics-based approaches to polymer design, barcoding schemes for pooled in vitro and in vivo screening, and identify materiomics-inspired research directions that will realize the long-unfulfilled clinical potential of polymeric carriers in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1613 Illinois St, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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5
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Soheilmoghaddam F, Rumble M, Cooper-White J. High-Throughput Routes to Biomaterials Discovery. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10792-10864. [PMID: 34213880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many existing clinical treatments are limited in their ability to completely restore decreased or lost tissue and organ function, an unenviable situation only further exacerbated by a globally aging population. As a result, the demand for new medical interventions has increased substantially over the past 20 years, with the burgeoning fields of gene therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine showing promise to offer solutions for full repair or replacement of damaged or aging tissues. Success in these fields, however, inherently relies on biomaterials that are engendered with the ability to provide the necessary biological cues mimicking native extracellular matrixes that support cell fate. Accelerating the development of such "directive" biomaterials requires a shift in current design practices toward those that enable rapid synthesis and characterization of polymeric materials and the coupling of these processes with techniques that enable similarly rapid quantification and optimization of the interactions between these new material systems and target cells and tissues. This manuscript reviews recent advances in combinatorial and high-throughput (HT) technologies applied to polymeric biomaterial synthesis, fabrication, and chemical, physical, and biological screening with targeted end-point applications in the fields of gene therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Limitations of, and future opportunities for, the further application of these research tools and methodologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Soheilmoghaddam
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Madeleine Rumble
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Justin Cooper-White
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
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6
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Upadhya R, Kosuri S, Tamasi M, Meyer TA, Atta S, Webb MA, Gormley AJ. Automation and data-driven design of polymer therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:1-28. [PMID: 33242537 PMCID: PMC8127395 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are uniquely suited for drug delivery and biomaterial applications due to tunable structural parameters such as length, composition, architecture, and valency. To facilitate designs, researchers may explore combinatorial libraries in a high throughput fashion to correlate structure to function. However, traditional polymerization reactions including controlled living radical polymerization (CLRP) and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) require inert reaction conditions and extensive expertise to implement. With the advent of air-tolerance and automation, several polymerization techniques are now compatible with well plates and can be carried out at the benchtop, making high throughput synthesis and high throughput screening (HTS) possible. To avoid HTS pitfalls often described as "fishing expeditions," it is crucial to employ intelligent and big data approaches to maximize experimental efficiency. This is where the disruptive technologies of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) will likely play a role. In fact, ML and AI are already impacting small molecule drug discovery and showing signs of emerging in drug delivery. In this review, we present state-of-the-art research in drug delivery, gene delivery, antimicrobial polymers, and bioactive polymers alongside data-driven developments in drug design and organic synthesis. From this insight, important lessons are revealed for the polymer therapeutics community including the value of a closed loop design-build-test-learn workflow. This is an exciting time as researchers will gain the ability to fully explore the polymer structural landscape and establish quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs) with biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Supriya Atta
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael A Webb
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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Zhang J, Farias‐Mancilla B, Kulai I, Hoeppener S, Lonetti B, Prévost S, Ulbrich J, Destarac M, Colombani O, Schubert US, Guerrero‐Sanchez C, Harrisson S. Effect of Hydrophilic Monomer Distribution on Self-Assembly of a pH-Responsive Copolymer: Spheres, Worms and Vesicles from a Single Copolymer Composition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4925-4930. [PMID: 32997426 PMCID: PMC7984367 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of copolymers containing 50 mol % acrylic acid (AA) and 50 mol % butyl acrylate (BA) but with differing composition profiles ranging from an AA-BA diblock copolymer to a linear gradient poly(AA-grad-BA) copolymer were synthesized and their pH-responsive self-assembly behavior was investigated. While assemblies of the AA-BA diblock copolymer were kinetically frozen, the gradient-like compositions underwent reversible changes in size and morphology in response to changes in pH. In particular, a diblock copolymer consisting of two random copolymer segments of equal length (16 mol % and 84 mol % AA content, respectively) formed spherical micelles at pH >5, a mix of spherical and wormlike micelles at pH 5 and vesicles at pH 4. These assemblies were characterized by dynamic light scattering, cryo-transmission electron microscopy and small angle neutron scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and TechnologySchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710072P. R. China
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University of JenaHumboldtstrasse 10 (IOMC) and Philosophenweg 7 (JCSM)07743JenaGermany
| | | | - Ihor Kulai
- IMRCP UMR5623Université de Toulouse118, route de Narbonne31062Toulouse Cedex 9France
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University of JenaHumboldtstrasse 10 (IOMC) and Philosophenweg 7 (JCSM)07743JenaGermany
| | - Barbara Lonetti
- IMRCP UMR5623Université de Toulouse118, route de Narbonne31062Toulouse Cedex 9France
| | | | - Jens Ulbrich
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University of JenaHumboldtstrasse 10 (IOMC) and Philosophenweg 7 (JCSM)07743JenaGermany
| | - Mathias Destarac
- IMRCP UMR5623Université de Toulouse118, route de Narbonne31062Toulouse Cedex 9France
| | - Olivier Colombani
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM)UMR 6283 CNRSLe Mans Université/ CNRSAvenue Olivier Messiaen72085Le Mans Cedex 9France
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University of JenaHumboldtstrasse 10 (IOMC) and Philosophenweg 7 (JCSM)07743JenaGermany
| | - Carlos Guerrero‐Sanchez
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University of JenaHumboldtstrasse 10 (IOMC) and Philosophenweg 7 (JCSM)07743JenaGermany
| | - Simon Harrisson
- LCPO UMR 5629Université Bordeaux/ CNRS/ Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, de Biologie & de Physique16 Avenue Pey-Berland33607Pessac CedexFrance
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8
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Zhang J, Farias‐Mancilla B, Kulai I, Hoeppener S, Lonetti B, Prévost S, Ulbrich J, Destarac M, Colombani O, Schubert US, Guerrero‐Sanchez C, Harrisson S. Einfluss der Verteilung hydrophiler Monomere auf die Selbstassemblierung eines pH‐responsiven Copolymers: Kugeln, Würmer und Vesikel aus einer einzigen Copolymerkomposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi 710072 P. R. China
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Humboldtstrasse 10 (IOMC) and Philosophenweg 7 (JCSM) 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Barbara Farias‐Mancilla
- IMRCP UMR5623 Université de Toulouse 118, route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 Frankreich
| | - Ihor Kulai
- IMRCP UMR5623 Université de Toulouse 118, route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 Frankreich
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Humboldtstrasse 10 (IOMC) and Philosophenweg 7 (JCSM) 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Barbara Lonetti
- IMRCP UMR5623 Université de Toulouse 118, route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 Frankreich
| | - Sylvain Prévost
- Institut Laue-Langevin 71 Avenue des Martyrs Grenoble Frankreich
| | - Jens Ulbrich
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Humboldtstrasse 10 (IOMC) and Philosophenweg 7 (JCSM) 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Mathias Destarac
- IMRCP UMR5623 Université de Toulouse 118, route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 Frankreich
| | - Olivier Colombani
- IMMM UMR6283 Université du Maine – UFR Sciences et Techniques Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9 Frankreich
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Humboldtstrasse 10 (IOMC) and Philosophenweg 7 (JCSM) 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Carlos Guerrero‐Sanchez
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Humboldtstrasse 10 (IOMC) and Philosophenweg 7 (JCSM) 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Simon Harrisson
- LCPO UMR 5629 Université Bordeaux/ CNRS/ Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, de Biologie & de Physique 16 Avenue Pey-Berland 33607 Pessac Cedex Frankreich
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9
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Alex J, Ulbrich J, Rosales-Guzmán M, Weber C, Schubert US, Guerrero-Sanchez C. Kinetic investigations on homo- and co-polymerizations of pentafluorophenyl (meth)acrylates. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Schuett T, Kimmig J, Zechel S, Schubert US. Automated Polymer Purification Using Dialysis. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2095. [PMID: 32942646 PMCID: PMC7569804 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The automated dialysis of polymers in synthetic robots is described as a first approach for the purification of polymers using an automated protocol. For this purpose, a dialysis apparatus was installed within a synthesis robot. Therein, the polymer solution could be transferred automatically into the dialysis tube. Afterwards, a permanent running dialysis could be started, enabling the removal of residual monomer. Purification efficiency was studied using chromatography and NMR spectroscopy, showing that the automated dialysis requires less solvent and is faster compared to the classical manual approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Schuett
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.S.); (J.K.); (S.Z.)
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Julian Kimmig
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.S.); (J.K.); (S.Z.)
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Zechel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.S.); (J.K.); (S.Z.)
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.S.); (J.K.); (S.Z.)
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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11
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Tamasi M, Kosuri S, DiStefano J, Chapman R, Gormley AJ. Automation of Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization. ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 2:1900126. [PMID: 35586369 PMCID: PMC9113399 DOI: 10.1002/aisy.201900126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Controlled/living radical polymerization (CLRP) techniques are widely utilized to synthesize advanced and controlled synthetic polymers for chemical and biological applications. While automation has long stood as a high-throughput (HTP) research tool to increase productivity as well as synthetic/analytical reliability and precision, oxygen intolerance of CLRP has limited the widespread adoption of these systems. Recently, however, oxygen-tolerant CLRP techniques, such as oxygen-tolerant photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT), enzyme degassing of RAFT (Enz-RAFT), and atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), have emerged. Herein, the use of a Hamilton MLSTARlet liquid handling robot for automating CLRP reactions is demonstrated. Synthesis processes are developed using Python and used to automate reagent handling, dispensing sequences, and synthesis steps required to create homopolymers, random heteropolymers, and block copolymers in 96-well plates, as well as postpolymerization modifications. Using this approach, the synergy between highly customizable liquid handling robotics and oxygen-tolerant CLRP to automate advanced polymer synthesis for HTP and combinatorial polymer research is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Tamasi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Shashank Kosuri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jason DiStefano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Robert Chapman
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN) and the Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Adam J Gormley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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12
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Lechuga-Islas VD, Festag G, Rosales-Guzmán M, Vega-Becerra OE, Guerrero-Santos R, Schubert US, Guerrero-Sánchez C. Quasi-block copolymer design of quaternized derivatives of poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate): Investigations on thermo-induced self-assembly. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Xiong Q, Zhang X, Wei W, Wei G, Su Z. Enzyme-mediated reversible deactivation radical polymerization for functional materials: principles, synthesis, and applications. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00136h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes provide a potential and highly efficient way to mediate the formation of various functional polymer materials with wide applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- Chair of Materials Science (CMS)
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Jena 07743
- Germany
| | - Wenfeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- China
| | - Gang Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University
- 266071 Qingdao
- China
- Faculty of Production Engineering
| | - Zhiqiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- China
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14
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Oliver S, Zhao L, Gormley AJ, Chapman R, Boyer C. Living in the Fast Lane—High Throughput Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam J. Gormley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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15
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Zhang J, Farias-Mancilla B, Destarac M, Schubert US, Keddie DJ, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Harrisson S. Asymmetric Copolymers: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Gradient and Other Partially Segregated Copolymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800357. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory; of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology; Department of Applied Chemistry; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi’an Shaanxi 710072 P. R. China
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Barbara Farias-Mancilla
- Université de Toulouse; CNRS UMR 5623; Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | - Mathias Destarac
- Université de Toulouse; CNRS UMR 5623; Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Daniel J. Keddie
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; University of Wolverhampton; Wulfruna Street Wolverhampton WV1 1LY UK
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Sanchez
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Simon Harrisson
- Université de Toulouse; CNRS UMR 5623; Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
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16
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17
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Rabyk M, Destephen A, Lapp A, King S, Noirez L, Billon L, Hruby M, Borisov O, Stepanek P, Deniau E. Interplay of Thermosensitivity and pH Sensitivity of Amphiphilic Block–Gradient Copolymers of Dimethylaminoethyl Acrylate and Styrene. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Rabyk
- Institute of Macromolecular
Chemistry AS CR, Heyrovského nám. 2, CZ-162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aurélie Destephen
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux IPREM, CNRS - UMR 5254, Université de Pau & Pays de l’Adour, 64053 Pau, France
| | - Alain Lapp
- Leon Brillouin Laboratory (CEA-CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, Cedex 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Stephen King
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, OX11 0QX Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Noirez
- Leon Brillouin Laboratory (CEA-CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, Cedex 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Laurent Billon
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux IPREM, CNRS - UMR 5254, Université de Pau & Pays de l’Adour, 64053 Pau, France
- Bio-inspired Materials Group: Functionality & Self-assembly, Université de Pau & Pays Adour, Pau 64053, France
| | - Martin Hruby
- Institute of Macromolecular
Chemistry AS CR, Heyrovského nám. 2, CZ-162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Borisov
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux IPREM, CNRS - UMR 5254, Université de Pau & Pays de l’Adour, 64053 Pau, France
| | - Petr Stepanek
- Institute of Macromolecular
Chemistry AS CR, Heyrovského nám. 2, CZ-162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Elise Deniau
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux IPREM, CNRS - UMR 5254, Université de Pau & Pays de l’Adour, 64053 Pau, France
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18
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Rosales-Guzmán M, Pérez-Camacho O, Torres-Lubián R, Harrisson S, Schubert US, Guerrero-Sánchez C, Saldívar-Guerra E. Kinetic and Copolymer Composition Investigations of the Free Radical Copolymerization of 1-Octene with Glycidyl Methacrylate. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rosales-Guzmán
- Departamento de Procesos de Polimerización; Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA); Boulevard Enrique Reyna No. 140 25294 Saltillo México
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Odilia Pérez-Camacho
- Departamento de Procesos de Polimerización; Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA); Boulevard Enrique Reyna No. 140 25294 Saltillo México
| | - Román Torres-Lubián
- Departamento de Procesos de Polimerización; Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA); Boulevard Enrique Reyna No. 140 25294 Saltillo México
| | - Simon Harrisson
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse; CNRS UMR 5623; Université Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Enrique Saldívar-Guerra
- Departamento de Procesos de Polimerización; Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA); Boulevard Enrique Reyna No. 140 25294 Saltillo México
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19
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Tselepy A, Schiller TL, Harrisson S, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Moad G, Keddie DJ. Effect of Scandium Triflate on the RAFT Copolymerization of Methyl Acrylate and Vinyl Acetate Controlled by an Acid/Base “Switchable” Chain Transfer Agent. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashton Tselepy
- Chemistry,
School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Tara L. Schiller
- International
Institute of Nanocomposites Manufacturing, WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Harrisson
- IMRCP,
UMR CNRS 5623, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, Cedex 9 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Sanchez
- CSIRO Manufacturing
Flagship, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) & Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena and Polymer Libraries GmbH, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing
Flagship, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Keddie
- Chemistry,
School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing
Flagship, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
- School of Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom
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20
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Yañez-Macias R, Kulai I, Ulbrich J, Yildirim T, Sungur P, Hoeppener S, Guerrero-Santos R, Schubert US, Destarac M, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Harrisson S. Thermosensitive spontaneous gradient copolymers with block- and gradient-like features. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00495h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic gradient copolymers with thermoresponsive properties were synthesized in one pot via RAFT copolymerization.
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21
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Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymers respond to a variety of external stimuli, which include optical, electrical, thermal, mechanical, redox, pH, chemical, environmental and biological signals. This paper is concerned with the process of forming such polymers by RAFT polymerization.
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22
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Etchenausia L, Rodrigues AM, Harrisson S, Deniau Lejeune E, Save M. RAFT Copolymerization of Vinyl Acetate and N-Vinylcaprolactam: Kinetics, Control, Copolymer Composition, and Thermoresponsive Self-Assembly. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Etchenausia
- IPREM, Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères, CNRS, University of Pau & Pays Adour, UMR 5254, 2 avenue du Président Angot, Pau, F-64053, France
| | - Aurélie Malho Rodrigues
- IPREM, Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères, CNRS, University of Pau & Pays Adour, UMR 5254, 2 avenue du Président Angot, Pau, F-64053, France
| | - Simon Harrisson
- Laboratoire
des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Elise Deniau Lejeune
- IPREM, Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères, CNRS, University of Pau & Pays Adour, UMR 5254, 2 avenue du Président Angot, Pau, F-64053, France
| | - Maud Save
- IPREM, Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères, CNRS, University of Pau & Pays Adour, UMR 5254, 2 avenue du Président Angot, Pau, F-64053, France
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23
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Sykes KJ, Harrisson S, Keddie DJ. Phosphorus-Containing Gradient (Block) Copolymers via RAFT Polymerization and Postpolymerization Modification. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Sykes
- Chemistry, School of Science and Technology; University of New England; Armidale NSW 2351 Australia
| | - Simon Harrisson
- Laboratoire Interactions Moléculaires et Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique; UMR 5623 CNRS-UPS Toulouse; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | - Daniel J. Keddie
- Chemistry, School of Science and Technology; University of New England; Armidale NSW 2351 Australia
- School of Biology; Chemistry and Forensic Science; Faculty of Science and Engineering; University of Wolverhampton; Wulfruna Street Wolverhampton WV1 1LY UK
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24
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Chapman R, Gormley AJ, Stenzel MH, Stevens MM. Combinatorial Low-Volume Synthesis of Well-Defined Polymers by Enzyme Degassing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4500-3. [PMID: 26939064 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of well-defined polymers in a low-volume, combinatorial fashion has long been a goal in polymer chemistry. Here, we report the preparation of a wide range of highly controlled homo and block co-polymers by Enz-RAFT (enzyme-assisted reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer) polymerization in microtiter plates in the open atmosphere. The addition of 1 μm glucose oxidase (GOx) to water/solvent mixtures enables polymerization reactions to proceed in extremely low volumes (40 μL) and low radical concentrations. This procedure provides excellent control and high conversions across a range of monomer families and molecular weights, thus avoiding the need to purify for screening applications. This simple technique enables combinatorial polymer synthesis in microtiter plates on the benchtop without the need of highly specialized synthesizers and at much lower volumes than is currently possible by any other technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Chapman
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW72AZ, London, UK.,Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), Department of Chemistry, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Adam J Gormley
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martina H Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), Department of Chemistry, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW72AZ, London, UK. .,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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25
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Chapman R, Gormley AJ, Stenzel MH, Stevens MM. Combinatorial Low-Volume Synthesis of Well-Defined Polymers by Enzyme Degassing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Chapman
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering; Imperial College London; SW72AZ London UK
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD); Department of Chemistry; University of NSW; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Adam J. Gormley
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; SE-171 77 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD); Department of Chemistry; University of NSW; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering; Imperial College London; SW72AZ London UK
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; SE-171 77 Stockholm Sweden
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26
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Moad G, Keddie D, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. Advances in Switchable RAFT Polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201400022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing; Bag 10, Clayton South Vic 3169 Australia
| | - Daniel Keddie
- CSIRO Manufacturing; Bag 10, Clayton South Vic 3169 Australia
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science and Technology; University of New England; Armidale NSW 2351 Australia
| | | | - Ezio Rizzardo
- CSIRO Manufacturing; Bag 10, Clayton South Vic 3169 Australia
| | - San H. Thang
- CSIRO Manufacturing; Bag 10, Clayton South Vic 3169 Australia
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27
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Zuwala K, Smith AAA, Postma A, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Ruiz-Sanchis P, Melchjorsen J, Tolstrup M, Zelikin AN. Polymers fight HIV: potent (pro)drugs identified through parallel automated synthesis. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:46-50. [PMID: 24811313 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular (pro)drugs interfere with the proliferation of HIV through both inhibition of viral cell entry and via intracellular delivery of antiviral drugs. Lead polymer conjugates exhibit longevity of action exceeding that of parent nucleoside analogue drug and are active in primary T cell over at least 72 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Zuwala
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Aarhus University Hospital; Denmark
| | | | - Almar Postma
- CSIRO - Materials Science and Engineering; Ian Wark Laboratory; Bayview Ave Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Sanchez
- CSIRO - Materials Science and Engineering; Ian Wark Laboratory; Bayview Ave Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Pau Ruiz-Sanchis
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | | | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Aarhus University Hospital; Denmark
| | - Alexander N. Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Bayview Ave, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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29
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30
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Haven JJ, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Keddie DJ, Moad G, Thang SH, Schubert US. One pot synthesis of higher order quasi-block copolymer librariesviasequential RAFT polymerization in an automated synthesizer. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00496e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The utility of automated high-throughput methods for the one pot synthesis of functional polymers of increased complexity is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris J. Haven
- CSIRO
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Clayton South MDC, Australia
- Polymer Reaction Design Group Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC)
- Universiteit Hasselt
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Sanchez
- CSIRO
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Clayton South MDC, Australia
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
| | - Daniel J. Keddie
- CSIRO
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Clayton South MDC, Australia
- Chemistry
- School of Science and Technology
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Clayton South MDC, Australia
| | - San H. Thang
- CSIRO
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Clayton South MDC, Australia
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) and Polymer Libraries
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
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31
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Haven JJ, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Keddie DJ, Moad G. Rapid and Systematic Access to Quasi-Diblock Copolymer Libraries Covering a Comprehensive Composition Range by Sequential RAFT Polymerization in an Automated Synthesizer. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 35:492-7. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joris J. Haven
- CSIRO, Materials Science and Engineering; Bag 10, Clayton South MDC Victoria 3169 Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 Eindhoven 5612AZ The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel J. Keddie
- CSIRO, Materials Science and Engineering; Bag 10, Clayton South MDC Victoria 3169 Australia
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology; University of New England; Armidale New South Wales 2351 Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO, Materials Science and Engineering; Bag 10, Clayton South MDC Victoria 3169 Australia
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32
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Guerrero-Sanchez C, O'Brien L, Brackley C, Keddie DJ, Saubern S, Chiefari J. Quasi-block copolymer libraries on demand via sequential RAFT polymerization in an automated parallel synthesizer. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py21135e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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33
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Keddie DJ, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Moad G. The reactivity of N-vinylcarbazole in RAFT polymerization: trithiocarbonates deliver optimal control for the synthesis of homopolymers and block copolymers. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00487b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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