1
|
Wilding CYP, Knox ST, Bourne RA, Warren NJ. Development and Experimental Validation of a Dispersity Model for In Silico RAFT Polymerization. Macromolecules 2023; 56:1581-1591. [PMID: 36874531 PMCID: PMC9979647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The exploitation of computational techniques to predict the outcome of chemical reactions is becoming commonplace, enabling a reduction in the number of physical experiments required to optimize a reaction. Here, we adapt and combine models for polymerization kinetics and molar mass dispersity as a function of conversion for reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) solution polymerization, including the introduction of a novel expression accounting for termination. A flow reactor operating under isothermal conditions was used to experimentally validate the models for the RAFT polymerization of dimethyl acrylamide with an additional term to accommodate the effect of residence time distribution. Further validation is conducted in a batch reactor, where a previously recorded in situ temperature monitoring provides the ability to model the system under more representative batch conditions, accounting for slow heat transfer and the observed exotherm. The model also shows agreement with several literature examples of the RAFT polymerization of acrylamide and acrylate monomers in batch reactors. In principle, the model not only provides a tool for polymer chemists to estimate ideal conditions for a polymerization, but it can also automatically define the initial parameter space for exploration by computationally controlled reactor platforms provided a reliable estimation of rate constants is available. The model is compiled into an easily accessible application to enable simulation of RAFT polymerization of several monomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Y P Wilding
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K.,Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K
| | - Stephen T Knox
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K.,Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K
| | - Richard A Bourne
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K.,Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K
| | - Nicholas J Warren
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K.,Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Evolution of Molar Mass Distributions Using a Method of Partial Moments: Initiation of RAFT Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225013. [PMID: 36433139 PMCID: PMC9696826 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a method of partial moments devised for accurate simulation of the time/conversion evolution of polymer composition and molar mass. Expressions were derived that enable rigorous evaluation of the complete molar mass and composition distribution for shorter chain lengths (e.g., degree of polymerization, Xn = N < 200 units) while longer chains (Xn ≥ 200 units) are not neglected, rather they are explicitly considered in terms of partial moments of the molar mass distribution, μxN(P)=∑n=N+1∞nx[Pn] (where P is a polymeric species and n is its’ chain length). The methodology provides the exact molar mass distribution for chains Xn < N, allows accurate calculation of the overall molar mass averages, the molar mass dispersity and standard deviations of the distributions, provides closure to what would otherwise be an infinite series of differential equations, and reduces the stiffness of the system. The method also allows for the inclusion of the chain length dependence of the rate coefficients associated with the various reaction steps (in particular, termination and propagation) and the various side reactions that may complicate initiation or initialization. The method is particularly suited for the detailed analysis of the low molar mass portion of molar mass distributions of polymers formed by radical polymerization with reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) and is relevant to designing the RAFT-synthesis of sequence-defined polymers. In this paper, we successfully apply the method to compare the behavior of thermally initiated (with an added dialkyldiazene initiator) and photo-initiated (with a RAFT agent as a direct photo-iniferter) RAFT-single-unit monomer insertion (RAFT-SUMI) and oligomerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAm).
Collapse
|
3
|
Precision Polymer Synthesis by Controlled Radical Polymerization: Fusing the progress from Polymer Chemistry and Reaction Engineering. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
4
|
Ghasemi S, Owrang M, Javaheri F, Farjadian F. Spermine Modified PNIPAAm Nano-Hydrogel Serving as Thermo-Responsive System for Delivery of Cisplatin. Macromol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-022-0035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
5
|
Tenorio-López JA, Benvenuta-Tapia JJ, García-Navarro N, Vivaldo-Lima E, Champagne P, Saldívar-Guerra E. Mathematical Description of the RAFT Copolymerization of Styrene and Glycidyl Methacrylate Using the Terminal Model. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071448. [PMID: 35406321 PMCID: PMC9003474 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A mathematical model for the kinetics, composition and molar mass development of the bulk reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and styrene (St), at several GMA molar feed fractions at 103 °C, in the presence of 2-cyano isopropyl dodecyl trithiocarbonate as the RAFT agent and 1,1′-azobis(cyclohexane carbonitrile), as the initiator, is presented. The copolymerization proceeded in a controlled manner and dispersities of the copolymers remained narrow even at high conversions. Experimental data and calculated profiles of conversion versus time, composition versus conversion and molar mass development for the RAFT copolymerization of St and GMA agreed well for all conditions tested, including high-conversion regions. The kinetic rate constants associated with the RAFT- related reactions and diffusion-controlled parameters were properly estimated using a weighted nonlinear multivariable regression procedure. The mathematical model developed in this study may be used as an aid in the design and upscaling of industrial RAFT polymerization processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Alfredo Tenorio-López
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana (UV), Coatzacoalcos 96535, Mexico; (J.A.T.-L.); (N.G.-N.)
| | - Juan José Benvenuta-Tapia
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana (UV), Coatzacoalcos 96535, Mexico; (J.A.T.-L.); (N.G.-N.)
- Correspondence: (J.J.B.-T.); (E.V.-L.); (E.S.-G.)
| | - Norma García-Navarro
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana (UV), Coatzacoalcos 96535, Mexico; (J.A.T.-L.); (N.G.-N.)
| | - Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.J.B.-T.); (E.V.-L.); (E.S.-G.)
| | - Pascale Champagne
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada;
| | - Enrique Saldívar-Guerra
- Polymer Synthesis Department, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Saltillo 25294, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.J.B.-T.); (E.V.-L.); (E.S.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A Review of Modelling of the FCC Unit–Part I: The Riser. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15010308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heavy petroleum industries, including the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, are useful for producing fuels but they are among some of the biggest contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The recent global push for mitigation efforts against climate change has resulted in increased legislation that affects the operations and future of these industries. In terms of the FCC unit, on the riser side, more legislation is pushing towards them switching from petroleum-driven energy sources to more renewable sources such as solar and wind, which threatens the profitability of the unit. On the regenerator side, there is more legislation aimed at reducing emissions of GHGs from such units. As a result, it is more important than ever to develop models that are accurate and reliable, that will help optimise the unit for maximisation of profits under new regulations and changing trends, and that predict emissions of various GHGs to keep up with new reporting guidelines. This article, split over two parts, reviews traditional modelling methodologies used in modelling and simulation of the FCC unit. In Part I, hydrodynamics and kinetics of the riser are discussed in terms of experimental data and modelling approaches. A brief review of the FCC feed is undertaken in terms of characterisations and cracking reaction chemistry, and how these factors have affected modelling approaches. A brief overview of how vaporisation and catalyst deactivation are addressed in the FCC modelling literature is also undertaken. Modelling of constitutive parts that are important to the FCC riser unit such as gas-solid cyclones, disengaging and stripping vessels, is also considered. This review then identifies areas where current models for the riser can be improved for the future. In Part II, a similar review is presented for the FCC regenerator system.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kearns MM, Morley CN, Parkatzidis K, Whitfield R, Sponza AD, Chakma P, De Alwis Watuthanthrige N, Chiu M, Anastasaki A, Konkolewicz D. A general model for the ideal chain length distributions of polymers made with reversible deactivation. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01331a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A general model is developed for the distribution of polymers made with reversible deactivation. The model is applied to a range of experimental systems including RAFT, cationic and ATRP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madison M. Kearns
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Colleen N. Morley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alvaro D. Sponza
- Stony Brook University, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook, NY, 11794 USA
| | - Progyateg Chakma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | | | - Melanie Chiu
- Stony Brook University, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook, NY, 11794 USA
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu Y, Figueira FL, Edeleva M, Van Steenberge PHM, D'hooge DR, Zhou Y, Luo Z. Cost‐efficient modeling of distributed molar mass and topological variations in graft copolymer synthesis by upgrading the method of moments. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Yang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | | | - Mariya Edeleva
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT) Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | | | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT) Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- Centre for Textiles Science and Engineering (CTSE) Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Yin‐Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng‐Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Feuerpfeil A, Drache M, Jantke LA, Melchin T, Rodríguez-Fernández J, Beuermann S. Modeling Semi-Batch Vinyl Acetate Polymerization Processes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Feuerpfeil
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Marco Drache
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | | | - Timo Melchin
- Wacker Chemie AG, Johannes-Hess-Str. 24, 84489 Burghausen, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Beuermann
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Edeleva M, Van Steenberge PH, Sabbe MK, D’hooge DR. Connecting Gas-Phase Computational Chemistry to Condensed Phase Kinetic Modeling: The State-of-the-Art. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3027. [PMID: 34577928 PMCID: PMC8467432 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, quantum chemical calculations (QCC) have increased in accuracy, not only providing the ranking of chemical reactivities and energy barriers (e.g., for optimal selectivities) but also delivering more reliable equilibrium and (intrinsic/chemical) rate coefficients. This increased reliability of kinetic parameters is relevant to support the predictive character of kinetic modeling studies that are addressing actual concentration changes during chemical processes, taking into account competitive reactions and mixing heterogeneities. In the present contribution, guidelines are formulated on how to bridge the fields of computational chemistry and chemical kinetics. It is explained how condensed phase systems can be described based on conventional gas phase computational chemistry calculations. Case studies are included on polymerization kinetics, considering free and controlled radical polymerization, ionic polymerization, and polymer degradation. It is also illustrated how QCC can be directly linked to material properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Edeleva
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (P.H.M.V.S.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Paul H.M. Van Steenberge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (P.H.M.V.S.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Maarten K. Sabbe
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (P.H.M.V.S.); (M.K.S.)
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT), Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dagmar R. D’hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (P.H.M.V.S.); (M.K.S.)
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE), Ghent University, Technologiepark 70a, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dogu O, Plehiers PP, Van de Vijver R, D’hooge DR, Van Steenberge PHM, Van Geem KM. Distribution Changes during Thermal Degradation of Poly(styrene peroxide) by Pairing Tree-Based Kinetic Monte Carlo and Artificial Intelligence Tools. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Onur Dogu
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Pieter P. Plehiers
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Ruben Van de Vijver
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Dagmar R. D’hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE), Technologiepark 70a, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Paul H. M. Van Steenberge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Edeleva M, Marien YW, Van Steenberge PHM, D'hooge DR. Impact of side reactions on molar mass distribution, unsaturation level and branching density in solution free radical polymerization of n-butyl acrylate under well-defined lab-scale reactor conditions. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00151e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes the influence of side reactions in isothermal solution free-radical polymerization of n-butyl acrylate accounting for chain-length dependent diffusional limitations on termination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Edeleva
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- 9052 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Yoshi W. Marien
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- 9052 Ghent
- Belgium
| | | | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- 9052 Ghent
- Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
López‐Domínguez P, Clemente‐Montes DA, Vivaldo‐Lima E. Modeling of Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization of Vinyl Monomers Promoted by Redox Initiation Using NHPI and Xanthone. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.202000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Porfirio López‐Domínguez
- Facultad de Química Departamento de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Diego Alberto Clemente‐Montes
- Facultad de Química Departamento de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Eduardo Vivaldo‐Lima
- Facultad de Química Departamento de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México 04510 México
- Institute for Polymer Research Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Arraez FJ, Van Steenberge PHM, D’hooge DR. Conformational Distributions near and on the Substrate during Surface-Initiated Living Polymerization: A Lattice-Based Kinetic Monte Carlo Approach. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Arraez
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Paul H. M. Van Steenberge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Dagmar R. D’hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 70A, Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhou YN, Li JJ, Wu YY, Luo ZH. Role of External Field in Polymerization: Mechanism and Kinetics. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2950-3048. [PMID: 32083844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed an increasing interest in developing advanced polymerization techniques subjected to external fields. Various physical modulations, such as temperature, light, electricity, magnetic field, ultrasound, and microwave irradiation, are noninvasive means, having superb but distinct abilities to regulate polymerizations in terms of process intensification and spatial and temporal controls. Gas as an emerging regulator plays a distinctive role in controlling polymerization and resembles a physical regulator in some cases. This review provides a systematic overview of seven types of external-field-regulated polymerizations, ranging from chain-growth to step-growth polymerization. A detailed account of the relevant mechanism and kinetics is provided to better understand the role of each external field in polymerization. In addition, given the crucial role of modeling and simulation in mechanisms and kinetics investigation, an overview of model construction and typical numerical methods used in this field as well as highlights of the interaction between experiment and simulation toward kinetics in the existing systems are given. At the end, limitations and future perspectives for this field are critically discussed. This state-of-the-art research progress not only provides the fundamental principles underlying external-field-regulated polymerizations but also stimulates new development of advanced polymerization methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Jin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Yang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Study on MMA and BA Emulsion Copolymerization Using 2,4-Diphenyl-4-methyl-1-pentene as the Irreversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Agent. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010080. [PMID: 31906596 PMCID: PMC7023643 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a chain transfer agent, 2,4-diphenyl-4-methyl-1-pentene (αMSD) was first introduced in the emulsion binary copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) based on an irreversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (AFCT) mechanism. The effects of αMSD on molecular weight and its distribution, the degree of polymerization, polymerization rate, monomer conversion, particle size, and tensile properties of the formed latexes were systematically investigated. Its potential chain transfer mechanism was also explored according to the 1H NMR analysis. The results showed that the increase in the content of αMSD could lead to a decline in molecular weight, its distribution, and the degree of polymerization. The mass percentage of MMA in the synthesized polymers was also improved as the amounts of αMSD increased. The chain transfer coefficients of αMSD for MMA and BA were 0.62 and 0.47, respectively. The regulation mechanism of αMSD in the emulsion polymerization of acrylates was found to be consistent with Yasummasa's theory. Additionally, monomer conversion decreased greatly to 47.3% when the concentration of αMSD was higher than 1 wt% due to the extremely low polymerization rate. Moreover, the polymerization rate was also decreased probably due to the desorption and lower reactivity of the regenerative radicals from αMSD. Finally, the tensile properties of the resulting polyacrylate films were significantly affected due to the presence of αMSD.
Collapse
|
17
|
López-Domínguez P, Rivera-Peláez JE, Jaramillo-Soto G, Barragán-Aroche JF, Vivaldo-Lima E. Modeling of RAFT polymerization of MMA in supercritical carbon dioxide using the PC-SAFT equation of state. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00461k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The PC-SAFT equation of state was applied to the study of RAFT polymerization of methyl methacrylate in supercritical CO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Porfirio López-Domínguez
- Facultad de Química
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Ciudad de México
- Mexico
| | - Jesús Eduardo Rivera-Peláez
- Facultad de Química
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Ciudad de México
- Mexico
| | - Gabriel Jaramillo-Soto
- Facultad de Química
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Ciudad de México
- Mexico
| | | | - Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima
- Facultad de Química
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Ciudad de México
- Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
De Smit K, Marien YW, Van Geem KM, Van Steenberge PHM, D'hooge DR. Connecting polymer synthesis and chemical recycling on a chain-by-chain basis: a unified matrix-based kinetic Monte Carlo strategy. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00266f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymer synthesis and subsequent depolymerisation/degradation are linked at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyann De Smit
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- 9052 Zwijnaarde
- Belgium
| | - Yoshi W. Marien
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- 9052 Zwijnaarde
- Belgium
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- 9052 Zwijnaarde
- Belgium
| | | | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- 9052 Zwijnaarde
- Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Surface-Initiated Initiators for Continuous Activator Regeneration (SI ICAR) ATRP of MMA from 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxy (TEMPO) Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibers for the Preparations of PMMA Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11101631. [PMID: 31600916 PMCID: PMC6835816 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective method of oxidation from paper pulps via 2,2,6,6–tetramethylpiperidine–1–oxy (TEMPO) compound to obtain TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNs) was demonstrated. Following by acylation, TOCN having an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiating site of bromoisobutyryl moiety (i.e., TOCN–Br) was successfully obtained. Through a facile and practical technique of surface-initiated initiators for continuous activator regeneration atom transfer radical polymerization (SI ICAR ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) from TOCN–Br, controllable grafting polymer chain lengths (Mn = ca. 10k–30k g/mol) with low polydispersity (PDI < 1.2) can be achieved to afford TOCN–g–Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanomaterials. These modifications were monitored by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), and water contact angle analysis. Eventually, TOCN–g–PMMA/PMMA composites were prepared using the solvent blending method. Compared to the pristine PMMA (Tg = 100 °C; tensile strength (σT) = 17.1 MPa), the composites possessed high transparency with enhanced thermal properties and high tensile strength (Tg = 110 °C and σT = 37.2 MPa in 1 wt% TOCN containing case) that were investigated by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and tensile tests. We demonstrated that minor amounts of TOCN–g–PMMA nanofillers can provide high efficacy in improving the mechanical and thermal properties of PMMA matrix.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zetterlund PB, D’hooge DR. The Nanoreactor Concept: Kinetic Features of Compartmentalization in Dispersed Phase Polymerization. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bian C, Zhou Y, Luo Z. Mechanistic and kinetic investigation of Cu(II)‐catalyzed controlled radical polymerization enabled by ultrasound irradiation. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Bian
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Yin‐Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng‐Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wolpers A, Bergerbit C, Ebeling B, D'Agosto F, Monteil V. Aromatic Xanthates and Dithiocarbamates for the Polymerization of Ethylene through Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Wolpers
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5265 Laboratoire C2P2 Équipe LCPP 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
| | - Cédric Bergerbit
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5265 Laboratoire C2P2 Équipe LCPP 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
| | - Bastian Ebeling
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5265 Laboratoire C2P2 Équipe LCPP 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5265 Laboratoire C2P2 Équipe LCPP 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
| | - Vincent Monteil
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5265 Laboratoire C2P2 Équipe LCPP 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wolpers A, Bergerbit C, Ebeling B, D'Agosto F, Monteil V. Aromatic Xanthates and Dithiocarbamates for the Polymerization of Ethylene through Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14295-14302. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Wolpers
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5265 Laboratoire C2P2 Équipe LCPP 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
| | - Cédric Bergerbit
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5265 Laboratoire C2P2 Équipe LCPP 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
| | - Bastian Ebeling
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5265 Laboratoire C2P2 Équipe LCPP 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5265 Laboratoire C2P2 Équipe LCPP 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
| | - Vincent Monteil
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5265 Laboratoire C2P2 Équipe LCPP 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Joubert F, Cheong Phey Denn P, Guo Y, Pasparakis G. Comparison of Thermoresponsive Hydrogels Synthesized by Conventional Free Radical and RAFT Polymerization. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12172697. [PMID: 31450750 PMCID: PMC6747592 DOI: 10.3390/ma12172697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We compared the influence of the polymerization mechanism onto the physical characteristics of thermoresponsive hydrogels. The Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) hydrogels were successfully synthesized using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) and free radical polymerization (FRP). The gels were prepared while using different crosslinker feed and monomer concentration. The swelling, dye release, and hydrolytic stability of the gels were investigated in water, or in representative komostrope and chaotrope salt solutions at room temperature and at 37 °C. It was found that the swelling ratio (SR) of the RAFT gels was significantly higher than that of the FRP gels; however, an increased crosslinking density resulted in a decrease of the SR of the RAFT gels as compared to the corresponding gels that are made by FRP, which indicates the limitation of the cross-linking efficiency that is attained in RAFT polymerization. Additionally, an increased monomer concentration decreased the SR of the RAFT gels, whereas a similar SR was observed for the FRP gels. However, the SR of both RAFT and FRP gels in NaSCN and Na2SO4 solutions were similar. Finally, the rate of dye release was significantly slower from the RAFT gels than the FRP gels and the hydrolytic stability of the RAFT gels was lower than that of FRP gels in water, but maintained similar stability in Na2SO4 and NaSCN solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Joubert
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | | | - Yujie Guo
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - George Pasparakis
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Huang YS, Chen JK, Kuo SW, Hsieh YA, Yamamoto S, Nakanishi J, Huang CF. Synthesis of Poly( N-vinylpyrrolidone)-Based Polymer Bottlebrushes by ATRPA and RAFT Polymerization: Toward Drug Delivery Application. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1079. [PMID: 31234554 PMCID: PMC6631111 DOI: 10.3390/polym11061079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atom transfer radical polyaddition (ATRPA) was utilized herein to synthesize a specific functional polyester. We conducted ATRPA of 4-vinylbenzyl 2-bromo-2-phenylacetate (VBBPA) inimer and successfully obtained a linear type poly(VBBPA) (PVBBPA) polyester with benzylic bromides along the backbone. To obtain a novel amphiphilic polymer bottlebrush, however, the lateral ATRP chain extension of PVBBPA with N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) met the problem of quantitative dimerization. By replacing the bromides to xanthate moieties efficiently, we thus observed a pseudo linear first order reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to obtain novel poly(4-vinylbenzyl-2-phenylacetate)-g-poly(NVP) (PVBPA-g-PNVP) amphiphilic polymer bottlebrushes. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) and particle size of the amphiphilic polymer bottlebrushes were characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (CMCs < 0.5 mg/mL; particle sizes = ca. 100 nm). Toward drug delivery application, we examined release profiles using a model drug of Nile red at different pH environments (3, 5, and 7). Eventually, low cytotoxicity and well cell uptake of the Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Epithelial (MDCK) for the polymer bottlebrush micelles were demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shen Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Jem-Kun Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
| | - Shiao-Wei Kuo
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-An Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Shota Yamamoto
- World Premier International Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
| | - Jun Nakanishi
- World Premier International Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
| | - Chih-Feng Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Herrera FZF, Vieira RP. Multivariate Parametric Analysis for the Determination of Kinetic Rate Constants in 2‐(difluoromethoxy)ethyl Acrylate Atom‐Transfer Radical Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roniérik Pioli Vieira
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas Albert Einstein Campinas Av. Campinas 13083–852 São Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Arraez FJ, Xu X, Van Steenberge PHM, Jerca VV, Hoogenboom R, D’hooge DR. Macropropagation Rate Coefficients and Branching Levels in Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization of 2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline through Prediction of Size Exclusion Chromatography Data. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Arraez
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul H. M. Van Steenberge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valentin-Victor Jerca
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Centre of Organic Chemistry “Costin D. Nenitzescu” Romanian Academy, Spl. Independentei 202B, 060023 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dagmar R. D’hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 70A, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Matioszek D, Mazières S, Brusylovets O, Lin CY, Coote ML, Destarac M, Harrisson S. Experimental and Theoretical Comparison of Addition–Fragmentation Pathways of Diseleno- and Dithiocarbamate RAFT Agents. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Matioszek
- LHFA, CNRS UMR 5069, Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Mazières
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Oleksii Brusylovets
- LHFA, CNRS UMR 5069, Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Ching Yeh Lin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, 2601 Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, 2601 Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Mathias Destarac
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Harrisson
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Devlaminck DJG, Van Steenberge PHM, Reyniers MF, D'hooge DR. Modeling of Miniemulsion Polymerization of Styrene with Macro-RAFT Agents to Theoretically Compare Slow Fragmentation, Ideal Exchange and Cross-Termination Cases. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E320. [PMID: 30960304 PMCID: PMC6419184 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-dimensional Smith-Ewart based model is developed to understand differences for reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) miniemulsion polymerization with theoretical agents mimicking cases of slow fragmentation, cross-termination, and ideal exchange while accounting for chain length and monomer conversion dependencies due to diffusional limitations. The focus is on styrene as a monomer, a water soluble initiator, and a macro-RAFT agent to avoid exit/entry of the RAFT leaving group radical. It is shown that with a too low RAFT fragmentation rate coefficient it is generally not afforded to consider zero-one kinetics (for the related intermediate radical type) and that with significant RAFT cross-termination the dead polymer product is dominantly originating from the RAFT intermediate radical. To allow the identification of the nature of the RAFT retardation it is recommended to experimentally investigate in the future the impact of the average particle size (dp) on both the monomer conversion profile and the average polymer properties for a sufficiently broad dp range, ideally including the bulk limit. With decreasing particle size both a slow RAFT fragmentation and a fast RAFT cross-termination result in a stronger segregation and thus rate acceleration. The particle size dependency is different, allowing further differentiation based on the variation of the dispersity and end-group functionality. Significant RAFT cross-termination is specifically associated with a strong dispersity increase at higher average particle sizes. Only with an ideal exchange it is afforded in the modeling to avoid the explicit calculation of the RAFT intermediate concentration evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dries J G Devlaminck
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Paul H M Van Steenberge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Françoise Reyniers
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Dagmar R D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 907, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Devlaminck DJG, Van Steenberge PHM, Reyniers MF, D’hooge DR. Deterministic Modeling of Degenerative RAFT Miniemulsion Polymerization Rate and Average Polymer Characteristics: Invalidity of Zero–One Nature at Higher Monomer Conversions. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
31
|
Haven JJ, Junkers T. Mapping Dithiobenzoate-Mediated RAFT Polymerization Products via Online Microreactor/Mass Spectrometry Monitoring. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1228. [PMID: 30961153 PMCID: PMC6290620 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
2-cyano-2-propyl dithiobenzoates (CPDB)-mediated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was monitored by online flow microreactor/mass spectrometry. This enabled the reactions to be followed in a time-resolved manner, closely resolving product patterns in the reaction mixtures at any point in time. RAFT polymerization was investigated for low RAFT to monomer ratios, enabling the monitoring of the early stages of a typical RAFT polymerization. The expected transition from pre- to the RAFT main equilibrium is observed. However, very high abundancies for cross-termination products were also identified, both in the pre- and main equilibrium stage. This is a somewhat surprising result as such products have always been expected, but to date have not been observed in the majority of studies. Product isolation and NMR analysis revealed that cross-termination occurs in the para position of the benzoate ring and becomes fully irreversible via re-aromatization of the ring in a H-shift reaction. The present data suggest a pronounced chain-length dependence of the cross-termination reaction, which would explain why the products are seen here, but not in other studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joris J Haven
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Brandl F, Drache M, Beuermann S. Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation Based Detailed Understanding of the Transfer Processes in Semi-Batch Iodine Transfer Emulsion Polymerizations of Vinylidene Fluoride. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1008. [PMID: 30960933 PMCID: PMC6403726 DOI: 10.3390/polym10091008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Semi-batch emulsion polymerizations of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) are reported. The molar mass control is achieved via iodine transfer polymerization (ITP) using IC₄F₈I as chain transfer agent. Polymerizations carried out at 75 °C and pressures ranging from 10 to 30 bar result in low dispersity polymers with respect to the molar mass distribution (MMD). At higher pressures a significant deviation from the ideal behavior expected for a reversible deactivation transfer polymerization occurs. As identified by kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations of the activation⁻deactivation equilibrium, during the initialization period of the chain transfer agent already significant propagation occurs due to the higher pressure, and thus, the higher monomer concentration available. Based on the kMC modeling results, semi-batch emulsion polymerizations were carried out as a two pressure process, which resulted in very good control of the MMD associated with a comparably high polymerization rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Brandl
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
| | - Marco Drache
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
| | - Sabine Beuermann
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dhar A, Koiry BP, Haloi DJ. Synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate) via ARGET ATRP and study of the effect of solvents and temperatures on its polymerization kinetics. INT J CHEM KINET 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Dhar
- Department of Chemistry; Bodoland University; Kokrajhar India
| | - Bishnu P. Koiry
- B.Voc. Rubber Technology; Tripura University; Suryamaninagar India
| | - Dhruba J. Haloi
- Department of Chemistry; Bodoland University; Kokrajhar India
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Masoumi S, Duever TA, Penlidis A, Azimi R, López-Domínguez P, Vivaldo-Lima E. Model Discrimination between RAFT Polymerization Models Using Sequential Bayesian Methodology. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201800016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Masoumi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Thomas A. Duever
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Ryerson University; Toronto Ontario M5B 2K3 Canada
| | - Alexander Penlidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Institute for Polymer Research (IPR); University of Waterloo; Waterloo Ontario N2l 3G1 Canada
| | - Reza Azimi
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 1H9 Canada
| | - Porfirio López-Domínguez
- Facultad de Química; Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; 04510 Ciudad de México México
| | - Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima
- Facultad de Química; Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; 04510 Ciudad de México México
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
López-Domínguez P, Jaramillo-Soto G, Vivaldo-Lima E. A Modeling Study on the RAFT Polymerization of Vinyl Monomers in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201800011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Porfirio López-Domínguez
- Facultad de Química; Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México D.F. 04510 Mexico
| | - Gabriel Jaramillo-Soto
- Facultad de Química; Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México D.F. 04510 Mexico
| | - Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima
- Facultad de Química; Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México D.F. 04510 Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tian X, Ding J, Zhang B, Qiu F, Zhuang X, Chen Y. Recent Advances in RAFT Polymerization: Novel Initiation Mechanisms and Optoelectronic Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E318. [PMID: 30966354 PMCID: PMC6415088 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) is considered to be one of most famous reversible deactivation radical polymerization protocols. Benefiting from its living or controlled polymerization process, complex polymeric architectures with controlled molecular weight, low dispersity, as well as various functionality have been constructed, which could be applied in wide fields, including materials, biology, and electrology. Under the continuous research improvement, main achievements have focused on the development of new RAFT techniques, containing fancy initiation methods (e.g., photo, metal, enzyme, redox and acid), sulfur-free RAFT system and their applications in many fields. This review summarizes the current advances in major bright spot of novel RAFT techniques as well as their potential applications in the optoelectronic field, especially in the past a few years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Junjie Ding
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Feng Qiu
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) & Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Synthesis of Waterborne Polyurethane by the Telechelic α,ω-Di(hydroxy)poly(n-butyl acrylate). Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10020219. [PMID: 30966254 PMCID: PMC6415118 DOI: 10.3390/polym10020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A key for the preparation of polyacrylate-based polyurethane is the synthesis of hydroxyl-terminated polyacrylate. To our knowledge, exactly one hydroxyl group of every polyacrylate chain has not been reported. The hydroxyl-terminated poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) has been successfully synthesized by degenerative iodine transfer polymerization (DITP) of the n-butyl acrylate (n-BA) using 4,4′-azobis(4-cyano-1-pentanol) (ACPO) and diiodoxylene (DIX) as initiator and chain transfer agent, respectively, and subsequently substituted reaction of the iodine-terminated PBA with β-mercaptoethanol in alkaline condition. The latter reaction was highly efficient, and the terminal iodine at the end of polymer chains were almost quantitatively transformed to a hydroxyl group. 2,2′-Azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) and ACPO were used as initiators in the DITPs of n-BA. The results demonstrated that they had a significant influence on the terminal groups of the formed polymer chains. The structure, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution of the hydroxyl-terminated PBA have been studied by 1H, 13C NMR, and GPC results. The components of hydroxyl-terminated PBA were determined by MALDI-TOF MS spectra, and their formation is discussed. The broad molecular weight distribution of the PBA and the difference in the polymerization behaviors from typical living radical polymerization are explained based on the results of 1H NMR and MALDI-TOF MS spectra. The hydroxyl-terminated PBA has been successfully used in the preparation of PBA-based polyurethane dispersions (PUDs). The aqueous PUDs were stable, and based on the DSC results it can be said that the miscibility of hard segments with PBA chains was improved.
Collapse
|
38
|
How chain length dependencies interfere with the bulk RAFT polymerization rate and microstructural control. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
39
|
Desmet GB, De Rybel N, Van Steenberge PHM, D'hooge DR, Reyniers MF, Marin GB. Ab-Initio-Based Kinetic Modeling to Understand RAFT Exchange: The Case of 2-Cyano-2-Propyl Dodecyl Trithiocarbonate and Styrene. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 39. [PMID: 29076596 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ab-initio-calculated rate coefficients for addition and fragmentation in reversible-addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene with 2-cyano-2-propyl dodecyl trithiocarbonate initiated by azobisisobutyronitrile allow the reliable simulation of the experimentally observed conversion, number average chain length, and dispersity. The rate coefficient for addition of a macroradical Ri to the macroRAFT agent Ri X at 333 K (6.8 104 L mol-1 s-1 ) is significantly lower than to the initial RAFT agent R0 X (3.2 106 L mol-1 s-1 ), mainly due to a difference in activation energy (15.4 vs 3.0 kJ mol-1 ), which causes the dispersity to spike in the beginning of the polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles B Desmet
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Nils De Rybel
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Paul H M Van Steenberge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Dagmar R D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Marie-Françoise Reyniers
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Guy B Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Synthesis and Nanoprecipitation of HEMA-CL n Based Polymers for the Production of Biodegradable Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9090389. [PMID: 30965689 PMCID: PMC6418799 DOI: 10.3390/polym9090389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The control over the size distribution and stability of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) is crucial in many of their applications, especially in the biomedical field. These characteristics are typically influenced by the production method and the nature of the starting material. To investigate these aspects, the controlled radical polymerization of functionalized methacrylates constituted by 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) functionalized with a controlled number of ε-caprolactone (CL) units (HEMA-CLn), was carried out via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) in solution. The living reaction allows for good control over the molar mass of the final polymer with a low molar mass dispersity. The obtained polymer solutions were nanoprecipitated in order to produce NPs suitable for drug delivery applications with narrow particle size distribution and a wide size range (from 60 to 250 nm). The NP synthesis has been performed using a mixing device, in order to control the parameters involved in the nanoprecipitation process. As already seen for similar systems, the size of the produced NPs is a function of the polymer concentration during the nanoprecipitation process. Nevertheless, when the polymer concentration is kept constant, the NP size is influenced by the chemical structure of the polymer used, in terms of the presence of PEG (poly(ethylene glycol)), the degree of RAFT polymerization, and the length of the caprolactone side chain. These characteristics were also found to influence the stability and degradation properties of the produced NPs.
Collapse
|
41
|
Gegenhuber T, De Keer L, Goldmann AS, Van Steenberge PHM, Mueller JO, Reyniers MF, Menzel JP, D’hooge DR, Barner-Kowollik C. Fusing Light-Induced Step-Growth Processes with RAFT Chemistry for Segmented Copolymer Synthesis: A Synergetic Experimental and Kinetic Modeling Study. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gegenhuber
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular
Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie and Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Lies De Keer
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Anja S. Goldmann
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular
Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie and Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | - Jan O. Mueller
- Macromolecular
Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie and Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | - Jan P. Menzel
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Dagmar R. D’hooge
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Centre
for Textile Science and Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark
907, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular
Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie and Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jiang J, Wang WJ, Li BG, Zhu S. Modeling and Experimentation of RAFT Solution Copolymerization of Styrene and Butyl Acrylate, Effect of Chain Transfer Reactions on Polymer Molecular Weight Distribution. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201700029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; College of Chemical & Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; College of Chemical & Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China
| | - Bo-Geng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; College of Chemical & Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fierens SK, Van Steenberge PHM, Reyniers MF, Marin GB, D'hooge DR. How penultimate monomer unit effects and initiator influence ICAR ATRP of n
-butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate. AIChE J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn K. Fierens
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT); Ghent University; Technologiepark 914, Ghent B-9052 Belgium
| | - Paul H. M. Van Steenberge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT); Ghent University; Technologiepark 914, Ghent B-9052 Belgium
| | - Marie-Françoise Reyniers
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT); Ghent University; Technologiepark 914, Ghent B-9052 Belgium
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT); Ghent University; Technologiepark 914, Ghent B-9052 Belgium
| | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT); Ghent University; Technologiepark 914, Ghent B-9052 Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE); Ghent University; Technologiepark 907, Ghent B-9052 Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lente G. Advanced data analysis and modelling in chemical engineering. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-017-1163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
45
|
Devlaminck DJG, Van Steenberge PHM, De Keer L, Reyniers MF, D'hooge DR. A detailed mechanistic study of bulk MADIX of styrene and its chain extension. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00961e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
By combining experimental and modeling tools, a detailed characterization study of MADIX properties becomes possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lies De Keer
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- B-9052 Ghent
- Belgium
| | | | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- B-9052 Ghent
- Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering
| |
Collapse
|