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Koellsch C, Poulin R, Salloum PM. Microbial artists: the role of parasite microbiomes in explaining colour polymorphism among amphipods and potential link to host manipulation. J Evol Biol 2024; 37:1009-1022. [PMID: 38989853 DOI: 10.1093/jeb/voae085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Parasite infections are increasingly reported to change the microbiome of the parasitized hosts, while parasites bring their own microbes to what can be a multi-dimensional interaction. For instance, a recent hypothesis suggests that the microbial communities harboured by parasites may play a role in the well-documented ability of many parasites to manipulate host phenotype, and explain why the degree to which host phenotype is altered varies among conspecific parasites. Here, we explored whether the microbiomes of both hosts and parasites are associated with variation in host manipulation by parasites. Using colour quantification methods applied to digital images, we investigated colour variation among uninfected Transorchestia serrulata amphipods, as well as amphipods infected with Plagiorhynchus allisonae acanthocephalans and with a dilepidid cestode. We then characterized the bacteriota of amphipod hosts and of their parasites, looking for correlations between host phenotype and the bacterial taxa associated with hosts and parasites. We found large variation in amphipod colours, and weak support for a direct impact of parasites on the colour of their hosts. Conversely, and most interestingly, the parasite's bacteriota was more strongly correlated with colour variation among their amphipod hosts, with potential impact of amphipod-associated bacteria as well. Some bacterial taxa found associated with amphipods and parasites may have the ability to synthesize pigments, and we propose they may interact with colour determination in the amphipods. This study provides correlational support for an association between the parasite's microbiome and the evolution of host manipulation by parasites and host-parasite interactions more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Koellsch
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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2
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Lin YT, Xu T, Ip JCH, Sun Y, Fang L, Luan T, Zhang Y, Qian PY, Qiu JW, Qian PY, Qiu JW. Interactions among deep-sea mussels and their epibiotic and endosymbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria: Insights from multi-omics analysis. Zool Res 2023; 44:106-125. [PMID: 36419378 PMCID: PMC9841196 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosymbiosis with Gammaproteobacteria is fundamental for the success of bathymodioline mussels in deep-sea chemosynthesis-based ecosystems. However, the recent discovery of Campylobacteria on the gill surfaces of these mussels suggests that these host-bacterial relationships may be more complex than previously thought. Using the cold-seep mussel ( Gigantidas haimaensis) as a model, we explored this host-bacterial system by assembling the host transcriptome and genomes of its epibiotic Campylobacteria and endosymbiotic Gammaproteobacteria and quantifying their gene and protein expression levels. We found that the epibiont applies a sulfur oxidizing (SOX) multienzyme complex with the acquisition of soxB from Gammaproteobacteria for energy production and switched from a reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle to a Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle for carbon assimilation. The host provides metabolic intermediates, inorganic carbon, and thiosulfate to satisfy the materials and energy requirements of the epibiont, but whether the epibiont benefits the host is unclear. The endosymbiont adopts methane oxidation and the ribulose monophosphate pathway (RuMP) for energy production, providing the major source of energy for itself and the host. The host obtains most of its nutrients, such as lysine, glutamine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, histidine, and folate, from the endosymbiont. In addition, host pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors, peptidoglycan recognition proteins, and C-type lectins, may participate in bacterial infection, maintenance, and population regulation. Overall, this study provides insights into the complex host-bacterial relationships that have enabled mussels and bacteria to thrive in deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tao Lin
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong 511458, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong 511458, China,Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jack Chi-Ho Ip
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong 511458, China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong 511458, China
| | - Ling Fang
- Instrumental Analysis & Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510875, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510875, China,Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China,E-mail:
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong 511458, China,Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China,
| | - Jian-Wen Qiu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong 511458, China,
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3
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Lo Giudice A, Rizzo C. Bacteria Associated with Benthic Invertebrates from Extreme Marine Environments: Promising but Underexplored Sources of Biotechnologically Relevant Molecules. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:617. [PMID: 36286440 PMCID: PMC9605250 DOI: 10.3390/md20100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbe-invertebrate associations, commonly occurring in nature, play a fundamental role in the life of symbionts, even in hostile habitats, assuming a key importance for both ecological and evolutionary studies and relevance in biotechnology. Extreme environments have emerged as a new frontier in natural product chemistry in the search for novel chemotypes of microbial origin with significant biological activities. However, to date, the main focus has been microbes from sediment and seawater, whereas those associated with biota have received significantly less attention. This review has been therefore conceived to summarize the main information on invertebrate-bacteria associations that are established in extreme marine environments. After a brief overview of currently known extreme marine environments and their main characteristics, a report on the associations between extremophilic microorganisms and macrobenthic organisms in such hostile habitats is provided. The second part of the review deals with biotechnologically relevant bioactive molecules involved in establishing and maintaining symbiotic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Lo Giudice
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR.ISP), Spianata S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Carmen Rizzo
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR.ISP), Spianata S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, National Institute of Biology, Sicily Marine Centre, Department Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Villa Pace, Contrada Porticatello 29, 98167 Messina, Italy
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4
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Hui M, Wang A, Cheng J, Sha Z. Full-length 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing reveals the variation of epibiotic microbiota associated with two shrimp species of Alvinocarididae: possibly co-determined by environmental heterogeneity and specific recognition of hosts. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13758. [PMID: 35966925 PMCID: PMC9368993 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Shrimps of the family Alvinocarididae, endemic species to deep sea chemosynthetic ecosystems, harbor epibiotic microbes on gills which probably play important roles in the survival of the shrimps. Among them, Alvinocaris longirostris and Shinkaicaris leurokolos occupy different ecological niches within the same hydrothermal vent in Okinawa Trough, and A. longirostris also exists in a methane seep of the South China Sea. In this study, full-length 16S rRNA sequences of the gill associated bacteria of two alvinocaridid species from different chemosynthetically ecological niches were first captured by single-molecule real-time sequencing. Totally, 120,792 optimized circular consensus sequences with ∼1,450 bp in length were obtained and clustered into 578 operational taxonomic units. Alpha diversity analysis showed seep A. longirostris had the highest species richness and evenness (average Chao1 = 213.68, Shannon = 3.39). Beta diversity analysis revealed that all samples were clearly divided into three groups, and microbial community of A. longirostris from seep and vent were more related than the other comparisons. By permutational multivariate analysis of variance, the most significant community compositional variance was detected between seep A. longirostris and vent S. leurokolos (R 2 = 0.731, P = 0.001). The taxon tags were further classified into 21 phyla, 40 classes, 89 orders, 124 families and 135 genera. Overall, the microbial communities were dominated by Campylobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia, Verrucomicrobiae, Bacilli and other minor groups were also detected at lower abundance. Taxonomic groups recovered from the vent S. leurokolos samples were only dominated by Sulfurovaceae (94.06%). In comparison, gill-associated microbiota of vent A. longirostris consisted of more diverse sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, including Sulfurovaceae (69.21%), Thiotrichaceae (6.77%) and a putative novel Gammaproteobacteria group (14.37%), while in seep A. longirostris, Gammaproteobacteria un-group (44.01%) constituted the major component, following the methane-oxidizing bacteria Methylomonadaceae (19.38%), and Sulfurovaceae (18.66%). Therefore, the gill associated bacteria composition and abundance of alvinocaridid shrimps are closely related to the habitat heterogeneity and the selection of microbiota by the host. However, the interaction between these alvinocaridid shrimps and the epibiotic communities requires further study based on metagenome sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hui
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy & Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Aiyang Wang
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy & Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China,,Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Cheng
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy & Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongli Sha
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy & Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China,,Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Metabolism Interactions Promote the Overall Functioning of the Episymbiotic Chemosynthetic Community of Shinkaia crosnieri of Cold Seeps. mSystems 2022; 7:e0032022. [PMID: 35938718 PMCID: PMC9426478 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00320-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkably diverse bacteria have been observed as biofilm aggregates on the surface of deep-sea invertebrates that support the growth of hosts through chemosynthetic carbon fixation. Growing evidence also indicates that community-wide interactions, and especially cooperation among symbionts, contribute to overall community productivity. Here, metagenome-guided metatranscriptomic and metabolic analyses were conducted to investigate the taxonomic composition, functions, and potential interactions of symbionts dwelling on the seta of Shinkaia crosnieri lobsters in a methane cold seep. Methylococcales and Thiotrichales dominated the community, followed by the Campylobacteriales, Nitrosococcales, Flavobacteriales, and Chitinophagales Metabolic interactions may be common among the episymbionts since many separate taxon genomes encoded complementary genes within metabolic pathways. Specifically, Thiotrichales could contribute to detoxification of hydroxylamine that is a metabolic by-product of Methylococcales. Further, Nitrosococcales may rely on methanol leaked from Methylococcales cells that efficiently oxidize methane. Elemental sulfur may also serve as a community good that enhances sulfur utilization that benefits the overall community, as evidenced by confocal Raman microscopy. Stable intermediates may connect symbiont metabolic activities in cyclical oxic-hypoxic fluctuating environments, which then enhance overall community functioning. This hypothesis was partially confirmed via in situ experiments. These results highlight the importance of microbe-microbe interactions in symbiosis and deep-sea adaptation. IMPORTANCE Symbioses between chemosynthetic bacteria and marine invertebrates are common in deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems and are considered critical foundations for deep-sea colonization. Episymbiotic microorganisms tend to form condensed biofilms that may facilitate metabolite sharing among biofilm populations. However, the prevalence of metabolic interactions among deep-sea episymbionts and their contributions to deep-sea adaptations are not well understood due to sampling and cultivation difficulties associated with deep-sea environments. Here, we investigated metabolic interactions among the episymbionts of Shinkaia crosnieri, a dominant chemosynthetic ecosystem lobster species in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Meta-omics characterizations were conducted alongside in situ experiments to validate interaction hypotheses. Furthermore, imaging analysis was conducted, including electron microscopy, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and confocal Raman microscopy (CRM), to provide direct evidence of metabolic interactions. The results support the Black Queen Hypothesis, wherein leaked public goods are shared among cohabitating microorganisms to enhance the overall adaptability of the community via cooperation.
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6
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Symbiont Community Composition in Rimicaris kairei Shrimps from Indian Ocean Vents with Notes on Mineralogy. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0018522. [PMID: 35404070 PMCID: PMC9040608 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00185-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrothermal vent ecosystems are home to a wide array of symbioses between animals and chemosynthetic microbes, among which shrimps in the genus Rimicaris is one of the most iconic. So far, studies of Rimicaris symbioses have been restricted to Atlantic species, including Rimicaris exoculata, which is totally reliant on the symbionts for nutrition, and the mixotrophic species Rimicaris chacei. Here, we expand this by investigating and characterizing the symbiosis of the Indian Ocean species Rimicaris kairei using specimens from two vent fields, Kairei and Edmond. We also aimed to evaluate the differences in mineralogy and microbial communities between two cephalothorax color morphs, black and brown, through a combination of 16S metabarcoding, scanning electron microscopy, fluorescent in situ hybridization, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and synchrotron near-edge X-ray absorption structure analyses. Overall, our results highlight that R. kairei exhibits similar symbiont lineages to those of its Atlantic congeners, although with a few differences, such as the lack of Zetaproteobacteria. We found distinct mineralization processes behind the two color morphs that were linked to differences in the vent fluid composition, but the symbiotic community composition was surprisingly similar. In R. exoculata, such mineralogical differences have been shown to stem from disparity in the microbial communities, but our results indicate that in R. kairei this is instead due to the shift of dominant metabolisms by the same symbiotic partners. We suggest that a combination of local environmental factors and biogeographic barriers likely contribute to the differences between Atlantic and Indian Ocean Rimicaris symbioses. IMPORTANCE Hydrothermal vent shrimps in the genus Rimicaris are among the most charismatic deep-sea animals of Atlantic and Indian Oceans, often occurring on towering black smokers in dense aggregates of thousands of individuals. Although this dominance is only possible because of symbiosis, no study on the symbiosis of Indian Ocean Rimicaris species has been conducted. Here, we characterize the Rimicaris kairei symbiosis by combining molecular, microscopic, and elemental analyses, making comparisons with those of the Atlantic species possible for the first time. Although most symbiotic partners remained consistent across the two oceans, some differences were recognized in symbiont lineages, as well as in the mechanisms behind the formation of two color morphs with distinct mineralogies. Our results shed new light on relationships among mineralogy, environmental factors, and microbial communities that are useful for understanding other deep-sea symbioses in the future.
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Clarke LJ, Suter L, King R, Bissett A, Bestley S, Deagle BE. Bacterial epibiont communities of panmictic Antarctic krill are spatially structured. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:1042-1052. [PMID: 33300251 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) are amongst the most abundant animals on Earth, with a circumpolar distribution in the Southern Ocean. Genetic and genomic studies have failed to detect any population structure for the species, suggesting a single panmictic population. However, the hyper-abundance of krill slows the rate of genetic differentiation, masking potential underlying structure. Here we use high-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes to show that krill bacterial epibiont communities exhibit spatial structuring, driven mainly by distance rather than environmental factors, especially for strongly krill-associated bacteria. Estimating the ecological processes driving bacterial community turnover indicated this was driven by bacterial dispersal limitation increasing with geographic distance. Furthermore, divergent epibiont communities generated from a single krill swarm split between aquarium tanks under near-identical conditions suggests physical isolation in itself can cause krill-associated bacterial communities to diverge. Our findings show that Antarctic krill-associated bacterial communities are geographically structured, in direct contrast with the lack of structure observed for krill genetic and genomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence J Clarke
- Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tas, Australia.,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia.,Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia
| | - Léonie Suter
- Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tas, Australia
| | - Rob King
- Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tas, Australia
| | - Andrew Bissett
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Hobart, Tas, Australia
| | - Sophie Bestley
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia
| | - Bruce E Deagle
- Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tas, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Hobart, Tas, Australia
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Georgieva MN, Taboada S, Riesgo A, Díez-Vives C, De Leo FC, Jeffreys RM, Copley JT, Little CTS, Ríos P, Cristobo J, Hestetun JT, Glover AG. Evidence of Vent-Adaptation in Sponges Living at the Periphery of Hydrothermal Vent Environments: Ecological and Evolutionary Implications. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1636. [PMID: 32793148 PMCID: PMC7393317 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The peripheral areas of deep-sea hydrothermal vents are often inhabited by an assemblage of animals distinct to those living close to vent chimneys. For many such taxa, it is considered that peak abundances in the vent periphery relate to the availability of hard substrate as well as the increased concentrations of organic matter generated at vents, compared to background areas. However, the peripheries of vents are less well-studied than the assemblages of vent-endemic taxa, and the mechanisms through which peripheral fauna may benefit from vent environments are generally unknown. Understanding this is crucial for evaluating the sphere of influence of hydrothermal vents and managing the impacts of future human activity within these environments, as well as offering insights into the processes of metazoan adaptation to vents. In this study, we explored the evolutionary histories, microbiomes and nutritional sources of two distantly-related sponge types living at the periphery of active hydrothermal vents in two different geological settings (Cladorhiza from the E2 vent site on the East Scotia Ridge, Southern Ocean, and Spinularia from the Endeavour vent site on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, North-East Pacific) to examine their relationship to nearby venting. Our results uncovered a close sister relationship between the majority of our E2 Cladorhiza specimens and the species Cladorhiza methanophila, known to harbor and obtain nutrition from methanotrophic symbionts at cold seeps. Our microbiome analyses demonstrated that both E2 Cladorhiza and Endeavour Spinularia sp. are associated with putative chemosynthetic Gammaproteobacteria, including Thioglobaceae (present in both sponge types) and Methylomonaceae (present in Spinularia sp.). These bacteria are closely related to chemoautotrophic symbionts of bathymodiolin mussels. Both vent-peripheral sponges demonstrate carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures consistent with contributions to nutrition from chemosynthesis. This study expands the number of known associations between metazoans and potentially chemosynthetic Gammaproteobacteria, indicating that they can be incredibly widespread and also occur away from the immediate vicinity of chemosynthetic environments in the vent-periphery, where these sponges may be adapted to benefit from dispersed vent fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergi Taboada
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- Departamento de Biología (Zoología), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fabio C. De Leo
- Ocean Networks Canada, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Rachel M. Jeffreys
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan T. Copley
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Crispin T. S. Little
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Ríos
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Oceanográfico de Santander, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Santander, Spain
| | - Javier Cristobo
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Gijón, Spain
| | - Jon T. Hestetun
- NORCE Environment, Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE), Bergen, Norway
| | - Adrian G. Glover
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
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Linse K, Copley JT, Connelly DP, Larter RD, Pearce DA, Polunin NVC, Rogers AD, Chen C, Clarke A, Glover AG, Graham AGC, Huvenne VAI, Marsh L, Reid WDK, Roterman CN, Sweeting CJ, Zwirglmaier K, Tyler PA. Fauna of the Kemp Caldera and its upper bathyal hydrothermal vents (South Sandwich Arc, Antarctica). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:191501. [PMID: 31827872 PMCID: PMC6894572 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Faunal assemblages at hydrothermal vents associated with island-arc volcanism are less well known than those at vents on mid-ocean ridges and back-arc spreading centres. This study characterizes chemosynthetic biotopes at active hydrothermal vents discovered at the Kemp Caldera in the South Sandwich Arc. The caldera hosts sulfur and anhydrite vent chimneys in 1375-1487 m depth, which emit sulfide-rich fluids with temperatures up to 212°C, and the microbial community of water samples in the buoyant plume rising from the vents was dominated by sulfur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria. A total of 12 macro- and megafaunal taxa depending on hydrothermal activity were collected in these biotopes, of which seven species were known from the East Scotia Ridge (ESR) vents and three species from vents outside the Southern Ocean. Faunal assemblages were dominated by large vesicomyid clams, actinostolid anemones, Sericosura sea spiders and lepetodrilid and cocculinid limpets, but several taxa abundant at nearby ESR hydrothermal vents were rare such as the stalked barnacle Neolepas scotiaensis. Multivariate analysis of fauna at Kemp Caldera and vents in neighbouring areas indicated that the Kemp Caldera is most similar to vent fields in the previously established Southern Ocean vent biogeographic province, showing that the species composition at island-arc hydrothermal vents can be distinct from nearby seafloor-spreading systems. δ 13C and δ 15N isotope values of megafaunal species analysed from the Kemp Caldera were similar to those of the same or related species at other vent fields, but none of the fauna sampled at Kemp Caldera had δ 13C values, indicating nutritional dependence on Epsilonproteobacteria, unlike fauna at other island-arc hydrothermal vents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Linse
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Jonathan T. Copley
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | | | - Robert D. Larter
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - David A. Pearce
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Nick V. C. Polunin
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Ridley Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Alex D. Rogers
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Chong Chen
- X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Kanagawa Pref. Japan
| | - Andrew Clarke
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Adrian G. Glover
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | | | | | - Leigh Marsh
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - William D. K. Reid
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Ridley Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - C. Nicolai Roterman
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Christopher J. Sweeting
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Ridley Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Katrin Zwirglmaier
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Paul A. Tyler
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
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10
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Horizontal acquisition of a patchwork Calvin cycle by symbiotic and free-living Campylobacterota (formerly Epsilonproteobacteria). ISME JOURNAL 2019; 14:104-122. [PMID: 31562384 PMCID: PMC6908604 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Most autotrophs use the Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle for carbon fixation. In contrast, all currently described autotrophs from the Campylobacterota (previously Epsilonproteobacteria) use the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle (rTCA) instead. We discovered campylobacterotal epibionts (“Candidatus Thiobarba”) of deep-sea mussels that have acquired a complete CBB cycle and may have lost most key genes of the rTCA cycle. Intriguingly, the phylogenies of campylobacterotal CBB cycle genes suggest they were acquired in multiple transfers from Gammaproteobacteria closely related to sulfur-oxidizing endosymbionts associated with the mussels, as well as from Betaproteobacteria. We hypothesize that “Ca. Thiobarba” switched from the rTCA cycle to a fully functional CBB cycle during its evolution, by acquiring genes from multiple sources, including co-occurring symbionts. We also found key CBB cycle genes in free-living Campylobacterota, suggesting that the CBB cycle may be more widespread in this phylum than previously known. Metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics confirmed high expression of CBB cycle genes in mussel-associated “Ca. Thiobarba”. Direct stable isotope fingerprinting showed that “Ca. Thiobarba” has typical CBB signatures, suggesting that it uses this cycle for carbon fixation. Our discovery calls into question current assumptions about the distribution of carbon fixation pathways in microbial lineages, and the interpretation of stable isotope measurements in the environment.
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11
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Clarke LJ, Suter L, King R, Bissett A, Deagle BE. Antarctic Krill Are Reservoirs for Distinct Southern Ocean Microbial Communities. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3226. [PMID: 30697197 PMCID: PMC6340936 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-associated bacterial communities have received limited attention in polar habitats, but are likely to represent distinct nutrient-rich niches compared to the surrounding environment. Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) are a super-abundant species with a circumpolar distribution, and the krill microbiome may make a substantial contribution to marine bacterial diversity in the Southern Ocean. We used high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene to characterize bacterial diversity in seawater and krill tissue samples from four locations south of the Kerguelen Plateau, one of the most productive regions in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean. Krill-associated bacterial communities were distinct from those of the surrounding seawater, with different communities inhabiting the moults, digestive tract and faecal pellets, including several phyla not detected in the surrounding seawater. Digestive tissues from many individuals contained a potential gut symbiont (order: Mycoplasmoidales) shown to improve survival on a low quality diet in other crustaceans. Antarctic krill swarms thus influence Southern Ocean microbial communities not only through top-down grazing of eukaryotic cells and release of nutrients into the water column, but also by transporting distinct microbial assemblages horizontally via migration and vertically via sinking faecal pellets and moulted exuviae. Changes to Antarctic krill demographics or distribution through fishing pressure or climate-induced range shifts will also influence the composition and dispersal of Southern Ocean microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence J Clarke
- Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Léonie Suter
- Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, TAS, Australia
| | - Robert King
- Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, TAS, Australia
| | - Andrew Bissett
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Watsuji TO, Motoki K, Hada E, Nagai Y, Takaki Y, Yamamoto A, Ueda K, Toyofuku T, Yamamoto H, Takai K. Compositional and Functional Shifts in the Epibiotic Bacterial Community of Shinkaia crosnieri Baba & Williams (a Squat Lobster from Hydrothermal Vents) during Methane-Fed Rearing. Microbes Environ 2018; 33:348-356. [PMID: 30333383 PMCID: PMC6308002 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me18072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrothermal vent squat lobster Shinkaia crosnieri Baba & Williams harbors an epibiotic bacterial community, which is numerically and functionally dominated by methanotrophs affiliated with Methylococcaceae and thioautotrophs affiliated with Sulfurovum and Thiotrichaceae. In the present study, shifts in the phylogenetic composition and metabolic function of the epibiont community were investigated using S. crosnieri individuals, which were reared for one year in a tank fed with methane as the energy and carbon source. The results obtained indicated that indigenous predominant thioautotrophic populations, such as Sulfurovum and Thiotrichaceae members, became absent, possibly due to the lack of an energy source, and epibiotic communities were dominated by indigenous Methylococcaceae and betaproteobacterial methylotrophic members that adapted to the conditions present during rearing for 12 months with a supply of methane. Furthermore, the overall phylogenetic composition of the epibiotic community markedly changed from a composition dominated by chemolithotrophs to one enriched with cross-feeding heterotrophs in addition to methanotrophs and methylotrophs. Thus, the composition and function of the S. crosnieri epibiotic bacterial community were strongly affected by the balance between the energy and carbon sources supplied for chemosynthetic production as well as that between the production and consumption of organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomo-O Watsuji
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
| | - Kaori Motoki
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC).,Life Science Research Center, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University.,Present Address: Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo
| | - Emi Hada
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
| | - Yukiko Nagai
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
| | | | - Asami Yamamoto
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC).,Life Science Research Center, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Kenji Ueda
- Life Science Research Center, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | | | | | - Ken Takai
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
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Thatje S, Marsh L. From hot waters of polar seas: the mysterious life of the male yeti crab. Ecology 2018; 99:2868-2870. [PMID: 30039867 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Thatje
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Leigh Marsh
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
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Roterman CN, Lee WK, Liu X, Lin R, Li X, Won YJ. A new yeti crab phylogeny: Vent origins with indications of regional extinction in the East Pacific. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194696. [PMID: 29547631 PMCID: PMC5856415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of two new species of kiwaid squat lobsters on hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean and in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean has prompted a re-analysis of Kiwaid biogeographical history. Using a larger alignment with more fossil calibrated nodes than previously, we consider the precise relationship between Kiwaidae, Chirostylidae and Eumunididae within Chirostyloidea (Decapoda: Anomura) to be still unresolved at present. Additionally, the placement of both new species within a new “Bristly” clade along with the seep-associated Kiwa puravida is most parsimoniously interpreted as supporting a vent origin for the family, rather than a seep-to-vent progression. Fossil-calibrated divergence analysis indicates an origin for the clade around the Eocene-Oligocene boundary in the eastern Pacific ~33–38 Ma, coincident with a lowering of bottom temperatures and increased ventilation in the Pacific deep sea. Likewise, the mid-Miocene (~10–16 Ma) rapid radiation of the new Bristly clade also coincides with a similar cooling event in the tropical East Pacific. The distribution, diversity, tree topology and divergence timing of Kiwaidae in the East Pacific is most consistent with a pattern of extinctions, recolonisations and radiations along fast-spreading ridges in this region and may have been punctuated by large-scale fluctuations in deep-water ventilation and temperature during the Cenozoic; further affecting the viability of Kiwaidae populations along portions of mid-ocean ridge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Won-Kyung Lee
- Department of Life Science, Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Deep-sea and Seabed Mineral Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Xinming Liu
- Guangxi Academy of Oceanography, Nanning, China
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao, China
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinzheng Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong-Jin Won
- Department of Life Science, Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Diversity and characterization of bacteria associated with the deep-sea hydrothermal vent crab Austinograea sp. comparing with those of two shallow-water crabs by 16S ribosomal DNA analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187842. [PMID: 29121118 PMCID: PMC5679544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For deep-sea hydrothermal vent crabs, recent investigations have revealed some epibiotic bacteria, but no study has described the bacterial community associated with the gill and intestine. In this study, the microbiota attached to the gill and intestine of the hydrothermal vent crab Austinograea sp. and two shallow-water crab species (Eriocheir sinensis and Portunus trituberculatus) were compared by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA genes. The highest and lowest diversity in bacterial communities were observed in the gill and intestine of Austinograea sp., respectively. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis indicated that Austinograea sp. harbored a distinct microbial community. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for phylum Fusobacteria, class Epsilonproteobacteria, and genera Leucothrix, Polaribacter, Fusibacter, etc. were dominant in Austinograea sp. Of these, Leucothrix, Sulfurospirillum, and Arcobacter may be involved in oxidizing reduced sulfur compounds and sulfur metabolism; Marinomonas, Polaribacter adapted to the low temperature, and Fusibacter and Psychrilyobacter may survive well under hypoxic conditions. Bacteria commonly present in seawater were dominant in the gill, whereas anaerobic bacteria showed strikingly high abundance in the intestine. Interestingly, Firmicutes and Epsilonproteobacteria may complement each other in Austinograea sp., forming an internal environment. The diversified microbial community of Austinograea sp. reveals adaptation to the hydrothermal vent environment.
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Heywood JL, Chen C, Pearce DA, Linse K. Bacterial communities associated with the Southern Ocean vent gastropod, Gigantopelta chessoia: indication of horizontal symbiont transfer. Polar Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-017-2148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Djurhuus A, Mikalsen SO, Giebel HA, Rogers AD. Cutting through the smoke: the diversity of microorganisms in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:160829. [PMID: 28484604 PMCID: PMC5414241 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
There are still notable gaps regarding the detailed distribution of microorganisms between and within insular habitats such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents. This study investigates the community composition of black smoker vent microorganisms in the Southern Hemisphere, and changes thereof along a spatial and chemical gradient ranging from the vent plume to surrounding waters. We sampled two hydrothermal vent fields, one at the South West Indian Ridge (SWIR), the other at the East Scotia Ridge (ESR). Samples were collected across vent fields at varying vertical distances from the origin of the plumes. The microbial data were sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq platform for the 16SrRNA gene. A substantial amount of vent-specific putative chemosynthetic microorganisms were found, particularly in samples from focused hydrothermal venting. Common vent-specific organisms from both vent fields were the genera Arcobacter, Caminibacter and Sulfurimonas from the Epsilonproteobacteria and the SUP05 group from the Gammaproteobacteria. There were no major differences in microbial composition between SWIR and ESR for focused plume samples. However, within the ESR the diffuse flow and focused samples differed significantly in microbial community composition and relative abundance. For Epsilonproteobacteria, we found evidence of niche-specificity to hydrothermal vent environments. This taxon decreased in abundance by three orders of magnitude from the vent orifice to background water. Epsilonproteobacteria distribution followed a distance-decay relationship as vent-effluents mixed with the surrounding seawater. This study demonstrates strong habitat affinity of vent microorganisms on a metre scale with distinct environmental selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Djurhuus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3PS UK
- e-mail:
| | - Svein-Ole Mikalsen
- Department of Science and Technology, University of the Faroe Islands, Noatun 3, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Helge-Ansgar Giebel
- Institute of Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, , Germany
| | - Alex D. Rogers
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3PS UK
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18
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Millard AD, Pearce D, Zwirglmaier K. Biogeography of bacteriophages at four hydrothermal vent sites in the Antarctic based on g23 sequence diversity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw043. [PMID: 26903011 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, which was carried out within the ChEsSO consortium project (Chemosynthetically driven ecosystems south of the Polar Front), we sampled two hydrothermal vent sites on the East Scotia Ridge, Scotia Sea, one in the Kemp Caldera, South Sandwich Arc and one in the Bransfield Strait, north-west of the Antarctic Peninsula, which exhibit strong differences in their chemical characteristics. We compared a subset of their bacteriophage population by Sanger- and 454-sequencing of g23, which codes for the major capsid protein of T4likeviruses. We found that the sites differ vastly in their bacteriophage diversity, which reflects the differences in the chemical conditions and therefore putatively the differences in microbial hosts living at these sites. Comparing phage diversity in the vent samples to other aquatic samples, the vent samples formed a distinct separate cluster, which also included the non-vent control samples that were taken several hundred meters above the vent chimneys. This indicates that the influence of the vents on the microbial population and therefore also the bacteriophage population extends much further than anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Millard
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David Pearce
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), P.O. Box 156, N-9171, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
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Thatje S, Marsh L, Roterman CN, Mavrogordato MN, Linse K. Adaptations to Hydrothermal Vent Life in Kiwa tyleri, a New Species of Yeti Crab from the East Scotia Ridge, Antarctica. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127621. [PMID: 26107940 PMCID: PMC4480985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrothermal vents in the Southern Ocean are the physiologically most isolated chemosynthetic environments known. Here, we describe Kiwa tyleri sp. nov., the first species of yeti crab known from the Southern Ocean. Kiwa tyleri belongs to the family Kiwaidae and is the visually dominant macrofauna of two known vent sites situated on the northern and southern segments of the East Scotia Ridge (ESR). The species is known to depend on primary productivity by chemosynthetic bacteria and resides at the warm-eurythermal vent environment for most of its life; its short-range distribution away from vents (few metres) is physiologically constrained by the stable, cold waters of the surrounding Southern Ocean. Kiwa tylerihas been shown to present differential life history adaptations in response to this contrasting thermal environment. Morphological adaptations specific to life in warm-eurythermal waters, as found on – or in close proximity of – vent chimneys, are discussed in comparison with adaptations seen in the other two known members of the family (K. hirsuta, K. puravida), which show a preference for low temperature chemosynthetic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Thatje
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Leigh Marsh
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark N. Mavrogordato
- Engineering Sciences, μ-VIS CT Imaging Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Katrin Linse
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross Madingley Road, CB3 0ET, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Marsh L, Copley JT, Tyler PA, Thatje S. In hot and cold water: differential life-history traits are key to success in contrasting thermal deep-sea environments. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:898-913. [PMID: 25732205 PMCID: PMC4964920 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Few species of reptant decapod crustaceans thrive in the cold‐stenothermal waters of the Southern Ocean. However, abundant populations of a new species of anomuran crab, Kiwa tyleri, occur at hydrothermal vent fields on the East Scotia Ridge. As a result of local thermal conditions at the vents, these crabs are not restricted by the physiological limits that otherwise exclude reptant decapods south of the polar front. We reveal the adult life history of this species by piecing together variation in microdistribution, body size frequency, sex ratio, and ovarian and embryonic development, which indicates a pattern in the distribution of female Kiwaidae in relation to their reproductive development. High‐density ‘Kiwa’ assemblages observed in close proximity to sources of vent fluids are constrained by the thermal limit of elevated temperatures and the availability of resources for chemosynthetic nutrition. Although adult Kiwaidae depend on epibiotic chemosynthetic bacteria for nutrition, females move offsite after extrusion of their eggs to protect brooding embryos from the chemically harsh, thermally fluctuating vent environment. Consequently, brooding females in the periphery of the vent field are in turn restricted by low‐temperature physiological boundaries of the deep‐water Southern Ocean environment. Females have a high reproductive investment in few, large, yolky eggs, facilitating full lecithotrophy, with the release of larvae prolonged, and asynchronous. After embryos are released, larvae are reliant on locating isolated active areas of hydrothermal flow in order to settle and survive as chemosynthetic adults. Where the cold water restricts the ability of all adult stages to migrate over long distances, these low temperatures may facilitate the larvae in the location of vent sites by extending the larval development period through hypometabolism. These differential life‐history adaptations to contrasting thermal environments lead to a disjunct life history among males and females of K. tyleri, which is key to their success in the Southern Ocean vent environment. We highlight the complexity in understanding the importance of life‐history biology, in combination with environmental, ecological and physiological factors contributing to the overall global distribution of vent‐endemic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Marsh
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Jonathan T Copley
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Paul A Tyler
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Sven Thatje
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
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