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Golonko A, Olichwier AJ, Szklaruk A, Paszko A, Świsłocka R, Szczerbiński Ł, Lewandowski W. Apigenin's Modulation of Doxorubicin Efficacy in Breast Cancer. Molecules 2024; 29:2603. [PMID: 38893482 PMCID: PMC11174085 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Apigenin, a naturally derived flavonoid, is increasingly being acknowledged for its potential therapeutic applications, especially in oncology. This research explores apigenin's capacity to modulate cancer cell viability, emphasizing its roles beyond its minimal antioxidant activity attributed to its basic molecular structure devoid of hydroxyl groups. We investigated apigenin's effects on two breast cancer cell lines, estrogen-dependent MCF-7 and non-estrogen-dependent MDA-MB-231 cells. Our findings reveal that apigenin exerts a dose-dependent cytotoxic and anti-migratory impact on these cells. Interestingly, both apigenin and doxorubicin-a standard chemotherapeutic agent-induced lipid droplet accumulation in a dose-dependent manner in MDA-MB-231 cells. This phenomenon was absent in MCF-7 cells and not evident when doxorubicin and apigenin were used concurrently, suggesting distinct cellular responses to these treatments that imply that their synergistic effects might be mediated through mechanisms unrelated to lipid metabolism. A further chemoinformatics analysis indicated that apigenin and doxorubicin might interact primarily at the level of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins, with potential indirect influences from the AKT and MYC signaling pathways. These results highlight the importance of understanding the nuanced interactions between apigenin and conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, as they could lead to more effective strategies for cancer treatment. This study underscores apigenin's potential as a modulator of cancer cell dynamics through mechanisms independent of its direct antioxidant effects, thereby contributing to the development of flavonoid-based adjunct therapies in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Golonko
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Jan Olichwier
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agata Szklaruk
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Paszko
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Renata Świsłocka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szczerbiński
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Lewandowski
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
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Naponelli V, Rocchetti MT, Mangieri D. Apigenin: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential against Cancer Spreading. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5569. [PMID: 38791608 PMCID: PMC11122459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to its propensity to metastasize, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Thanks in part to their intrinsic low cytotoxicity, the effects of the flavonoid family in the prevention and treatment of various human cancers, both in vitro and in vivo, have received increasing attention in recent years. It is well documented that Apigenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone), among other flavonoids, is able to modulate key signaling molecules involved in the initiation of cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, including JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, NF-κB, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, as well as the oncogenic non-coding RNA network. Based on these premises, the aim of this review is to emphasize some of the key events through which Apigenin suppresses cancer proliferation, focusing specifically on its ability to target key molecular pathways involved in angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs), cell cycle arrest, and cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Naponelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Plesso Biotecnologico Integrato, Via Volturno 39, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Rocchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Domenica Mangieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
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Majma Sanaye P, Mojaveri MR, Ahmadian R, Sabet Jahromi M, Bahramsoltani R. Apigenin and its dermatological applications: A comprehensive review. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 203:113390. [PMID: 35998830 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Apigenin is one of the abundant flavonoids in fruits and vegetables of human diet with several demonstrated health benefits. The aim of the present study is to provide an overview of the current evidence regarding the effect of apigenin on different dermatological complications. Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to retrieve all papers assessing the dermatological effects of apigenin. Preclinical studies support beneficial effects of apigenin on UV-induced skin damage, vitiligo, dermatitis, wounds, skin aging, and some types of skin cancer. The compound mostly acts via inhibition of inflammation through suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and intracellular inflammatory mediators, as well as antioxidant properties such as improvement of endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms. There are also some studies for the design and development of novel drug delivery systems for apigenin to improve its oral and topical bioavailability. Nevertheless, no clinical study has evaluated apigenin as a natural supplement for skin conditions. Considering the benefits of apigenin in preclinical models of dermatological disorders, as well as the acceptable safety of this compound, apigenin may be a future candidate to be used in dermatological disorders. Future clinical studies are needed to further confirm the safety and efficacy of apigenin in skin care products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Reza Mojaveri
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; USERN Office, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Roohollah Ahmadian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sabet Jahromi
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Roodabeh Bahramsoltani
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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Kaleem M, Alhosin M, Khan K, Ahmad W, Hosawi S, Nur SM, Choudhry H, Zamzami MA, Al-Abbasi FA, Javed MDN. Epigenetic Basis of Polyphenols in Cancer Prevention and Therapy. POLYPHENOLS-BASED NANOTHERAPEUTICS FOR CANCER MANAGEMENT 2021:189-238. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4935-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
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Munteanu AC, Badea M, Olar R, Silvestro L, Mihaila M, Brasoveanu LI, Musat MG, Andries A, Uivarosi V. Cytotoxicity studies, DNA interaction and protein binding of new Al (III), Ga (III) and In (III) complexes with 5-hydroxyflavone. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-Cristina Munteanu
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy; 6 Traian Vuia Str Bucharest 020956 Romania
| | - Mihaela Badea
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Bucharest; 90-92 Panduri Str Bucharest 050663 Romania
| | - Rodica Olar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Bucharest; 90-92 Panduri Str Bucharest 050663 Romania
| | - Luigi Silvestro
- PharmaServ. International SRL; 52 Sabinelor Str Bucharest 050853 Romania
| | - Mirela Mihaila
- Center of Immunology; Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology; 285 Mihai Bravu Ave Bucharest 030304 Romania
| | - Lorelei Irina Brasoveanu
- Center of Immunology; Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology; 285 Mihai Bravu Ave Bucharest 030304 Romania
| | - Mihaela Georgiana Musat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy; 6 Traian Vuia Str Bucharest 020956 Romania
| | - Adrian Andries
- Department of Industrial Drugs and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy; 6 Traian Vuia Str. Bucharest 020956 Romania
| | - Valentina Uivarosi
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy; 6 Traian Vuia Str Bucharest 020956 Romania
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Mirzoeva S, Tong X, Bridgeman BB, Plebanek MP, Volpert OV. Apigenin Inhibits UVB-Induced Skin Carcinogenesis: The Role of Thrombospondin-1 as an Anti-Inflammatory Factor. Neoplasia 2018; 20:930-942. [PMID: 30118999 PMCID: PMC6098219 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that apigenin promotes the expression of antiangiogenic protein thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) via a mechanism driven by mRNA-binding protein HuR. Here, we generated a novel mouse model with whole-body THBS-1 gene knockout on SKH-1 genetic background, which allows studies of UVB-induced acute skin damage and carcinogenesis and tests TSP1 involvement in apigenin's anticancer effects. Apigenin significantly inhibited UVB-induced carcinogenesis in the wild-type (WT) animals but not in TSP1 KO (TKO) mice, suggesting that TSP1 is a critical component of apigenin's chemopreventive function in UVB-induced skin cancer. Importantly, TKO mice presented with the elevated cutaneous inflammation at baseline, which was manifested by increased inflammatory infiltrates (neutrophils and macrophages) and elevated levels of the two key inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IL-12. In agreement, maintaining normal TSP1 expression in the UVB-irradiated skin of WT mice using topical apigenin application caused a marked decrease of circulating inflammatory cytokines. Finally, TKO mice showed an altered population dynamics of the bone marrow myeloid progenitor cells (CD11b+), with dramatic expansion of the population of neutrophil progenitors (Ly6ClowLy6Ghigh) compared to the WT control. Our results indicate that the cutaneous tumor suppressor TSP1 is a critical mediator of the in vivo anticancer effect of apigenin in skin, specifically of its anti-inflammatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salida Mirzoeva
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611.
| | - Bryan B Bridgeman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Michael P Plebanek
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Olga V Volpert
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054
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Maeda Y, Takahashi H, Nakai N, Yanagita T, Ando N, Okubo T, Saito K, Shiga K, Hirokawa T, Hara M, Ishiguro H, Matsuo Y, Takiguchi S. Apigenin induces apoptosis by suppressing Bcl-xl and Mcl-1 simultaneously via signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling in colon cancer. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1661-1673. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Maeda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Nozomu Nakai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yanagita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Nanako Ando
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Okubo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Kenta Saito
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Shiga
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Takahisa Hirokawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Masayasu Hara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ishiguro
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsuo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Shuji Takiguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
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Bridgeman BB, Wang P, Ye B, Pelling JC, Volpert OV, Tong X. Inhibition of mTOR by apigenin in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes: A new implication of skin cancer prevention. Cell Signal 2016; 28:460-468. [PMID: 26876613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is the major environmental risk factor for developing skin cancer, the most common cancer worldwide, which is characterized by aberrant activation of Akt/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin). Importantly, the link between UV irradiation and mTOR signaling has not been fully established. Apigenin is a naturally occurring flavonoid that has been shown to inhibit UV-induced skin cancer. Previously, we have demonstrated that apigenin activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which leads to suppression of basal mTOR activity in cultured keratinocytes. Here, we demonstrated that apigenin inhibited UVB-induced mTOR activation, cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in mouse skin and in mouse epidermal keratinocytes. Interestingly, UVB induced mTOR signaling via PI3K/Akt pathway, however, the inhibition of UVB-induced mTOR signaling by apigenin was not Akt-dependent. Instead, it was driven by AMPK activation. In addition, mTOR inhibition by apigenin in keratinocytes enhanced autophagy, which was responsible, at least in part, for the decreased proliferation in keratinocytes. In contrast, apigenin did not alter UVB-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our results indicate the important role of mTOR inhibition in UVB protection by apigenin, and provide a new target and strategy for better prevention of UV-induced skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan B Bridgeman
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Pu Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Boping Ye
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jill C Pelling
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Olga V Volpert
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Singh P, Tomar RS, Rath SK. Anticancer potential of the histone deacetylase inhibitor-like effects of flavones, a subclass of polyphenolic compounds: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2015; 42:1515-31. [PMID: 26033434 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-015-3881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells, followed by their invasion to other tissues. These kinds of cellular abnormalities arise as a result of the accumulation of genetic mutations or epigenetic alterations. Targeting genetic mutations by drugs is a conventional treatment approach. Nowadays, the development and use of epigenetic drugs are burgeoning, owing to the advancements in epigenetic research. The therapeutic intervention of cancer development by histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) holds promise for helping to control the disease, but their nonspecific functions impose certain side effects. Therefore, the search for more HDACIs becomes essential. Plentiful literature on the versatility of dietary components including flavones, a class of the flavonoid group, has already established these compounds to be better anticancer agents. The present review focuses on the significance of flavones with regard to their HDACI-mimicking effects as suggested by the recent evidences. The review also proposes an in-depth screening of flavones in future studies, in the hope that flavones may provide a better alternative to synthetic HDACIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research Bhopal (IISER Bhopal), I.T.I. Transit Campus, Govindpura, Bhopal, 462023, M.P., India.
| | - Raghuvir Singh Tomar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research Bhopal (IISER Bhopal), I.T.I. Transit Campus, Govindpura, Bhopal, 462023, M.P., India
| | - Srikanta Kumar Rath
- Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Seo HS, Sikder MA, Lee HJ, Ryu J, Lee CJ. Apigenin Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced Production and Gene Expression of Mucin through Regulating Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Signaling Pathway in Airway Epithelial Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:525-31. [PMID: 25489420 PMCID: PMC4256032 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether apigenin significantly affects tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced production and gene expression of MUC5AC mucin in airway epithelial cells. Confluent NCI-H292 cells were pretreated with apigenin for 30 min and then stimulated with TNF-α for 24 h or the indicated periods. The MUC5AC mucin gene expression and mucin protein production were measured by reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Apigenin significantly inhibited MUC5AC mucin production and down-regulated MUC5AC gene expression induced by TNF-α in NCI-H292 cells. To elucidate the action mechanism of apigenin, effect of apigenin on TNF-α-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway was also investigated by western blot analysis. Apigenin inhibited NF-κB activation induced by TNF-α. Inhibition of inhibitory kappa B kinase (IKK) by apigenin led to the suppression of inhibitory kappa B alpha (IκBα) phosphorylation and degradation, p65 nuclear translocation. This, in turn, led to the down-regulation of MUC5AC protein production in NCI-H292 cells. Apigenin also has an influence on upstream signaling of IKK because it inhibited the expression of adaptor protein, receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1). These results suggest that apigenin can regulate the production and gene expression of mucin through regulating NF-κB signaling pathway in airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Seok Seo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohamed Asaduzzaman Sikder
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
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Paredes-Gonzalez X, Fuentes F, Su ZY, Kong ANT. Apigenin reactivates Nrf2 anti-oxidative stress signaling in mouse skin epidermal JB6 P + cells through epigenetics modifications. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 16:727-35. [PMID: 24830944 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9613-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nrf2 is a crucial transcription factor that controls a critical anti-oxidative stress defense system and is implicated in skin homeostasis. Apigenin (API), a potent cancer chemopreventive agent, protects against skin carcinogenesis and elicits multiple molecular signaling pathways. However, the potential epigenetic effect of API in skin cancer chemoprotection is not known. In this study, bisulfite genomic DNA sequencing and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation were utilized to investigate the demethylation effect of API at 15 CpG sites in the Nrf2 promoter in mouse skin epidermal JB6 P + cells. In addition, qPCR and Western blot analyses were performed to evaluate the mRNA and protein expression of Nrf2 and the Nrf2 ARE downstream gene, NQO1. Finally, the protein expression levels of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) were evaluated using API and the DNMT/HDAC inhibitor 5-aza/ trichostatin A. Our results showed that API effectively reversed the hypermethylated status of the 15 CpG sites in the Nrf2 promoter in a dose-dependent manner. API enhanced the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and increased the mRNA and protein expression of Nrf2 and the Nrf2 downstream target gene, NQO1. Furthermore, API reduced the expression of the DNMT1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b epigenetic proteins as well as the expression of some HDACs (1-8). Taken together, our results showed that API can restore the silenced status of Nrf2 in skin epidermal JB6 P + cells by CpG demethylation coupled with attenuated DNMT and HDAC activity. These results may provide new therapeutic insights into the prevention of skin cancer by dietary phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Paredes-Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA
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Lee Y, Sung B, Kang YJ, Kim DH, Jang JY, Hwang SY, Kim M, Lim HS, Yoon JH, Chung HY, Kim ND. Apigenin-induced apoptosis is enhanced by inhibition of autophagy formation in HCT116 human colon cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1599-606. [PMID: 24626522 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Apigenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonoid, shown to have chemopreventive and/or anticancer properties in a variety of human cancer cells. The involvement of autophagy in apigenin-induced apoptotic cell death of HCT116 human colon cancer cells was investigated. Apigenin induced suppression of cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner in HCT116 cells. Flow cytometric analyses indicated that apigenin resulted in G2/M phase arrest. This flavone also suppressed the expression of both cyclin B1 and its activating partners, Cdc2 and Cdc25c, whereas the expression of cell cycle inhibitors, such as p53 and p53-dependent p21(CIP1/WAF1), was increased after apigenin treatment. Apigenin induced poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and decreased the levels of procaspase-8, -9 and -3. In addition, the apigenin-treated cells exhibited autophagy, as characterized by the appearance of autophagosomes under fluorescence microscopy and the accumulation of acidic vesicular organelles by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the results of the western blot analysis revealed that the levels of LC3-II, the processed form of LC3-I, was increased by apigenin. Treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) significantly enhanced the apoptosis induced by apigenin, which was accompanied by an increase in the levels of PARP cleavage. These results indicate that apigenin has apoptosis- and autophagy-inducing effects in HCT116 colon cancer cells. Autophagy plays a cytoprotective role in apigenin-induced apoptosis, and the combination of apigenin and an autophagy inhibitor may be a promising strategy for colon cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Lee
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Sung
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jung Kang
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Kim
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yoon Jang
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yeon Hwang
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjung Kim
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Lim
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Yoon
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Deuk Kim
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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Maggioni D, Garavello W, Rigolio R, Pignataro L, Gaini R, Nicolini G. Apigenin impairs oral squamous cell carcinoma growth in vitro inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1675-82. [PMID: 23969487 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effect of apigenin, a flavonoid widely present in fruits and vegetables, on a tongue oral cancer-derived cell line (SCC-25) and on a keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT), with the aim of unveiling its antiproliferative mechanisms. The effect of apigenin on cell growth was evaluated by MTT assay, while apoptosis was investigated by phosphatidyl serine membrane translocation and cell cycle distribution by propidium iodide DNA staining through flow cytometry. In addition the expression of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases was evaluated by western blotting. A reduction of apigenin-induced cell growth was found in both cell lines, although SCC-25 cells were significantly more sensitive than the immortalized keratinocytes, HaCaT. Moreover, apigenin induced apoptosis and modulated the cell cycle in SCC-25 cells. Apigenin treatment resulted in cell cycle arrest at both G0/G1 and G2/M checkpoints, while western blot analysis revealed the decreased expression of cyclin D1 and E, and inactivation of CDK1 upon apigenin treatment. These results demonstrate the anticancer potential of apigenin in an oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line, suggesting that it may be a very promising chemopreventive agent due to its cancer cell cytotoxic activity and its ability to act as a cell cycle modulating agent at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Maggioni
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milan-Bicocca, I-20900 Monza, Italy
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Sikder MA, Lee HJ, Mia MZ, Park SH, Ryu J, Kim JH, Min SY, Hong JH, Seok JH, Lee CJ. Inhibition of TNF-α-induced MUC5AC mucin gene expression and production by wogonin through the inactivation of NF-κB signaling in airway epithelial cells. Phytother Res 2013; 28:62-8. [PMID: 23463646 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether wogonin significantly affects MUC5AC mucin gene expression and production in human airway epithelial cells. Confluent NCI-H292 cells were pretreated with wogonin for 30 min and then stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) for 24 h or the indicated periods. The MUC5AC mucin gene expression and mucin protein production were measured by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. We found that incubation of NCI-H292 cells with wogonin significantly inhibited mucin production and down-regulated MUC5AC gene expression induced by TNF-α in a dose-dependent fashion. To elucidate the action mechanism of wogonin, effect of wogonin on TNF-α-induced NF-κB signaling pathway was investigated by western blot analysis. Wogonin inhibited NF-κB activation induced by TNF-α. Inhibition of IKK by wogonin led to the suppression of IκB phosphorylation and degradation, p65 nuclear translocation and NF-κB-regulated gene expression. This, in turn, led to the down-regulation of MUC5AC protein production in NCI-H292 cells. Wogonin also inhibited the gene products involved in cell survival (Bcl-2) and proliferation (cyclooxygenase-2). These results suggest that wogonin inhibits the NF-κB signaling pathway, which may explain its role in the inhibition of MUC5AC mucin gene expression and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asaduzzaman Sikder
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Rithidech KN, Tungjai M, Reungpatthanaphong P, Honikel L, Simon SR. Attenuation of oxidative damage and inflammatory responses by apigenin given to mice after irradiation. MUTATION RESEARCH/GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 749:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Arango D, Parihar A, Villamena FA, Wang L, Freitas MA, Grotewold E, Doseff AI. Apigenin induces DNA damage through the PKCδ-dependent activation of ATM and H2AX causing down-regulation of genes involved in cell cycle control and DNA repair. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1571-80. [PMID: 22985621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Apigenin, an abundant plant flavonoid, exhibits anti-proliferative and anti-carcinogenic activities through mechanisms yet not fully defined. In the present study, we show that the treatment of leukemia cells with apigenin resulted in the induction of DNA damage preceding the activation of the apoptotic program. Apigenin-induced DNA damage was mediated by p38 and protein kinase C-delta (PKCδ), yet was independent of reactive oxygen species or caspase activity. Treatment of monocytic leukemia cells with apigenin induced the phosphorylation of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and histone H2AX, two key regulators of the DNA damage response, without affecting the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and Rad-3-related (ATR) kinase. Silencing and pharmacological inhibition of PKCδ abrogated ATM and H2AX phosphorylation, whereas inhibition of p38 reduced H2AX phosphorylation independently of ATM. We established that apigenin delayed cell cycle progression at G1/S and increased the number of apoptotic cells. In addition, genome-wide mRNA analyses showed that apigenin-induced DNA damage led to down-regulation of genes involved in cell-cycle control and DNA repair. Taken together, the present results show that the PKCδ-dependent activation of ATM and H2AX define the signaling networks responsible for the regulation of DNA damage promoting genome-wide mRNA alterations that result in cell cycle arrest, hence contributing to the anti-carcinogenic activities of this flavonoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Arango
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Guan H, Gao L, Zhu L, Yan L, Fu M, Chen C, Dong X, Wang L, Huang K, Jiang H. Apigenin attenuates neointima formation via suppression of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic transformation. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1198-207. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Apigenin Isolated from the Medicinal Plant Elsholtzia rugulosa Prevents β-Amyloid 25–35-Induces Toxicity in Rat Cerebral Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Molecules 2011. [PMCID: PMC6263293 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16054005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells of cerebral capillaries forming the blood-brain barrier play an important role in the pathogenesis and therapy of Alzheimer’s disease. Amyloid-β peptides are key pathological elements in the development of this disease. Apigenin (4’,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a plant flavonoid and pharmacologically active agent that can be isolated from several plant species. In the present study, effects of apigenin obtained from the medicinal plant Elsholtzia rugulosa (Labiatae) on primary cultured rat cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) mediated by amyloid-β peptide 25–35 (Aβ25–35) were examined. Aβ25–35 showed toxic effects on CMECs, involving reduction of cell viability, release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), increase of nuclear condensation, over-production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), decrease of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and breakage of the barrier integrity and function. Based on this model, we demonstrated that apigenin from the medicinal plant Elsholtzia rugulosa protected cultured rat CMECs by increasing cell viability, reducing LDH release, relieving nuclear condensation, alleviating intracellular ROS generation, increasing SOD activity, and strengthening the barrier integrity through the preservation of transendothelial electrical resistance, permeability property and characteristic enzymatic activity after being exposed to Aβ25–35. In conclusion, apigenin isolated from Elsholtzia rugulosa has the ability to protect rat CMECs against Aβ25–35-induced toxicity.
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Tsolmon S, Nakazaki E, Han J, Isoda H. Apigetrin induces erythroid differentiation of human leukemia cells K562: Proteomics approach. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55 Suppl 1:S93-S102. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Apigenin, a dietary flavonoid, sensitizes human T cells for activation-induced cell death by inhibiting PKB/Akt and NF-kappaB activation pathway. Immunol Lett 2008; 121:74-83. [PMID: 18812189 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Resistance of T cells to activation-induced cell death (AICD) is associated with autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation. We found that apigenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone), a non-mutagenic dietary flavonoid, augmented both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis in recurrently activated, but not in primarily stimulated, human blood CD4+ T cells. Apigenin potentiated AICD by inhibiting NF-kappaB activation and suppressing NF-kappaB-regulated anti-apoptotic molecules, cFLIP, Bcl-x(L), Mcl-1, XIAP and IAP, but not Bcl-2. Apigenin suppressed NF-kappaB translocation to nucleus and inhibited IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and degradation in response to TCR stimulation in reactivated peripheral blood CD4 T cells, as well as in leukemic Jurkat T cell lines. Among the pathways that lead to NF-kappaB activation upon TCR stimulation, apigenin selectively inhibited PI3K-PKB/Akt, but not PKC-theta activation in the human T cells, and synergized with a PI3K inhibitor to markedly augment AICD. Apigenin also suppressed expression of anti-apoptotic cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) protein in activated human T cells, but it did not affect activation of Erk MAPKinase. Thus, in chronically activated human T cells, relatively non-toxic apigenin can suppress anti-apoptotic pathways involving NF-kappaB activation, and especially cFLIP and COX-2 expression that are important for functioning and maintenance of immune cells in inflammation, autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation.
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Mirzoeva S, Kim ND, Chiu K, Franzen CA, Bergan RC, Pelling JC. Inhibition of HIF-1 alpha and VEGF expression by the chemopreventive bioflavonoid apigenin is accompanied by Akt inhibition in human prostate carcinoma PC3-M cells. Mol Carcinog 2008; 47:686-700. [PMID: 18240292 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progression of cancer leads to hypoxic solid tumors that mount specific cell signaling responses to low oxygen conditions. An important objective of anti-cancer therapy is the development of new drugs that suppress hypoxic responses in solid tumors. Apigenin is a natural flavone that has been shown to have chemopreventive and/or anti-cancer properties against a number of tumor types. However, the mechanisms underlying apigenin's chemopreventive properties are not yet completely understood. In this study, we have investigated the effects of apigenin on expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) in human metastatic prostate PC3-M cancer cells. We found that hypoxia induced a time-dependent increase in the level of HIF-1alpha subunit protein in PC3-M cells, and treatment with apigenin markedly decreased HIF-1alpha expression under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Further, apigenin prevented the activation of the HIF-1 downstream target gene vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We then showed that apigenin inhibited expression of HIF-1alpha by reducing stability of the protein as well as by reducing the level of HIF-1alpha mRNA. We also found that apigenin inhibited Akt and GSK-3beta phosphorylation in PC3-M cells. Further experiments demonstrated that constitutively active Akt blunted the effect of apigenin on HIF-1alpha expression. Taken together, our results identify apigenin as a bioflavonoid that inhibits hypoxia-activated pathways linked to cancer progression in human prostate cancer, in particular the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3 pathway. Further studies on the mechanism of action of apigenin will likely provide new insight into its applicability for pharmacologic targeting of HIF-1alpha for cancer therapeutic or chemopreventive purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salida Mirzoeva
- Department of Pathology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Mosesso P, Cinelli S, Bellacima R, Pepe G. In Vitro Cytogenetic Results Supporting a DNA Nonreactive Mechanism for Ochratoxin A, Potentially Relevant for Its Carcinogenicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1235-43. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800029f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abu-Yousif AO, Smith KA, Getsios S, Green KJ, Van Dross RT, Pelling JC. Enhancement of UVB-Induced Apoptosis by Apigenin in Human Keratinocytes and Organotypic Keratinocyte Cultures. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3057-65. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Adhami VM, Syed DN, Khan N, Afaq F. Phytochemicals for Prevention of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation-induced Damages. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:489-500. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Apigenin inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation through G2/M cell cycle arrest. Mol Cancer 2006; 5:76. [PMID: 17196098 PMCID: PMC1779363 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-5-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many chemotherapeutic agents have been used to treat pancreatic cancer without success. Apigenin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, has been shown to inhibit growth in some cancer cell lines but has not been studied in pancreatic cancer. We hypothesized that apigenin would inhibit pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro. Results Apigenin caused both time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in four pancreatic cancer cell lines. Apigenin induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Apigenin reduced levels of cyclin A, cyclin B, phosphorylated forms of cdc2 and cdc25, which are all proteins required for G2/M transition. Conclusion Apigenin inhibits growth of pancreatic cancer cells through suppression of cyclin B-associated cdc2 activity and G2/M arrest, and may be a valuable drug for the treatment or prevention of pancreatic cancer.
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Walle T, Ta N, Kawamori T, Wen X, Tsuji PA, Walle UK. Cancer chemopreventive properties of orally bioavailable flavonoids--methylated versus unmethylated flavones. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 73:1288-96. [PMID: 17250812 PMCID: PMC1868573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Poor oral bioavailability has been a major limitation for the successful use of dietary flavonoids as cancer chemopreventive agents. In this study, we examined fully methylated flavones as promising improved agents. In the human oral SCC-9 cancer cells, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone and 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone were both 10 times more potent inhibitors of cell proliferation (IC(50) values 5-8 microM) than the corresponding unmethylated analogs chrysin and apigenin. Flow cytometry indicated that both methylated flavones arrested the SCC-9 cells in the G1 phase with a concomitant decrease in the S phase, dramatically different from the unmethylated analogs, which promoted G2/M phase arrest. Both methylated compounds inhibited the proliferation of two other cancer cell lines with very little effect on two immortalized normal cell lines. Examination of additional flavone structures indicated that methylated flavones in general have antiproliferative properties. Finally, we demonstrated that 5,7-dimethoxyflavone, in contrast to its unmethylated analog chrysin, was well absorbed and had high oral bioavailability as well as tissue accumulation in vivo in the rat. Thus, fully methylated flavones appear to have great potential as cancer chemopreventive/chemotherapeutic agents, in particular in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Walle
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Balasubramanian S, Zhu L, Eckert RL. Apigenin Inhibition of Involucrin Gene Expression Is Associated with a Specific Reduction in Phosphorylation of Protein Kinase Cδ Tyr311. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:36162-72. [PMID: 16982614 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605368200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Apigenin is a plant-derived flavanoid that has significant promise as a skin cancer chemopreventive agent. In the present study, we examine the mechanism whereby apigenin regulates normal human keratinocyte differentiation. Expression of involucrin (hINV), a marker of keratinocyte differentiation, is increased by differentiating agents via a protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta), Ras, MEKK1, MEK3 cascade that increases AP1 factor level and AP1 factor binding to DNA elements in the hINV promoter. We show that apigenin inhibits this response. Apigenin suppresses the 12-O-tetradeconylphorbol-13-acetate-dependent increase in AP1 factor expression and binding to the hINV promoter and the increase in hINV promoter activity. Apigenin also inhibits the increase in promoter activity observed following overexpression of PKCdelta, constitutively active Ras, or MEKK1. The suppression of PKCdelta activity is associated with reduced phosphorylation of PKCdelta-Y311. The physiological importance of this phosphorylation event was confirmed by showing that the PKCdelta phosphorylation-defective mutant, PKCdelta-Y311F, is less able to increase hINV promoter activity. Activation of hINV promoter activity by the green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigellocathecin-3-gallate, is also inhibited by apigenin, suggesting that the two chemopreventive agents can produce opposing actions in keratinocytes. Additional studies show that the apigenin-dependent suppression of differentiation is associated with reduced cell proliferation but that there is no evidence of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaprakasam Balasubramanian
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4970, USA
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Baliga MS, Katiyar SK. Chemoprevention of photocarcinogenesis by selected dietary botanicals. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2006; 5:243-53. [PMID: 16465310 DOI: 10.1039/b505311k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory studies have implicated solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation as a tumor initiator, tumor promoter and complete carcinogen, and their excessive exposure can lead to the development of various skin disorders including melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. Sunscreens are useful, but their protection is not adequate to prevent the risk of UV-induced skin cancer. It may be because of inadequate use, incomplete spectral protection and toxicity. Therefore new chemopreventive methods are necessary to protect the skin from photodamaging effects of solar UV radiation. Chemoprevention refers to the use of agents that can inhibit, reverse or retard the process of skin carcinogenesis. In recent years, considerable interest has been focused on identifying naturally occurring botanicals, specifically dietary, for the prevention of photocarcinogenesis. A wide variety of botanicals, mostly dietary flavonoids or phenolic substances, have been reported to possess substantial anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic activities because of their antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. This review summarizes chemopreventive effects of some selected botanicals, such as apigenin, curcumin, grape seed proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, silymarin, and green tea polyphenols, against photocarcinogenesis in in vitro and in vivo systems. Attention has also been focused on highlighting the mechanism of chemopreventive action of these dietary botanicals. We suggest that in addition to the use of these botanicals as dietary supplements for the protection of photocarcinogenesis, these botanicals may favorably supplement sunscreens protection and may provide additional antiphotocarcinogenic protection including the protection against other skin disorders caused by solar UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeshwar S Baliga
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Volker Hall 557, P.O. Box 202, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Rithidech KN, Tungjai M, Whorton EB. Protective effect of apigenin on radiation-induced chromosomal damage in human lymphocytes. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2005; 585:96-104. [PMID: 15886050 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Revised: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The potential use of flavonoids as a radioprotector is of increasing interest because of their high antioxidant activity and abundance in the diet. The aim of this study is to examine genotoxic and radioprotective effects of one of the most common flavonoids, apigenin, on radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay was used to evaluate such effects of apigenin. Blood samples were collected from two non-smoking healthy male volunteers who had no history of previous exposure to other clastogenic agents. Isolated lymphocytes were cultured. There were two tubes per concentration for all treatments. To evaluate the genotoxicity of apigenin, cells were first treated with different concentrations of apigenin (0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 25 microg/mL) at 24 h after culture initiation, followed by cytochalasin-B (Cyt-B) treatment (3 microg/mL) and cell harvest at 44 and 72 h, respectively. Secondly, to investigate the radioprotective effect, cell cultures were exposed to different concentrations of apigenin as described above for 30 min before being irradiated to 2 Gy of 137Cs gamma rays (at a dose rate of 0.75 Gy/min). In all instances, the frequency of MN was scored in binucleated (BN) cells. The nuclear proliferation index also was calculated. We did not detect an increase in the frequency of MN in non-irradiated human lymphocyte cultures treated with 2.5, 5.0 or 10 microg/mL apigenin; although, we did observe an increase in cultures treated with 25 microg/mL apigenin (the highest concentration of apigenin used in our study). We also observed a significant increase in the frequency of MN in irradiated cells overall; however, the frequency was decreased as the concentration of apigenin increased, suggesting a radioprotective effect. These findings provide a basis for additional studies to help clarify the potential use and benefit of apigenin as a radioprotector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokporn Noy Rithidech
- Pathology Department, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, USA.
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Dai X, Yamasaki K, Yang L, Sayama K, Shirakata Y, Tokumara S, Yahata Y, Tohyama M, Hashimoto K. Keratinocyte G2/M growth arrest by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is caused by Cdc2 phosphorylation through Wee1 and Myt1 regulation. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122:1356-64. [PMID: 15175024 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.22522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25[OH]2VD3) has an antiproliferative effect on keratinocyte growth, and its derivatives are used for the treatment of psoriasis. It was reported previously that 1,25[OH]2VD3 induced cell cycle arrest not only at the G0/G1 phase but also at the G2/M phase. However, the mechanism of 1,25[OH]2VD3-induced G2/M phase arrest in keratinocytes has not been fully understood. The addition of 10(-8) to 10(-6) M 1,25[OH]2VD3 to cultured normal human keratinocytes enhanced the expression of Myt1 mRNA preceding Wee1 mRNA; 10(-6) M 1,25[OH]2VD3 unregulated Myt1 mRNA from 6 h to 24 h and Wee1 mRNA from 12 to 48 h. Interestingly, the levels of phosphorylated Cdc2 were increased between 6 h and 48 h after 1,25[OH]2VD3 treatment, although the expression levels of Cdc2 mRNA and its protein production were reduced. 1,25[OH]2VD3 also decreased the expression of cyclin B1, which forms a complex with Cdc2. These data indicated that the increase of Myt1 and Wee1 induced the phosphorylation of Cdc2 leading to G2/M arrest. In conclusion, the induction of Cdc2 phosphorylation due to the increase of Wee1 and Myt1 as well as the reduction of Cdc2 and cyclin B1 are involved in 1,25[OH]2VD3-induced G2/M arrest of keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuju Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
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O'Prey J, Brown J, Fleming J, Harrison PR. Effects of dietary flavonoids on major signal transduction pathways in human epithelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 66:2075-88. [PMID: 14609732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids (FVs) are an important class of plant compounds postulated to be one of the constituents responsible for the beneficial effects of fruits and vegetables on health, including heart disease and cancer. At pharmacological levels, various naturally-occurring flavonoids have been shown to be cancer-protective in a variety of animal models and flavonoid derivatives, such as flavopyridol, are being assessed as chemotherapy drugs in clinical trials. This report has investigated the effects of the most common dietary FVs on several major signalling pathways in biopsies of human epithelial cells using primary cultures freshly isolated from biopsies and has obtained evidence for the previously unrecognised importance of stress kinase responses induced by kaempferol (KF), apigenin (AP) and luteolin (LU). KF, AP and LU all activated ATM/ATR (mutated in ataxia-telangiectasia and related) kinases and the p38 stress kinase and this was associated with induction of GADD45 and cell cycle arrest in G2, but not induction of apoptosis. These effects were not due to general toxicity since they were reversible on removal of FV. The inductions of ATM/ATR and p38 were functionally important since caffeine, an inhibitor of ATM/ATR, and the p38-specific inhibitor, SB203580, prevented induction of GADD45 and growth arrest by these three flavonoids. In contrast, although quercetin (QU) activated ATM (but not ATR), it did not activate p38 kinase, GADD45 or p53. QU may interfere with one of the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways since the growth inhibitory effects of QU (but not the other three flavonoids) could be reversed by addition of LOX metabolites, particularly 12- and 15-hydroxyeicostetraenic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim O'Prey
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Beatson Laboratories, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
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Dhanalakshmi S, Agarwal P, Glode LM, Agarwal R. Silibinin sensitizes human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells to cisplatin- and carboplatin-induced growth inhibition and apoptotic death. Int J Cancer 2003; 106:699-705. [PMID: 12866029 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In several recent studies, we have shown that silibinin inhibits the growth of human prostate cancer cells (PCA) both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we investigated the effect of silibinin in combination with cisplatin and carboplatin on human PCA DU145 cell growth and apoptosis. Cisplatin alone at 2 microg/ml dose produced 48% cell growth inhibition, whereas a combination with 50-100 microM silibinin resulted in 63-80% (p<0.05-0.001) growth inhibition. Similarly, compared to 68% growth inhibition at 20 microg/ml carboplatin, addition of 50-100 microM doses of silibinin caused 80-90% inhibition (p<0.005-0.001). In the studies assessing the effect of these combinations on cell cycle progression, a combination of cisplatin or carboplatin with silibinin resulted in a stronger G2-M arrest, compared to these agents alone showing a moderate G2-M and G1 arrests in case of cisplatin and silibinin, and a complete S phase arrest with carboplatin, respectively. A stronger G2-M arrest by these combinations was accompanied by a substantial decrease in the levels of cdc2, cyclin B1 and cdc25C. Silibinin/platinum compound combinations were also effective in inducing apoptosis where cisplatin and carboplatin when combined with silibinin enhanced apoptosis from 8 to 15% and from 20 to 40%, respectively. Apoptosis induction was further confirmed by PARP and caspases 3, 9 and 7 whose cleaved levels were also enhanced by combination treatment. In addition, there was a significant increase in cytochrome c release in the cytosol following treatment of DU145 cells with these combinations. Together, these results show a substantial increase in the efficacy of platinum compounds on human PCA cells, when combined with silibinin, which provide a rationale for further investigations with these combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivanandhan Dhanalakshmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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F'guyer S, Afaq F, Mukhtar H. Photochemoprevention of skin cancer by botanical agents. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2003; 19:56-72. [PMID: 12945805 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0781.2003.00019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Photochemoprevention has become an important armamentarium in the fight against ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced damage to the skin. Among many UVR-induced damages, skin cancer is of the greatest concern as its rates have been steadily increasing in recent years and the same trend is expected to continue in the future. Ultra-violet radiation increases oxidative stress in skin cells by causing excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to cancer initiation and promotion. Antioxidants have the capability to quench these ROS and much recent work shows that some of these can inhibit many UVR-induced signal transduction pathways. Thus, identifying nontoxic strong antioxidants--capable of preventing UVR-induced skin cancer--has become an important area of research. The use of botanical antioxidants in skin care products is growing in popularity. A wide range of such agents has been shown to prevent skin cancer in animal model systems. New agents are constantly being investigated; however, only a few have been tested for their efficacy in humans. Animal model and cell culture studies have clarified that antioxidants act by several mechanisms at various stages of skin carcinogenesis. This review focuses on skin cancer photochemopreventive effects of selected botanical antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sleem F'guyer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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Abstract
The trend towards an increase in incidence and higher prevalence of skin cancer makes identification of effective chemopreventive agents an urgent priority. Excessive exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) B radiation has been implicated as its main cause. Since these trends are likely to continue in the foreseeable future, the adverse effect of UVB has become a major human health concern. Therefore, the development of novel strategies to reduce the occurrence of skin cancer has become a highly desirable goal. Because UV radiation is known to cause excessive generations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which in turn results in a situation known as oxidative stress, the approaches aimed at counteracting ROS production may be useful for the prevention of skin cancer. One approach to reduce its occurrence is through 'photochemoprotection', which we define as 'the use of agents capable of ameliorating the adverse effects of UVB on the skin'. Among many photochemoprotective agents, botanical antioxidants are showing promise. This review focuses on photochemopreventive effects of selected botanical antioxidants. We suggest that the use of botanical antioxidants in combination with the use of sunscreens and educational efforts to avoid excessive sun exposure may be an effective strategy for reducing incidence of skin cancer and other UV-mediated damages in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh Afaq
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc 53706, USA
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