1
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Krasikova YS, Lavrik OI, Rechkunova NI. The XPA Protein-Life under Precise Control. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233723. [PMID: 36496984 PMCID: PMC9739396 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a central DNA repair pathway responsible for removing a wide variety of DNA-distorting lesions from the genome. The highly choreographed cascade of core NER reactions requires more than 30 polypeptides. The xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA) protein plays an essential role in the NER process. XPA interacts with almost all NER participants and organizes the correct NER repair complex. In the absence of XPA's scaffolding function, no repair process occurs. In this review, we briefly summarize our current knowledge about the XPA protein structure and analyze the formation of contact with its protein partners during NER complex assembling. We focus on different ways of regulation of the XPA protein's activity and expression and pay special attention to the network of post-translational modifications. We also discuss the data that is not in line with the currently accepted hypothesis about the functioning of the XPA protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya S. Krasikova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Olga I. Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nadejda I. Rechkunova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Correspondence:
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2
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Skowron MA, Oing C, Bremmer F, Ströbel P, Murray MJ, Coleman N, Amatruda JF, Honecker F, Bokemeyer C, Albers P, Nettersheim D. The developmental origin of cancers defines basic principles of cisplatin resistance. Cancer Lett 2021; 519:199-210. [PMID: 34320371 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin-based chemotherapy has been used for more than four decades as a standard therapeutic option in several tumor entities. However, being a multifaceted and heterogeneous phenomenon, inherent or acquired resistance to cisplatin remains a major obstacle during the treatment of several solid malignancies and inevitably results in disease progression. Hence, we felt there was an urgent need to evaluate common mechanisms between multifarious cancer entities to identify patient-specific therapeutic strategies. We found joint molecular and (epi)genetic resistance mechanisms and specific cisplatin-induced mutational signatures that depended on the developmental origin (endo-, meso-, ectoderm) of the tumor tissue. Based on the findings of thirteen tumor entities, we identified three resistance groups, where Group 1 (endodermal origin) prominently indicates NRF2-pathway activation, Group 2 (mesodermal origin, primordial germ cells) shares elevated DNA repair mechanisms and decreased apoptosis induction, and Group 3 (ectodermal and paraxial mesodermal origin) commonly presents deregulated apoptosis induction and alternating pathways as the main cisplatin-induced resistance mechanisms. This review further proposes potential and novel therapeutic strategies to improve the outcome of cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha A Skowron
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Christoph Oing
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section of Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinsstraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center HaTriCs4, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinsstraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Felix Bremmer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str.4, 37075 Gottingen, Germany.
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str.4, 37075 Gottingen, Germany.
| | - Matthew J Murray
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Nicholas Coleman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK; Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - James F Amatruda
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Friedemann Honecker
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumorzentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinsstraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Tumor and Breast Center ZeTuP St. Gallen, Rorschacher Strasse 150, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section of Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinsstraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Albers
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Daniel Nettersheim
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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3
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Cisplatin Cytotoxicity in Human Testicular Germ Cell Tumor Cell Lines Is Enhanced by the CDK4/6 Inhibitor Palbociclib. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2021; 19:316-324. [PMID: 33676835 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is the mainstay of pharmacological treatment of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) that, together with early diagnosis, surgery, and/or radiotherapy, has dramatically improved the prognosis. However, under the pressure of such pharmacological therapy (both classical cytotoxic drugs and targeted therapy), cancer cells may develop resistance. Thus, combination therapy that may include cytotoxic drugs and targeted therapy could offer an advantage to curing cancers. Here, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of cisplatin, as a single-agent or in combination with palbociclib. PATIENTS AND METHODS The cell viability of Ntera-2/cl.D1 (NT2/D1) and 833K after exposure to palbociclib and/or cisplatin was evaluated by MTT dye reduction assay and by ATPLite Luminescence Assay. Gene and protein expression was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and by western blot. Flow cytometric cell-cycle analysis was performed, as well. The in vivo experiments were conducted on NT2/D1 xenografts in AB zebrafish embryos exposed to the drugs. RESULTS Palbociclib and cisplatin decreased TGCT cell viability both in vitro and in vivo. This effect was additive when cells were exposed to the drug combination. In the NT2/D1 cell lines, the drug combination also exerted a positive effect with regard to delaying cell recovery after the toxic insult. In the combination experiments, cisplatin-induced cell accumulation in G2/M was predominant compared with the palbociclib effect. CONCLUSIONS These results could provide the rationale for developing further studies to improve the pharmacological treatment of TGCTs, but they must be demonstrated in a dedicated clinical trial.
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4
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Cisplatin Resistance in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: Current Challenges from Various Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061601. [PMID: 32560427 PMCID: PMC7352163 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors share a marked sensitivity to cisplatin, contributing to their overall good prognosis. However, a subset of patients develop resistance to platinum-based treatments, by still-elusive mechanisms, experiencing poor quality of life due to multiple (often ineffective) interventions and, eventually, dying from disease. Currently, there is a lack of defined treatment opportunities for these patients that tackle the mechanism(s) underlying the emergence of resistance. Herein, we aim to provide a multifaceted overview of cisplatin resistance in testicular germ cell tumors, from the clinical perspective, to the pathobiology (including mechanisms contributing to induction of the resistant phenotype), to experimental models available for studying this occurrence. We provide a systematic summary of pre-target, on-target, post-target, and off-target mechanisms putatively involved in cisplatin resistance, providing data from preclinical studies and from those attempting validation in clinical samples, including those exploring specific alterations as therapeutic targets, some of them included in ongoing clinical trials. We briefly discuss the specificities of resistance related to teratoma (differentiated) phenotype, including the phenomena of growing teratoma syndrome and development of somatic-type malignancy. Cisplatin resistance is most likely multifactorial, and a combination of therapeutic strategies will most likely produce the best clinical benefit.
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5
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Cierna Z, Miskovska V, Roska J, Jurkovicova D, Pulzova LB, Sestakova Z, Hurbanova L, Machalekova K, Chovanec M, Rejlekova K, Svetlovska D, Kalavska K, Kajo K, Babal P, Mardiak J, Ward TA, Mego M, Chovanec M. Increased levels of XPA might be the basis of cisplatin resistance in germ cell tumours. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:17. [PMID: 31906898 PMCID: PMC6945513 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6496-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Germ cell tumours (GCTs) represent a highly curable malignity as they respond well to cisplatin (CDDP)-based chemotherapy. Nevertheless, a small proportion of GCT patients relapse or do not respond to therapy. As this might be caused by an increased capacity to repair CDDP-induced DNA damage, identification of DNA repair biomarkers predicting inadequate or aberrant response to CDDP, and thus poor prognosis for GCT patients, poses a challenge. The objective of this study is to examine the expression levels of the key nucleotide excision repair (NER) factors, XPA, ERCC1 and XPF, in GCT patients and cell lines. Methods Two hundred seven GCT patients’ specimens with sufficient follow-up clinical-pathological data and pairwise combinations of CDDP-resistant and -sensitive GCT cell lines were included. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the ERCC1, XPF and XPA protein expression levels in GCT patients’ specimen and Western blot and qRT-PCR examined the protein and mRNA expression levels in GCT cell lines. Results GCT patients with low XPA expression had significantly better overall survival than patients with high expression (hazard ratio = 0.38, 95% confidence interval: 0.12–1.23, p = 0.0228). In addition, XPA expression was increased in the non-seminomatous histological subtype, IGCCCG poor prognosis group, increasing S stage, as well as the presence of lung, liver and non-pulmonary visceral metastases. Importantly, a correlation between inadequate or aberrant CDDP response and XPA expression found in GCT patients was also seen in GCT cell lines. Conclusions XPA expression is an additional independent prognostic biomarker for stratifying GCT patients, allowing for improvements in decision-making on treatment for those at high risk of refractoriness or relapse. In addition, it could represent a novel therapeutic target in GCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Cierna
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vera Miskovska
- 1st Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Roska
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dana Jurkovicova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Borszekova Pulzova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Sestakova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Hurbanova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Michal Chovanec
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Rejlekova
- St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Svetlovska
- St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Translational Research Unit, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Kalavska
- St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Translational Research Unit, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Karol Kajo
- St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Babal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Faculty Hospital with Policlinics Skalica a.s., Skalica, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Mardiak
- St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Thomas A Ward
- Department of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Michal Mego
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Translational Research Unit, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Chovanec
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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6
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Liang M, Hu K. Involvement of lncRNA-HOTTIP in the Repair of Ultraviolet Light-Induced DNA Damage in Spermatogenic Cells. Mol Cells 2019; 42:794-803. [PMID: 31697875 PMCID: PMC6883981 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet light (UV)-induced cellular response has been studied by numerous investigators for many years. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as new regulators of diverse cellular process; however, little is known about the role of lncRNAs in the cellular response to UV treatment. Here, we demonstrate that levels of lncRNA-HOTTIP significantly increases after UV stimulation and regulates the UV-mediated cellular response to UV through the coordinate activation of its neighboring gene Hoxa13 in GC-1 cells (spermatogonia germ cell line). UV-induced, G2/M-phase arrest and early apoptosis can be regulated by lncRNA-HOTTIP and Hoxa13. Furthermore, lncRNA-HOTTIP can up-regulate γ-H2AX and p53 expression via Hoxa13 in UV-irradiated GC-1 cells. In addition, p53 has the ability to regulate the expression of both lncRNA-HOTTIP and Hoxa13 in vitro and in vivo. Our results provide new data regarding the role lncRNAs play in the UV response in spermatogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030,
China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030,
China
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7
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Aberrations in DNA repair pathways in cancer and therapeutic significances. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 58:29-46. [PMID: 30922960 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells show various types of mutations and aberrant expression in genes involved in DNA repair responses. These alterations induce genome instability and promote carcinogenesis steps and cancer progression processes. These defects in DNA repair have also been considered as suitable targets for cancer therapies. A most effective target so far clinically demonstrated is "homologous recombination repair defect", such as BRCA1/2 mutations, shown to cause synthetic lethality with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which in turn is involved in DNA repair as well as multiple physiological processes. Different approaches targeting genomic instability, including immune therapy targeting mismatch-repair deficiency, have also recently been demonstrated to be promising strategies. In these DNA repair targeting-strategies, common issues could be how to optimize treatment and suppress/conquer the development of drug resistance. In this article, we review the extending framework of DNA repair response pathways and the potential impact of exploiting those defects on cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immune therapy.
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8
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Sestakova Z, Kalavska K, Hurbanova L, Jurkovicova D, Gursky J, Chovanec M, Svetlovska D, Miskovska V, Obertova J, Palacka P, Rejlekova K, Sycova-Mila Z, Cingelova S, Spanik S, Mardiak J, Chovanec M, Mego M. The prognostic value of DNA damage level in peripheral blood lymphocytes of chemotherapy-naïve patients with germ cell cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75996-76005. [PMID: 27732956 PMCID: PMC5342793 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are extraordinarily sensitive to cisplatin (CDDP)-based chemotherapy. DNA damage represents one of the most important factors contributing to toxic effects of CDDP-based chemotherapy. This study was aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of DNA damage level in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from chemo-naïve GCT patients. PBLs isolated from 59 chemotherapy-naïve GCT patients were included into this prospective study. DNA damage levels in PBLs were evaluated by the Comet assay and scored as percentage tail DNA by the Metafer-MetaCyte analyzing software. The mean ± SEM (standard error of the mean) of endogenous DNA damage level was 5.25 ± 0.64. Patients with DNA damage levels lower than mean had significantly better progression free survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.19, 95% CI (0.04 – 0.96), P = 0.01) and overall survival (HR = 0.00, 95% CI (0.00 – 0.0), P < 0.001) compared to patients with DNA damage levels higher than mean. Moreover, there was significant correlation between the DNA damage level and presence of mediastinal lymph nodes metastases, IGCCCG (International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group) risk group, and serum tumor markers level. These data suggest that DNA damage levels in PBLs of GCT patients may serve as an important prognostic marker early identifying patients with poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Sestakova
- Department of Genetics Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Kalavska
- Department of Genetics Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Hurbanova
- Department of Genetics Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dana Jurkovicova
- Department of Genetics Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Gursky
- Department of Genetics Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Chovanec
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Svetlovska
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vera Miskovska
- 1st Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Obertova
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patrik Palacka
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Rejlekova
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Silvia Cingelova
- Department of Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Spanik
- 1st Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Oncology, St. Elizabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Mardiak
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Chovanec
- Department of Genetics Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Mego
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
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9
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Fu X, Hu J, Han HY, Hua YJ, Zhou L, Shuai WD, Du WY, Kuang CM, Chen S, Huang W, Liu RY. High expression of XPA confers poor prognosis for nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with platinum-based chemoradiotherapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28478-90. [PMID: 26156020 PMCID: PMC4695073 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we tried to explore if xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group-A (XPA) expression is likely a prognostic prediction factor for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients treated with platinum-based chemoradiotherapy, which was considered to bring chemotherapy-related severe toxicity compared with radiotherapy alone. Firstly, MTT assay revealed that downregulating XPA expression in NPC HONE1 and CNE1 cells decreased IC50 of cisplatin and sensitized cells to cisplatin. XPA expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in cancer tissues from locally advanced NPC patients treated with platinum-based chemoradiotherapy. The relationships between XPA expression and clinicopathologic features, overall survival and progression-free survival of patients were evaluated. The results showed that XPA expression was not associated with clinicopathologic parameters, but was likely an independent prognostic factor for patient survival. High XPA level predicts a poor prognosis, and the prediction values were higher in subgroups of younger, higher EBV antibody titer, or treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Combining XPA levels and T/N classifications, we successfully classified these patients into low, medium and high risk groups for platinum-based chemoradiotherapy. These findings suggest that XPA levels may be a potential predictor of prognosis in locally advanced NPC patients treated with platinum-based chemoradiotherapy, and helpful for selecting patients likely to need and benefit from this treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Fu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The Eastern Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Hu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-yu Han
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-jun Hua
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-di Shuai
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wu-ying Du
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-mei Kuang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenlin Huang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Targeted Drugs and Guangzhou Enterprise Key Laboratory of Gene Medicine, Guangzhou Doublle Bioproducts Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran-yi Liu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Turchi JJ, Woods DS, VanderVere-Carozza P. Testing the metal of ERCC2 in predicting the response to platinum-based therapy. Cancer Discov 2016; 4:1118-9. [PMID: 25274682 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair has been shown to affect the cellular response to platinum-based therapy in a variety of cancers; however, translating this knowledge to the clinic has proven difficult and yielded mixed results. In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Van Allen and colleagues have analyzed responders and nonresponders to neoadjuvant platinum-based therapy with locally advanced urothelial cancer and identified a series of mutations in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) gene ERCC2 that correlate with the response to platinum-based therapy. This work provides evidence that defects in NER can be exploited to maximize the efficacy of conventional platinum-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Turchi
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
| | - Derek S Woods
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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11
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Jacobsen C, Honecker F. Cisplatin resistance in germ cell tumours: models and mechanisms. Andrology 2014; 3:111-21. [PMID: 25546083 DOI: 10.1111/andr.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have led to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cisplatin response and resistance in germ cell tumours (GCT), and several promising targets have been identified. Two main mechanisms of the responsiveness to DNA damaging agents have been postulated. Firstly, GCT readily activate a DNA damage response, but show deficits in several damage repair pathways. In particular, they have been found to have defects in interstrand crosslink repair and in homologous recombination (HR). Secondly, GCT, especially embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, show a hypersensitive apoptotic response to DNA damage, which activates p53, and leads to up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic factors Noxa, Puma and Fas in non-resistant EC. These cells fail to activate p21 which induces a G1/S arrest, but accumulate in G2/M phase. In the absence of functional p53, family members like p73 and GTAp63 might be important in initiating this response. Mechanisms involved in cisplatin resistance are as follows: down-regulation of Oct4 (e.g. as a result of hypoxia, treatment with retinoic acid or exposure to cisplatin) and failure to induce Puma and Noxa; changes in the expression levels of micro-RNAs such as miR-17/-106b, miR-302a, or miR-371 to -373; elevated levels of MDM2 and cytoplasmic translocation of p21 by phosphorylation; and activation of the PDGFRβ/PI3K/pAKT pathway. Several approaches to overcome resistance have been successfully examined in vitro and in vivo, including PARP inhibitors, especially in cells showing deficient HR-repair; stabilization of p53 using nutlin-3; inhibition of several components of the PI3K/pAKT pathway using small molecules; and DNA demethylation by 5-azacytidine or 5-aza-deoxy-cytidine, among others. Many of these substances deserve further exploration, alone or in combination with DNA damaging agents, and the most promising approaches should be taken forward to clinical testing. Targeted therapy based on mechanistic insights holds the promise to turn cisplatin-resistant GCT into a curable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jacobsen
- Department of Oncology, Haematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pulmology, Hubertus Wald Tumor Center, Hamburg University Medical Center, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Selle F, Gligorov J, Richard S, Khalil A, Alexandre I, Avenin D, Provent S, Soares DG, Lotz JP. Intensive chemotherapy as salvage treatment for solid tumors: focus on germ cell cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 48:13-24. [PMID: 25493378 PMCID: PMC4288488 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20144214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Germ cell tumors present contrasting biological and molecular features compared to many solid tumors, which may partially explain their unusual sensitivity to chemotherapy. Reduced DNA repair capacity and enhanced induction of apoptosis appear to be key factors in the sensitivity of germ cell tumors to cisplatin. Despite substantial cure rates, some patients relapse and subsequently die of their disease. Intensive doses of chemotherapy are used to counter mechanisms of drug resistance. So far, high-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem cell support for solid tumors is used only in the setting of testicular germ cell tumors. In that indication, high-dose chemotherapy is given as the first or late salvage treatment for patients with either relapsed or progressive tumors after initial conventional salvage chemotherapy. High-dose chemotherapy is usually given as two or three sequential cycles using carboplatin and etoposide with or without ifosfamide. The administration of intensive therapy carries significant side effects and can only be efficiently and safely conducted in specialized referral centers to assure optimum patient care outcomes. In breast and ovarian cancer, most studies have demonstrated improvement in progression-free survival (PFS), but overall survival remained unchanged. Therefore, most of these approaches have been dropped. In germ cell tumors, clinical trials are currently investigating novel therapeutic combinations and active treatments. In particular, the integration of targeted therapies constitutes an important area of research for patients with a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Selle
- Medical Oncology and Cellular Therapy Department, Hospital Tenon, Public Assistance Hospitals of Paris, Alliance for Cancer Research (APREC), Paris, France
| | - J Gligorov
- Medical Oncology and Cellular Therapy Department, Hospital Tenon, Public Assistance Hospitals of Paris, Alliance for Cancer Research (APREC), Paris, France
| | - S Richard
- Medical Oncology and Cellular Therapy Department, Hospital Tenon, Public Assistance Hospitals of Paris, Alliance for Cancer Research (APREC), Paris, France
| | - A Khalil
- Medical Oncology and Cellular Therapy Department, Hospital Tenon, Public Assistance Hospitals of Paris, Alliance for Cancer Research (APREC), Paris, France
| | - I Alexandre
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Centre of Bligny, Briis-sous-Forges, France
| | - D Avenin
- Medical Oncology and Cellular Therapy Department, Hospital Tenon, Public Assistance Hospitals of Paris, Alliance for Cancer Research (APREC), Paris, France
| | - S Provent
- Medical Oncology and Cellular Therapy Department, Hospital Tenon, Public Assistance Hospitals of Paris, Alliance for Cancer Research (APREC), Paris, France
| | - D G Soares
- Medical Oncology and Cellular Therapy Department, Hospital Tenon, Public Assistance Hospitals of Paris, Alliance for Cancer Research (APREC), Paris, France
| | - J P Lotz
- Medical Oncology and Cellular Therapy Department, Hospital Tenon, Public Assistance Hospitals of Paris, Alliance for Cancer Research (APREC), Paris, France
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Association between ERCC1 and XPA expression and polymorphisms and the response to cisplatin in testicular germ cell tumours. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:68-75. [PMID: 23807173 PMCID: PMC3708571 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cisplatin cures over 80% of testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs), and nucleotide-excision repair (NER) modifies the sensitivity to cisplatin. We explored the association between NER proteins and their polymorphisms with cisplatin sensitivity (CPS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with non-seminomatous (ns)-TGCTs. Methods: The expression of ERCC1 and XPA and the presence of γH2AX were evaluated in cancer cell lines and in fresh ns-TGCTs. The ERCC1 protein was also determined in ns-TGCTs. The differences between CPS and non-CPS cell lines and patients were analysed by Student's t- or χ2-tests. The differences in OS were analysed using the log-rank test, and the hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using the Cox model. Results: High ERCC1 expression was observed in the non-CPS cells, and both ERCC1 and γH2AX expressions were augmented after cisplatin treatment. Increased ERCC1 expression was also identified in non-CPS patients. Neither polymorphism was associated with either CPS or OS. The presence of ERCC1 was associated with non-CPS (P=0.05) and adjusted in the prognosis groups. The HR in ERCC1-negative and non-CPS patients was >14.43, and in ERCC1-positive and non-CPS patients the HR was >11.86 (P<0.001). Conclusions: High levels of ERCC1 were associated with non-CPS, suggesting that ERCC1 could be used as a potential indicator of the response to cisplatin and prognosis in ns-TGCTs.
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Guthrie OW, Xu H. Noise exposure potentiates the subcellular distribution of nucleotide excision repair proteins within spiral ganglion neurons. Hear Res 2012; 294:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Guthrie OW. Dynamic compartmentalization of DNA repair proteins within spiral ganglion neurons in response to noise stress. Int J Neurosci 2012; 122:757-66. [PMID: 22900489 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2012.721828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In response to stress, spiral ganglion neurons may remodel intracellular pools of DNA repair proteins. This hypothesis was addressed by determining the intracellular location of three classic DNA excision repair proteins (XPA, CSA, and XPC) within the neurons under normal conditions, one day after noise stress (105 dB/4 hr) and following DNA repair adjuvant therapy with carboxy alkyl esters (CAEs; 160 mg/kg/28 days). Under normal conditions, three intracellular compartments were enriched with at least one repair protein. These intracellular compartments were designated nuclear, cytoplasmic, and perinuclear. After the noise stress each repair protein aggregated in the cytoplasm. After CAE therapy each intracellular compartment was enriched with the three DNA repair proteins. Combining noise stress with CAE therapy resulted in the enrichment of at least two repair proteins in each intracellular compartment. The combined results suggest that in response to noise stress and/or otoprotective therapy, spiral ganglion neurons may selectively remodel compartmentalized DNA repair proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- O'neil W Guthrie
- Research Service-151, Loma Linda Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92357, USA. O’
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Li J, Zhang J, Liu Y, Ye G. Increased expression of DNA repair gene XPF enhances resistance to hydroxycamptothecin in bladder cancer. Med Sci Monit 2012; 18:BR156-62. [PMID: 22460090 PMCID: PMC3560829 DOI: 10.12659/msm.882618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xeroderma pigmentosum group F (XPF) is an important participant in the nucleotide excision repair process. This study aimed to investigate the expression of DNA repair gene xeroderma pigmentosum group F (XPF) in bladder cancer and its clinical significance. Material/Methods Total RNA and protein were extracted from 45 untreated bladder cancer tissues and 21 hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT)-treated bladder cancer specimens. Real-time PCR and Western blot assay were used to detect the mRNA and protein levels of XPF, respectively. siRNA targeting XPF was used to knock down the XPF expression in T24 cells and 5637 cells, and the sensitivity of XPF-depleted cells to HCPT was measured. Results The XPF expressions in the HCPT-treated cancer tissues was significantly higher than those in the untreated cancer tissues at both mRNA and protein levels. Importantly, the enhanced XPF expression decreased the sensitivity of T24 cells and 5637 cells to HCPT. Furthermore, the HCPT treatment significantly increased the apoptosis of T24 cells and 5637 cells. Alternatively, after the XPF gene silencing, the chemotherapeutic resistance of bladder cancer cells was significantly decreased. Conclusions Our results show the increased expression of XPF is involved in the chemotherapeutic resistance of bladder cancer, and decreasing XPF expression may become a promising therapeutic strategy for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Urology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Looijenga LHJ, Gillis AJM, Stoop H, Biermann K, Oosterhuis JW. Dissecting the molecular pathways of (testicular) germ cell tumour pathogenesis; from initiation to treatment-resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 34:e234-51. [PMID: 21564133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human type II germ cell tumours (GCTs) originate from an embryonic germ cell, either as a primordial germ cell or gonocyte. This start determines the biological as well as clinical characteristics of this type of cancer, amongst others their totipotency as well as their overall (exceptional) sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. The histology of the precursor lesion, either carcinoma in situ or gonadoblastoma, depends on the level of testicularization (i.e. testis formation) of the gonad. The impact of either intrinsic (genetic) - and environmental factors involved in the pathogenesis is demonstrated by disorders of sex development as well as testicular dysgenesis syndrome as risk factors, including cryptorchidism, hypospadias and disturbed fertility as parameters. This knowledge allows identification of individuals at risk for development of this type of cancer, being a population of interest for screening. Factors known to regulate pluripotency during embryogenesis are proven to be of diagnostic value for type II GCTs, including OCT3/4, even applicable for non-invasive screening. In addition, presence of stem cell factor, also known as KITLG, allows distinction between delayed matured germ cells and the earliest stages of malignant transformation. This is of special interest because of the identified association between development of type II GCTs of the testis and a limited number of single nucleotide polymorphisms, including some likely related to KITL. Transition from the precursor lesion to an invasive cancer is associated with gain of the short arm of chromosome 12, in which multiple genes might be involved, including KRAS2 and possibly NANOG (pseudogenes). While most precursor lesions will progress to an invasive cancer, only a limited number of cancers will develop treatment resistance. Putative explanatory mechanisms are identified, including presence of microsatellite instability, BRAF mutations, apoptosis suppression and p21 sub-cellular localization. It remains to be investigated how these different pathways integrate to each other and how informative they are at the patient-individual level. Further understanding will allow development of more targeted treatment, which will benefit quality of life of these young cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H J Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Gutekunst M, Oren M, Weilbacher A, Dengler MA, Markwardt C, Thomale J, Aulitzky WE, van der Kuip H. p53 hypersensitivity is the predominant mechanism of the unique responsiveness of testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) cells to cisplatin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19198. [PMID: 21532991 PMCID: PMC3080918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Consistent with the excellent clinical results in testicular germ cell tumors
(TGCT), most cell lines derived from this cancer show an exquisite sensitivity
to Cisplatin. It is well accepted that the high susceptibility of TGCT cells to
apoptosis plays a central role in this hypersensitive phenotype. The role of the
tumor suppressor p53 in this response, however, remains controversial. Here we
show that siRNA-mediated silencing of p53 is sufficient to completely abrogate
hypersensitivity not only to Cisplatin but also to non-genotoxic inducers of p53
such as the Mdm2 antagonist Nutlin-3 and the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib.
The close relationship between p53 protein levels and induction of apoptosis is
lost upon short-term differentiation, indicating that this predominant
pro-apoptotic function of p53 is unique in pluripotent embryonal carcinoma (EC)
cells. RNA interference experiments as well as microarray analysis demonstrated
a central role of the pro-apoptotic p53 target gene NOXA in the p53-dependent
apoptotic response of these cells. In conclusion, our data indicate that the
hypersensitivity of TGCT cells is a result of their unique sensitivity to p53
activation. Furthermore, in the very specific cellular context of germ
cell-derived pluripotent EC cells, p53 function appears to be limited to
induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gutekunst
- Dr Margarete-Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and
University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Moshe Oren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science,
Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andrea Weilbacher
- Dr Margarete-Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and
University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael A. Dengler
- Dr Margarete-Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and
University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christiane Markwardt
- Dr Margarete-Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and
University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Thomale
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School,
Essen, Germany
| | - Walter E. Aulitzky
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart,
Germany
| | - Heiko van der Kuip
- Dr Margarete-Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and
University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Wang QE, Milum K, Han C, Huang YW, Wani G, Thomale J, Wani AA. Differential contributory roles of nucleotide excision and homologous recombination repair for enhancing cisplatin sensitivity in human ovarian cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:24. [PMID: 21385444 PMCID: PMC3064653 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents are widely used to treat various solid tumors, the acquired platinum resistance is a major impediment in their successful treatment. Since enhanced DNA repair capacity is a major factor in conferring cisplatin resistance, targeting of DNA repair pathways is an effective stratagem for overcoming cisplatin resistance. This study was designed to delineate the role of nucleotide excision repair (NER), the principal mechanism for the removal of cisplatin-induced DNA intrastrand crosslinks, in cisplatin resistance and reveal the impact of DNA repair interference on cisplatin sensitivity in human ovarian cancer cells. RESULTS We assessed the inherent NER efficiency of multiple matched pairs of cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant ovarian cancer cell lines and their expression of NER-related factors at mRNA and protein levels. Our results showed that only the cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell line PEO4 possessed an increased NER capacity compared to its inherently NER-inefficient parental line PEO1. Several other cisplatin-resistant cell lines, including CP70, CDDP and 2008C13, exhibited a normal and parental cell-comparable NER capacity for removing cisplatin-induced DNA intrastrand cross-links (Pt-GG). Concomitant gene expression analysis revealed discordance in mRNA and protein levels of NER factors in various ovarian cancer cell lines and NER proteins level were unrelated to the cisplatin sensitivity of these cell lines. Although knockdown of NER factors was able to compromise the NER efficiency, it only caused a minimal effect on cisplatin sensitivity. On the contrary, downregulation of BRCA2, a critical protein for homologous recombination repair (HRR), significantly enhanced the efficacy of cisplatin in killing ovarian cancer cell line PEO4. CONCLUSION Our studies indicate that the level of NER factors in ovarian cancer cell lines is neither a determinant of their NER capacity nor of the sensitivity to cisplatin, and suggest that manipulation of the HRR but not the NER factor expression provides an effective strategy for sensitizing cisplatin-resistant tumors to platinating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-En Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Kang TH, Reardon JT, Sancar A. Regulation of nucleotide excision repair activity by transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of the XPA protein. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:3176-87. [PMID: 21193487 PMCID: PMC3082913 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The XPA (Xeroderma pigmentosum A) protein is one of the six core factors of the human nucleotide excision repair system. In this study we show that XPA is a rate-limiting factor in all human cell lines tested, including a normal human fibroblast cell line. The level of XPA is controlled at the transcriptional level by the molecular circadian clock and at the post-translational level by a HECT domain family E3 ubiquitin ligase called HERC2. Stabilization of XPA by downregulation of HERC2 moderately enhances excision repair activity. Conversely, downregulation of XPA by siRNA reduces excision repair activity in proportion to the level of XPA. Ubiquitination and proteolysis of XPA are inhibited by DNA damage that promotes tight association of the protein with chromatin and its dissociation from the HERC2 E3 ligase. Finally, in agreement with a recent report, we find that XPA is post-translationally modified by acetylation. However, contrary to the previous claim, we find that in mouse liver only a small fraction of XPA is acetylated and that downregulation of SIRT1 deacetylase in two human cell lines does not affect the overall repair rate. Collectively, the data reveal that XPA is a limiting factor in excision repair and that its level is coordinately regulated by the circadian clock, the ubiquitin–proteasome system and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hong Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Usanova S, Piée-Staffa A, Sied U, Thomale J, Schneider A, Kaina B, Köberle B. Cisplatin sensitivity of testis tumour cells is due to deficiency in interstrand-crosslink repair and low ERCC1-XPF expression. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:248. [PMID: 20846399 PMCID: PMC3098011 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cisplatin based chemotherapy cures over 80% of metastatic testicular germ cell tumours (TGCT). In contrast, almost all other solid cancers in adults are incurable once they have spread beyond the primary site. Cell lines derived from TGCTs are hypersensitive to cisplatin reflecting the clinical response. Earlier findings suggested that a reduced repair capacity might contribute to the cisplatin hypersensitivity of testis tumour cells (TTC), but the critical DNA damage has not been defined. This study was aimed at investigating the formation and repair of intrastrand and interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) induced by cisplatin in TTC and their contribution to TTC hypersensitivity. Results We observed that repair of intrastrand crosslinks is similar in cisplatin sensitive TTC and resistant bladder cancer cells, whereas repair of ICLs was significantly reduced in TTC. γH2AX formation, which serves as a marker of DNA breaks formed in response to ICLs, persisted in cisplatin-treated TTC and correlated with sustained phosphorylation of Chk2 and enhanced PARP-1 cleavage. Expression of the nucleotide excision repair factor ERCC1-XPF, which is implicated in the processing of ICLs, is reduced in TTC. To analyse the causal role of ERCC1-XPF for ICL repair and cisplatin sensitivity, we over-expressed ERCC1-XPF in TTC by transient transfection. Over-expression increased ICL repair and rendered TTC more resistant to cisplatin, which suggests that ERCC1-XPF is rate-limiting for repair of ICLs resulting in the observed cisplatin hypersensitivity of TTC. Conclusion Our data indicate for the first time that the exceptional sensitivity of TTC and, therefore, very likely the curability of TGCT rests on their limited ICL repair due to low level of expression of ERCC1-XPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Usanova
- Institute of Toxicology, Clinical Centre of University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Piulats JM, Jiménez L, García del Muro X, Villanueva A, Viñals F, Germà-Lluch JR. Molecular mechanisms behind the resistance of cisplatin in germ cell tumours. Clin Transl Oncol 2010; 11:780-6. [PMID: 20045784 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-009-0446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin has been one of the principal chemotherapy agents for the last 30 years and is still used widely in the treatment of testicular, ovarian, lung, head and neck, bladder and several other tumours. Resistance to chemotherapeutic agents is a major obstacle for successful treatment. Treatment effect on germ cell tumours (GCTs) is more successful than in adults suffering from almost any other solid tumour, but resistance still appears in 20% of patients with metastatic disease. However, because of the young age of patients and few data regarding the process of becoming resistant, this situation is still a challenge. In this review we are going to analyse the published literature on cisplatin resistance in GCTs and explain the initiatives that the Spanish Germ Cell Cancer Group (GG) is taking to try to elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Ma Piulats
- Medical Oncology Department, IDIBELL Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Duran i Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Korkola JE, Houldsworth J, Bosl GJ, Chaganti RSK. Molecular events in germ cell tumours: linking chromosome-12 gain, acquisition of pluripotency and response to cisplatin. BJU Int 2009; 104:1334-8. [PMID: 19840009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Germ cell tumours (GCTs) represent the leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in young men aged 18-35 years. Transformation of the cell of origin results in tumours with several unique properties. GCTs are characterized by gain of the short arm of chromosome 12 in almost all cases, a frequency of genomic alteration not seen in any other solid tumours. GCTs are truly pluripotent, giving rise to cells of somatic and extra-embryonic lineages, which results in tumours with a spectrum of differentiation that rivals that seen in normal embryogenesis and development. Despite the presence of genomic instability and many oncogenic changes, GCTs are highly curable, even in the metastatic setting, due to their extreme sensitivity to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. In this review we highlight some of the molecular events associated with the genesis, differentiation and chemotherapeutic response of these tumours, and discuss how these alterations are linked with biological features unique to germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Korkola
- Cell Biology Division, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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