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Yıldırım M, Erşatır M, Poyraz S, Amangeldinova M, Kudrina NO, Terletskaya NV. Green Extraction of Plant Materials Using Supercritical CO 2: Insights into Methods, Analysis, and Bioactivity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2295. [PMID: 39204731 PMCID: PMC11359946 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the supercritical CO2 extraction method has gained attention due to its use of environmentally friendly, non-toxic solvents, ability to operate at lower temperatures that do not cause the degradation of bioactive compounds, and capacity for rapid extraction. This method is particularly notable for isolating bioactive compounds from plants. The extracts obtained have shown superior properties due to their activity against diseases such as cancer, which is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The aim of this study is to provide an in-depth understanding of the supercritical CO2 extraction method, as well as to discuss its advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the study includes specific data on various plant materials, detailing the following parameters: plant name and region, bioactive compounds or compound classes, extraction temperature (°C), pressure (bar), time (minutes), co-solvent used, and flow rate. Additionally, this study covers extensive research on the isolation of bioactive compounds and the efficacy of the obtained extracts against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Yıldırım
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63050, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Erşatır
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, Türkiye;
| | - Samet Poyraz
- Independent Researcher, Nevşehir 50040, Türkiye;
| | - Madina Amangeldinova
- Department of Biodiversity and Biological Resources, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av., 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (M.A.); (N.O.K.); (N.V.T.)
- Institute of Genetic and Physiology, Al-Farabi Av., 93, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Nataliya O. Kudrina
- Department of Biodiversity and Biological Resources, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av., 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (M.A.); (N.O.K.); (N.V.T.)
- Institute of Genetic and Physiology, Al-Farabi Av., 93, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Nina V. Terletskaya
- Department of Biodiversity and Biological Resources, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av., 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (M.A.); (N.O.K.); (N.V.T.)
- Institute of Genetic and Physiology, Al-Farabi Av., 93, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
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Dang J, Zhang G, Li J, He L, Ding Y, Cai J, Cheng G, Yang Y, Liu Z, Fan J, Du L, Liu K. Neem Leaf Extract Exhibits Anti-Aging and Antioxidant Effects from Yeast to Human Cells. Nutrients 2024; 16:1506. [PMID: 38794743 PMCID: PMC11124485 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neem leaves have long been used in traditional medicine for promoting longevity. However, the precise mechanisms underlying their anti-aging effects remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the impact of neem leaf extract (NLE) extracted from a 50% ethanol solution on the chronological lifespan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, revealing an extension in lifespan, heightened oxidative stress resistance, and a reduction in reactive oxygen species. To discern the active compounds in NLE, LC/MS and the GNPS platform were employed. The majority of identified active compounds were found to be flavonoids. Subsequently, compound-target pharmacological networks were constructed using the STP and STITCH platforms for both S. cerevisiae and Homo sapiens. GOMF and KEGG enrichment analyses of the predicted targets revealed that "oxidoreductase activity" was among the top enriched terms in both yeast and human cells. These suggested a potential regulation of oxidative stress response (OSR) by NLE. RNA-seq analysis of NLE-treated yeast corroborated the anti-oxidative effect, with "oxidoreductase activity" and "oxidation-reduction process" ranking high in enriched GO terms. Notably, CTT1, encoding catalase, emerged as the most significantly up-regulated gene within the "oxidoreductase activity" cluster. In a ctt1 null mutant, the enhanced oxidative stress resistance and extended lifespan induced by NLE were nullified. For human cells, NLE pretreatment demonstrated a decrease in reactive oxygen species levels and senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity in HeLa cells, indicative of anti-aging and anti-oxidative effects. This study unveils the anti-aging and anti-oxidative properties of NLE while delving into their mechanisms, providing novel insights for pharmacological interventions in aging using phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinye Dang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Gongrui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Libo He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiaxiu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Guohua Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Linfang Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Nagini S, Palrasu M, Bishayee A. Limonoids from neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) are potential anticancer drug candidates. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:457-496. [PMID: 37589457 DOI: 10.1002/med.21988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), a versatile evergreen tree recognized for its ethnopharmacological value, is a rich source of limonoids of the triterpenoid class, endowed with potent medicinal properties. Extracts of neem have been documented to display anticancer effects in diverse malignant cell lines as well as in preclinical animal models that has largely been attributed to the constituent limonoids. Of late, neem limonoids have become the cynosure of research attention as potential candidate agents for cancer prevention and therapy. Among the various limonoids found in neem, azadirachtin, epoxyazadiradione, gedunin, and nimbolide, have been extensively investigated for anticancer activity. Azadirachtin, a potent biodegradable pesticide, exhibits profound antiproliferative effects by preventing mitotic spindle formation and cell division. The antiproliferative activity of gedunin has been demonstrated to be mediated primarily via inhibition of heat shock protein90 and its client proteins. Epoxyazadiradione inhibits pro-inflammatory and kinase-driven signaling pathways to block tumorigenesis. Nimbolide, the most potent cytotoxic neem limonoid, inhibits the growth of cancer cells by regulating the phosphorylation of keystone kinases that drive oncogenic signaling besides modulating the epigenome. There is overwhelming evidence to indicate that neem limonoids exert anticancer effects by preventing the acquisition of hallmark traits of cancer, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis evasion, inflammation, invasion, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Neem limonoids are value additions to the armamentarium of natural compounds that target aberrant oncogenic signaling to inhibit cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddavaram Nagini
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikandan Palrasu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
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Priya PS, Kumar RS, Gawwad MRA, Alarjani KM, Elshikhe MS, Namasivayam SKR, Arockiaraj J. Azadiradione (AZD) neem biomass derived limonoid: extraction, characterization, and potential biological activities with special reference to anti-microbial and anti-cancer activities. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 158:405-416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2023.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
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Ficus dubia latex extract prevent DMH-induced rat early colorectal carcinogenesis through the regulation of xenobiotic metabolism, inflammation, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15472. [PMID: 36104433 PMCID: PMC9474822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ficus dubia latex is recognized as a remedy in Asian traditional medicine with various therapeutic effects. The present study aimed to determine the preventive action of Ficus dubia latex extract (FDLE) on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced rat colorectal carcinogenesis and its mechanisms. The experiment included an initiation model in which rats were orally administered with FDLE daily for 1 week before DMH injection until the end of the experiment, while only after DMH injection until the end in the post-initiation model. The results firstly indicated that FDLE treatment could reduce the level of methylazoxymethanol (MAM) in rat colonic lumen by inhibition of the activities of both phase I xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the liver and β-glucuronidase in the colon, leading to reduced DNA methylation in colonic mucosal cells, related to the number of ACF in the initiation stage. Besides, FDLE modulated the inflammation which could suppress the growth and induce apoptosis of aberrant colonic mucosal cells, leading to retardation of ACF multiplicity. Therefore, FDLE showed the ability to suppress the DMH-induced rat ACF formation and inflammation promoted growth of ACF. In conclusion, FDLE had the potential to prevent carcinogens-induced rat colorectal carcinogenesis in the initiation stage.
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Michalak I, Püsküllüoğlub M. Look into my onco-forest - review of plant natural products with anticancer activity. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:922-938. [PMID: 35240958 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220303112218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a multistage process that can be treated by numerous modalities including systemic treatment. About half of the molecules that have been approved in the last few decades count for plant derivatives. This review presents the application of tree/shrub-derived biologically active compounds as anticancer agents. Different parts of trees/shrubs - wood, bark, branches, roots, leaves, needles, fruits, flowers etc. - contain a wide variety of primary and secondary metabolites, which demonstrate anticancer properties. Special attention was paid to phenolics (phenolic acids and polyphenols, including flavonoids and non-flavonoids (tannins, lignans, stilbenes)), essential oils and their main constituents such as terpenes/terpenoids, phytosterols, alkaloids and many others. Anticancer properties of these compounds are mainly attributed to their strong antioxidant properties. In vitro experiments on various cancer cell lines revealed a cytotoxic effect of tree-derived extracts. Mechanisms of anticancer action of the extracts are also listed. Examples of drugs that successfully underwent clinical trials with well-established position in the guidelines created by oncological societies are provided. The review also focuses on directions for the future in the development of anticancer agents derived from trees/shrubs. Applying biologically active compounds derived from trees and shrubs as anticancer agents continuously seems a promising strategy in cancer systemic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Michalak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mirosława Püsküllüoğlub
- Labcorp (Polska) Sp. z o.o., Warsaw, Poland; c Department of Clinical Oncology, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Kraków, Poland
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Kaushik P, Ahlawat P, Singh K, Singh R. Chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and uses of common ayurvedic medicinal plants: a future source of new drugs. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-021-00621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Almeida TC, Seibert JB, Amparo TR, de Souza GHB, da Silva GN, Dos Santos DH. Modulation of Long Non-Coding RNAs by Different Classes of Secondary Metabolites from Plants: A Mini-Review on Antitumor Effects. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:1232-1255. [PMID: 34720079 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666211101161548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The broad pharmacological spectrum of plants is related to their secondary metabolism, which is responsible for the synthesis of different compounds that have multiple effects on cellular physiology. Among the biological effects presented by phytochemicals, their use for the prevention and treatment of cancer can be highlighted. This occurs due to several mechanisms of antitumor action demonstrated by these compounds, including regulation of the cell signaling pathways and inhibition of tumor growth. In this way, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) appear to be promising targets for the treatment of cancer. Their deregulation has already been related to a variety of clinical-pathological parameters. However, the effects of secondary metabolites on lncRNAs are still restricted. For this reason, the present review aimed to gather data on phytochemicals with action on lncRNAs in order to confirm their possible antitumor potential. According to the literature, terpenoid and flavonoid are the main examples of secondary metabolites involved with lncRNAs activity. In addition, the lncRNAs H19, CASC2, HOTAIR, NKILA, CCAT1, MALAT1, AFAP1-AS1, MEG3, and CDKN2B-AS1 can be highlighted as important targets in the search for new anti-tumor agents since they act as modulating pathways related to cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, cell migration and invasion. Finally, challenges for the use of natural products as a commercial drug were also discussed. The low yield, selectivity index and undesirable pharmacokinetic parameters were emphasized as a difficulty for obtaining these compounds on a large scale and for improving the potency of its biological effect. However, the synthesis and/or development of formulations were suggested as a possible approach to solve these problems. All of these data together confirm the potential of secondary metabolites as a source of new anti-tumor agents acting on lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamires Cunha Almeida
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto. Brazil
| | | | - Tatiane Roquete Amparo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto. Brazil
| | | | - Glenda Nicioli da Silva
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto. Brazil
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Pingali U, Vuppalanchi B, Nutalapati C, Gundagani S. Aqueous Azadirachta indica (Neem) Extract Attenuates Insulin Resistance to Improve Glycemic Control and Endothelial Function in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome. J Med Food 2021; 24:1135-1144. [PMID: 34582720 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.4838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neem (Azadirachta indica) exhibits multiple therapeutic benefits in preclinical studies, but clinical studies are lacking. This clinical study investigated the efficacy and safety of an aqueous A. indica leaf and twig extract (NEEM) on metabolic parameters in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Subjects were randomized to receive (1) placebo or (2) 125 mg, (3) 250 mg, or (4) 500 mg of NEEM twice daily (n = 20/group) for 12 weeks. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) and insulin, postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), insulin resistance (IR), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), endothelial function, circulating markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, lipid profiles, and platelet aggregation were measured at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12. NEEM supplementation dose dependently improved the trajectories for FBS, PPBS, IR, and HbA1c over time, as well as endothelial function and most markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Therefore, NEEM may be considered a promising therapeutic to attenuate the hyperglycemia and associated cardiometabolic derangements in people with MetS. Clinical trial registration no.: CTRI/2019/03/018034 [registered on: March 12, 2019].
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Affiliation(s)
- Usharani Pingali
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Bhavani Vuppalanchi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Chandrasekhar Nutalapati
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Srinivas Gundagani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
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Nagini S, Nivetha R, Palrasu M, Mishra R. Nimbolide, a Neem Limonoid, Is a Promising Candidate for the Anticancer Drug Arsenal. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3560-3577. [PMID: 33739088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nimbolide, a major limonoid constituent of Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, has attracted increasing research attention owing to its wide spectrum of pharmacological properties, predominantly anticancer activity. Nimbolide is reported to exert potent antiproliferative effects on a myriad cancer cell lines and chemotherapeutic efficacy in preclinical animal tumor models. The potentiality of nimbolide to circumvent multidrug resistance and aid in targeted protein degradation broaden its utility in enhancing therapeutic modalities and outcome. Accumulating evidence indicates that nimbolide prevents the acquisition of cancer hallmarks such as sustained proliferation, apoptosis evasion, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and inflammation by modulating kinase-driven oncogenic signaling networks. Nimbolide has been demonstrated to abrogate aberrant activation of cellular signaling by influencing the subcellular localization of transcription factors and phosphorylation of kinases in addition to influencing the epigenome. Nimbolide, with its ever-expanding repertoire of molecular targets, is a valuable addition to the anticancer drug arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddavaram Nagini
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu 608002, India
| | - Ramesh Nivetha
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu 608002, India
| | - Manikandan Palrasu
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Rosenstiel Medical Sciences Building, Suite 4116, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Rajakishore Mishra
- Centre for Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835205, India
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Ruslie RH, Darmadi D. Administration of neem ( Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaf extract decreases TNF-α and IL-6 expressions in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in rats. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 7:744-749. [PMID: 33409321 PMCID: PMC7774797 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2020.g476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to determine the neem leaf extract’s effect on Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) expressions in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis rats. Materials and Methods: In the first phase of the study, colitis was induced by DSS administration in the case group and compared to the control group. In the second phase, 84 colitis rats were divided into groups I, II, and III receiving 7.8 mg/day of mesalazine, 100 mg/200 gm body weight, and 200 mg/200 gm body weight neem leaf extract, respectively. Results: TNF-α and IL-6 expressions were significantly increased in the case group compared to the control group. TNF-α and IL-6 expressions were decreasing in all groups receiving treatment. Group III showed an earlier decrease compared to group II. TNF-α and IL-6 expressions in group III were comparable with group I since the second week. This condition was observed in the 4th week between group II and group I. Conclusion: It can be concluded that neem leaf extract decreased the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in DSS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darmadi Darmadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
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Bonsou Fozin GR, Deeh Defo PB, Wankeu-Nya M, Ngadjui E, Kamanyi A, Watcho P. Anti-androgenic, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of the aqueous and methanol extracts of Pterorhachis zenkeri (Meliaceae): Evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13815. [PMID: 32881120 DOI: 10.1111/and.13815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Pterorhachis zenkeri (Meliaceae) on sex organ growth in immature male rats and, oxidative stress and apoptosis markers in CCL-97 (R2C) Leydig cells. For the in vivo studies, 70 immature male Wistar rats (n = 10/group) were treated for 2 or 4 weeks with: distilled water (10 ml/kg, per os) plus soya oil (1 ml/kg, sc), bicalutamide (10 mg/kg, per os), aqueous or methanol extract of P. zenkeri (10 mg/kg or 62 mg/kg, per os) or testosterone propionate (3 mg/kg, sc). After each treatment period, body and sexual organ weights, plasmatic testosterone, total proteins and total cholesterol levels were measured. In the in vitro test, the effects of the methanol extract of P. zenkeri on cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, intracellular calcium release and caspases 3/9 were assessed using CCL-97 Leydig cells. Pterorhachis zenkeri extracts decreased sex organ weights, plasmatic testosterone and protein levels in rats. In the in vitro studies, P. zenkeri inhibited apoptosis, ROS production, calcium release and caspase 3/9 activities. These results suggest that P. zenkeri has anti-androgenic, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic activities with methanol extract being the most active and could be an effective alternative for the management of androgen-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Brice Deeh Defo
- Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology Laboratory, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Modeste Wankeu-Nya
- Department of Animal Organisms Biology, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Esther Ngadjui
- Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology Laboratory, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Albert Kamanyi
- Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology Laboratory, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Pierre Watcho
- Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology Laboratory, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
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Batra N, De Souza C, Batra J, Raetz AG, Yu AM. The HMOX1 Pathway as a Promising Target for the Treatment and Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 of 2019 (COVID-19). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6412. [PMID: 32899231 PMCID: PMC7503392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a global pandemic with increasing incidence and mortality rates. Recent evidence based on the cytokine profiles of severe COVID-19 cases suggests an overstimulation of macrophages and monocytes associated with reduced T-cell abundance (lymphopenia) in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV-2 open reading frame 3 a (ORF3a) protein was found to bind to the human HMOX1 protein at a high confidence through high-throughput screening experiments. The HMOX1 pathway can inhibit platelet aggregation, and can have anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties, amongst others, all of which are critical medical conditions observed in COVID-19 patients. Here, we review the potential of modulating the HMOX1-ORF3a nexus to regulate the innate immune response for therapeutic benefits in COVID-19 patients. We also review other potential treatment strategies and suggest novel synthetic and natural compounds that may have the potential for future development in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (N.B.); (C.D.S.); (A.G.R.)
| | - Cristabelle De Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (N.B.); (C.D.S.); (A.G.R.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jyoti Batra
- Gladstone Institute, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| | - Alan G. Raetz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (N.B.); (C.D.S.); (A.G.R.)
| | - Ai-Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (N.B.); (C.D.S.); (A.G.R.)
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Microwave-Assisted Improved Extraction and Purification of Anticancer Nimbolide from Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leaves. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122913. [PMID: 32599926 PMCID: PMC7356096 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nimbolide, a limonoid present in leaves of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), is an anticancer compound against a panel of human cancer cell lines. The rapid process of extraction and purification of the nimbolide from the leaves of neem tree through microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) coupled with a chromatographic technique was accomplished. The crude with a maximum content of nimbolide could be recovered from neem leaves through MAE. By using three-factors, three-level Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology (RSM), the optimal conditions for nimbolide extraction (R2 = 0.9019) were solid/liquid ratio 1:16 g/mL, microwave power 280 W, and extraction time 22 min. The enriched extract was further purified by a preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC), where nimbolide was obtained as 0.0336 g (0.67% yield, purity over 98%) with ethyl acetate/hexane = 4:6 in 3.0 h. Structural elucidation was performed through spectroscopic techniques, including FT-IR, 1H, and 13C-NMR. This method was simple and had a good potential for the purification of bioactive compounds from a natural product.
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Poletto P, Alvarez-Rivera G, Torres TMS, Mendiola JA, Ibañez E, Cifuentes A. Compressed fluids and phytochemical profiling tools to obtain and characterize antiviral and anti-inflammatory compounds from natural sources. Trends Analyt Chem 2020; 129:115942. [PMID: 32834241 PMCID: PMC7276128 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many natural compounds, found mainly in plants, are associated with the treatment of various diseases. The search for natural therapeutic agents includes compounds with antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. Among the many steps involved in bioprospection, extraction is the first and most critical step for obtaining bioactive compounds. One of the main advantages of using compressed fluids extraction is the high quality of the final product obtained due to the use of green solvents, while the selectivity towards target compounds can be tuned by adjusting the process parameters, especially pressure, temperature and solvent characteristics. In this review, a discussion is provided on the power of compressed fluids, such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and subcritical water extraction (SWE) to obtain antiviral and anti-inflammatory compounds from natural sources. In addition, an adequate knowledge about the identity and quantity of the compounds present in the extract is essential to correlate biological activity with chemical composition. Phytochemical profiling tools used for identification and quantification of these bioactive natural compound are also discussed. It can be anticipated that after the current SARS-COV-2 pandemic, the search of new natural compounds with antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity will be a hot research topic, so, this review provides an overview on the technologies currently used that could help this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Poletto
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Gerardo Alvarez-Rivera
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Talyta M S Torres
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Jose A Mendiola
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Ibañez
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cifuentes
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Bansod S, Aslam Saifi M, Khurana A, Godugu C. Nimbolide abrogates cerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis by modulating β-catenin/Smad in a sirtuin-dependent way. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104756. [PMID: 32194177 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide with no clinically approved therapeutic interventions. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of nimbolide (NB), an active constituent of neem tree (Azadirachta indica), by targeting β-catenin/Smad/SIRT1 in cerulein-induced CP model. The effects of NB was investigated on cerulein (50 μg/kg/hr*6 exposures /day, 3 days a week for 3 weeks) induced CP in mice. Amylase and lipase activity were measured and histopathological evaluation was performed. Collagen deposition in the pancreatic tissue was estimated by hydroxyproline assay, and collagen specific staining picrosirius red and Masson's trichrome. Cerulein-induced CP was significantly controlled by NB treatment, as shown by the downregulation of β-catenin/Smad signaling in a SIRT1 dependent manner. NB treatment significantly decreased α-SMA, MMP-2, collagen1a, fibronectin, TGF-β1, p-Smad-2/3 expression and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in pancreatic tissue. However, the protective effects of NB on cerulein-induced CP were undermined by nicotinamide (NMD) or splitomicin, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) inhibitors treatment. NB treatment modulated protein expression by activating SIRT1 and decreasing the expression of β-catenin/Smad proteins in CP mice. However, the expression of SIRT1 in pancreatic tissue was elevated by NB treatment and it was decreased by NMD or splitomicin treatment. In summary, our results strongly suggest that NB exerted promising protective effects in cerulein-induced CP model by inhibiting β-catenin/Smad in a sirtuin-dependent manner, which could be attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects. Our study suggests that NB could be an effective therapeutic intervention for the treatment of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapana Bansod
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Mohd Aslam Saifi
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Amit Khurana
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
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Pingali U, Ali MA, Gundagani S, Nutalapati C. Evaluation of the Effect of an Aqueous Extract of Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leaves and Twigs on Glycemic Control, Endothelial Dysfunction and Systemic Inflammation in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:4401-4412. [PMID: 33244247 PMCID: PMC7683773 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s274378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) offers different bioactives ranging from pesticides to therapeutic molecules, depending on which part of the plant is used and the extraction methodology and the solvent used. This study was aimed at evaluating the safety and efficacy of a standardized aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica leaves and twigs (NEEM) on glycemic control, endothelial dysfunction, and systemic inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study (RCT), 80 T2DM subjects, who have already been on standard metformin therapy, received either 125 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg of NEEM or placebo twice daily for 12 weeks. Postprandial blood sugar level (PPBS), fasting blood sugar level (FBS), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin resistance (IR), endothelial function, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, IL-6 and TNF-α, platelet aggregation and lipid profile were assessed. Adverse drug reactions, if any, were noted. GraphPad Prism 8 was used to perform statistical analysis. RESULTS NEEM at the doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg BID significantly reduced PPBS (from 194.4±14 to 173.1±12.8mg/dL, 192.3±17.1 to 161.8±9.7mg/dL, and 205.9±7.2 to 159.3±7.1mg/dL, respectively), FBS (from 119.2±5.0 to 109.2±5.7mg/dL, 115.5±4.4 to 103.7±4.2mg/dL, and 120.7±4.2 to 97.3±3.7mg/dL, respectively), HbA1c (from 6.87 ± 0.4% to 6.64 ± 0.4%, 7.52 ± 0.4% to 6.86 ± 0.3%, and 7.78 ± 0.2% to 6.26 ± 0.4%, respectively), and IR (from 4.5 ± 1.2 to 3.4 ± 0.9, 3.8 ± 1.1 to 2.5 ± 0.6, and 4.6 ± 1.3 to 2.0 ± 0.6, respectively) compared to placebo. Also, NEEM significantly improved endothelial function, decreased oxidative stress and systemic inflammation compared to placebo. The efficacy was significant with all the doses, but no effect on platelet aggregation or lipid profile was observed. CONCLUSION NEEM may significantly ameliorate hyperglycemia, endothelial dysfunction, and systemic inflammation, on top of what metformin could do, in subjects with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usharani Pingali
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana500073, India
- Correspondence: Usharani Pingali Email
| | - Mohammed Abid Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana500073, India
| | - Srinivas Gundagani
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana500073, India
| | - Chandrasekhar Nutalapati
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana500073, India
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Morris J, Gonzales CB, De La Chapa JJ, Cabang AB, Fountzilas C, Patel M, Orozco S, Wargovich MJ. The Highly Pure Neem Leaf Extract, SCNE, Inhibits Tumorigenesis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Disruption of Pro-tumor Inflammatory Cytokines and Cell Signaling. Front Oncol 2019; 9:890. [PMID: 31572681 PMCID: PMC6753233 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a deadly disease that comprises 60% of all head and neck squamous cell cancers. The leaves of the Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) have been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for centuries to treat numerous oral maladies and are known to have significant anti-inflammatory properties. We hypothesize that a highly pure super critical CO2 Neem leaf extract (SCNE) prevents initiation and progression of OSCC via downregulation of intra-tumor pro-inflammatory pathways, which promote tumorigenesis. Hence, we investigated the anticancer effects of SCNE using in vitro and in vivo platforms. OSCC cell lines (SCC4, Cal27, and HSC3) were treated with SCNE while inflammation, proliferation, and migration were analyzed over time. SCNE treatment significantly inhibited OSCC cell proliferation and migration and reduced MMP activity in vitro, suggesting its potential to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. The preventive effects of SCNE in ectopic xenograft and 4NQO-1 (4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide) carcinogen-induced mouse models of OSCC were also evaluated. Indeed, xenografted nude mice showed significant reduction of OSCC tumor volumes. Likewise, SCNE significantly reduced the incidence of tongue dysplasia in the 4NQO-1 OSCC initiation model. In both OSCC animal models, SCNE significantly depressed circulating pro-cancer inflammatory cytokines (host and tumor-secreted) including NFkB, COX2, IL-1, IL-6, TNFα, and IFNγ. In addition, we demonstrate that SCNE downregulates STAT3 and AKT expression and activity in vitro. We also demonstrate that the primary active component, nimbolide (NIM), has significant anticancer activity in established OSCC xenografts. Lastly, we show that SCNE induces an M1 phenotype in tumor associated macrophages (TAMS) in vivo. Taken together, these data strongly support SCNE as means of preventing OSCC via downregulation of pro-cancer inflammatory cascades and NIM as a potential new therapy for existing OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Morris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Cara B. Gonzales
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jorge J. De La Chapa
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - April B. Cabang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Christos Fountzilas
- Department of Medicine, GI Medical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Mandakini Patel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie Orozco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Michael J. Wargovich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Oyenihi AB, Smith C. Are polyphenol antioxidants at the root of medicinal plant anti-cancer success? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 229:54-72. [PMID: 30287197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Given the severe side effects associated with most of the conventional cancer medications, as well as the expanding body of evidence indicating secondary toxicity of these drugs, individuals with cancer are increasingly turning to natural alternatives. Similarly, the pharmaceutical industry is in search of natural products to treat cancer. An understanding of the specific active components in plant products with which anti-cancer efficacy is achieved is required for this research to move forward. AIM OF THE STUDY To integrate data from cancer-relatestudies on plant-derived products or extracts, to elucidate whether these products may have similar active ingredients and/or mechanisms of action, that can explain their efficacy. This review also includes a discussion of the methodological complexities and important considerations involved in accurate isolation and characterisation of active substances from plant material. CONCLUSIONS From the literature reviewed, most plant products with consistently reported anti-cancer efficacy contains high levels of polyphenols or other potent antioxidants and their mechanisms of action correlate to that reported for isolated antioxidants in the context of cancer. This suggests that natural products may indeed become the panacea against this chronic disease - either as therapeutic medicine strategy or to serve as templates for the design of novel synthetic drugs. The recommendation is made that antioxidant activity of plant actives and especially polyphenols, should be the focus of anti-cancer drug discovery initiatives. Lastly, researchers are advised to exploit current techniques of chemical compound characterisation when investigating polyphenol-rich plants to enable the easy consolidation of research findings from different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Oyenihi
- Dept Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - C Smith
- Dept Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
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