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Medina JE, Castañeda S, Camargo M, Garcia-Corredor DJ, Muñoz M, Ramírez JD. Exploring viral diversity and metagenomics in livestock: insights into disease emergence and spillover risks in cattle. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10403-2. [PMID: 38865041 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Cattle have a significant impact on human societies in terms of both economics and health. Viral infections pose a relevant problem as they directly or indirectly disrupt the balance within cattle populations. This has negative consequences at the economic level for producers and territories, and also jeopardizes human health through the transmission of zoonotic diseases that can escalate into outbreaks or pandemics. To establish prevention strategies and control measures at various levels (animal, farm, region, or global), it is crucial to identify the viral agents present in animals. Various techniques, including virus isolation, serological tests, and molecular techniques like PCR, are typically employed for this purpose. However, these techniques have two major drawbacks: they are ineffective for non-culturable viruses, and they only detect a small fraction of the viruses present. In contrast, metagenomics offers a promising approach by providing a comprehensive and unbiased analysis for detecting all viruses in a given sample. It has the potential to identify rare or novel infectious agents promptly and establish a baseline of healthy animals. Nevertheless, the routine application of viral metagenomics for epidemiological surveillance and diagnostics faces challenges related to socioeconomic variables, such as resource availability and space dedicated to metagenomics, as well as the lack of standardized protocols and resulting heterogeneity in presenting results. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge and prospects for using viral metagenomics to detect and identify viruses in cattle raised for livestock, while discussing the epidemiological and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Esteban Medina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología - UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sergio Castañeda
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología - UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Milena Camargo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología - UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Centro de Tecnología en Salud (CETESA), Innovaseq SAS, Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Diego J Garcia-Corredor
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología - UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología - UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología - UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Ji CM, Feng XY, Huang YW, Chen RA. The Applications of Nanopore Sequencing Technology in Animal and Human Virus Research. Viruses 2024; 16:798. [PMID: 38793679 PMCID: PMC11125791 DOI: 10.3390/v16050798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of viruses have triggered outbreaks that pose a severe threat to both human and animal life, as well as caused substantial economic losses. It is crucial to understand the genomic structure and epidemiology of these viruses to guide effective clinical prevention and treatment strategies. Nanopore sequencing, a third-generation sequencing technology, has been widely used in genomic research since 2014. This technology offers several advantages over traditional methods and next-generation sequencing (NGS), such as the ability to generate ultra-long reads, high efficiency, real-time monitoring and analysis, portability, and the ability to directly sequence RNA or DNA molecules. As a result, it exhibits excellent applicability and flexibility in virus research, including viral detection and surveillance, genome assembly, the discovery of new variants and novel viruses, and the identification of chemical modifications. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the development, principles, advantages, and applications of nanopore sequencing technology in animal and human virus research, aiming to offer fresh perspectives for future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Miao Ji
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China; (C.-M.J.); (X.-Y.F.)
| | - Xiao-Yin Feng
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China; (C.-M.J.); (X.-Y.F.)
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rui-Ai Chen
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China; (C.-M.J.); (X.-Y.F.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
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Luo Y, Zhang J, Ni M, Mei Z, Ye Q, Guo B, Fang L, Feng D, Wang L, Yan J, Wang G. Pilot validation of on-field STR typing and human identity testing by MinION nanopore sequencing. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:885-896. [PMID: 38356010 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Nanopore sequencing technology has broad application prospects in forensic medicine due to its small size, portability, fast speed, real-time result analysis capabilities, single-molecule sequencing abilities, and simple operation. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that nanopore sequencing platforms can be used to identify individuals in the field. Through scientific and reasonable design, a nanopore MinION MK1B device and other auxiliary devices are integrated into a portable detection box conducive to individual identification at the accident site. Individual identification of 12 samples could be completed within approximately 24 h by jointly detecting 23 short tandem repeat (STR) loci. Through double-blinded experiments, the genotypes of 49 samples were successfully determined, and the accuracy of the STR genotyping was verified by the gold standard. Specifically, the typing success rate for 1150 genotypes was 95.3%, and the accuracy rate was 86.87%. Although this study focused primarily on demonstrating the feasibility of full-process testing, it can be optimistically predicted that further improvements in bioinformatics workflows and nanopore sequencing technology will help enhance the feasibility of Oxford Nanopore Technologies equipment for real-time individual identification at accident sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Luo
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jiarong Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Ming Ni
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhusong Mei
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Ye
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bingqian Guo
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Longmei Fang
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dongyun Feng
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jiangwei Yan
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Guangyun Wang
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
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Diaz J, Sears J, Chang CK, Burdick J, Law I, Sanders W, Linnertz C, Sylvester P, Moorman N, Ferris MT, Heise MT. U-CAN-seq: A Universal Competition Assay by Nanopore Sequencing. Viruses 2024; 16:636. [PMID: 38675976 PMCID: PMC11054411 DOI: 10.3390/v16040636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses quickly evolve subtle genotypic changes that can have major impacts on viral fitness and host range, with potential consequences for human health. It is therefore important to understand the evolutionary fitness of novel viral variants relative to well-studied genotypes of epidemic viruses. Competition assays are an effective and rigorous system with which to assess the relative fitness of viral genotypes. However, it is challenging to quickly and cheaply distinguish and quantify fitness differences between very similar viral genotypes. Here, we describe a protocol for using reverse transcription PCR in combination with commercial nanopore sequencing services to perform competition assays on untagged RNA viruses. Our assay, called the Universal Competition Assay by Nanopore Sequencing (U-CAN-seq), is relatively cheap and highly sensitive. We used a well-studied N24A mutation in the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) nsp3 gene to confirm that we could detect a competitive disadvantage using U-CAN-seq. We also used this approach to show that mutations to the CHIKV 5' conserved sequence element that disrupt sequence but not structure did not affect the fitness of CHIKV. However, similar mutations to an adjacent CHIKV stem loop (SL3) did cause a fitness disadvantage compared to wild-type CHIKV, suggesting that structure-independent, primary sequence determinants in this loop play an important role in CHIKV biology. Our novel findings illustrate the utility of the U-CAN-seq competition assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Diaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; (J.D.)
| | - John Sears
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; (J.D.)
| | - Che-Kang Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; (J.D.)
| | - Jane Burdick
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Isabella Law
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Wes Sanders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; (J.D.)
| | - Colton Linnertz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Paul Sylvester
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Nathaniel Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; (J.D.)
- The Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 275114, USA
| | - Martin T. Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Mark T. Heise
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; (J.D.)
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- The Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 275114, USA
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Kudjordjie EN, Schmidt-Høier AS, Brøndum MB, Johnsen MG, Nicolaisen M, Vestergård M. Early assessment of fungal and oomycete pathogens in greenhouse irrigation water using Oxford nanopore amplicon sequencing. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300381. [PMID: 38489283 PMCID: PMC10942031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Water-borne plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes are a major threat in greenhouse production systems. Early detection and quantification of these pathogens would enable us to ascertain both economic and biological thresholds required for a timely treatment, thus improving effective disease management. Here, we used Oxford nanopore MinION amplicon sequencing to analyze microbial communities in irrigation water collected from greenhouses used for growing tomato, cucumber and Aeschynanthus sp. Fungal and oomycete communities were characterized using primers that amplify the full internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. To assess the sensitivity of the MinION sequencing, we spiked serially diluted mock DNA into the DNA isolated from greenhouse water samples prior to library preparation. Relative abundances of fungal and oomycete reads were distinct in the greenhouse irrigation water samples and in water samples from setups with tomato that was inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum. Sequence reads derived from fungal and oomycete mock communities were proportionate in the respective serial dilution samples, thus confirming the suitability of MinION amplicon sequencing for environmental monitoring. By using spike-ins as standards to test the reliability of quantification using the MinION, we found that the detection of spike-ins was highly affected by the background quantities of fungal or oomycete DNA in the sample. We observed that spike-ins having shorter length (538bp) produced reads across most of our dilutions compared to the longer spikes (>790bp). Moreover, the sequence reads were uneven with respect to dilution series and were least retrievable in the background samples having the highest DNA concentration, suggesting a narrow dynamic range of performance. We suggest continuous benchmarking of the MinION sequencing to improve quantitative metabarcoding efforts for rapid plant disease diagnostic and monitoring in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Narh Kudjordjie
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Mogens Nicolaisen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Mette Vestergård
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
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Bertolo A, Valido E, Stoyanov J. Optimized bacterial community characterization through full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing utilizing MinION nanopore technology. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:58. [PMID: 38365589 PMCID: PMC10870487 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate identification of bacterial communities is crucial for research applications, diagnostics, and clinical interventions. Although 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing is a widely employed technique for bacterial taxonomic classification, it often results in misclassified or unclassified bacterial taxa. This study sought to refine the full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing protocol using the MinION sequencer, focusing on the V1-V9 regions. Our methodological enquiry examined several factors, including the number of PCR amplification cycles, choice of primers and Taq polymerase, and specific sequence databases and workflows employed. We used a microbial standard comprising eight bacterial strains (five gram-positive and three gram-negative) in known proportions as a validation control. RESULTS Based on the MinION protocol, we employed the microbial standard as the DNA template for the 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing procedure. Our analysis showed that an elevated number of PCR amplification cycles introduced PCR bias, and the selection of Taq polymerase and primer sets significantly affected the subsequent analysis. Bacterial identification at genus level demonstrated Pearson correlation coefficients ranging from 0.73 to 0.79 when assessed using BugSeq, Kraken-Silva and EPI2ME-16S workflows. Notably, the EPI2ME-16S workflow exhibited the highest Pearson correlation with the microbial standard, minimised misclassification, and increased alignment accuracy. At the species taxonomic level, the BugSeq workflow was superior, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.92. CONCLUSIONS These findings emphasise the importance of careful selection of PCR settings and a well-structured analytical framework for 16S rRNA full-length gene sequencing. The results showed a robust correlation between the predicted and observed bacterial abundances at both the genus and species taxonomic levels, making these findings applicable across diverse research contexts and with clinical utility for reliable pathogen identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bertolo
- SCI Population Biobanking & Translational Research Group, Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Bern, Bern Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ezra Valido
- SCI Population Biobanking & Translational Research Group, Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Jivko Stoyanov
- SCI Population Biobanking & Translational Research Group, Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland.
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Zhang H, Jiang H, Liu X, Wang X. A review of innovative electrochemical strategies for bioactive molecule detection and cell imaging: Current advances and challenges. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1285:341920. [PMID: 38057043 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity poses a major challenge for tumor theranostics, requiring high-resolution intercellular bioanalysis strategies. Over the past decades, the advantages of electrochemical analysis, such as high sensitivity, good spatio-temporal resolution, and ease of use, have made it the preferred method to uncover cellular differences. To inspire more creative research, herein, we highlight seminal works in electrochemical techniques for biomolecule analysis and bioimaging. Specifically, micro/nano-electrode-based electrochemical techniques enable real-time quantitative analysis of electroactive substances relevant to life processes in the micro-nanostructure of cells and tissues. Nanopore-based technique plays a vital role in biosensing by utilizing nanoscale pores to achieve high-precision detection and analysis of biomolecules with exceptional sensitivity and single-molecule resolution. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technology is utilized for real-time monitoring of the behavior and features of individual cancer cells, enabling observation of their dynamic processes due to its capability of providing high-resolution and highly sensitive bioimaging of cells. Particularly, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) which are widely used in real-time observation of cell surface biological processes and three-dimensional imaging of micro-nano structures, such as metabolic activity, ion channel activity, and cell morphology are introduced in this review. Furthermore, the expansion of the scope of cellular electrochemistry research by innovative functionalized electrodes and electrochemical imaging models and strategies to address future challenges and potential applications is also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
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Salazar-Ardiles C, Asserella-Rebollo L, Cornejo C, Arias D, Vasquez-Muñoz M, Toledo C, Andrade DC. Molecular diagnostic approaches for SARS-CoV-2 detection and pathophysiological consequences. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:10367-10382. [PMID: 37817022 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus within the Coronaviridae family, is the causative agent behind the respiratory ailment referred to as COVID-19. Operating on a global scale, COVID-19 has led to a substantial number of fatalities, exerting profound effects on both public health and the global economy. The most frequently reported symptoms encompass fever, cough, muscle or body aches, loss of taste or smell, headaches, and fatigue. Furthermore, a subset of individuals may manifest more severe symptoms, including those consistent with viral pneumonitis, which can be so profound as to result in fatalities. Consequently, this situation has spurred the rapid advancement of disease diagnostic technologies worldwide. Predominantly employed in diagnosing COVID-19, the real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR has been the foremost diagnostic method, effectively detecting SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA. As the pandemic has evolved, antigen and serological tests have emerged as valuable diagnostic tools. Antigen tests pinpoint specific viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2, offering swift results, while serological tests identify the presence of antibodies in blood samples. Additionally, there have been notable strides in sample collection methods, notably with the introduction of saliva-based tests, presenting a non-invasive substitute to nasopharyngeal swabs. Given the ongoing mutations in SARS-CoV-2, there has been a continuous need for genomic surveillance, encompassing full genome sequencing and the identification of new variants through Illumina technology and, more recently, nanopore metagenomic sequencing (SMTN). Consequently, while diagnostic testing methods for COVID-19 have experienced remarkable progress, no test is flawless, and there exist limitations with each technique, including sensitivity, specificity, sample collection, and the minimum viral load necessary for accurate detection. These aspects are comprehensively addressed within this current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Salazar-Ardiles
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura (FIMEDALT), Biomedical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Universidad de Antofagasta #02800, Antofagasta, Chile
| | | | - Carlos Cornejo
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura (FIMEDALT), Biomedical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Universidad de Antofagasta #02800, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Dayana Arias
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura (FIMEDALT), Biomedical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Universidad de Antofagasta #02800, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Manuel Vasquez-Muñoz
- Dirección de Docencia de Especialidades Médicas, Dirección de Postgrado, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo Toledo
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory and Sleep Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - David C Andrade
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura (FIMEDALT), Biomedical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Universidad de Antofagasta #02800, Antofagasta, Chile.
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