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Wang J, Ekambaram S, Huang X, Mailman RB, Proctor EA, Dokholyan NV. Comprehensive mapping of the Interaction of levodopa and iron metabolism in Parkinson's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.13.612928. [PMID: 39345474 PMCID: PMC11429739 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.13.612928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Levodopa remains the primary treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), yet its long-term use has been associated with iron accumulation in the brain, a phenomenon linked to neurodegeneration. We utilize deep machine learning to determine plausible molecular mechanisms that may underlie the effects of levodopa on iron metabolism. Using the DRIFT platform, we performed a proteome-wide target identification of levodopa and uncovered significant interactions potentially involved in cellular iron transport. Pathway analysis revealed that levodopa may influence critical iron-related pathways, including the response of EIF2AK1 to heme deficiency, heme signaling, and ABC-family protein-mediated transport. These findings suggest that levodopa may contribute to iron dysregulation in PD by interacting with iron transporters and modulating iron-related pathways. Because levodopa is used at relatively high doses in PD, our findings provide new insight into secondary effects unrelated to being a precursor of dopamine. This highlights the need for careful consideration of its effects on iron metabolism as a consequence of use in the long-term management of PD. Further experimental validation is required to confirm these interactions, and also to explore potential strategies to mitigate iron-related side effects while preserving therapeutic efficacy.
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Okusa S, Nakahara J, Seki M. The Early Onset of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesia in a Patient with Multiple System Atrophy. Intern Med 2024; 63:2451-2453. [PMID: 38311425 PMCID: PMC11442936 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.3058-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by Parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, and autonomic dysfunction. While less frequent than Parkinson's disease, MSA patients with a beneficial levodopa response may occasionally present with levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). We herein report a 50-year-old woman diagnosed with MSA-parkinsonism who developed LID in the unilateral lower extremity 10 months after the start of levodopa treatment. In this case, the distribution of LID, the timing of its onset, and the presence of LID despite relatively poor levodopa responsiveness were distinctive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Okusa
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Keio University Hospital, Japan
| | - Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Keio University Hospital, Japan
| | - Morinobu Seki
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Keio University Hospital, Japan
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Molinari M, Lieberman OJ, Sulzer D, Santini E, Borgkvist A. 5-HT1B receptors mediate dopaminergic inhibition of vesicular fusion and GABA release from striatonigral synapses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.14.584991. [PMID: 38559006 PMCID: PMC10980074 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.14.584991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), a crucial basal ganglia output nucleus, contains a dense expression of dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs), along with dendrites belonging to dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta. These D1Rs are primarily located on the terminals of striatonigral medium spiny neurons, suggesting their involvement in the regulation of neurotransmitter release from the direct pathway in response to somatodendritic dopamine release. To explore the hypothesis that D1Rs modulate GABA release from striatonigral synapses, we conducted optical recordings of striatonigral activity and postsynaptic patch-clamp recordings from SNr neurons in the presence of dopamine and D1R agonists. We found that dopamine inhibits optogenetically triggered striatonigral GABA release by modulating vesicle fusion and Ca 2+ influx in striatonigral boutons. Notably, the effect of DA was independent of D1R activity but required activation of 5-HT1B receptors. Our results suggest a serotonergic mechanism involved in the therapeutic actions of dopaminergic medications for Parkinson's disease and psychostimulant-related disorders.
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Hu X, Yu L, Li Y, Li X, Zhao Y, Xiong L, Ai J, Chen Q, Wang X, Chen X, Ba Y, Wang Y, Wu X. Piperine improves levodopa availability in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease by suppressing gut bacterial tyrosine decarboxylase. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14383. [PMID: 37528534 PMCID: PMC10848080 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Tyrosine decarboxylase (TDC) presented in the gut-associated strain Enterococcus faecalis can convert levodopa (L-dopa) into dopamine (DA), and its increased abundance would potentially minimize the availability and efficacy of L-dopa. However, the known human decarboxylase inhibitors are ineffective in this bacteria-mediated conversion. This study aims to investigate the inhibition of piperine (PIP) on L-dopa bacterial metabolism and evaluates the synergistic effect of PIP combined with L-dopa on Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Metagenomics sequencing was adopted to determine the regulation of PIP on rat intestinal microbiota structure, especially on the relative abundance of E. faecalis. Then, the inhibitory effects of PIP on L-dopa conversion and TDC expression of E. faecalis were tested in vitro. We examined the synergetic effect of the combination of L-dopa and PIP on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats and tested the regulations of L-dopa bioavailability and brain DA level by pharmacokinetics study and MALDI-MS imaging. Finally, we evaluated the microbiota-dependent improvement effect of PIP on L-dopa availability using pseudo-germ-free and E. faecalis-transplanted rats. RESULTS We found that PIP combined with L-dopa could better ameliorate the move disorders of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats by remarkably improving L-dopa availability and brain DA level than L-dopa alone, which was associated with the effect of PIP on suppressing the bacterial decarboxylation of L-dopa via effectively downregulating the abnormal high abundances of E. faecalis and TDC in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. CONCLUSION Oral administration of L-dopa combined with PIP can improve L-dopa availability and brain DA level in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats by suppressing intestinal bacterial TDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Hu
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lan Yu
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yatong Li
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoxi Li
- Department of PharmacyXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yimeng Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lijuan Xiong
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiaxuan Ai
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qijun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yinying Ba
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yaonan Wang
- Core facilities of modern pharmaceuticalsCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xia Wu
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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Pitella FA, Alexandre-Santos L, de Lacerda KJCC, Trevisan AC, Kato M, Padovan-Neto FE, Tumas V, Wichert-Ana L. Parkinson's disease and levodopa-induced dyskinesias: a quantitative analysis through 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT imaging of the brain. Radiol Bras 2024; 57:e20230082. [PMID: 39077067 PMCID: PMC11285848 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2023.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare the dopamine transporter (DAT) density with other risk factors for L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), with and without LID. Materials and Methods We evaluated 67 subjects: 44 patients with idiopathic PD of varying degrees of severity (PD group), and 23 healthy age-matched volunteers (control group). Among the 44 patients in the PD group, 29 were male and the following means were recorded at baseline: age, 59 ± 7 years; disease duration, 10 ± 6 years; Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) stage, 2.16 ± 0.65; and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III (UPDRS III) score, 29.74 ± 17.79. All subjects underwent 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT. We also calculated specific uptake ratios or binding potentials in the striatum. Results The DAT density in the ipsilateral and contralateral striata was lower in the PD group. The variables disease duration, L-DOPA dosage, doses per day, L-DOPA effect duration time, H&Y stage, and UPDRS III score explained the occurrence of LID. The DAT density in the ipsilateral striatum, contralateral striatum, and caudate nucleus was lower in the patients with LID than in those without. Conclusion Our findings suggest that presynaptic dopaminergic denervation is associated with LID in individuals with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Arriva Pitella
- Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Section, Department of Medical Imaging,
Hematology and Clinical Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da
Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Alexandre-Santos
- Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Section, Department of Medical Imaging,
Hematology and Clinical Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da
Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Kleython José Coriolano Cavalcanti de Lacerda
- Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Section, Department of Medical Imaging,
Hematology and Clinical Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da
Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Psychology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e
Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP),
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Trevisan
- Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Section, Department of Medical Imaging,
Hematology and Clinical Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da
Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mery Kato
- Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Section, Department of Medical Imaging,
Hematology and Clinical Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da
Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Eduardo Padovan-Neto
- Department of Psychology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e
Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP),
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor Tumas
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences. Faculdade de
Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP),
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lauro Wichert-Ana
- Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Section, Department of Medical Imaging,
Hematology and Clinical Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da
Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Alwindi M, Bizanti A. Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) regional expression and roles in pathological conditions. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22413. [PMID: 38034713 PMCID: PMC10687066 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs) are key regulators of neurotransmitter release responsible for controlling numerous physiological, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functions. They represent important therapeutic targets for numerous pathological conditions. There are two isoforms of VMAT transporter proteins that function as secondary active transporters into the vesicle for storage and release via exocytosis: VMAT1 (SLC18A1) and VMAT2 (SLC18A2) which differ in their function, quantity, and regional expression. VMAT2 has gained considerable interest as a therapeutic target and diagnostic marker. Inhibitors of VMAT2 have been used as an effective therapy for a range of pathological conditions. Additionally, the functionality and phenotypic classification of classical and nonclassical catecholaminergic neurons are identified by the presence of VMAT2 in catecholaminergic neurons. Dysregulation of VMAT2 is also implicated in many neuropsychiatric diseases. Despite the complex role of VMAT2, many aspects of its function remain unclear. Therefore, our aim is to expand our knowledge of the role of VMAT with a special focus on VMAT2 in different systems and cellular pathways which may potentially facilitate development of novel, more specific therapeutic targets. The current review provides a summary demonstrating the mechanism of action of VMAT, its functional role, and its contribution to disease progression and utilization as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Alwindi
- St George's University Hospital, London SW17 0QT, United Kingdom
| | - Ariege Bizanti
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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Serra M, Di Maio A, Bassareo V, Nuzzo T, Errico F, Servillo F, Capasso M, Parekh P, Li Q, Thiolat ML, Bezard E, Calabresi P, Sulzer D, Carta M, Morelli M, Usiello A. Perturbation of serine enantiomers homeostasis in the striatum of MPTP-lesioned monkeys and mice reflects the extent of dopaminergic midbrain degeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106226. [PMID: 37451474 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of dopaminergic midbrain neurons perturbs l-serine and d-serine homeostasis in the post-mortem caudate putamen (CPu) of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. However, it is unclear whether the severity of dopaminergic nigrostriatal degeneration plays a role in deregulating serine enantiomers' metabolism. Here, through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we measured the levels of these amino acids in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated monkeys and MPTP-plus-probenecid (MPTPp)-treated mice to determine whether and how dopaminergic midbrain degeneration affects the levels of serine enantiomers in various basal ganglia subregions. In addition, in the same brain regions, we measured the levels of key neuroactive amino acids modulating glutamatergic neurotransmission, including L-glutamate, glycine, l-aspartate, d-aspartate, and their precursors l-glutamine, L-asparagine. In monkeys, MPTP treatment produced severe denervation of nigrostriatal dopaminergic fibers (⁓75%) and increased the levels of serine enantiomers in the rostral putamen (rPut), but not in the subthalamic nucleus, and the lateral and medial portion of the globus pallidus. Moreover, this neurotoxin significantly reduced the protein expression of the astrocytic serine transporter ASCT1 and the glycolytic enzyme GAPDH in the rPut of monkeys. Conversely, concentrations of d-serine and l-serine, as well as ASCT1 and GAPDH expression were unaffected in the striatum of MPTPp-treated mice, which showed only mild dopaminergic degeneration (⁓30%). These findings unveil a link between the severity of dopaminergic nigrostriatal degeneration and striatal serine enantiomers concentration, ASCT1 and GAPDH expression. We hypothesize that the up-regulation of d-serine and l-serine levels occurs as a secondary response within a homeostatic loop to support the metabolic and neurotransmission demands imposed by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Anna Di Maio
- Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Francesco Salvatore, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technologies, Università Degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Valentina Bassareo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Tommaso Nuzzo
- Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Francesco Salvatore, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technologies, Università Degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesco Errico
- Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Francesco Salvatore, Naples, Italy; Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Servillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Cattolica Sacro Cuore University, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Capasso
- Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Francesco Salvatore, Naples, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Pathik Parekh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Qin Li
- Motac Neuroscience, UKM15 6WE, Manchester, United Kingdom; Institute of Lab Animal Sciences, China Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Marie-Laure Thiolat
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Motac Neuroscience, UKM15 6WE, Manchester, United Kingdom; Institute of Lab Animal Sciences, China Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Department of Neuroscience, Cattolica Sacro Cuore University, Rome, Italy; Neurologia, Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - David Sulzer
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Manolo Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy; National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Neuroscience, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Francesco Salvatore, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technologies, Università Degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.
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Nagatsu T, Nakashima A, Watanabe H, Ito S, Wakamatsu K, Zucca FA, Zecca L, Youdim M, Wulf M, Riederer P, Dijkstra JM. The role of tyrosine hydroxylase as a key player in neuromelanin synthesis and the association of neuromelanin with Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:611-625. [PMID: 36939908 PMCID: PMC10121510 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
The dark pigment neuromelanin (NM) is abundant in cell bodies of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and norepinephrine (NE) neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) in the human brain. During the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD), together with the degeneration of the respective catecholamine (CA) neurons, the NM levels in the SN and LC markedly decrease. However, questions remain among others on how NM is associated with PD and how it is synthesized. The biosynthesis pathway of NM in the human brain has been controversial because the presence of tyrosinase in CA neurons in the SN and LC has been elusive. We propose the following NM synthesis pathway in these CA neurons: (1) Tyrosine is converted by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), which is converted by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase to DA, which in LC neurons is converted by dopamine β-hydroxylase to NE; (2) DA or NE is autoxidized to dopamine quinone (DAQ) or norepinephrine quinone (NEQ); and (3) DAQ or NEQ is converted to eumelanic NM (euNM) and pheomelanic NM (pheoNM) in the absence and presence of cysteine, respectively. This process involves proteins as cysteine source and iron. We also discuss whether the NM amounts per neuromelanin-positive (NM+) CA neuron are higher in PD brain, whether NM quantitatively correlates with neurodegeneration, and whether an active lifestyle may reduce NM formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Nagatsu
- Center for Research Promotion and Support, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Akira Nakashima
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Watanabe
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate (Milan), Italy
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate (Milan), Italy
| | - Moussa Youdim
- Technion-Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Biology, Yonsey World Central University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Maximilian Wulf
- Medical Proteome-Analysis, Center for Protein Diagnostics (PRODI), Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Medizinisches Proteom‑Center, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Peter Riederer
- Clinic and Polyclinic of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
- Department and Research Unit of Psychiatry, Syddansk University, Odense, Denmark
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Avila-Luna A, Gálvez-Rosas A, Aguirre-Pérez A, Hidalgo-Bravo A, Alfaro-Rodriguez A, Ríos C, Arias-Montaño JA, Bueno-Nava A. Chronic H 3R activation reduces L-Dopa-induced dyskinesia, normalizes cortical GABA and glutamate levels, and increases striatal dopamine D 1R mRNA expression in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1221-1234. [PMID: 37086286 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dyskinesias induced by L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, L-Dopa (LIDs), are the major complication in the pharmacological treatment of Parkinson's disease. LIDs induce overactivity of the glutamatergic cortico-striatal projections, and drugs that reduce glutamatergic overactivity exert antidyskinetic actions. Chronic administration of immepip, agonist at histamine H3 receptors (H3R), reduces LIDs and diminishes GABA and glutamate content in striatal dialysates (Avila-Luna et al., Psychopharmacology 236: 1937-1948, 2019). OBJECTIVES AND METHODS In rats unilaterally lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), we examined whether the chronic administration of immepip and their withdrawal modify LIDs, the effect of L-Dopa on glutamate and GABA content, and mRNA levels of dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs) and H3Rs in the cerebral cortex and striatum. RESULTS The administration of L-Dopa for 21 days induced LIDs. This effect was accompanied by increased GABA and glutamate levels in the cerebral cortex ipsi and contralateral to the lesioned SNc, and immepip administration prevented (GABA) or reduced (glutamate) these actions. In the striatum, GABA content increased in the ipsilateral nucleus, an effect prevented by immepip. L-Dopa administration had no significant effects on striatal glutamate levels. In lesioned and L-Dopa-treated animals, D1R mRNA decreased in the ipsilateral striatum, an effect prevented by immepip administration. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that chronic H3R activation reduces LIDs and the overactivity of glutamatergic cortico-striatal projections, providing further evidence for an interaction between D1Rs and H3Rs in the cortex and striatum under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Avila-Luna
- Coordinación de Neurociencias Básicas, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Ciudad de México, 14389, México
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Química de la Discapacidad, Coordinación de Neurociencias Básicas, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calz. México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Ciudad de México, 14389, México
| | - Arturo Gálvez-Rosas
- Coordinación de Neurociencias Básicas, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Ciudad de México, 14389, México
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Química de la Discapacidad, Coordinación de Neurociencias Básicas, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calz. México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Ciudad de México, 14389, México
| | - Alexander Aguirre-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Química de la Discapacidad, Coordinación de Neurociencias Básicas, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calz. México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Ciudad de México, 14389, México
| | - Alberto Hidalgo-Bravo
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Ciudad de México, 14389, México
| | - Alfonso Alfaro-Rodriguez
- Coordinación de Neurociencias Básicas, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Ciudad de México, 14389, México
| | - Camilo Ríos
- Coordinación de Neurociencias Básicas, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Ciudad de México, 14389, México
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, SSa, Insurgentes Sur 3877, La Fama, Ciudad de México, 14269, México
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Ciudad de México, 04960, México
| | - José-Antonio Arias-Montaño
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, 07360, México
| | - Antonio Bueno-Nava
- Coordinación de Neurociencias Básicas, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Ciudad de México, 14389, México.
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Química de la Discapacidad, Coordinación de Neurociencias Básicas, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calz. México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Ciudad de México, 14389, México.
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10
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Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease: Pathogenesis and Emerging Treatment Strategies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233736. [PMID: 36496996 PMCID: PMC9736114 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The most commonly used treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) is levodopa, prescribed in conjunction with carbidopa. Virtually all patients with PD undergo dopamine replacement therapy using levodopa during the course of the disease's progression. However, despite the fact that levodopa is the "gold standard" in PD treatments and has the ability to significantly alleviate PD symptoms, it comes with side effects in advanced PD. Levodopa replacement therapy remains the current clinical treatment of choice for Parkinson's patients, but approximately 80% of the treated PD patients develop levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in the advanced stages of the disease. A better understanding of the pathological mechanisms of LID and possible means of improvement would significantly improve the outcome of PD patients, reduce the complexity of medication use, and lower adverse effects, thus, improving the quality of life of patients and prolonging their life cycle. This review assesses the recent advancements in understanding the underlying mechanisms of LID and the therapeutic management options available after the emergence of LID in patients. We summarized the pathogenesis and the new treatments for LID-related PD and concluded that targeting pathways other than the dopaminergic pathway to treat LID has become a new possibility, and, currently, amantadine, drugs targeting 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, and surgery for PD can target the Parkinson's symptoms caused by LID.
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11
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Kamińska K, Lenda T, Konieczny J, Lorenc-Koci E. Behavioral and neurochemical interactions of the tricyclic antidepressant drug desipramine with L-DOPA in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Implications for motor and psychiatric functions in Parkinson's disease. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3633-3656. [PMID: 36178508 PMCID: PMC9584871 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The pharmacological effects of antidepressants in modulating noradrenergic transmission as compared to serotonergic transmission in a rat model of Parkinson's disease under chronic L-DOPA therapy are insufficiently explored. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine administered chronically alone or jointly with L-DOPA, on motor behavior and monoamine metabolism in selected brain structures of rats with the unilateral 6-OHDA lesion. METHODS The antiparkinsonian activities of L-DOPA and desipramine were assessed behaviorally using a rotation test and biochemically based on changes in the tissue concentrations of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin and their metabolites, evaluated separately for the ipsi- and contralateral motor (striatum, substantia nigra) and limbic (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus) structures of rat brain by HPLC method. RESULTS Desipramine administered alone did not induce rotational behavior, but in combination with L-DOPA, it increased the number of contralateral rotations more strongly than L-DOPA alone. Both L-DOPA and desipramine + L-DOPA significantly increased DA levels in the ipsilateral striatum, substantia nigra, prefrontal cortex and the ipsi- and contralateral hippocampus. The combined treatment also significantly increased noradrenaline content in the ipsi- and contralateral striatum, while L-DOPA alone decreased serotonin level on both sides of the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS The performed analysis of the level of monoamines and their metabolites in the selected brain structures suggests that co-modulation of noradrenergic and dopaminergic transmission in Parkinson's disease by the combined therapy with desipramine + L-DOPA may have some positive implications for motor and psychiatric functions but further research is needed to exclude potential negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Kamińska
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Lenda
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jolanta Konieczny
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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12
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Hurben AK, Tretyakova NY. Role of Protein Damage Inflicted by Dopamine Metabolites in Parkinson's Disease: Evidence, Tools, and Outlook. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1789-1804. [PMID: 35994383 PMCID: PMC10225972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in motivational salience and motor coordination. However, dysregulated dopamine metabolism can result in the formation of reactive electrophilic metabolites which generate covalent adducts with proteins. Such protein damage can impair native protein function and lead to neurotoxicity, ultimately contributing to Parkinson's disease etiology. In this Review, the role of dopamine-induced protein damage in Parkinson's disease is discussed, highlighting the novel chemical tools utilized to drive this effort forward. Continued innovation of methodologies which enable detection, quantification, and functional response elucidation of dopamine-derived protein adducts is critical for advancing this field. Work in this area improves foundational knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to dopamine-mediated Parkinson's disease progression, potentially assisting with future development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K. Hurben
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Natalia Y. Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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13
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Modulation by Estradiol of L-Dopa-Induced Dyskinesia in a Rat Model of Post-Menopausal Hemiparkinsonism. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050640. [PMID: 35629308 PMCID: PMC9143229 DOI: 10.3390/life12050640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with levodopa (L-dopa) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) leads to involuntary movements termed L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). There are contradictory data about the influence of hormone therapy in female PD patients with LID and of 17-β-estradiol (E2) on animal correlates of LID-abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs). Our aim was to characterize the influence of E2 on motor impairment and AIMs in ovariectomized 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of PD. Half of the rats received empty and the other half implants filled with E2. Following the 6-OHDA surgery, the rats received daily treatment with either L-dopa or saline for 16 days. They were assessed for AIMs, contralateral rotations, and FAS. In the L-dopa-treated rats, E2 intensified and prolonged AIMs and contralateral rotations. On the other hand, it had no effect on motor impairment. Postmortem tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining revealed an almost complete unilateral lesion of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. E2 partially prevented the upregulation of striatal ΔFosB caused by dopamine depletion. L-dopa potentiated the upregulation of ΔFosB within the dopamine-depleted striatum and this effect was further enhanced by E2. We speculate that the potentiating effects of E2 on AIMs and on contralateral rotations could be explained by the molecular adaptations within the striatal medium spiny neurons of the direct and indirect striatofugal pathways.
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14
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Bandopadhyay R, Mishra N, Rana R, Kaur G, Ghoneim MM, Alshehri S, Mustafa G, Ahmad J, Alhakamy NA, Mishra A. Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies for Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease: A Perspective Through Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:805388. [PMID: 35462934 PMCID: PMC9021725 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.805388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second leading neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by severe locomotor abnormalities. Levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment has been considered a mainstay for the management of PD; however, its prolonged treatment is often associated with abnormal involuntary movements and results in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). Although LID is encountered after chronic administration of L-DOPA, the appearance of dyskinesia after weeks or months of the L-DOPA treatment has complicated our understanding of its pathogenesis. Pathophysiology of LID is mainly associated with alteration of direct and indirect pathways of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop, which regulates normal fine motor movements. Hypersensitivity of dopamine receptors has been involved in the development of LID; moreover, these symptoms are worsened by concurrent non-dopaminergic innervations including glutamatergic, serotonergic, and peptidergic neurotransmission. The present study is focused on discussing the recent updates in molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for the effective management of LID in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritam Bandopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Nainshi Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Ruhi Rana
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gulam Mustafa
- College of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Dawadmi Campus, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil. A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)—Guwahati, Guwahati, India
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15
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Lloyd JT, Yee AG, Kalligappa PK, Jabed A, Cheung PY, Todd KL, Karunasinghe RN, Vlajkovic SM, Freestone PS, Lipski J. Dopamine dysregulation and altered responses to drugs affecting dopaminergic transmission in a new dopamine transporter knockout (DAT-KO) rat model. Neuroscience 2022; 491:43-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Mechanisms of Antiparkinsonian Anticholinergic Therapy Revisited. Neuroscience 2021; 467:201-217. [PMID: 34048797 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Before the advent of L-DOPA, the gold standard symptomatic therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), anticholinergic drugs (muscarinic receptor antagonists) were the preferred antiparkinsonian therapy, but their unwanted side effects associated with impaired extrastriatal cholinergic function limited their clinical utility. Since most patients treated with L-DOPA also develop unwanted side effects such as L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), better therapies are needed. Recent studies in animal models demonstrate that optogenetic and chemogenetic manipulation of striatal cholinergic interneurons (SCIN), the main source of striatal acetylcholine, modulate parkinsonism and LID, suggesting that restoring SCIN function might serve as a therapeutic option that avoids extrastriatal anticholinergics' side effects. However, it is still unclear how the altered SCIN activity in PD and LID affects the striatal circuit, whereas the mechanisms of action of anticholinergic drugs are still not fully understood. Recent animal model studies showing that SCINs undergo profound changes in their tonic discharge pattern after chronic L-DOPA administration call for a reexamination of classical views of how SCINs contribute to PD symptoms and LID. Here, we review the recent advances on the circuit implications of aberrant striatal cholinergic signaling in PD and LID in an effort to provide a comprehensive framework to understand the effects of anticholinergic drugs and with the aim of shedding light into future perspectives of cholinergic circuit-based therapies.
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17
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Fabbrini A, Guerra A. Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Experimental Pharmacotherapy for L-Dopa-Induced Dyskinesia. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:469-485. [PMID: 33953618 PMCID: PMC8092630 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s265282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is the most frequent motor complication associated with chronic L-dopa treatment in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying LID suggest that abnormalities in multiple neurotransmitter systems, in addition to dopaminergic nigrostriatal denervation and altered dopamine release and reuptake dynamics at the synaptic level, are involved in LID development. Increased knowledge of neurobiological LID substrates has led to the development of several drug candidates to alleviate this motor complication. However, with the exception of amantadine, none of the pharmacological therapies tested in humans have demonstrated clinically relevant beneficial effects. Therefore, LID management is still one of the most challenging problems in the treatment of PD patients. In this review, we first describe the known pathophysiological mechanisms of LID. We then provide an updated report of experimental pharmacotherapies tested in clinical trials of PD patients and drugs currently under study to alleviate LID. Finally, we discuss available pharmacological LID treatment approaches and offer our opinion of possible issues to be clarified and future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fabbrini
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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18
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Gromadzka G, Tarnacka B, Flaga A, Adamczyk A. Copper Dyshomeostasis in Neurodegenerative Diseases-Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9259. [PMID: 33291628 PMCID: PMC7730516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is one of the most abundant basic transition metals in the human body. It takes part in oxygen metabolism, collagen synthesis, and skin pigmentation, maintaining the integrity of blood vessels, as well as in iron homeostasis, antioxidant defense, and neurotransmitter synthesis. It may also be involved in cell signaling and may participate in modulation of membrane receptor-ligand interactions, control of kinase and related phosphatase functions, as well as many cellular pathways. Its role is also important in controlling gene expression in the nucleus. In the nervous system in particular, copper is involved in myelination, and by modulating synaptic activity as well as excitotoxic cell death and signaling cascades induced by neurotrophic factors, copper is important for various neuronal functions. Current data suggest that both excess copper levels and copper deficiency can be harmful, and careful homeostatic control is important. This knowledge opens up an important new area for potential therapeutic interventions based on copper supplementation or removal in neurodegenerative diseases including Wilson's disease (WD), Menkes disease (MD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and others. However, much remains to be discovered, in particular, how to regulate copper homeostasis to prevent neurodegeneration, when to chelate copper, and when to supplement it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Gromadzka
- Collegium Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Wóycickiego 1/3 Street, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Beata Tarnacka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Eleonora Reicher National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Clinic, Medical University of Warsaw, Spartańska 1 Street, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Flaga
- Collegium Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Wóycickiego 1/3 Street, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
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Labouesse MA, Cola RB, Patriarchi T. GPCR-Based Dopamine Sensors-A Detailed Guide to Inform Sensor Choice for In vivo Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8048. [PMID: 33126757 PMCID: PMC7672611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how dopamine (DA) encodes behavior depends on technologies that can reliably monitor DA release in freely-behaving animals. Recently, red and green genetically encoded sensors for DA (dLight, GRAB-DA) were developed and now provide the ability to track release dynamics at a subsecond resolution, with submicromolar affinity and high molecular specificity. Combined with rapid developments in in vivo imaging, these sensors have the potential to transform the field of DA sensing and DA-based drug discovery. When implementing these tools in the laboratory, it is important to consider there is not a 'one-size-fits-all' sensor. Sensor properties, most importantly their affinity and dynamic range, must be carefully chosen to match local DA levels. Molecular specificity, sensor kinetics, spectral properties, brightness, sensor scaffold and pharmacology can further influence sensor choice depending on the experimental question. In this review, we use DA as an example; we briefly summarize old and new techniques to monitor DA release, including DA biosensors. We then outline a map of DA heterogeneity across the brain and provide a guide for optimal sensor choice and implementation based on local DA levels and other experimental parameters. Altogether this review should act as a tool to guide DA sensor choice for end-users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A. Labouesse
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Reto B. Cola
- Anatomy and Program in Neuroscience, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland;
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Patriarchi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Dinarvand M, Elizarova S, Daniel J, Kruss S. Imaging of Monoamine Neurotransmitters with Fluorescent Nanoscale Sensors. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1465-1480. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meshkat Dinarvand
- Institute of Physical ChemistryGöttingen University Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Sofia Elizarova
- Department of Molecular NeurobiologyMax Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - James Daniel
- Department of Molecular NeurobiologyMax Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Institute of Physical ChemistryGöttingen University Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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21
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A Retrospective Imaging Evaluation of Presynaptic Dopaminergic Degeneration in Multiple System Atrophy with Levodopa Induced Dyskinesia. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2020; 10:6. [PMID: 32775020 PMCID: PMC7394229 DOI: 10.5334/tohm.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) may develop levodopa-induced dyskinesia, which is dystonic and predominant in the orofacial region. We aimed to characterize the patterns of presynaptic dopaminergic degeneration in patients with MSA and dyskinesia using 123I-N-x-fluoropropyl-2b-carbo-methoxy-3b-(4-iodophenyl) nortropan single-photon emission computed tomography (123I-FP-CIT SPECT). Methods: A single center cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted using consecutive chart review of patients with probable MSA who underwent 123I-FP-CIT SPECT. The degeneration patterns were compared between the groups with and without dyskinesia via visual assessment of 123I-FP-CIT SPECT images. Results: Twenty-five patients with probable MSA who had undergone dopamine transporter imaging were identified (age [mean ± standard error], 62.5 ± 1.7 years; disease duration, 48.8 ± 7.0 months). Four of them presented dyskinesia and 21 of patients did not. Twenty-five patients with MSA were visually classified into five grades: one Grade 1 (normal), two Grade 2 (eagle wing), three Grade 3 (mixed), nine Grade 4 (egg shape), and ten Grade 5 (burst striatum). All patients with MSA and dyskinesia were classified into Grade 5. Visual grading significantly correlated with disease duration and levodopa responsiveness. Conclusions: Severe presynaptic dopaminergic dysfunction in 123I-FP-CIT SPECT images, higher doses of dopaminergic medication, and longer disease durations were associated with occurrence of levodopa-induced dyskinesia, even in MSA.
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22
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Pierre A, Van Schuerbeek A, Allaoui W, Van Laere S, Singewald N, Van Eeckhaut A, Smolders I, De Bundel D. Effects of ghrelin receptor activation on forebrain dopamine release, conditioned fear and fear extinction in C57BL/6J mice. J Neurochem 2020; 154:389-403. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Pierre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group Experimental Pharmacology Center for Neurosciences (C4N) Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Andries Van Schuerbeek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group Experimental Pharmacology Center for Neurosciences (C4N) Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Wissal Allaoui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group Experimental Pharmacology Center for Neurosciences (C4N) Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Sven Van Laere
- Interfaculty Center Data Processing & Statistics Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
| | - Ann Van Eeckhaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group Experimental Pharmacology Center for Neurosciences (C4N) Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group Experimental Pharmacology Center for Neurosciences (C4N) Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Dimitri De Bundel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group Experimental Pharmacology Center for Neurosciences (C4N) Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
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Bisaglia M, Bubacco L. Copper Ions and Parkinson's Disease: Why Is Homeostasis So Relevant? Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020195. [PMID: 32013126 PMCID: PMC7072482 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of copper in numerous physiological processes makes this metal ion essential for human life. Alterations in copper homeostasis might have deleterious consequences, and several neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), have been associated with impaired copper levels. In the present review, we describe the molecular mechanisms through which copper can exert its toxicity, by considering how it can interfere with other cellular processes known to play a role in PD, such as dopamine metabolism, oxidative stress, and α-synuclein aggregation. The recent experimental evidence that associates copper deficiency and the formation of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) aggregates with the progression of PD is also discussed together with its therapeutic implication. Overall, the recent discoveries described in this review show how either copper deficiency or excessive levels can promote detrimental effects, highlighting the importance of preserving copper homeostasis and opening unexplored therapeutic avenues in the definition of novel disease-modifying drugs.
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Karthivashan G, Ganesan P, Park SY, Lee HW, Choi DK. Lipid-based nanodelivery approaches for dopamine-replacement therapies in Parkinson's disease: From preclinical to translational studies. Biomaterials 2019; 232:119704. [PMID: 31901690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, has increased exponentially as the global population continues to age. Although the etiological factors contributing to PD remain uncertain, its average incidence rate is reported to be 1% of the global population older than 60 years. PD is primarily characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons and/or associated neuronal networks and the subsequent depletion of dopamine (DA) levels in the brain. Thus, DA or levodopa (l-dopa), a precursor of DA, represent cardinal targets for both idiopathic and symptomatic PD therapeutics. While several therapeutic strategies have been investigated over the past decade for their abilities to curb the progression of PD, an effective cure for PD is currently unavailable. Even DA replacement therapy, an effective PD therapeutic strategy that provides an exogenous supply of DA or l-dopa, has been hindered by severe challenges, such as a poor capacity to bypass the blood-brain barrier and inadequate bioavailability. Nevertheless, with recent advances in nanotechnology, several drug delivery systems have been developed to bypass the barriers associated with central nervous system therapeutics. In here, we sought to describe the adapted lipid-based nanodrug delivery systems used in the field of PD therapeutics and their recent advances, with a particular focus placed on DA replacement therapies. This work initially explores the background of PD; offers descriptions of the most recent molecular targets; currently available clinical medications/limitations; an overview of several lipid-based PD nanotherapeutics, functionalized nanoparticles, and technical aspects in brain delivery; and, finally, presents future perspectives to enhance the use of nanotherapeutics in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindarajan Karthivashan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), College of Biomedical and Health Science and BK21plus Glocal Education Program of Nutraceuticals Development, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Palanivel Ganesan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Applied Life Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Young Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), College of Biomedical and Health Science and BK21plus Glocal Education Program of Nutraceuticals Development, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Striatal overexpression of β-arrestin2 counteracts L-dopa-induced dyskinesia in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned Parkinson's disease rats. Neurochem Int 2019; 131:104543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Ray Chaudhuri K, Poewe W, Brooks D. Motor and Nonmotor Complications of Levodopa: Phenomenology, Risk Factors, and Imaging Features. Mov Disord 2019; 33:909-919. [PMID: 30134055 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite enormous advances in our current understanding of PD since James Parkinson described the "shaking palsy" 200 years ago, l-dopa, in clinical use since the 1960s, remains the gold standard of treatment. Virtually every patient with PD requires varying doses of l-dopa to manage motor and some nonmotor symptoms and retain an acceptable quality of life. However, after a period of treatment with l-dopa, a number of problems emerge; the key ones are motor and nonmotor fluctuations, a range of dyskinesias, and a combination of both. Nonmotor complications can range from behavioral problems to sensory, autonomic, and cognitive issues. Even with a wealth of data, both in animal models and in vivo imaging that address the pathophysiology of l-dopa-related motor and nonmotor complications, the treatment remains challenging and is an unmet need. Although refinement in types of dopamine replacement therapy and delivery systems have improved the management of l-dopa-related complications, the search for the ideal treatment continues. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ray Chaudhuri
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King's College London and Parkinsons Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Brooks
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology and pathogenesis of extrapyramidal movement disorders: a critical update-I. Hypokinetic-rigid movement disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:933-995. [PMID: 31214855 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extrapyramidal movement disorders include hypokinetic rigid and hyperkinetic or mixed forms, most of them originating from dysfunction of the basal ganglia (BG) and their information circuits. The functional anatomy of the BG, the cortico-BG-thalamocortical, and BG-cerebellar circuit connections are briefly reviewed. Pathophysiologic classification of extrapyramidal movement disorder mechanisms distinguish (1) parkinsonian syndromes, (2) chorea and related syndromes, (3) dystonias, (4) myoclonic syndromes, (5) ballism, (6) tics, and (7) tremor syndromes. Recent genetic and molecular-biologic classifications distinguish (1) synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease-dementia, and multiple system atrophy); (2) tauopathies (progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, FTLD-17; Guamian Parkinson-dementia; Pick's disease, and others); (3) polyglutamine disorders (Huntington's disease and related disorders); (4) pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration; (5) Wilson's disease; and (6) other hereditary neurodegenerations without hitherto detected genetic or specific markers. The diversity of phenotypes is related to the deposition of pathologic proteins in distinct cell populations, causing neurodegeneration due to genetic and environmental factors, but there is frequent overlap between various disorders. Their etiopathogenesis is still poorly understood, but is suggested to result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Multiple etiologies and noxious factors (protein mishandling, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, energy failure, and chronic neuroinflammation) are more likely than a single factor. Current clinical consensus criteria have increased the diagnostic accuracy of most neurodegenerative movement disorders, but for their definite diagnosis, histopathological confirmation is required. We present a timely overview of the neuropathology and pathogenesis of the major extrapyramidal movement disorders in two parts, the first one dedicated to hypokinetic-rigid forms and the second to hyperkinetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
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28
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Wang WW, Zhang XR, Lin JY, Zhang ZR, Wang Z, Chen SY, Xie CL. Levodopa/Benserazide PLGA Microsphere Prevents L-Dopa-Induced Dyskinesia via Lower β-Arrestin2 in 6-Hydroxydopamine Parkinson's Rats. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:660. [PMID: 31275144 PMCID: PMC6593297 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged pulsatile administration of Levodopa (L-dopa) can generate L-dopa–induced dyskinesia (LID). Numerous research has reported that continuous dopamine delivery (CDD) was useful in reducing the severity of LID. 6-OHDA lesioned rats were divided into two groups to receive intermittent L-dopa stimulation (L-dopa/benserazide) or Levodopa/benserazide PLGA microsphere (LBPM) for 3 weeks. rAAV (recombinant adeno-associated virus) vector was used to overexpress and ablation of β-arrestin2. We found that LBPM developed less AIM severity compared with standard L-dopa administration, whereas selective deletion of β-arrestin2 in striatum neurons dramatically enhanced the severity of dyskinesia by LBPM. On the contrary, the effects of LBPM in terms of ALO AIM were further relieved by β-arrestin2 overexpression. Furthermore, no significant change in motor behavior was seen either in inhibition or overexpression of β-arrestin2. In short, our experiments provided evidence that LBPM’s prevention of LID behavior was likely due to β-arrestin2, suggesting that a therapy modulating β-arrestin2 may offer a more efficient anti-dyskinetic method with a low risk of untoward effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wen Wang
- The Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xing-Ru Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing-Ya Lin
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Si-Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Long Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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29
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Monzani E, Nicolis S, Dell'Acqua S, Capucciati A, Bacchella C, Zucca FA, Mosharov EV, Sulzer D, Zecca L, Casella L. Dopamin, oxidativer Stress und Protein‐Chinonmodifikationen bei Parkinson und anderen neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Monzani
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Pavia 27100 Pavia Italien
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabio A. Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical TechnologiesNational Research Council of Italy Segrate (Mailand) Italien
| | - Eugene V. Mosharov
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Medical CenterNew York State Psychiatric Institute New York NY USA
- Departments Neurology, PharmacologyColumbia University Medical Center New York NY USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Medical CenterNew York State Psychiatric Institute New York NY USA
- Departments Neurology, PharmacologyColumbia University Medical Center New York NY USA
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical TechnologiesNational Research Council of Italy Segrate (Mailand) Italien
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Medical CenterNew York State Psychiatric Institute New York NY USA
| | - Luigi Casella
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Pavia 27100 Pavia Italien
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30
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Monzani E, Nicolis S, Dell'Acqua S, Capucciati A, Bacchella C, Zucca FA, Mosharov EV, Sulzer D, Zecca L, Casella L. Dopamine, Oxidative Stress and Protein-Quinone Modifications in Parkinson's and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6512-6527. [PMID: 30536578 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is the most important catecholamine in the brain, as it is the most abundant and the precursor of other neurotransmitters. Degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta in Parkinson's disease represents the best-studied link between DA neurotransmission and neuropathology. Catecholamines are reactive molecules that are handled through complex control and transport systems. Under normal conditions, small amounts of cytosolic DA are converted to neuromelanin in a stepwise process involving melanization of peptides and proteins. However, excessive cytosolic or extraneuronal DA can give rise to nonselective protein modifications. These reactions involve DA oxidation to quinone species and depend on the presence of redox-active transition metal ions such as iron and copper. Other oxidized DA metabolites likely participate in post-translational protein modification. Thus, protein-quinone modification is a heterogeneous process involving multiple DA-derived residues that produce structural and conformational changes of proteins and can lead to aggregation and inactivation of the modified proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Monzani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Nicolis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Chiara Bacchella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate (Milano), Italy
| | - Eugene V Mosharov
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate (Milano), Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luigi Casella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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31
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Geibl FF, Henrich MT, Oertel WH. Mesencephalic and extramesencephalic dopaminergic systems in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:377-396. [PMID: 30643975 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-01970-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and concurrent dopamine (DA) deficiency in the basal ganglia represent core features of Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite the central role of DA in the pathogenesis of PD, dopaminergic systems outside of the midbrain have not been systematically investigated for Lewy body pathology or neurodegeneration. Dopaminergic neurons show a surprisingly rich neurobiological diversity, suggesting that there is not one general type of dopaminergic neuron, but rather a spectrum of different dopaminergic phenotypes. This heterogeneity on the cellular level could account for the observed differences in susceptibility of the dopaminergic systems to the PD disease process. In this review, we will summarize the long history from the first description of PD to the rationally derived DA replacement therapy, describe the basal neuroanatomical and neuropathological features of the different dopaminergic systems in health and PD, explore how neuroimaging techniques broadened our view of the dysfunctional dopaminergic systems in PD and discuss how dopaminergic replacement therapy ameliorates the classical motor symptoms but simultaneously induces a new set of hyperdopaminergic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanni F Geibl
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße 1, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Martin T Henrich
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße 1, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Oertel
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße 1, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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32
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Kamińska K, Lenda T, Konieczny J, Wardas J, Lorenc-Koci E. Interactions of the tricyclic antidepressant drug amitriptyline with L-DOPA in the striatum and substantia nigra of unilaterally 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Relevance to motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2018; 121:125-139. [PMID: 30290201 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressant drugs are recommended for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated depression but their role in the modulation of L-DOPA-induced behavioral and neurochemical markers is poorly explored. The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline and L-DOPA, administered chronically alone or in combination, on rotational behavior, monoamine levels and binding of radioligands to their transporters in the dopaminergic brain structures of unilaterally 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Binding of [3H]nisoxetine to noradrenaline transporter (NET), [3H]GBR 12,935 to dopamine transporter (DAT) and [3H]citalopram to serotonin transporter (SERT) were analyzed by autoradiography. Amitriptyline administered alone did not induce rotational behavior but in combination with L-DOPA increased the number of contralateral rotations much more strongly than L-DOPA alone. The combined treatment also significantly increased the tissue dopamine (DA) content in the ipsilateral striatum and substantia nigra (SN) vs. L-DOPA alone. 6-OHDA-mediated lesion of nigrostriatal DA neurons drastically reduced DAT and NET bindings in the ipsilateral striatum. In the ipsilateral SN, DAT binding decreased while NET binding rose. SERT binding increased significantly mainly in the SN. Amitriptyline administered alone or jointly with L-DOPA had no effect on DAT binding on the lesioned side, significantly decreased SERT binding in the striatum and SN while NET binding only in the SN. Since in the DA-denervated striatum, SERT is mainly responsible for reuptake of L-DOPA-derived DA while in the SN, SERT and NET are involved, the inhibition of these transporters by antidepressant drugs may improve dopaminergic transmission and consequently motor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Kamińska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland
| | - Tomasz Lenda
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland
| | - Jolanta Konieczny
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Wardas
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland.
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33
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Ji D, Xu N, Liu Z, Shi Z, Low SS, Liu J, Cheng C, Zhu J, Zhang T, Xu H, Yu X, Liu Q. Smartphone-based differential pulse amperometry system for real-time monitoring of levodopa with carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles modified screen-printing electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 129:216-223. [PMID: 30297172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease caused by lack of dopamine in brain is a common neurodegenerative disorder. The traditional treatment is to replenish levodopa since it could pass through blood brain barrier and form dopamine. However, its accumulation can cause patients' movement disorders and uncontrollable emotion. Therefore, it is critical to control the levodopa dosage accuracy to improve the curative effect in clinical. In this study, a smartphone-based electrochemical detection system was developed for rapid monitoring of levodopa. The system involved a disposable sensor, a hand-held electrochemical detector, and a smartphone with designed application. Single-wall carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles modified screen-printed electrodes were used to convert and amplify the electrochemical current signals upon presence of levodopa molecules. The electrochemical detectors were used to generate electrochemical excitation signals and detect the resultant currents. Smartphone was connected to the detector, which was used to control the detector, calculate data, and plot graph in real-time. The smartphone-based differential pulse amperometry system was demonstrated to monitor levodopa at concentrations as low as 0.5 µM in human serum. Furthermore, it has also been verified to be able to distinguish levodopa from other representative substances in the body. Therefore, its performance was more sensitive and rapid than electrochemical workstation. With these advantages, the system can be used in the field of point-of-care testing (POCT) to detect levodopa and provide the possibility to solve clinical demand for levodopa detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daizong Ji
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China; Zhejiang University Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of TCM Health Management, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, PR China
| | - Ning Xu
- Institute of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, PR China
| | - Zixiang Liu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Zhouyuanjing Shi
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Sze Shin Low
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Institute of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, PR China
| | - Chen Cheng
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of TCM Health Management, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, PR China
| | - Jingwen Zhu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Tingkai Zhang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Haoxuan Xu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Xiongjie Yu
- Zhejiang University Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Qingjun Liu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of TCM Health Management, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, PR China.
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34
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Dopamine Triggers the Maturation of Striatal Spiny Projection Neuron Excitability during a Critical Period. Neuron 2018; 99:540-554.e4. [PMID: 30057204 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Neural circuits are formed and refined during childhood, including via critical changes in neuronal excitability. Here, we investigated the ontogeny of striatal intrinsic excitability. We found that dopamine neurotransmission increases from the first to the third postnatal week in mice and precedes the reduction in spiny projection neuron (SPN) intrinsic excitability during the fourth postnatal week. In mice developmentally deficient for striatal dopamine, direct pathway D1-SPNs failed to undergo maturation of excitability past P18 and maintained hyperexcitability into adulthood. We found that the absence of D1-SPN maturation was due to altered phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate dynamics and a consequent lack of normal ontogenetic increases in Kir2 currents. Dopamine replacement corrected these deficits in SPN excitability when provided from birth or during a specific period of juvenile development (P18-P28), but not during adulthood. These results identify a sensitive period of dopamine-dependent striatal maturation, with implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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35
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Neuroprotective effect of IDPU (1-(7-imino-3-propyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo [4,5-d]pyrimidin-6(7H)-yl)urea) in 6-OHDA induced rodent model of hemiparkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett 2018; 675:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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36
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You H, Mariani LL, Mangone G, Le Febvre de Nailly D, Charbonnier-Beaupel F, Corvol JC. Molecular basis of dopamine replacement therapy and its side effects in Parkinson's disease. Cell Tissue Res 2018. [PMID: 29516217 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2813-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is currently no cure for Parkinson's disease. The symptomatic therapeutic strategy essentially relies on dopamine replacement whose efficacy was demonstrated more than 50 years ago following the introduction of the dopamine precursor, levodopa. The spectacular antiparkinsonian effect of levodopa is, however, balanced by major limitations including the occurrence of motor complications related to its particular pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Other therapeutic strategies have thus been developed to overcome these problems such as the use of dopamine receptor agonists, dopamine metabolism inhibitors and non-dopaminergic drugs. Here we review the pharmacology and molecular mechanisms of dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease, both at the presynaptic and postsynaptic levels. The perspectives in terms of novel drug development and prediction of drug response for a more personalised medicine will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana You
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unit 1127, CIC 1422, NS-PARK/FCRIN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,CNRS, Unit 7225, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital (Inselspital) and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Louise-Laure Mariani
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unit 1127, CIC 1422, NS-PARK/FCRIN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,CNRS, Unit 7225, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Graziella Mangone
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unit 1127, CIC 1422, NS-PARK/FCRIN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,CNRS, Unit 7225, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Le Febvre de Nailly
- INSERM, Unit 1127, CIC 1422, NS-PARK/FCRIN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Pharmacy, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Charbonnier-Beaupel
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Pharmacy, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France. .,INSERM, Unit 1127, CIC 1422, NS-PARK/FCRIN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France. .,CNRS, Unit 7225, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France. .,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France. .,CIC Neurosciences, ICM building, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47/83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
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Carta M, Björklund A. The serotonergic system in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia: pre-clinical evidence and clinical perspective. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1195-1202. [PMID: 29480391 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, the serotonergic system has emerged as a key player in the appearance of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Clinical investigations, based on imaging and postmortem analyses, suggest that the serotonin neurons are also involved in the etiology of this complication of long-term L-DOPA treatment in parkinsonian patients. These findings have stimulated efforts to develop new therapies using drugs targeting the malfunctioning serotonin neurons. In this review, we summarize the experimental and clinical data obtained so far and discuss the prospects for further development of this therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolo Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS554, Km 4.5, 09042, Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Anders Björklund
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
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Yang X, Zhu Z, Ding X, Wang X, Cui G, Hua F, Xiang J. CaMKII inhibition ameliorated levodopa-induced dyskinesia by downregulating tyrosine hydroxylase activity in an experimental model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2018; 1687:66-73. [PMID: 29452071 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Levodopa (L-dopa) remains the best treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, long-term L-dopa treatment induces dyskinesia. The mechanism of L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is not fully understood. Enhanced activity of protein kinase A (PKA) and pulsatile dopamine (DA) stimulation plays an important role in LID. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme for DA synthesis. Decreased TH activity causes reduced pulsatile DA stimulation, which in turn reduces LID. Moreover, TH is a substrate of CaMKII. However, it is unknown whether inhibition of CaMKII reduces LID by downregulating the activity of TH. In this study, we found that CaMKII antagonist KN-93 reduced DA released in PC12 cells; in the meantime, KN-93 reduced phosphorylated levels of CaMKIIα and TH at Ser 40. Intrastriatal administration of KN-93 reduced LID without affecting the antiparkinsonian effect of L-dopa in PD mice. Mechanistically, KN-93 treatmentreduced phosphorylated CaMKIIα levels and subsequently downregulated phosphorylated TH at Ser 40 expression. Consequently, extracellular DA efflux was reduced andthe activation threshold of the PKA pathway was lowered. Moreover, KN-93 treatment reduced the expression of Arc and Penk, two immediate early genes, induced by chronic L-dopa. These data indicate that inhibition of CaMKIIα decreases LID at least partially by suppressing TH activity and subsequently reducing extracellular DA efflux and the activity of the PKA pathway, suggesting that CaMKIIα may be an alternative target for the treatment of LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.
| | - Zhongfang Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Xiqing Ding
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Guiyun Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Fang Hua
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.
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Wu N, Wan Y, Song L, Qi C, Liu Z, Gan J. The abnormal activation of D1R/Shp-2 complex involved in levodopa-induced dyskinesia in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned Parkinson's rats. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:1779-1786. [PMID: 30013350 PMCID: PMC6038854 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s162562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is a troublesome problem in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). The mechanisms of LID are still mysterious. Recently, the interaction between Shp-2 and D1 dopamine receptor (D1R) has been identified to be indispensable in the D1R-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) activation and the occurrence of LID. However, the role of Shp-2 in the D1R-mediated signaling pathway of dyskinetic rat models is not fully clear. We designed this study with the purpose of exploring the role of D1R/Shp-2 complex in the D1R-mediated signaling pathway in the occurrence of LID. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was injected unilaterally to produce the rat models of PD. Successful PD rat models were randomly divided into three groups to receive the treatment with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) + benserazide, l-DOPA + benserazide + D1R antagonist (SCH23390) or D1R agonist (SKF38393). Abnormal involuntary movements were assessed in different groups during the treatment. The interaction between D1R and Shp-2 was confirmed in the sham and LID rats through the methods of coimmunoprecipitation. In addition, the levels of p-Shp-2, p-ERK1/2 and p-mTOR were determined by Western blot in different groups. RESULTS After the treatment with l-DOPA + benserazide for 22 days, PD rats presented with dyskinesia. D1R agonist, SKF38393, induced similar involuntary movements in PD rats. In contrast, the dyskinetic movements were not induced by coadministration of l-DOPA + D1R antagonist (SCH23390). The interaction between D1R and Shp-2 in the normal rats was kept stable after the long-term use of l-DOPA. Moreover, we found that the pulsatile levodopa administration induced hyperphosphorylation of Shp-2, ERK1/2 and mTOR, while the coadministration of l-DOPA and D1R antagonist, SCH23390, did not induce the hyperphosphorylation of these proteins. CONCLUSION These data verified the existence of D1R/Shp-2 complex and its crucial role in the D1R-mediated signaling pathway in dyskinetic rats. Focus on the D1R/Shp-2 complex might be a potential treatment of LID in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China, ;
| | - Ying Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China, ;
| | - Lu Song
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China, ;
| | - Chen Qi
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China, ;
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China, ;
| | - Jing Gan
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China, ;
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40
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Synaptic plasticity may underlie l-DOPA induced dyskinesia. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 48:71-78. [PMID: 29125979 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
l-DOPA provides highly effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, but l-DOPA induced dyskinesia (LID) is a very debilitating response that eventually is presented by a majority of patients. A central issue in understanding the basis of LID is whether it is due to a response to chronic l-DOPA over years of therapy, and/or due to synaptic changes that follow the loss of dopaminergic neurotransmission and then triggered by acute l-DOPA administration. We review recent work that suggests that specific synaptic changes in the D1 dopamine receptor-expressing direct pathway striatal projection neurons due to loss of dopamine in Parkinson's disease are responsible for LID. Chronic l-DOPA may nevertheless modulate LID through priming mechanisms.
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Zhang SF, Xie CL, Lin JY, Wang MH, Wang XJ, Liu ZG. Lipoic acid alleviates L‑DOPA‑induced dyskinesia in 6‑OHDA parkinsonian rats via anti‑oxidative stress. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:1118-1124. [PMID: 29115484 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Levodopa (L‑DOPA) is the gold standard for symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD); however, long‑term therapy is associated with the emergence of L‑DOPA‑induced dyskinesia (LID). Nigral dopaminergic cell loss determines the degree of drug exposure and time required for the initial onset of LID. Accumulating evidence indicates that α‑lipoic acid (ALA) decreases this nigral dopaminergic cell loss. However, until now, the precise mechanisms of ALA have only been partially understood in LID. Chronic L‑DOPA treatment was demonstrated to develop intense AIM scores to assess dyskinetic symptoms. Rats in the LID group were administrated twice daily with L‑DOPA + benserazide for 3 weeks to induce a rat model of dyskinesia. Moreover, other 6‑OHDA‑lesioned rats were treatment with ALA (31.5 mg/kg or 63 mg/kg) in combination with L‑DOPA treatment. Furthermore, the authors investigated the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) activity, as well as IBa‑1, caspase‑3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in substantia nigra by the way of western blotting and immunofluorescence. ALA reduced LID in a dose‑dependent manner without compromising the anti‑PD effect of L‑DOPA. Moreover, ALA reduced the level of MDA and upregulated the GSH activity, as well as ameliorated IBa‑1 positive neurons in the substantia nigra. Finally, it was identified that ALA could reduce L‑DOPA‑induced cleaved‑caspase‑3 and PARP overexpression in the substantia nigra. Based on the present findings, ALA could be recommended as a promising disease‑modifying therapy when administered with L‑DOPA early in the course of PD. The exact mechanism for this action, although incompletely understood, appears to relate to anti‑oxidative stress and anti‑apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Fang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Long Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Ya Lin
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Hua Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Jin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Guo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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42
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Abstract
The loss of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) is the primary cause of motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD), but the underlying striatal mechanisms remain unclear. In spite of abundant literature portraying structural, biochemical and plasticity changes of striatal projection neurons (SPNs), in the past there has been a data vacuum from the natural human disease and its close model in non-human primates. Recently, single-cell recordings in advanced parkinsonian primates have generated new insights into the altered function of SPNs. Currently, there are also human data that provide direct evidence of profoundly dysregulated SPN activity in PD. Here, we review primate recordings that are impacting our understanding of the striatal dysfunction after DA loss, particularly through the analysis of physiologic correlates of parkinsonian motor behaviors. In contrast to recordings in rodents, data obtained in primates and patients demonstrate similar major abnormalities of the spontaneous SPN firing in the alert parkinsonian state. Furthermore, these studies also show altered SPN responses to DA replacement in the advanced parkinsonian state. Clearly, there is yet much to learn about the striatal discharges in PD, but studies using primate models are contributing unique information to advance our understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms.
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Rajan R, Popa T, Quartarone A, Ghilardi MF, Kishore A. Cortical plasticity and levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease: Connecting the dots in a multicomponent network. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:992-999. [PMID: 28454042 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Levodopa-induced dyskinesias are motor complications following long term dopaminergic therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD). Impaired brain plasticity resulting in the creation of aberrant motor maps intended to encode normal voluntary movement is proposed to result in the development of dyskinesias. Traditionally, the various nodes in the motor network like the striato-cortical and the cerebello-thalamic loops were thought to function independent of each other with little communication among them. Anatomical evidence from primates revealed the existence of reciprocal loops between the basal ganglia and the cerebellum providing an anatomical basis for communication between the motor network loops. Dyskinetic PD patients reveal impaired brain plasticity within the motor cortex which may be modulated by cortico-cortical, cerebello-cortical or striato-cortical connections. In this article, we review the evidence for altered plasticity in the multicomponent motor network in the context of levodopa induced dyskinesias in PD. Current evidence suggests a pivotal role for the cerebellum in the larger motor network with the ability to integrate sensorimotor information and independently influence multiple nodes in this network. Targeting the cerebellum seems to be a justified approach for future interventions aimed at attenuating levodopa-induced dyskinesias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopa Rajan
- Comprehensive Care Center for Movement Disorders, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala, India.
| | - Traian Popa
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, USA.
| | - Angelo Quartarone
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Via Palermo, Messina, Italy.
| | - Maria Felice Ghilardi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, City University of New York Medical School, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Asha Kishore
- Comprehensive Care Center for Movement Disorders, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala, India.
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Lerner RP, Bimpisidis Z, Agorastos S, Scherrer S, Dewey SL, Cenci MA, Eidelberg D. Dissociation of metabolic and hemodynamic levodopa responses in the 6-hydroxydopamine rat model. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 96:31-37. [PMID: 27544483 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissociation of vasomotor and metabolic responses to levodopa has been observed in human subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) studied with PET and in autoradiograms from 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat. In both species, acute levodopa administration was associated with increases in basal ganglia cerebral blood flow (CBF) with concurrent reductions in cerebral metabolic rate (CMR) for glucose in the same brain regions. In this study, we used a novel dual-tracer microPET technique to measure CBF and CMR levodopa responses in the same animal. Rats with unilateral 6-OHDA or sham lesion underwent sequential 15O-water (H215O) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) microPET to map CBF and CMR following the injection of levodopa or saline. A subset of animals was separately scanned under ketamine/xylazine and isoflurane to compare the effects of these anesthetics. Regardless of anesthetic agent, 6-OHDA animals exhibited significant dissociation of vasomotor (ΔCBF) and metabolic (ΔCMR) responses to levodopa, with stereotyped increases in CBF and reductions in CMR in the basal ganglia ipsilateral to the dopamine lesion. No significant changes were seen in sham-lesioned animals. These data faithfully recapitulate analogous dissociation effects observed previously in human PD subjects scanned sequentially during levodopa infusion. This approach may have utility in the assessment of new drugs targeting the exaggerated regional vasomotor responses seen in human PD and in experimental models of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata P Lerner
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Zisis Bimpisidis
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Stergiani Agorastos
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Sandra Scherrer
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Stephen L Dewey
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - David Eidelberg
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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45
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Qi L, Thomas E, White SH, Smith SK, Lee CA, Wilson LR, Sombers LA. Unmasking the Effects of L-DOPA on Rapid Dopamine Signaling with an Improved Approach for Nafion Coating Carbon-Fiber Microelectrodes. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8129-36. [PMID: 27441547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
L-DOPA has been the gold standard for symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, its efficacy wanes over time as motor complications develop. Very little is known about how L-DOPA therapy affects the dynamics of fluctuating dopamine concentrations in the striatum on a rapid time scale (seconds). Electrochemical studies investigating the effects of L-DOPA treatment on electrically evoked dopamine release have reported conflicting results with significant variability. We hypothesize that the uncertainty in the electrochemical data is largely due to electrode fouling caused by polymerization of L-DOPA and endogenous catecholamines on the electrode surface. Thus, we have systematically optimized the procedure for fabricating cylindrical, Nafion-coated, carbon-fiber microelectrodes. This has enabled rapid and reliable detection of L-DOPA's effects on striatal dopamine signaling in intact rat brain using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. An acute dose of 5 mg/kg L-DOPA had no significant effect on dopamine dynamics, demonstrating the highly efficient regulatory mechanisms at work in the intact brain. In contrast, administration of 200 mg/kg L-DOPA significantly increased the amplitude of evoked dopamine release by ∼200%. Overall, this work describes a reliable tool that allows a better measure of L-DOPA augmented dopamine release in vivo, measured using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. It provides a methodology that improves the stability and performance of the carbon-fiber microelectrode when studying the molecular mechanisms underlying L-DOPA therapy and also promises to benefit a wide variety of studies because Nafion is so commonly used in electroanalytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjiao Qi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Elina Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Stephanie H White
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Samantha K Smith
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Christie A Lee
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Leslie R Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Leslie A Sombers
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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46
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Sulzer D, Cragg SJ, Rice ME. Striatal dopamine neurotransmission: regulation of release and uptake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6:123-148. [PMID: 27141430 DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) transmission is governed by processes that regulate release from axonal boutons in the forebrain and the somatodendritic compartment in midbrain, and by clearance by the DA transporter, diffusion, and extracellular metabolism. We review how axonal DA release is regulated by neuronal activity and by autoreceptors and heteroreceptors, and address how quantal release events are regulated in size and frequency. In brain regions densely innervated by DA axons, DA clearance is due predominantly to uptake by the DA transporter, whereas in cortex, midbrain, and other regions with relatively sparse DA inputs, the norepinephrine transporter and diffusion are involved. We discuss the role of DA uptake in restricting the sphere of influence of DA and in temporal accumulation of extracellular DA levels upon successive action potentials. The tonic discharge activity of DA neurons may be translated into a tonic extracellular DA level, whereas their bursting activity can generate discrete extracellular DA transients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sulzer
- Depts of Psychiatry, Neurology, & Pharmacology, NY State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie J Cragg
- Dept Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Margaret E Rice
- Depts of Neurosurgery & Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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47
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De Deurwaerdère P, Di Giovanni G, Millan MJ. Expanding the repertoire of L-DOPA's actions: A comprehensive review of its functional neurochemistry. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 151:57-100. [PMID: 27389773 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Though a multi-facetted disorder, Parkinson's disease is prototypically characterized by neurodegeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to a severe disruption of motor function. Accordingly, L-DOPA, the metabolic precursor of dopamine (DA), is well-established as a treatment for the motor deficits of Parkinson's disease despite long-term complications such as dyskinesia and psychiatric side-effects. Paradoxically, however, despite the traditional assumption that L-DOPA is transformed in residual striatal dopaminergic neurons into DA, the mechanism of action of L-DOPA is neither simple nor entirely clear. Herein, focussing on its influence upon extracellular DA and other neuromodulators in intact animals and experimental models of Parkinson's disease, we highlight effects other than striatal generation of DA in the functional profile of L-DOPA. While not excluding a minor role for glial cells, L-DOPA is principally transformed into DA in neurons yet, interestingly, with a more important role for serotonergic than dopaminergic projections. Moreover, in addition to the striatum, L-DOPA evokes marked increases in extracellular DA in frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, the subthalamic nucleus and additional extra-striatal regions. In considering its functional profile, it is also important to bear in mind the marked (probably indirect) influence of L-DOPA upon cholinergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons in the basal ganglia and/or cortex, while anomalous serotonergic transmission is incriminated in the emergence of L-DOPA elicited dyskinesia and psychosis. Finally, L-DOPA may exert intrinsic receptor-mediated actions independently of DA neurotransmission and can be processed into bioactive metabolites. In conclusion, L-DOPA exerts a surprisingly complex pattern of neurochemical effects of much greater scope that mere striatal transformation into DA in spared dopaminergic neurons. Their further experimental and clinical clarification should help improve both L-DOPA-based and novel strategies for controlling the motor and other symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR CNRS 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Department of Physiology & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Malta
| | - Mark J Millan
- Institut de Recherche Servier, Pole for Therapeutic Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, 78290 Croissy/Seine,Paris, France
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48
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Lohr KM, Chen M, Hoffman CA, McDaniel MJ, Stout KA, Dunn AR, Wang M, Bernstein AI, Miller GW. Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 (VMAT2) Level Regulates MPTP Vulnerability and Clearance of Excess Dopamine in Mouse Striatal Terminals. Toxicol Sci 2016; 153:79-88. [PMID: 27287315 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) packages neurotransmitters for release during neurotransmission and sequesters toxicants into vesicles to prevent neuronal damage. In mice, low VMAT2 levels causes catecholaminergic cell loss and behaviors resembling Parkinson's disease, while high levels of VMAT2 increase dopamine release and protect against dopaminergic toxicants. However, comparisons across these VMAT2 mouse genotypes were impossible due to the differing genetic background strains of the animals. Following back-crossing to a C57BL/6 line, we confirmed that mice with approximately 95% lower VMAT2 levels compared with wild-type (VMAT2-LO) display significantly reduced vesicular uptake, progressive dopaminergic terminal loss with aging, and exacerbated 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) toxicity. Conversely, VMAT2-overexpressing mice (VMAT2-HI) are protected from the loss of striatal terminals following MPTP treatment. We also provide evidence that enhanced vesicular filling in the VMAT2-HI mice modifies the handling of newly synthesized dopamine, indicated by changes in indirect measures of extracellular dopamine clearance. These results confirm the role of VMAT2 in the protection of vulnerable nigrostriatal dopamine neurons and may also provide new insight into the side effects of L-DOPA treatments in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Lohr
- *Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health
| | - Merry Chen
- *Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health
| | - Carlie A Hoffman
- *Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health
| | | | - Kristen A Stout
- *Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health
| | - Amy R Dunn
- *Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health
| | - Minzheng Wang
- *Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health
| | | | - Gary W Miller
- *Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Department of Pharmacology Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
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49
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Toll L, Bruchas MR, Calo' G, Cox BM, Zaveri NT. Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ Receptor Structure, Signaling, Ligands, Functions, and Interactions with Opioid Systems. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:419-57. [PMID: 26956246 PMCID: PMC4813427 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The NOP receptor (nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid peptide receptor) is the most recently discovered member of the opioid receptor family and, together with its endogenous ligand, N/OFQ, make up the fourth members of the opioid receptor and opioid peptide family. Because of its more recent discovery, an understanding of the cellular and behavioral actions induced by NOP receptor activation are less well developed than for the other members of the opioid receptor family. All of these factors are important because NOP receptor activation has a clear modulatory role on mu opioid receptor-mediated actions and thereby affects opioid analgesia, tolerance development, and reward. In addition to opioid modulatory actions, NOP receptor activation has important effects on motor function and other physiologic processes. This review discusses how NOP pharmacology intersects, contrasts, and interacts with the mu opioid receptor in terms of tertiary structure and mechanism of receptor activation; location of receptors in the central nervous system; mechanisms of desensitization and downregulation; cellular actions; intracellular signal transduction pathways; and behavioral actions with respect to analgesia, tolerance, dependence, and reward. This is followed by a discussion of the agonists and antagonists that have most contributed to our current knowledge. Because NOP receptors are highly expressed in brain and spinal cord and NOP receptor activation sometimes synergizes with mu receptor-mediated actions and sometimes opposes them, an understanding of NOP receptor pharmacology in the context of these interactions with the opioid receptors will be crucial to the development of novel therapeutics that engage the NOP receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Toll
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida (L.T.); Departments of Anesthesiology, and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.R.B.); Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, and National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (G.C.); Professor of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland (B.M.C.); and Astraea Therapeutics, LLC, Mountain View, California (N.T.Z.)
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida (L.T.); Departments of Anesthesiology, and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.R.B.); Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, and National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (G.C.); Professor of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland (B.M.C.); and Astraea Therapeutics, LLC, Mountain View, California (N.T.Z.)
| | - Girolamo Calo'
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida (L.T.); Departments of Anesthesiology, and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.R.B.); Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, and National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (G.C.); Professor of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland (B.M.C.); and Astraea Therapeutics, LLC, Mountain View, California (N.T.Z.)
| | - Brian M Cox
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida (L.T.); Departments of Anesthesiology, and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.R.B.); Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, and National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (G.C.); Professor of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland (B.M.C.); and Astraea Therapeutics, LLC, Mountain View, California (N.T.Z.)
| | - Nurulain T Zaveri
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida (L.T.); Departments of Anesthesiology, and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.R.B.); Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, and National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (G.C.); Professor of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland (B.M.C.); and Astraea Therapeutics, LLC, Mountain View, California (N.T.Z.)
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50
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De Deurwaerdère P, Di Giovanni G. Serotonergic modulation of the activity of mesencephalic dopaminergic systems: Therapeutic implications. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 151:175-236. [PMID: 27013075 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the mammalian brain, it has been apparent that serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) interactions play a key role in normal and abnormal behavior. Therefore, disclosure of this interaction could reveal important insights into the pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric diseases including schizophrenia, depression and drug addiction or neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease and Tourette's syndrome. Unfortunately, this interaction remains difficult to study for many reasons, including the rich and widespread innervations of 5-HT and DA in the brain, the plethora of 5-HT receptors and the release of co-transmitters by 5-HT and DA neurons. The purpose of this review is to present electrophysiological and biochemical data showing that endogenous 5-HT and pharmacological 5-HT ligands modify the mesencephalic DA systems' activity. 5-HT receptors may control DA neuron activity in a state-dependent and region-dependent manner. 5-HT controls the activity of DA neurons in a phasic and excitatory manner, except for the control exerted by 5-HT2C receptors which appears to also be tonically and/or constitutively inhibitory. The functional interaction between the two monoamines will also be discussed in view of the mechanism of action of antidepressants, antipsychotics, anti-Parkinsonians and drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Malta; Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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