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Lu X, Wickens JR, Hyland BI. Multimodal convergence in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: Motor, sensory and theta-frequency inputs influence activity of single neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:3643-3658. [PMID: 38698531 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of the brainstem (PPTg) has extensive interconnections and neuronal-behavioural correlates. It is implicated in movement control and sensorimotor integration. We investigated whether single neuron activity in freely moving rats is correlated with components of skilled forelimb movement, and whether individual neurons respond to both motor and sensory events. We found that individual PPTg neurons showed changes in firing rate at different times during the reach. This type of temporally specific modulation is like activity seen elsewhere in voluntary movement control circuits, such as the motor cortex, and suggests that PPTg neural activity is related to different specific events occurring during the reach. In particular, many neuronal modulations were time-locked to the end of the extension phase of the reach, when fine distal movements related to food grasping occur, indicating strong engagement of PPTg in this phase of skilled individual forelimb movements. In addition, some neurons showed brief periods of apparent oscillatory firing in the theta range at specific phases of the reach-to-grasp movement. When movement-related neurons were tested with tone stimuli, many also responded to this auditory input, allowing for sensorimotor integration at the cellular level. Together, these data extend the concept of the PPTg as an integrative structure in generation of complex movements, by showing that this function extends to the highly coordinated control of the forelimb during skilled reach to grasp movement, and that sensory and motor-related information converges on single neurons, allowing for direct integration at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence, Dunedin and Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jeffery R Wickens
- Okinawa Institute for Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Brian Ian Hyland
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence, Dunedin and Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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Bezerra TO, Roque AC, Salum C. A Computational Model for the Simulation of Prepulse Inhibition and Its Modulation by Cortical and Subcortical Units. Brain Sci 2024; 14:502. [PMID: 38790479 PMCID: PMC11118907 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The sensorimotor gating is a nervous system function that modulates the acoustic startle response (ASR). Prepulse inhibition (PPI) phenomenon is an operational measure of sensorimotor gating, defined as the reduction of ASR when a high intensity sound (pulse) is preceded in milliseconds by a weaker stimulus (prepulse). Brainstem nuclei are associated with the mediation of ASR and PPI, whereas cortical and subcortical regions are associated with their modulation. However, it is still unclear how the modulatory units can influence PPI. In the present work, we developed a computational model of a neural circuit involved in the mediation (brainstem units) and modulation (cortical and subcortical units) of ASR and PPI. The activities of all units were modeled by the leaky-integrator formalism for neural population. The model reproduces basic features of PPI observed in experiments, such as the effects of changes in interstimulus interval, prepulse intensity, and habituation of ASR. The simulation of GABAergic and dopaminergic drugs impaired PPI by their effects over subcortical units activity. The results show that subcortical units constitute a central hub for PPI modulation. The presented computational model offers a valuable tool to investigate the neurobiology associated with disorder-related impairments in PPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Ohno Bezerra
- Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
| | - Antonio C. Roque
- Department of Physics, School of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Salum
- Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Applied Neuroscience Unit, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
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3
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Coulombe V, Goetz L, Bhattacharjee M, Gould PV, Saikali S, Takech MA, Philippe É, Parent A, Parent M. Cholinergic and Nadph-δ neurons in the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei of human and nonhuman primates. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25570. [PMID: 38108576 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The brainstem pedunculopontine (PPN) and laterodorsal tegmental (LDTg) nuclei are involved in multifarious activities, including motor control. Yet, their exact cytoarchitectural boundaries are still uncertain. We therefore initiated a comparative study of the topographical and neurochemical organization of the PPN and LDTg in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and humans. The distribution and morphological characteristics of neurons expressing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and/or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (Nadph-δ) were documented. The number and density of the labeled neurons were obtained by stringent stereological methods, whereas their topographical distribution was reported upon corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) planes. In both human and nonhuman primates, the PPN and LDTg are populated by three neurochemically distinct types of neurons (ChAT-/Nadph-δ+, ChAT+/Nadph-δ-, and ChAT+/Nadph-δ+), which are distributed according to a complex spatial interplay. Three-dimensional reconstructions reveal that ChAT+ neurons in the PPN and LDTg form a continuum with some overlaps with pigmented neurons of the locus coeruleus, dorsally, and of the substantia nigra (SN) complex, ventrally. The ChAT+ neurons in the PPN and LDTg are -two to three times more numerous in humans than in monkeys but their density is -three to five times higher in monkeys than in humans. Neurons expressing both ChAT and Nadph-δ have a larger cell body and a longer primary dendritic arbor than singly labeled neurons. Stereological quantification reveals that 25.6% of ChAT+ neurons in the monkey PPN are devoid of Nadph-δ staining, a finding that questions the reliability of Nadph-δ as a marker for cholinergic neurons in primate brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurent Goetz
- Hôpital Fondation Rothschild, Neurochirurgie pédiatrique - Unité Parkinson, Paris, France
| | - Manik Bhattacharjee
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, UMR, Grenoble INP, TIMC, Grenoble, France
| | - Peter V Gould
- Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Stephan Saikali
- Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Éric Philippe
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - André Parent
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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4
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Iravani MM, Shoaib M. Executive dysfunction and cognitive decline, a non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease captured in animal models. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 174:231-255. [PMID: 38341231 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) have gained increasing attention in recent years due to their significant impact on patients' quality of life. Among these non-motor symptoms, cognitive dysfunction has emerged as an area of particular interest where the clinical aspects are covered in Chapter 2 of this volume. This chapter explores the rationale for investigating the underlying neurobiology of cognitive dysfunction by utilising translational animal models of PD, from rodents to non-human primates. The objective of this chapter is to review the various animal models of cognition that have explored the dysfunction in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Some of the more advanced pharmacological studies aimed at restoring these cognitive deficits are reviewed, although this chapter highlights the lack of systematic approaches in dealing with this non-motor symptom at the pre-clinical stages.
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5
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Goñi-Erro H, Selvan R, Caggiano V, Leiras R, Kiehn O. Pedunculopontine Chx10 + neurons control global motor arrest in mice. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1516-1528. [PMID: 37501003 PMCID: PMC10471498 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Arrest of ongoing movements is an integral part of executing motor programs. Behavioral arrest may happen upon termination of a variety of goal-directed movements or as a global motor arrest either in the context of fear or in response to salient environmental cues. The neuronal circuits that bridge with the executive motor circuits to implement a global motor arrest are poorly understood. We report the discovery that the activation of glutamatergic Chx10-derived neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) in mice arrests all ongoing movements while simultaneously causing apnea and bradycardia. This global motor arrest has a pause-and-play pattern with an instantaneous interruption of movement followed by a short-latency continuation from where it was paused. Mice naturally perform arrest bouts with the same combination of motor and autonomic features. The Chx10-PPN-evoked arrest is different to ventrolateral periaqueductal gray-induced freezing. Our study defines a motor command that induces a global motor arrest, which may be recruited in response to salient environmental cues to allow for a preparatory or arousal state, and identifies a locomotor-opposing role for rostrally biased glutamatergic neurons in the PPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizea Goñi-Erro
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raghavendra Selvan
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vittorio Caggiano
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Meta AI Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roberto Leiras
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ole Kiehn
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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6
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Kwapiszewski JT, Rivera-Perez LM, Roberts MT. Cholinergic Boutons are Distributed Along the Dendrites and Somata of VIP Neurons in the Inferior Colliculus. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2023; 24:181-196. [PMID: 36627519 PMCID: PMC10121979 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-022-00885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic signaling shapes sound processing and plasticity in the inferior colliculus (IC), the midbrain hub of the central auditory system, but how cholinergic terminals contact and influence individual neuron types in the IC remains largely unknown. Using pharmacology and electrophysiology, we recently found that acetylcholine strongly excites VIP neurons, a class of glutamatergic principal neurons in the IC, by activating α3β4* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Here, we confirm and extend these results using tissue from mice of both sexes. First, we show that mRNA encoding α3 and β4 nAChR subunits is expressed in many neurons throughout the IC, including most VIP neurons, suggesting that these subunits, which are rare in the brain, are important mediators of cholinergic signaling in the IC. Next, by combining fluorescent labeling of VIP neurons and immunofluorescence against the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), we show that individual VIP neurons in the central nucleus of the IC (ICc) are contacted by a large number of cholinergic boutons. Cholinergic boutons were distributed adjacent to the somata and along the full length of the dendritic arbors of VIP neurons, positioning cholinergic signaling to affect synaptic computations arising throughout the somatodendritic compartments of VIP neurons. In addition, cholinergic boutons were occasionally observed in close apposition to dendritic spines on VIP neurons, raising the possibility that cholinergic signaling also modulates presynaptic release onto VIP neurons. Together, these results strengthen the evidence that cholinergic signaling exerts widespread influence on auditory computations performed by VIP neurons and other neurons in the IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia T Kwapiszewski
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, MI, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Luis M Rivera-Perez
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, MI, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Michael T Roberts
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, MI, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Pharmacology, University of Michigan, MI, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA.
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7
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Davin A, Chabardès S, Devergnas A, Benstaali C, Gutekunst CAN, David O, Torres-Martinez N, Piallat B. Excessive daytime sleepiness in a model of Parkinson's disease improved by low-frequency stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:9. [PMID: 36697421 PMCID: PMC9876933 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease often complain of excessive daytime sleepiness which negatively impacts their quality of life. The pedunculopontine nucleus, proposed as a target for deep brain stimulation to improve freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease, is also known to play a key role in the arousal system. Thus, the putative control of excessive daytime sleepiness by pedunculopontine nucleus area stimulation merits exploration for treating Parkinson's disease patients. To this end, two adult nonhuman primates (macaca fascicularis) received a deep brain stimulation electrode implanted into the pedunculopontine nucleus area along with a polysomnographic equipment. Stimulation at low frequencies and high frequencies was studied, in healthy and then MPTP-treated nonhuman primates. Here, we observed that MPTP-treated nonhuman primates suffered from excessive daytime sleepiness and that low-frequency stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus area was effective in reducing daytime sleepiness. Indeed, low-frequency stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus area induced a significant increase in sleep onset latency, longer continuous periods of wakefulness and thus, a partially restored daytime wake architecture. These findings may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies in patients suffering from excessive daytime sleepiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Davin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Clinatec, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphan Chabardès
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Clinatec, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, Department of Neurosurgery, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Annaelle Devergnas
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 30307, Atlanta, USA
- Emory University School of Medicine, 30307, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caroline Benstaali
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Olivier David
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Aix Marseille, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, 13000, Marseille, France
| | | | - Brigitte Piallat
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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Lin C, Ridder MC, Sah P. The PPN and motor control: Preclinical studies to deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1095441. [PMID: 36925563 PMCID: PMC10011138 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1095441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is the major part of the mesencephalic locomotor region, involved in the control of gait and locomotion. The PPN contains glutamatergic, cholinergic, and GABAergic neurons that all make local connections, but also have long-range ascending and descending connections. While initially thought of as a region only involved in gait and locomotion, recent evidence is showing that this structure also participates in decision-making to initiate movement. Clinically, the PPN has been used as a target for deep brain stimulation to manage freezing of gait in late Parkinson's disease. In this review, we will discuss current thinking on the role of the PPN in locomotor control. We will focus on the cytoarchitecture and functional connectivity of the PPN in relationship to motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Lin
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Joint Centre for Neuroscience and Neural Engineering, and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Margreet C Ridder
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Pankaj Sah
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Joint Centre for Neuroscience and Neural Engineering, and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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Su JH, Hu YW, Song YP, Yang Y, Li RY, Zhou KG, Hu L, Wan XH, Teng F, Jin LJ. Dystonia-like behaviors and impaired sensory-motor integration following neurotoxic lesion of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in mice. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1102837. [PMID: 37064180 PMCID: PMC10101329 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPTg) is a vital interface between the basal ganglia and cerebellum, participating in modulation of the locomotion and muscle tone. Pathological changes of the PPTg have been reported in patients and animal models of dystonia, while its effect and mechanism on the phenotyping of dystonia is still unknown. Methods In this study, a series of behavioral tests focusing on the specific deficits of dystonia were conducted for mice with bilateral and unilateral PPTg excitotoxic lesion, including the dystonia-like movements evaluation, different types of sensory-motor integrations, explorative behaviors and gait. In addition, neural dysfunctions including apoptosis, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and neural activation of PPTg-related motor areas in the basal ganglia, reticular formations and cerebellum were also explored. Results Both bilateral and unilateral lesion of the PPTg elicited dystonia-like behaviors featured by the hyperactivity of the hindlimb flexors. Moreover, proprioceptive and auditory sensory-motor integrations were impaired in bilaterally lesioned mice, while no overt alterations were found for the tactile sensory-motor integration, explorative behaviors and gait. Similar but milder behavioral deficits were found in the unilaterally lesioned mice, with an effective compensation was observed for the auditory sensory-motor integration. Histologically, no neural loss, apoptosis, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration were found in the substantia nigra pars compacta and caudate putamen (CPu) following PPTg lesion, while reduced neural activity was found in the dorsolateral part of the CPu and striatal indirect pathway-related structures including subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus internus and substantia nigra pars reticular. Moreover, the neural activity was decreased for the reticular formations such as pontine reticular nucleus, parvicellular reticular nucleus and gigantocellular reticular nucleus, while deep cerebellar nuclei were spared. Conclusion In conclusion, lesion of the PPTg could elicit dystonia-like behaviors through its effect on the balance of the striatal pathways and the reticular formations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Su
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao-Wen Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Ping Song
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruo-Yu Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai-Ge Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Hua Wan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Teng
| | - Ling-Jing Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Ling-Jing Jin
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Su JH, Hu YW, Yang Y, Li RY, Teng F, Li LX, Jin LJ. Dystonia and the pedunculopontine nucleus: Current evidences and potential mechanisms. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1065163. [PMID: 36504662 PMCID: PMC9727297 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1065163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Being a major component of the midbrain locomotion region, the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is known to have various connections with the basal ganglia, the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and motor regions of the brainstem and spinal cord. Functionally, the PPN is associated with muscle tone control and locomotion modulation, including motor initiation, rhythm and speed. In addition to its motor functions, the PPN also contribute to level of arousal, attention, memory and learning. Recent studies have revealed neuropathologic deficits in the PPN in both patients and animal models of dystonia, and deep brain stimulation of the PPN also showed alleviation of axial dystonia in patients of Parkinson's disease. These findings indicate that the PPN might play an important role in the development of dystonia. Moreover, with increasing preclinical evidences showed presence of dystonia-like behaviors, muscle tone changes, impaired cognitive functions and sleep following lesion or neuromodulation of the PPN, it is assumed that the pathological changes of the PPN might contribute to both motor and non-motor manifestations of dystonia. In this review, we aim to summarize the involvement of the PPN in dystonia based on the current preclinical and clinical evidences. Moreover, potential mechanisms for its contributions to the manifestation of dystonia is also discussed base on the dystonia-related basal ganglia-cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit, providing fundamental insight into the targeting of the PPN for the treatment of dystonia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-hui Su
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao-wen Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruo-yu Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-xi Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-jing Jin
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Ling-jing Jin
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11
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Computational model of the alerting function in attention. COGN SYST RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Comprehensive Behavioral Analysis of Opsin 3 (Encephalopsin)-Deficient Mice Identifies Role in Modulation of Acoustic Startle Reflex. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0202-22.2022. [PMID: 36041828 PMCID: PMC9532019 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0202-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Opsin-3 (Opn3, encephalopsin) was the first nonvisual opsin gene discovered in mammals. Since then, several Opn3 functions have been described, and in two cases (adipose tissue, smooth muscle) light sensing activity is implicated. In addition to peripheral tissues, Opn3 is robustly expressed within the central nervous system, for which it derives its name. Despite this expression, no studies have investigated developmental or adult CNS consequences of Opn3 loss-of-function. Here, the behavioral consequences of mice deficient in Opn3 were investigated. Opn3-deficient mice perform comparably to wild-type mice in measures of motor coordination, socialization, anxiety-like behavior, and various aspects of learning and memory. However, Opn3-deficient mice have an attenuated acoustic startle reflex (ASR) relative to littermates. This deficit is not because of changes in hearing sensitivity, although Opn3 was shown to be expressed in auditory and vestibular structures, including cochlear outer hair cells. Interestingly, the ASR was not acutely light-dependent and did not vary between daytime and nighttime trials, despite known functions of Opn3 in photoreception and circadian gene amplitude. Together, these results demonstrate the first role of Opn3 on behavior, although the role of this opsin in the CNS remains largely elusive.
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13
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Lin M, Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen F. Electrical activation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus modulates the neuronal activities of the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata in anesthetized rats. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:2090-2106. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muxin Lin
- Bio‐X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Ying Wang
- Core Research Facilities Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Yi Wang
- Enlight Medical Technologies (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. Shanghai China
| | - Fujun Chen
- Bio‐X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- WLA Laboratories, World Laureates Association Shanghai China
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14
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Sokhadze G, Whyland KL, Bickford ME, Guido W. The organization of cholinergic projections in the visual thalamus of the mouse. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:1081-1098. [PMID: 34448209 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic projections from the brainstem serve as important modulators of activity in visual thalamic nuclei such as the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). While these projections have been studied in several mammals, a comprehensive examination of their organization in the mouse is lacking. We used the retrograde transport of viruses or cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) injected in the dLGN, immunocytochemical labeling with antibodies against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), brain nitric oxide synthase (BNOS), and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), ChAT-Cre mice crossed with a reporter line (Ai9), as well as brainstem virus injections in ChAT-Cre mice to examine the pattern of thalamic innervation from cholinergic neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg), laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg), and the parabigeminal nucleus (PBG). Retrograde tracing demonstrated that the dLGN receives input from the PPTg, LDTg, and PBG. Viral tracing in ChAT-Cre mice and retrograde tracing combined with immunocytochemistry revealed that many of these inputs originate from cholinergic neurons in the PBG and PPTg. Most notable was an extensive cholinergic projection from the PBG which innervated most of the contralateral dLGN, with an especially dense concentration in the dorsolateral shell, as well as a small region in the dorsomedial pole of the ipsilateral dLGN. The PPTg was found to provide a sparse somewhat diffuse innervation of the ipsilateral dLGN. Neurons in the PPTg co-expressed ChAT, BNOS, and VAChT, whereas PBG neurons expressed ChAT, but not BNOS or VAChT. These results highlight the presence of distinct cholinergic populations that innervate the mouse dLGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guela Sokhadze
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kyle L Whyland
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Martha E Bickford
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - William Guido
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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15
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Ray NJ, Lawson RA, Martin SL, Sigurdsson HP, Wilson J, Galna B, Lord S, Alcock L, Duncan GW, Khoo TK, O’Brien JT, Burn DJ, Taylor JP, Rea RC, Bergamino M, Rochester L, Yarnall AJ. Free-water imaging of the cholinergic basal forebrain and pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2022; 146:1053-1064. [PMID: 35485491 PMCID: PMC9976974 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-water imaging can predict and monitor dopamine system degeneration in people with Parkinson's disease. It can also enhance the sensitivity of traditional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics for indexing neurodegeneration. However, these tools are yet to be applied to investigate cholinergic system degeneration in Parkinson's disease, which involves both the pedunculopontine nucleus and cholinergic basal forebrain. Free-water imaging, free-water-corrected DTI and volumetry were used to extract structural metrics from the cholinergic basal forebrain and pedunculopontine nucleus in 99 people with Parkinson's disease and 46 age-matched controls. Cognitive ability was tracked over 4.5 years. Pearson's partial correlations revealed that free-water-corrected DTI metrics in the pedunculopontine nucleus were associated with performance on cognitive tasks that required participants to make rapid choices (behavioural flexibility). Volumetric, free-water content and DTI metrics in the cholinergic basal forebrain were elevated in a sub-group of people with Parkinson's disease with evidence of cognitive impairment, and linear mixed modelling revealed that these metrics were differently associated with current and future changes to cognition. Free water and free-water-corrected DTI can index cholinergic degeneration that could enable stratification of patients in clinical trials of cholinergic interventions for cognitive decline. In addition, degeneration of the pedunculopontine nucleus impairs behavioural flexibility in Parkinson's disease, which may explain this region's role in increased risk of falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Ray
- Correspondence to: Nicola Jane Ray Brooks Building Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester M15 6GX, UK E-mail:
| | - Rachael A Lawson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah L Martin
- Health, Psychology and Communities Research Centre, Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Hilmar P Sigurdsson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Joanna Wilson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Brook Galna
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK,Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Sue Lord
- Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Alcock
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gordon W Duncan
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tien K Khoo
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John T O’Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David J Burn
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - River C Rea
- Health, Psychology and Communities Research Centre, Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Lynn Rochester
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK,The Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alison J Yarnall
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK,The Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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16
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Polli FS, Kohlmeier KA. Prenatal nicotine alters development of the laterodorsal tegmentum: Possible role for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and drug dependence. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:212-235. [PMID: 35317337 PMCID: PMC8900586 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i2.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As we cycle between the states of wakefulness and sleep, a bilateral cholinergic nucleus in the pontine brain stem, the laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT), plays a critical role in controlling salience processing, attention, behavioral arousal, and electrophysiological signatures of the sub- and microstates of sleep. Disorders involving abnormal alterations in behavioral and motivated states, such as drug dependence, likely involve dysfunctions in LDT signaling. In addition, as the LDT exhibits connectivity with the thalamus and mesocortical circuits, as well as receives direct, excitatory input from the prefrontal cortex, a role for the LDT in cognitive symptoms characterizing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) including impulsivity, inflexibility, and dysfunctions of attention is suggested. Prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) is associated with a higher risk for later life development of drug dependence and ADHD, suggesting alteration in development of brain regions involved in these behaviors. PNE has been shown to alter glutamate and cholinergic signaling within the LDT. As glutamate and acetylcholine are major excitatory mediators, these alterations would likely alter excitatory output to target regions in limbic motivational circuits and to thalamic and cortical networks mediating executive control. Further, PNE alters neuronal development and transmission within prefrontal cortex and limbic areas that send input to the LDT, which would compound effects of differential processing within the PNE LDT. When taken together, alterations in signaling in the LDT are likely to play a role in negative behavioral outcomes seen in PNE individuals, including a heightened risk of drug dependence and ADHD behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip S Polli
- Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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17
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Cholinergic systems, attentional-motor integration, and cognitive control in Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 269:345-371. [PMID: 35248201 PMCID: PMC8957710 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction and degeneration of CNS cholinergic systems is a significant component of multi-system pathology in Parkinson's disease (PD). We review the basic architecture of human CNS cholinergic systems and the tools available for studying changes in human cholinergic systems. Earlier post-mortem studies implicated abnormalities of basal forebrain corticopetal cholinergic (BFCC) and pedunculopontine-laterodorsal tegmental (PPN-LDT) cholinergic projections in cognitive deficits and gait-balance deficits, respectively. Recent application of imaging methods, particularly molecular imaging, allowed more sophisticated correlation of clinical features with regional cholinergic deficits. BFCC projection deficits correlate with general and domain specific cognitive deficits, particularly for attentional and executive functions. Detailed analyses suggest that cholinergic deficits within the salience and cingulo-opercular task control networks, including both neocortical, thalamic, and striatal nodes, are a significant component of cognitive deficits in non-demented PD subjects. Both BFCC and PPN-LDT cholinergic projection systems, and striatal cholinergic interneuron (SChI), abnormalities are implicated in PD gait-balance disorders. In the context of experimental studies, these results indicate that disrupted attentional functions of BFCC and PPN-LDT cholinergic systems underlie impaired gait-balance functions. SChI dysfunction likely impairs intra-striatal integration of attentional and motor information. Thalamic and entorhinal cortex cholinergic deficits may impair multi-sensory integration. Overt degeneration of CNS systems may be preceded by increased activity of cholinergic neurons compensating for nigrostriatal dopaminergic deficits. Subsequent dysfunction and degeneration of cholinergic systems unmasks and exacerbates functional deficits secondary to dopaminergic denervation. Research on CNS cholinergic systems dysfunctions in PD requires a systems-level approach to understanding PD pathophysiology.
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18
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Luquin E, Paternain B, Zugasti I, Santomá C, Mengual E. Stereological estimations and neurochemical characterization of neurons expressing GABAA and GABAB receptors in the rat pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:89-110. [PMID: 34510281 PMCID: PMC8741722 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To better understand GABAergic transmission at two targets of basal ganglia downstream projections, the pedunculopontine (PPN) and laterodorsal (LDT) tegmental nuclei, the anatomical localization of GABAA and GABAB receptors was investigated in both nuclei. Specifically, the total number of neurons expressing the GABAA receptor γ2 subunit (GABAAR γ2) and the GABAB receptor R2 subunit (GABAB R2) in PPN and LDT was estimated using stereological methods, and the neurochemical phenotype of cells expressing each subunit was also determined. The mean number of non-cholinergic cells expressing GABAAR γ2 was 9850 ± 1856 in the PPN and 8285 ± 962 in the LDT, whereas those expressing GABAB R2 were 7310 ± 1970 and 9170 ± 1900 in the PPN and LDT, respectively. In addition, all cholinergic neurons in both nuclei co-expressed GABAAR γ2 and 95-98% of them co-expressed GABAB R2. Triple labeling using in situ hybridization revealed that 77% of GAD67 mRNA-positive cells in the PPT and 49% in the LDT expressed GABAAR γ2, while 90% (PPN) and 65% (LDT) of Vglut2 mRNA-positive cells also expressed GABAAR γ2. In contrast, a similar proportion (~2/3) of glutamatergic and GABAergic cells co-expressed GABAB R2 in both nuclei. The heterogeneous distribution of GABAAR and GABABR among non-cholinergic cells in PPN and LDT may give rise to physiological differences within each neurochemical subpopulation. In addition, the dissimilar proportion of GABAAR γ2-expressing glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the PPN and LDT may contribute to some of the functional differences found between the two nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Luquin
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Ed. Los Castaños, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Paternain
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Ed. Los Castaños, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inés Zugasti
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Ed. Los Castaños, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Santomá
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Ed. Los Castaños, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elisa Mengual
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Ed. Los Castaños, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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19
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Krämer SD, Schuhmann MK, Schadt F, Israel I, Samnick S, Volkmann J, Fluri F. Changes of cerebral network activity after invasive stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region in a rat stroke model. Exp Neurol 2021; 347:113884. [PMID: 34624326 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Motor deficits after stroke reflect both, focal lesion and network alterations in brain regions distant from infarction. This remote network dysfunction may be caused by aberrant signals from cortical motor regions travelling via mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) to other locomotor circuits. A method for modulating disturbed network activity is deep brain stimulation. Recently, we have shown that high frequency stimulation (HFS) of the MLR in rats has restored gait impairment after photothrombotic stroke (PTS). However, it remains elusive which cerebral regions are involved by MLR-stimulation and contribute to the improvement of locomotion. Seventeen male Wistar rats underwent photothrombotic stroke of the right sensorimotor cortex and implantation of a microelectrode into the right MLR. 2-[18F]Fluoro-2-deoxyglucose ([18F]FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) was conducted before stroke and thereafter, on day 2 and 3 after stroke, without and with MLR-HFS, respectively. [18F]FDG-PET imaging analyses yielded a reduced glucose metabolism in the right cortico-striatal thalamic loop after PTS compared to the state before intervention. When MLR-HFS was applied after PTS, animals exhibited a significantly higher uptake of [18F]FDG in the right but not in the left cortico-striatal thalamic loop. Furthermore, MLR-HFS resulted in an elevated glucose metabolism of right-sided association cortices related to the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex. These data support the concept of diaschisis i.e., of dysfunctional brain areas distant to a focal lesion and suggests that MLR-HFS can reverse remote network effects following PTS in rats which otherwise may result in chronic motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie D Krämer
- Radiopharmaceutical Sciences/Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Fabian Schadt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Interdisciplinary PET center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ina Israel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Interdisciplinary PET center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Samnick
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Interdisciplinary PET center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Fluri
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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20
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Albin RL, Müller MLTM, Bohnen NI, Spino C, Sarter M, Koeppe RA, Szpara A, Kim K, Lustig C, Dauer WT. α4β2 * Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptor Target Engagement in Parkinson Disease Gait-Balance Disorders. Ann Neurol 2021; 90:130-142. [PMID: 33977560 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attentional deficits following degeneration of brain cholinergic systems contribute to gait-balance deficits in Parkinson disease (PD). As a step toward assessing whether α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) stimulation improves gait-balance function, we assessed target engagement of the α4β2* nAChR partial agonist varenicline. METHODS Nondemented PD participants with cholinergic deficits were identified with [18 F]fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol positron emission tomography (PET). α4β2* nAChR occupancy after subacute oral varenicline treatment was measured with [18 F]flubatine PET. With a dose selected from the nAChR occupancy experiment, varenicline effects on gait, balance, and cognition were assessed in a double-masked placebo-controlled crossover study. Primary endpoints were normal pace gait speed and a measure of postural stability. RESULTS Varenicline doses (0.25mg per day, 0.25mg twice daily [b.i.d.], 0.5mg b.i.d., and 1.0mg b.i.d.) produced 60 to 70% receptor occupancy. We selected 0.5mg orally b.i.d for the crossover study. Thirty-three participants completed the crossover study with excellent tolerability. Varenicline had no significant impact on the postural stability measure and caused slower normal pace gait speed. Varenicline narrowed the difference in normal pace gait speed between dual task and no dual task gait conditions, reduced dual task cost, and improved sustained attention test performance. We obtained identical conclusions in 28 participants with treatment compliance confirmed by plasma varenicline measurements. INTERPRETATION Varenicline occupied α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, was tolerated well, enhanced attention, and altered gait performance. These results are consistent with target engagement. α4β2* agonists may be worth further evaluation for mitigation of gait and balance disorders in PD. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:130-142.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger L Albin
- Neurology Service and GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI.,University of Michigan Parkinson's Foundation Research Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Martijn L T M Müller
- University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI.,University of Michigan Parkinson's Foundation Research Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Nicolaas I Bohnen
- Neurology Service and GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI.,University of Michigan Parkinson's Foundation Research Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Cathie Spino
- University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Martin Sarter
- University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Robert A Koeppe
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ashley Szpara
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kamin Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Cindy Lustig
- University of Michigan Parkinson's Foundation Research Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - William T Dauer
- Neurology Service and GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Peter J. O'Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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21
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Gallea C, Wicki B, Ewenczyk C, Rivaud-Péchoux S, Yahia-Cherif L, Pouget P, Vidailhet M, Hainque E. Antisaccade, a predictive marker for freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease and gait/gaze network connectivity. Brain 2021; 144:504-514. [PMID: 33279957 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Freezing of gait is a challenging sign of Parkinson's disease associated with disease severity and progression and involving the mesencephalic locomotor region. No predictive factor of freezing has been reported so far. The primary objective of this study was to identify predictors of freezing occurrence at 5 years. In addition, we tested whether functional connectivity of the mesencephalic locomotor region could explain the oculomotor factors at baseline that were predictive of freezing onset. We performed a prospective study investigating markers (parkinsonian signs, cognitive status and oculomotor recordings, with a particular focus on the antisaccade latencies) of disease progression at baseline and at 5 years. We identified two groups of patients defined by the onset of freezing at 5 years of follow-up; the 'Freezer' group was defined by the onset of freezing in the ON medication condition during follow-up (n = 17), while the 'non-Freezer' group did not (n = 8). Whole brain resting-state functional MRI was recorded at baseline to determine how antisaccade latencies were associated with connectivity of the mesencephalic locomotor region networks in patients compared to 25 age-matched healthy volunteers. Results showed that, at baseline and compared to the non-Freezer group, the Freezer group had equivalent motor or cognitive signs, but increased antisaccade latencies (P = 0.008). The 5-year course of freezing of gait was correlated with worsening antisaccade latencies (P = 0.0007). Baseline antisaccade latencies was also predictive of the freezing onset (χ2 = 0.008). Resting state connectivity of mesencephalic locomotor region networks correlated with (i) antisaccade latency differently in patients and healthy volunteers at baseline; and (ii) the further increase of antisaccade latency at 5 years. We concluded that antisaccade latency is a predictive marker of the 5-year onset of freezing of gait. Our study suggests that functional networks associated with gait and gaze control are concurrently altered during the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Gallea
- Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Wicki
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpital du Valais, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Claire Ewenczyk
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Rivaud-Péchoux
- Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Lydia Yahia-Cherif
- Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Pouget
- Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière , AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Hainque
- Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière , AP-HP, Paris, France
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22
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Levodopa affects spike and local field synchronisation in the pedunculopontine nucleus of a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:7314-7329. [PMID: 33639616 PMCID: PMC7993725 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) undergoes significant anatomic and electrophysiological alterations in Parkinson’s disease (PD), severely impacting locomotion. However, the effect of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion and levodopa (L-DOPA) therapy on the relationships between spike activities and local field potential (LFP) within the PPN is not well-understood. Synchronisation between the spike activity of individual neurones and LFP of neuronal ensembles is a crucial problem in the pathogenesis of PD. In this study, LFP signals and spikes in the PPN of rats in control, lesioned, and L-DOPA groups were recorded synchronously with a multi-unit electrical signal acquisition system and analysed for their coherence value, spike-field coherence, and phase-lock relationship. The spike-LFP relationship in the PPN was markedly increased in specific frequency bands because of the 6-OHDA lesion but differed depending on the animal locomotion state and neuronal type. L-DOPA had a limited therapeutic effect on the 6-OHDA-induced increase in the coherence value. Our study demonstrates that the PPN spike-LFP relationship is involved in the pathogenesis of PD and is critical for the effects of L-DOPA, providing a basis for the clinical treatment of refractory PD symptoms.
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23
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Endogenous Cholinergic Signaling Modulates Sound-Evoked Responses of the Medial Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body. J Neurosci 2020; 41:674-688. [PMID: 33268542 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1633-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial nucleus of trapezoid body (MNTB) is a major source of inhibition in auditory brainstem circuitry. The MNTB projects well-timed inhibitory output to principal sound-localization nuclei in the superior olive (SOC) as well as other computationally important centers. Acoustic information is conveyed to MNTB neurons through a single calyx of Held excitatory synapse arising from the cochlear nucleus. The encoding efficacy of this large synapse depends on its activity rate, which is primarily determined by sound intensity and stimulus frequency. However, MNTB activity rate is additionally influenced by inhibition and possibly neuromodulatory inputs, albeit their functional role is unclear. Happe and Morley (2004) discovered prominent expression of α7 nAChRs in rat SOC, suggesting possible engagement of ACh-mediated modulation of neural activity in the MNTB. However, the existence and nature of this putative modulation have never been physiologically demonstrated. We probed nicotinic cholinergic influences on acoustic responses of MNTB neurons from adult gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) of either sex. We recorded tone-evoked MNTB single-neuron activity in vivo using extracellular single-unit recording. Piggyback multibarrel electrodes enabled pharmacological manipulation of nAChRs by reversibly applying antagonists to two receptor types, α7 and α4β2. We observed that tone-evoked responses are dependent on ACh modulation by both nAChR subtypes. Spontaneous activity was not affected by antagonist application. Functionally, we demonstrate that ACh contributes to sustaining high discharge rates and enhances signal encoding efficacy. Additionally, we report anatomic evidence revealing novel cholinergic projections to MNTB arising from pontine and superior olivary nuclei.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study is the first to physiologically probe how acetylcholine, a pervasive neuromodulator in the brain, influences the encoding of acoustic information by the medial nucleus of trapezoid body, the most prominent source of inhibition in brainstem sound-localization circuitry. We demonstrate that this cholinergic input enhances neural discrimination of tones from noise stimuli, which may contribute to processing important acoustic signals, such as speech. Additionally, we describe novel anatomic projections providing cholinergic input to the MNTB. Together, these findings shed new light on the contribution of neuromodulation to fundamental computational processes in auditory brainstem circuitry and to a more holistic understanding of modulatory influences in sensory processing.
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Noftz WA, Beebe NL, Mellott JG, Schofield BR. Cholinergic Projections From the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Contact Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons in the Inferior Colliculus. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:43. [PMID: 32765226 PMCID: PMC7378781 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The inferior colliculus processes nearly all ascending auditory information. Most collicular cells respond to sound, and for a majority of these cells, the responses can be modulated by acetylcholine (ACh). The cholinergic effects are varied and, for the most part, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. The major source of cholinergic input to the inferior colliculus is the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT), part of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum known for projections to the thalamus and roles in arousal and the sleep-wake cycle. Characterization of PPT inputs to the inferior colliculus has been complicated by the mixed neurotransmitter population within the PPT. Using selective viral-tract tracing techniques in a ChAT-Cre Long Evans rat, the present study characterizes the distribution and targets of cholinergic projections from PPT to the inferior colliculus. Following the deposit of viral vector in one PPT, cholinergic axons studded with boutons were present bilaterally in the inferior colliculus, with the greater density of axons and boutons ipsilateral to the injection site. On both sides, cholinergic axons were present throughout the inferior colliculus, distributing boutons to the central nucleus, lateral cortex, and dorsal cortex. In each inferior colliculus (IC) subdivision, the cholinergic PPT axons appear to contact both GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons. These findings suggest cholinergic projections from the PPT have a widespread influence over the IC, likely affecting many aspects of midbrain auditory processing. Moreover, the effects are likely to be mediated by direct cholinergic actions on both excitatory and inhibitory circuits in the inferior colliculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. Noftz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Hearing Research Group, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Nichole L. Beebe
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Hearing Research Group, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Jeffrey G. Mellott
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Hearing Research Group, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Brett R. Schofield
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Hearing Research Group, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
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25
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Viviani R, Dommes L, Bosch J, Steffens M, Paul A, Schneider KL, Stingl JC, Beschoner P. Signals of anticipation of reward and of mean reward rates in the human brain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4287. [PMID: 32152378 PMCID: PMC7062891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Theoretical models of dopamine function stemming from reinforcement learning theory have emphasized the importance of prediction errors, which signal changes in the expectation of impending rewards. Much less is known about the effects of mean reward rates, which may be of motivational significance due to their role in computing the optimal effort put into exploiting reward opportunities. Here, we used a reinforcement learning model to design three functional neuroimaging studies and disentangle the effects of changes in reward expectations and mean reward rates, showing recruitment of specific regions in the brainstem regardless of prediction errors. While changes in reward expectations activated ventral striatal areas as in previous studies, mean reward rates preferentially modulated the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area, deep layers of the superior colliculi, and a posterior pontomesencephalic region. These brainstem structures may work together to set motivation and attentional efforts levels according to perceived reward opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Viviani
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Lisa Dommes
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Bosch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Steffens
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Paul
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina L Schneider
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia C Stingl
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Petra Beschoner
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, 89075, Ulm, Germany
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Arenas MC, Blanco-Gandía MC, Miñarro J, Manzanedo C. Prepulse Inhibition of the Startle Reflex as a Predictor of Vulnerability to Develop Locomotor Sensitization to Cocaine. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 13:296. [PMID: 32116585 PMCID: PMC7008852 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex is a measure of sensory-motor synchronization. A deficit in PPI has been observed in psychiatric patients, especially those with schizophrenia and vulnerable subjects, since the neural bases of this disorder are also involved in the regulation of PPI. Recently, we have reported that baseline PPI levels in mice can predict their sensitivity to the conditioned reinforcing effects of cocaine in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Mice with a low PPI presented a lower sensitivity to the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine; however, once they acquired conditioned preference with a higher dose of the drug, a more persistent associative effect of cocaine with respect to environmental cues was evident in these animals when compared with High-PPI mice. Therefore, we proposed that the PPI paradigm can determine subjects with a higher vulnerability to the effects of cocaine. Developing locomotor sensitization after pre-exposure to cocaine is considered an indicator of transitioning from recreational use to a compulsive consumption of the drug. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether subjects with a low PPI display a higher locomotor sensitization induced by cocaine. First, male and female OF1 mice were classified as High- or Low-PPI according to their baseline PPI levels. Subsequently, the motor effects induced by an acute dose of cocaine (Experiments 1 and 2) and the development of locomotor sensitization induced by pre-exposure to this drug (Experiments 3 and 4) were recorded using two apparatuses (Ethovision and actimeter). Low-PPI mice presented low sensitivity to the motor effects of an acute dose of cocaine, but a high increase of activity after repeated administration of the drug, thus suggesting a great developed behavioral sensitization. Differences after pretreatment with cocaine vs. saline were more pronounced among Low-PPI subjects than among High-PPI animals. These results endorse our hypothesis that the PPI paradigm can detect subjects who are more likely to display behaviors induced by cocaine and which can increase the risk of developing a cocaine use disorder. Herein, we further discuss whether a PPI deficit can be considered an endophenotype for cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Arenas
- Unidad de investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Carmen Blanco-Gandía
- Departamento de Psicología y Sociología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Universidad de Zaragoza, Campus de Teruel, Teruel, Spain
| | - José Miñarro
- Unidad de investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Manzanedo
- Unidad de investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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Fulcher N, Azzopardi E, De Oliveira C, Hudson R, Schormans AL, Zaman T, Allman BL, Laviolette SR, Schmid S. Deciphering midbrain mechanisms underlying prepulse inhibition of startle. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 185:101734. [PMID: 31863802 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is an operational measure of sensorimotor gating. Deficits of PPI are a hallmark of schizophrenia and associated with several other psychiatric illnesses such as e.g. autism spectrum disorder, yet the mechanisms underlying PPI are still not fully understood. There is growing evidence contradicting the long-standing hypothesis that PPI is mediated by a short feed-forward midbrain circuitry including inhibitory cholinergic projections from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) to the startle pathway. Here, we employed a chemogenetic approach to explore the involvement of the PPTg in general, and cholinergic neurons specifically, in PPI. Activation of inhibitory DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) in the PPTg by systemic administration of clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) disrupted PPI, confirming the involvement of the PPTg in PPI. In contrast, chemogenetic inhibition of specifically cholinergic PPTg neurons had no effect on PPI, but inhibited morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in the same animals, showing that the DREADDs were effective in modulating behavior. These findings support a functional role of the PPTg and/or neighboring structures in PPI in accordance with previous lesion studies, but also provide strong evidence against the hypothesis that specifically cholinergic PPTg neurons are involved in mediating PPI, implicating rather non-cholinergic midbrain neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niveen Fulcher
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience Graduate Program, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Erin Azzopardi
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Cleusa De Oliveira
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Roger Hudson
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience Graduate Program, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Ashley L Schormans
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Tariq Zaman
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Brian L Allman
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience Graduate Program, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada; University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Steven R Laviolette
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience Graduate Program, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada; University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Susanne Schmid
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience Graduate Program, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada; University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada.
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28
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Corrigan FM, Christie-Sands J. An innate brainstem self-other system involving orienting, affective responding, and polyvalent relational seeking: Some clinical implications for a "Deep Brain Reorienting" trauma psychotherapy approach. Med Hypotheses 2019; 136:109502. [PMID: 31794877 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Underlying any complex relational intersubjectivity there is an inherent urge to connect, to have proximity, to engage in an experience of interpersonal contact. The hypothesis set out here is that this most basic urge to connect is dependent on circuits based in three main components: the midbrain superior colliculi (SC), the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), and the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine systems originating in the midbrain ventral tegmental area. Firstly, there is orienting towards or away from interpersonal contact, dependent on approach and/or defensive/withdrawal areas of the SC. Secondly, there is an affective response to the contact, mediated by the PAG. Thirdly, there is an associated, affectively-loaded, seeking drive based in the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine systems. The neurochemical milieu of these dopaminergic systems is responsive to environmental factors, creating the possibility of multiple states of functioning with different affective valences, a polyvalent range of subjectively positive and negative experiences. The recognition of subtle tension changes in skeletal muscles when orienting to an affectively significant experience or event has clinical implications for processing of traumatic memories, including those of a relational/interpersonal nature. Sequences established at the brainstem level can underlie patterns of attachment responding that repeat over many years in different contexts. The interaction of the innate system for connection with that for alarm, through circuits based in the locus coeruleus, and that for defence, based in circuits through the PAG, can lay down deep patterns of emotional and energetic responses to relational stimuli. There may be simultaneous sequences for attachment approach and defensive aggression underlying relational styles that are so deep as to be seen as personality characteristics, for example, of borderline type. A clinical approach derived from these hypotheses, Deep Brain Reorienting, is briefly outlined as it provides a way to address the somatic residues of adverse interpersonal interactions underlying relational patterns and also the residual shock and horror of traumatic experiences. We suggest that the innate alarm system involving the SC and the locus coeruleus can generate a pre-affective shock while an affective shock can arise from excessive stimulation of the PAG. Clinically significant residues can be accessed through careful, mindful, attention to orienting-tension-affect-seeking sequences when the therapist and the client collaborate on eliciting and describing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Corrigan
- Trauma Psychotherapy Scotland, 15 Newton Terrace, Glasgow G3 7PJ, United Kingdom.
| | - J Christie-Sands
- Trauma Psychotherapy Scotland, 15 Newton Terrace, Glasgow G3 7PJ, United Kingdom
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29
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Orlowska-Feuer P, Smyk MK, Palus-Chramiec K, Dyl K, Lewandowski MH. Orexin A as a modulator of dorsal lateral geniculate neuronal activity: a comprehensive electrophysiological study on adult rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16729. [PMID: 31723155 PMCID: PMC6853907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins (OXA, OXB) are hypothalamic peptides playing crucial roles in arousal, feeding, social and reward-related behaviours. A recent study on juvenile rats suggested their involvement in vision modulation due to their direct action on dorsal lateral geniculate (dLGN) neurons. The present study aimed to verify whether a similar action of OXA can be observed in adulthood. Thus, in vivo and in vitro electrophysiological recordings on adult Wistar rats across light-dark and cortical cycles were conducted under urethane anaesthesia. OXA influenced ~28% of dLGN neurons recorded in vivo by either excitation or suppression of neuronal firing. OXA-responsive neurons did not show any spatial distribution nor represent a coherent group of dLGN cells, and responded to OXA similarly across the light-dark cycle. Interestingly, some OXA-responsive neurons worked in a cortical state-dependent manner, especially during the dark phase, and 'preferred' cortical activation over slow-wave activity induced by urethane. The corresponding patch clamp study confirmed these results by showing that < 20% of dLGN neurons were excited by OXA under both light regimes. The results suggest that OXA is involved in the development of the visual system rather than in visual processes and further implicate OXA in the mediation of circadian and arousal-related activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Orlowska-Feuer
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Kinga Smyk
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Palus-Chramiec
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dyl
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marian Henryk Lewandowski
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
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30
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Wang X, Geng X, Li M, Xie J, Chen D, Han H, Meng X, Yao X, Zhang H, Gao Y, Chang H, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang M. Electrophysiological and Neurochemical Considerations of Distinct Neuronal Populations in the Rat Pedunculopontine Nucleus and Their Responsiveness Following 6-Hydroxydopamine Lesions. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1034. [PMID: 31616246 PMCID: PMC6775246 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is composed of a morphologically and neurochemically heterogeneous population of neurons, which is severely affected by Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the role of each subtype of neurons within the PPN in the pathophysiology of PD has not been completely elucidated. In this study, we present the discharge profiles of three classified subtypes of PPN neurons and their alterations after 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion. Following 6-OHDA lesion, the spike timing of the Type II (GABAergic) and Type III (glutamatergic) neurons had phase-lock with the oscillations in the delta and beta band frequency range in the PPN, respectively. Morphological evidence has shown distinct alteration in three kinds of neurons after 6-OHDA lesion. These findings revealed that the changes in the firing characteristics of neurons in PPN in hemi-parkinsonism rats are closely associated with damaged neuronal morphology, which would make contributions to the divergence of dysfunctions in Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuenan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiwen Geng
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Advanced Material Genome Innovation Team, Advanced Materials Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinlu Xie
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Huzhou University, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, China
| | - Dadian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoqian Meng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.,School of Nursing, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongli Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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31
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Geng X, Wang X, He F, Zhang X, Xie J, Gao G, Han H, Yao X, Zhang H, Gao Y, Wang Y, Wang M. Spike and Local Field Synchronization Between the Pedunculopontine Nucleus and Primary Motor Cortex in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neuroscience 2019; 404:470-483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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32
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Janickova H, Kljakic O, Rosborough K, Raulic S, Matovic S, Gros R, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ, Inoue W, Prado VF, Prado MAM. Selective decrease of cholinergic signaling from pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei has little impact on cognition but markedly increases susceptibility to stress. FASEB J 2019; 33:7018-7036. [PMID: 30857416 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802108r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) are heterogeneous brainstem structures that contain cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurons. PPT/LDT neurons are suggested to modulate both cognitive and noncognitive functions, yet the extent to which acetylcholine (ACh) signaling from the PPT/LDT is necessary for normal behavior remains uncertain. We addressed this issue by using a mouse model in which PPT/LDT cholinergic signaling is highly decreased by selective deletion of the vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT) gene. This approach interferes exclusively with ACh signaling, leaving signaling by other neurotransmitters from PPT/LDT cholinergic neurons intact and sparing other cells. VAChT mutants were examined on different PPT/LDT-associated cognitive domains. Interestingly, VAChT mutants showed no attentional deficits and only minor cognitive flexibility impairments while presenting large deficiencies in both spatial and cued Morris water maze (MWM) tasks. Conversely, working spatial memory determined with the Y-maze and spatial memory measured with the Barnes maze were not affected, suggesting that deficits in MWM were unrelated to spatial memory abnormalities. Supporting this interpretation, VAChT mutants exhibited alterations in anxiety-like behavior and increased corticosterone levels after exposure to the MWM, suggesting altered stress response. Thus, PPT/LDT VAChT-mutant mice present little cognitive impairment per se, yet they exhibit increased susceptibility to stress, which may lead to performance deficits in more stressful conditions.-Janickova, H., Kljakic, O., Rosborough, K., Raulic, S., Matovic, S., Gros, R., Saksida, L. M., Bussey, T. J., Inoue, W., Prado, V. F., Prado, M. A. M. Selective decrease of cholinergic signaling from pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei has little impact on cognition but markedly increases susceptibility to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Janickova
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ornela Kljakic
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaie Rosborough
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanda Raulic
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Matovic
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Robert Gros
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and.,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and.,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wataru Inoue
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Vania F Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and.,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and.,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Ricciardi L, Sarchioto M, Morgante F. Role of pedunculopontine nucleus in sleep-wake cycle and cognition in humans: A systematic review of DBS studies. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 128:53-58. [PMID: 30710676 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies have demonstrated that the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is involved in the control of posture and gait, and that it is also a key structure in controlling basic non-motor functions such as sleep, attention and arousal. In this systematic review we aimed to evaluate all available studies assessing the role of PPN on cognition, nocturnal sleep and alertness in humans. Finally, we attempted to define a model in which PPN acts as an interface structure between motor control and behavior. METHODS A systematic search of the computerized databases MEDLINE and PubMed was conducted to identify papers on PPN and cognitive functions, sleep and alertness. Key search terms included: 'PPN', 'arousal', 'sleep', 'cognition', 'memory', 'language', 'attention', 'alertness', 'PPN-DBS', 'Parkinson's and PPN', 'Parkinson's and PPN-DBS'. RESULTS Twelve studies met our inclusion criteria and were included. All of them involved PD patients implanted with unilateral or bilateral PPN-DBS, most patients had concomitant DBS of another anatomical structure (subthalamic nucleus or Zona incerta). There is a lack of consistent evidences confirming the effect of PPN-DBS on specific cognitive functions, alertness or sleep in PD. There is heterogeneity between and within surgical centres of study protocols especially regarding DBS targeting, parameters of stimulation and experimental methods. Moreover, the available studies are limited by the small sample size and the short follow-up time. It has been suggested that low frequency stimulation (25 Hz) has a better effect compared to the high frequency one (60-80 Hz) on alertness, however this needs to be confirmed in further studies. CONCLUSIONS PPN-DBS is a promising but yet an experimental procedure. PD represents an encouraging pathological model for future studies aiming to shade light on the role of PPN in cognition, attention and alertness in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ricciardi
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marianna Sarchioto
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Morgante
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Messina, Italy.
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Thome J, Densmore M, Koppe G, Terpou B, Théberge J, McKinnon MC, Lanius RA. Back to the Basics: Resting State Functional Connectivity of the Reticular Activation System in PTSD and its Dissociative Subtype. CHRONIC STRESS (THOUSAND OAKS, CALIF.) 2019; 3:2470547019873663. [PMID: 32440600 PMCID: PMC7219926 DOI: 10.1177/2470547019873663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brainstem and midbrain neuronal circuits that control innate, reflexive responses and arousal are increasingly recognized as central to the neurobiological framework of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The reticular activation system represents a fundamental neuronal circuit that plays a critical role not only in generating arousal but also in coordinating innate, reflexive responding. Accordingly, the present investigation aims to characterize the resting state functional connectivity of the reticular activation system in PTSD and its dissociative subtype. METHODS We investigated patterns of resting state functional connectivity of a central node of the reticular activation system, namely, the pedunculopontine nuclei, among individuals with PTSD (n = 77), its dissociative subtype (PTSD+DS; n = 48), and healthy controls (n = 51). RESULTS Participants with PTSD and PTSD+DS were characterized by within-group pedunculopontine nuclei resting state functional connectivity to brain regions involved in innate threat processing and arousal modulation (i.e., midbrain, amygdala, ventromedial prefrontal cortex). Critically, this pattern was most pronounced in individuals with PTSD+DS, as compared to both control and PTSD groups. As compared to participants with PTSD and controls, individuals with PTSD+DS showed enhanced pedunculopontine nuclei resting state functional connectivity to the amygdala and the parahippocampal gyrus as well as to the anterior cingulate and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. No group differences emerged between PTSD and control groups. In individuals with PTSD+DS, state derealization/depersonalization was associated with reduced resting state functional connectivity between the left pedunculopontine nuclei and the anterior nucleus of the thalamus. Altered connectivity in these regions may restrict the thalamo-cortical transmission necessary to integrate internal and external signals at a cortical level and underlie, in part, experiences of depersonalization and derealization. CONCLUSIONS The present findings extend the current neurobiological model of PTSD and provide emerging evidence for the need to incorporate brainstem structures, including the reticular activation system, into current conceptualizations of PTSD and its dissociative subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Thome
- Department of Psychiatry, Western
University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Theoretical Neuroscience,
Central
Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical
Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry,
Central
Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical
Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maria Densmore
- Department of Psychiatry, Western
University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Imaging Division,
Lawson
Health Research Institute, London, Ontario,
Canada
| | - Georgia Koppe
- Department of Theoretical Neuroscience,
Central
Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical
Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry,
Central
Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical
Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Braeden Terpou
- Department of Psychiatry, Western
University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Western
University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Théberge
- Department of Psychiatry, Western
University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Imaging Division,
Lawson
Health Research Institute, London, Ontario,
Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics,
Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret C. McKinnon
- Homewood Research Institute, Guelph,
Ontario, Canada
- Mood Disorder Programs, St. Joseph's
Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruth A. Lanius
- Department of Psychiatry, Western
University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Imaging Division,
Lawson
Health Research Institute, London, Ontario,
Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Western
University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Homewood Research Institute, Guelph,
Ontario, Canada
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Sokhadze G, Seabrook TA, Guido W. The absence of retinal input disrupts the development of cholinergic brainstem projections in the mouse dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Neural Dev 2018; 13:27. [PMID: 30541618 PMCID: PMC6291928 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the mouse has become a model system for understanding thalamic circuit assembly. While the development of retinal projections to dLGN has been a topic of extensive inquiry, how and when nonretinal projections innervate this nucleus remains largely unexplored. In this study, we examined the development of a major nonretinal projection to dLGN, the ascending input arising from cholinergic neurons of the brainstem. To visualize these projections, we used a transgenic mouse line that expresses red fluorescent protein exclusively in cholinergic neurons. To assess whether retinal input regulates the timing and pattern of cholinergic innervation of dLGN, we utilized the math5-null (math5−/−) mouse, which lacks retinofugal projections due to a failure of retinal ganglion cell differentiation. Results Cholinergic brainstem innervation of dLGN began at the end of the first postnatal week, increased steadily with age, and reached an adult-like pattern by the end of the first postnatal month. The absence of retinal input led to a disruption in the trajectory, rate, and pattern of cholinergic innervation of dLGN. Anatomical tracing experiments reveal these disruptions were linked to cholinergic projections from parabigeminal nucleus, which normally traverse and reach dLGN through the optic tract. Conclusions The late postnatal arrival of cholinergic projections to dLGN and their regulation by retinal signaling provides additional support for the existence of a conserved developmental plan whereby retinal input regulates the timing and sequencing of nonretinal projections to dLGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guela Sokhadze
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Tania A Seabrook
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - William Guido
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
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36
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Albin RL, Bohnen NI, Muller MLTM, Dauer WT, Sarter M, Frey KA, Koeppe RA. Regional vesicular acetylcholine transporter distribution in human brain: A [ 18 F]fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol positron emission tomography study. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2884-2897. [PMID: 30255936 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prior efforts to image cholinergic projections in human brain in vivo had significant technical limitations. We used the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) ligand [18 F]fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol ([18 F]FEOBV) and positron emission tomography to determine the regional distribution of VAChT binding sites in normal human brain. We studied 29 subjects (mean age 47 [range 20-81] years; 18 men; 11 women). [18 F]FEOBV binding was highest in striatum, intermediate in the amygdala, hippocampal formation, thalamus, rostral brainstem, some cerebellar regions, and lower in other regions. Neocortical [18 F]FEOBV binding was inhomogeneous with relatively high binding in insula, BA24, BA25, BA27, BA28, BA34, BA35, pericentral cortex, and lowest in BA17-19. Thalamic [18 F]FEOBV binding was inhomogeneous with greatest binding in the lateral geniculate nuclei and relatively high binding in medial and posterior thalamus. Cerebellar cortical [18 F]FEOBV binding was high in vermis and flocculus, and lower in the lateral cortices. Brainstem [18 F]FEOBV binding was most prominent at the mesopontine junction, likely associated with the pedunculopontine-laterodorsal tegmental complex. Significant [18 F]FEOBV binding was present throughout the brainstem. Some regions, including the striatum, primary sensorimotor cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex exhibited age-related decreases in [18 F]FEOBV binding. These results are consistent with prior studies of cholinergic projections in other species and prior postmortem human studies. There is a distinctive pattern of human neocortical VChAT expression. The patterns of thalamic and cerebellar cortical cholinergic terminal distribution are likely unique to humans. Normal aging is associated with regionally specific reductions in [18 F]FEOBV binding in some cortical regions and the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger L Albin
- Neurology Service & GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Research in Parkinson's Disease, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Michigan Alzheimer Disease Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nicolaas I Bohnen
- Neurology Service & GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Research in Parkinson's Disease, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Martijn L T M Muller
- University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Research in Parkinson's Disease, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - William T Dauer
- Neurology Service & GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Research in Parkinson's Disease, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Martin Sarter
- University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Research in Parkinson's Disease, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kirk A Frey
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert A Koeppe
- University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Research in Parkinson's Disease, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Crabtree JW. Functional Diversity of Thalamic Reticular Subnetworks. Front Syst Neurosci 2018; 12:41. [PMID: 30405364 PMCID: PMC6200870 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of the GABAergic neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) has long been known to play important roles in modulating the flow of information through the thalamus and in generating changes in thalamic activity during transitions from wakefulness to sleep. Recently, technological advances have considerably expanded our understanding of the functional organization of TRN. These have identified an impressive array of functionally distinct subnetworks in TRN that participate in sensory, motor, and/or cognitive processes through their different functional connections with thalamic projection neurons. Accordingly, "first order" projection neurons receive "driver" inputs from subcortical sources and are usually connected to a densely distributed TRN subnetwork composed of multiple elongated neural clusters that are topographically organized and incorporate spatially corresponding electrically connected neurons-first order projection neurons are also connected to TRN subnetworks exhibiting different state-dependent activity profiles. "Higher order" projection neurons receive driver inputs from cortical layer 5 and are mainly connected to a densely distributed TRN subnetwork composed of multiple broad neural clusters that are non-topographically organized and incorporate spatially corresponding electrically connected neurons. And projection neurons receiving "driver-like" inputs from the superior colliculus or basal ganglia are connected to TRN subnetworks composed of either elongated or broad neural clusters. Furthermore, TRN subnetworks that mediate interactions among neurons within groups of thalamic nuclei are connected to all three types of thalamic projection neurons. In addition, several TRN subnetworks mediate various bottom-up, top-down, and internuclear attentional processes: some bottom-up and top-down attentional mechanisms are specifically related to first order projection neurons whereas internuclear attentional mechanisms engage all three types of projection neurons. The TRN subnetworks formed by elongated and broad neural clusters may act as templates to guide the operations of the TRN subnetworks related to attentional processes. In this review article, the evidence revealing the functional TRN subnetworks will be evaluated and will be discussed in relation to the functions of the various sensory and motor thalamic nuclei with which these subnetworks are connected.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Crabtree
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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38
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The Role of Cholinergic Midbrain Neurons in Startle and Prepulse Inhibition. J Neurosci 2018; 38:8798-8808. [PMID: 30171090 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0984-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the two major cholinergic centers of the mammalian brain is located in the midbrain, i.e., the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPTg) and the adjacent laterodorsal tegmentum. These cholinergic neurons have been shown to be important for e.g., arousal, reward associations, and sleep. They also have been suggested to mediate sensorimotor gating, measured as prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI). PPI disruptions are a hallmark of schizophrenia and are observed in various other psychiatric disorders, where they are associated with, and often predictive of, other cognitive symptoms. PPI has been proposed to be mediated by a short midbrain circuitry including inhibitory cholinergic projections from PPTg to the startle pathway. Although the data indicating the involvement of the PPTg is very robust, some more recent evidence challenges that there is a cholinergic contribution to PPI. We here use transient optogenetic activation of specifically the cholinergic PPTg neurons in male and female rats to address their role in startle modulation in general, and in PPI specifically. Although we could confirm the crucial role of PPTg cholinergic neurons in associative reward learning, validating our experimental approach, we found that activation of cholinergic PPTg neurons did not inhibit startle responses. In contrast, activation of cholinergic PPTg neurons enhanced startle, which is in accordance with their general role in arousal and indicate a potential involvement in sensitization of startle. We conclude that noncholinergic PPTg neurons mediate PPI in contrast to the longstanding hypothetical view that PPI is mediated by cholinergic PPTg neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Activation of cholinergic neurons in the midbrain has been assumed to mediate prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI), a common measure of sensorimotor gating that is disrupted in schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. We here revisit this long-standing hypothesis using optogenetic activation of these specific neurons combined with startle testing in rats. In contrast to the hypothetical role of these neurons in startle modulation, we show that their activation leads to an increase of baseline startle and to prepulse facilitation. This supports recent data by others that have started to cast some doubt on the cholinergic hypothesis of PPI, and calls for a revision of the theoretical construct of PPI mechanisms.
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Spike discharge characteristic of the caudal mesencephalic reticular formation and pedunculopontine nucleus in MPTP-induced primate model of Parkinson disease. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 128:40-48. [PMID: 30086388 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) included in the caudal mesencephalic reticular formation (cMRF) plays a key role in the control of locomotion and wake state. Regarding its involvement in the neurodegenerative process observed in Parkinson disease (PD), deep brain stimulation of the PPN was proposed to treat levodopa-resistant gait disorders. However, the precise role of the cMRF in the pathophysiology of PD, particularly in freezing of gait and other non-motor symptoms is still not clear. Here, using micro electrode recording (MER) in 2 primates, we show that dopamine depletion did not alter the mean firing rate of the overall cMRF neurons, particularly the putative non-cholinergic ones, but only a decreased activity of the regular neurons sub-group (though to be the cholinergic PPN neurons). Interestingly, a significant increase in the relative proportion of cMRF neurons with a burst pattern discharge was observed after MPTP intoxication. The present results question the hypothesis of an over-inhibition of the CMRF by the basal ganglia output structures in PD. The decreased activity observed in the regular neurons could explain some non-motor symptoms in PD regarding the strong involvement of the cholinergic neurons on the modulation of the thalamo-cortical system. The increased burst activity under dopamine depletion confirms that this specific spike discharge pattern activity also observed in other basal ganglia nuclei and in different pathologies could play a mojor role in the pathophysiology of the disease and could explain several symptoms of PD including the freezing of gait. The present data will have to be replicated in a larger number of animals and will have to investigate more in details how the modification of the spike discharge of the cMRF neurons in the parkinsonian state could alter functions such as locomotion and attentional state. This will ultimely allow a better comprehension of the pathophysiology of freezing of gait.
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40
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Guido W. Development, form, and function of the mouse visual thalamus. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:211-225. [PMID: 29641300 PMCID: PMC6093956 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00651.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus is the exclusive relay of retinal information en route to the visual cortex. Although much of our understanding about dLGN comes from studies done in higher mammals, such as the cat and primate, the mouse as a model organism has moved to the forefront as a tractable experimental platform to examine cell type-specific relations. This review highlights our current knowledge about the development, structure, and function of the mouse dLGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Guido
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville, Kentucky
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41
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Thevathasan W, Moro E. What is the therapeutic mechanism of pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease? Neurobiol Dis 2018; 128:67-74. [PMID: 29933055 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an experimental treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) which offers a fairly circumscribed benefit for gait freezing and perhaps balance impairment. The benefit on gait freezing is variable and typically incomplete, which may reflect that the clinical application is yet to be optimised or reflect a fundamental limitation of the therapeutic mechanism. Thus, a better understanding of the therapeutic mechanism of PPN DBS may guide the further development of this therapy. The available evidence supports that the PPN is underactive in PD due to a combination of both degeneration and excessive inhibition. Low frequency PPN DBS could enhance PPN network activity, perhaps via disinhibition. A clinical implication is that in some PD patients, the PPN may be too degenerate for PPN DBS to work. Reaction time studies report that PPN DBS mediates a very specific benefit on pre-programmed movement. This seems relevant to the pathophysiology of gait freezing, which can be argued to reflect impaired release of pre-programmed adjustments to locomotion. Thus, the benefit of PPN DBS on gait freezing could be akin to that mediated by external cues. Alpha band activity is a prominent finding in local field potential recordings from PPN electrodes in PD patients. Alpha band activity is implicated in the suppression of task irrelevant processes and thus the effective allocation of attention (processing resources). Attentional deficits are prominent in patients with PD and gait freezing and PPN alpha activity has been observed to drop out prior to gait freezing episodes and to increase with levodopa. This raises the hypothesis that PPN DBS could support or emulate PPN alpha activity and consequently enhance the allocation of attention. Although PPN DBS has not been convincingly shown to increase general alertness or attention, it remains possible that PPN DBS may enhance the allocation of processing resources within the motor system, or "motor attention". For example, this could facilitate the 'switching' of motor state between continuation of pattern generated locomotion towards the intervention of pre-programmed adjustments. However, if the downstream consequence of PPN DBS on movement is limited to a circumscribed unblocking of pre-programmed movement, then this may have a similarly circumscribed degree of benefit for gait. If this is the case, then it may be possible to identify patients who may benefit most from PPN DBS. For example, those in whom pre-programmed deficits are the major contributors to gait freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Thevathasan
- Departments of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital and Austin Hospitals, University of Melbourne, Australia and the Bionics Institute of Australia, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elena Moro
- Movement Disorders Center, Division of Neurology, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University, INSERM U1214, Grenoble, France.
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42
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Gupta N, Pandey S. Post-Thalamic Stroke Movement Disorders: A Systematic Review. Eur Neurol 2018; 79:303-314. [PMID: 29870983 DOI: 10.1159/000490070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After a stroke, movement disorders are rare manifestations mainly affecting the deep structures of the brain like the basal ganglia (44%) and thalamus (37%), although there have been case studies of movement disorders in strokes affecting the cerebral cortex also. SUMMARY This review aims to delineate the various movement disorders seen in association with thalamic strokes and tries to identify the location of the nuclei affected in each of the described movement disorders. Cases were identified through a search of PubMed database using different search terms related to post-thalamic stroke movement disorders and a secondary search of references of identified articles. We reviewed 2,520 research articles and only 86 papers met the inclusion criteria. Cases were included if they met criteria for post-thalamic stroke movement disorders. Case-cohort studies were also reviewed and will be discussed further. Key Messages: The most common post-stroke abnormal movement disorder reported in our review was dystonia followed by hemiataxia. There was a higher association between ischaemic stroke and movement disorder. Acute onset movement disorders were more common than delayed. The posterolateral thalamus was most commonly involved in post-thalamic stroke movement disorders.
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43
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Luquin E, Huerta I, Aymerich MS, Mengual E. Stereological Estimates of Glutamatergic, GABAergic, and Cholinergic Neurons in the Pedunculopontine and Laterodorsal Tegmental Nuclei in the Rat. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:34. [PMID: 29867374 PMCID: PMC5958217 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) are functionally associated brainstem structures implicated in behavioral state control and sensorimotor integration. The PPN is also involved in gait and posture, while the LDT plays a role in reward. Both nuclei comprise characteristic cholinergic neurons intermingled with glutamatergic and GABAergic cells whose absolute numbers in the rat have been only partly established. Here we sought to determine the complete phenotypical profile of each nucleus to investigate potential differences between them. Counts were obtained using stereological methods after the simultaneous visualization of cholinergic and either glutamatergic or GABAergic cells. The two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GAD65 and GAD67, were separately analyzed. Dual in situ hybridization revealed coexpression of GAD65 and GAD67 mRNAs in ∼90% of GAD-positive cells in both nuclei; thus, the estimated mean numbers of (1) cholinergic, (2) glutamatergic, and (3) GABAergic cells in PPN and LDT, respectively, were (1) 3,360 and 3,650; (2) 5,910 and 5,190; and (3) 4,439 and 7,599. These data reveal significant differences between PPN and LDT in their relative phenotypical composition, which may underlie some of the functional differences observed between them. The estimation of glutamatergic cells was significantly higher in the caudal PPN, supporting the reported functional rostrocaudal segregation in this nucleus. Finally, a small subset of cholinergic neurons (8% in PPN and 5% in LDT) also expressed the glutamatergic marker Vglut2, providing anatomical evidence for a potential corelease of transmitters at specific target areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Luquin
- Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ibone Huerta
- Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María S Aymerich
- Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Science, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elisa Mengual
- Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Mente K, Edwards NA, Urbano D, Ray-Chaudhury A, Iacono D, Di Lorenzo Alho AT, Lopes Alho EJ, Amaro E, Horovitz SG, Hallett M. Pedunculopontine Nucleus Cholinergic Deficiency in Cervical Dystonia. Mov Disord 2018; 33:827-834. [PMID: 29508906 PMCID: PMC7299544 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of cervical dystonia is unknown. Cholinergic abnormalities have been identified in dystonia animal models and human imaging studies. Some animal models have cholinergic neuronal loss in the striatum and increased acetylcholinesterase activity in the pedunculopontine nucleus. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine the presence of cholinergic abnormalities in the putamen and pedunculopontine nucleus in cervical dystonia human brain donors. METHODS Formalin-fixed brain tissues were obtained from 8 cervical dystonia and 7 age-matched control brains (controls). Pedunculopontine nucleus was available in only 6 cervical dystonia and 5 controls. Neurodegeneration was evaluated pathologically in the putamen, pedunculopontine nucleus, and other regions. Cholinergic neurons were detected using choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry in the putamen and pedunculopontine nucleus. Putaminal cholinergic neurons were quantified. A total of 6 cervical dystonia patients and 6 age-matched healthy controls underwent diffusion tensor imaging to determine if there were white matter microstructural abnormalities around the pedunculopontine nucleus. RESULTS Decreased or absent choline acetyltransferase staining was identified in all 6 pedunculopontine nucleus samples in cervical dystonia. In contrast, strong choline acetyltransferase staining was present in 4 of 5 pedunculopontine nucleus controls. There were no differences in pedunculopontine nucleus diffusion tensor imaging between cervical dystonia and healthy controls. There was no difference in numbers of putaminal cholinergic neurons between cervical dystonia and controls. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that pedunculopontine nucleus choline acetyltransferase deficiency represents a functional cholinergic deficit in cervical dystonia. Structural lesions and confounding neurodegenerative processes were excluded by absence of neuronal loss, gliosis, diffusion tensor imaging abnormalities, and beta-amyloid, tau, and alpha-synuclein pathologies. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Mente
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nancy A. Edwards
- Neuropathology Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Demelio Urbano
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Abhik Ray-Chaudhury
- Neuropathology Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diego Iacono
- Neuropathology Core and Brain Tissue Repository, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniform Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed, Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ana Tereza Di Lorenzo Alho
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Instituto do Cérebro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Radiology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Radiologia, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Joaquim Lopes Alho
- Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Divisão de Neurocirurgia Funcional do Instituto de Psiquiatria-HCFMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Amaro
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Instituto do Cérebro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Radiology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Radiologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvina G. Horovitz
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Neuromodulatory procedures for gait disorders in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Belg 2018; 118:13-19. [PMID: 29139079 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-017-0862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The neurophysiology of gait is complex and involves numerous structures in the central nervous system. Gait disorders occur frequently in Parkinson's disease (PD), and their management may become cumbersome, especially in the more advanced stages. Neuromodulatory treatments, including deep brain stimulation, cortical stimulation and spinal cord stimulation, are reviewed with respect to their effectiveness to improve gait in PD patients. Although positive effects have been reported for all of these procedures, many issues remain in view of methodological heterogeneity, variability in outcome measures and sample size. Gait in PD remains a difficult issue with a tremendous impact on quality of life, for which future research is badly needed.
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Yang W, Yang R, Luo J, He L, Liu J, Zhang J. Increased Absolute Glutamate Concentrations and Glutamate-to-Creatine Ratios in Patients With Methamphetamine Use Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:368. [PMID: 30233420 PMCID: PMC6128240 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Previous studies have indicated that changes in the concentration of glutamate and related metabolites may mediate the progression of addiction in patients with methamphetamine (MA) use disorders. In the present study, we utilized magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to investigate absolute glutamate concentrations and metabolite ratios in patients with MA addiction. We further analyzed the association between glutamate concentration and various clinical indicators. Methods: The present study included 31 unmedicated patients with clinically diagnosed MA dependence (mean age: 30.5 ± 8.0 years) and 32 age-matched healthy controls (mean age: 32.9 ± 8.2 years). Patients were evaluated using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). We also collected general information regarding the duration and dosage of drug use. Point-resolved spectroscopy was used to quantify the absolute concentrations of metabolites (glutamate, choline, N-acetylaspartate, glutamine, and creatine), as well as the ratio of metabolites to total creatine, using LCModel software. We then compared differences in glutamate levels and psychometric scores between the two groups. Results: Glutamate-to-creatine ratios in the brainstem were significantly higher in the MA group than in the control group (t = 2.764, p = 0.008). Glutamate concentrations in the brainstem were also significantly higher in the MA group than in the control group (t = 2.390, p = 0.020). However, no significant differences in the concentrations or ratios of other metabolites were observed between the two groups (all p > 0.05). Glutamate concentration was positively correlated with the duration of drug use (r = 0.401, p = 0.035) and the total dose of regular addiction (duration of addiction × regular addiction dose; r = 0.207, p = .040), but not with BIS-11 scores. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that glutamate levels in the brainstem are significantly elevated in patients with MA use disorders, and that these levels are significantly associated with the duration and dose of drug use.Such findings suggest that glutamate concentration can be used as an objective biological marker for evaluating/monitoring disease status and treatment efficacy in patients with MA dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ru Yang
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Hunan Judicial Police Vocational College, Changsha, China
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Mazzone P, Vitale F, Capozzo A, Viselli F, Scarnati E. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Improves Static Balance in Parkinson’s Disease. Neuromodulation 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805353-9.00079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Pasquereau B, Turner RS. A selective role for ventromedial subthalamic nucleus in inhibitory control. eLife 2017; 6:31627. [PMID: 29199955 PMCID: PMC5730370 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is hypothesized to play a central role in the rapid stopping of movement in reaction to a stop signal. Single-unit recording evidence for such a role is sparse, however, and it remains uncertain how that role relates to the disparate functions described for anatomic subdivisions of the STN. Here we address that gap in knowledge using non-human primates and a task that distinguishes reactive and proactive action inhibition, switching and skeletomotor functions. We found that specific subsets of STN neurons have activity consistent with causal roles in reactive action stopping or switching. Importantly, these neurons were strictly segregated to a ventromedial region of STN. Neurons in other subdivisions encoded task dimensions such as movement per se and proactive control. We propose that the involvement of STN in reactive control is restricted to its ventromedial portion, further implicating this STN subdivision in impulse control disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pasquereau
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS UMR 5229, Bron, France.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Robert S Turner
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
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Fluri F, Malzahn U, Homola GA, Schuhmann MK, Kleinschnitz C, Volkmann J. Stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region for gait recovery after stroke. Ann Neurol 2017; 82:828-840. [PMID: 29059697 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One-third of all stroke survivors are unable to walk, even after intensive physiotherapy. Thus, other concepts to restore walking are needed. Because electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) is known to elicit gait movements, this area might be a promising target for restorative neurostimulation in stroke patients with gait disability. The present study aims to delineate the effect of high-frequency stimulation of the MLR (MLR-HFS) on gait impairment in a rodent stroke model. METHODS Male Wistar rats underwent photothrombotic stroke of the right sensorimotor cortex and chronic implantation of a stimulating electrode into the right MLR. Gait was assessed using clinical scoring of the beam-walking test and video-kinematic analysis (CatWalk) at baseline and on days 3 and 4 after experimental stroke with and without MLR-HFS. RESULTS Kinematic analysis revealed significant changes in several dynamic and static gait parameters resulting in overall reduced gait velocity. All rats exhibited major coordination deficits during the beam-walking challenge and were unable to cross the beam. Simultaneous to the onset of MLR-HFS, a significantly higher walking speed and improvements in several dynamic gait parameters were detected by the CatWalk system. Rats regained the ability to cross the beam unassisted, showing a reduced number of paw slips and misses. INTERPRETATION MLR-HFS can improve disordered locomotor function in a rodent stroke model. It may act by shielding brainstem and spinal locomotor centers from abnormal cortical input after stroke, thus allowing for compensatory and independent action of these circuits. Ann Neurol 2017;82:828-840.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Fluri
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Malzahn
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - György A Homola
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Thevathasan W, Debu B, Aziz T, Bloem BR, Blahak C, Butson C, Czernecki V, Foltynie T, Fraix V, Grabli D, Joint C, Lozano AM, Okun MS, Ostrem J, Pavese N, Schrader C, Tai CH, Krauss JK, Moro E. Pedunculopontine nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: A clinical review. Mov Disord 2017; 33:10-20. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Thevathasan
- Department of Medicine; Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia and the Bionics Institute of Australia; Melbourne Australia
| | - Bettina Debu
- Movement Disorders Center; Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University; Grenoble France
| | - Tipu Aziz
- Department of Neurosurgery; John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Bastiaan R. Bloem
- Department of Neurology; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Christian Blahak
- Department of Neurology; Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christopher Butson
- Department of Bioengineering; Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah; Salt Lake City USA
| | - Virginie Czernecki
- Department of Neurology; Institut de Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Universités, University Pierre-and-Marie-Curie (UPMC) Université; Paris France
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience; University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Fraix
- Movement Disorders Center; Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University; Grenoble France
| | - David Grabli
- Department of Neurology; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtière University Hospital; Paris France
| | - Carole Joint
- Department of Neurosurgery; John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Andres M. Lozano
- Department of Neurosurgery; Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
| | - Michael S. Okun
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery; University of Florida Center for Movement Disorders; Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Jill Ostrem
- Department of Neurology; UCSF Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Center, University of California; San Francisco USA
| | - Nicola Pavese
- Institute of Neuroscience; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Centre for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, University of Aarhus; Aarhus Denmark
- Department of Neurology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | | | - Chun-Hwei Tai
- Department of Neurology; National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Joachim K. Krauss
- Department of Neurosurgery; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Elena Moro
- Movement Disorders Center; Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University; Grenoble France
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