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Hirata K, Matsuoka K, Tagai K, Endo H, Tatebe H, Ono M, Kokubo N, Kataoka Y, Oyama A, Shinotoh H, Takahata K, Obata T, Dehghani M, Near J, Kawamura K, Zhang MR, Shimada H, Shimizu H, Kakita A, Yokota T, Tokuda T, Higuchi M, Takado Y. In Vivo Assessment of Astrocyte Reactivity in Patients with Progressive Supranuclear Palsy. Ann Neurol 2024; 96:247-261. [PMID: 38771066 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although astrocytic pathology is a pathological hallmark of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), its pathophysiological role remains unclear. This study aimed to assess astrocyte reactivity in vivo in patients with PSP. Furthermore, we investigated alterations in brain lactate levels and their relationship with astrocyte reactivity. METHODS We included 30 patients with PSP-Richardson syndrome and 30 healthy controls; in patients, tau deposition was confirmed through 18F-florzolotau positron emission tomography. Myo-inositol, an astroglial marker, and lactate were quantified in the anterior cingulate cortex through magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We measured plasma biomarkers, including glial fibrillary acidic protein as another astrocytic marker. The anterior cingulate cortex was histologically assessed in postmortem samples of another 3 patients with PSP with comparable disease durations. RESULTS The levels of myo-inositol and plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein were significantly higher in patients than those in healthy controls (p < 0.05); these increases were significantly associated with PSP rating scale and cognitive function scores (p < 0.05). The lactate level was high in patients, and correlated significantly with high myo-inositol levels. Histological analysis of the anterior cingulate cortex in patients revealed reactive astrocytes, despite mild tau deposition, and no marked synaptic loss. INTERPRETATION We discovered high levels of astrocyte biomarkers in patients with PSP, suggesting astrocyte reactivity. The association between myo-inositol and lactate levels suggests a link between reactive astrocytes and brain energy metabolism changes. Our results indicate that astrocyte reactivity in the anterior cingulate cortex precedes pronounced tau pathology and neurodegenerative processes in that region, and affects brain function in PSP. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:247-261.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Hirata
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Matsuoka
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Tagai
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hironobu Endo
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Harutsugu Tatebe
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Maiko Ono
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naomi Kokubo
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuko Kataoka
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Asaka Oyama
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shinotoh
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Neurology Clinic Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takahata
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Obata
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Jamie Near
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kazunori Kawamura
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shimada
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Center for integrated human brain science, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takanori Yokota
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Tokuda
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuhei Takado
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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2
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Odagiri H, Watabe H, Takanami K, Akimoto K, Usui A, Kawakami H, Katsuki A, Uetake N, Dendo Y, Tanaka Y, Kodama H, Takase K, Kaneta T. Verification of the effect of data-driven brain motion correction on PET imaging. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301919. [PMID: 38968191 PMCID: PMC11226115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scans are useful for identifying the cause of dementia by evaluating glucose metabolism in the brain with F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose or Aβ deposition with F-18-florbetaben. However, since imaging time ranges from 10 to 30 minutes, movements during the examination might result in image artifacts, which interfere with diagnosis. To solve this problem, data-driven brain motion correction (DDBMC) techniques are capable of performing motion corrected reconstruction using highly accurate motion estimates with high temporal resolution. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of DDBMC techniques on PET/CT images using a Hoffman phantom, involving continuous rotational and tilting motion, each expanded up to approximately 20 degrees. MATERIALS AND METHODS Listmode imaging was performed using a Hoffman phantom that reproduced rotational and tilting motions of the head. Brain motion correction processing was performed on the obtained data. Reconstructed images with and without brain motion correction processing were compared. Visual evaluations by a nuclear medicine specialist and quantitative parameters of images with correction and reference still images were compared. RESULTS Normalized Mean Squared Error (NMSE) results demonstrated the effectiveness of DDBMC in compensating for rotational and tilting motions during PET imaging. In Cases 1 and 2 involving rotational motion, NMSE decreased from 0.15-0.2 to approximately 0.01 with DDBMC, indicating a substantial reduction in differences from the reference image across various brain regions. In the Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), DDBMC improved it to above 0.96 Contrast assessment revealed notable improvements with DDBMC. In continuous rotational motion, % contrast increased from 42.4% to 73.5%, In tilting motion, % contrast increased from 52.3% to 64.5%, eliminating significant differences from the static reference image. These findings underscore the efficacy of DDBMC in enhancing image contrast and minimizing motion induced variations across different motion scenarios. CONCLUSIONS DDBMC processing can effectively compensate for continuous rotational and tilting motion of the head during PET, with motion angles of approximately 20 degrees. However, a significant limitation of this study is the exclusive validation of the proposed method using a Hoffman phantom; its applicability to the human brain has not been investigated. Further research involving human subjects is necessary to assess the generalizability and reliability of the presented motion correction technique in real clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Odagiri
- Department of Diagnostic Image Analysis, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watabe
- Division of Radiation Protection and Safety Control, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takanami
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuma Akimoto
- Department of Diagnostic Image Analysis, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akihito Usui
- Department of Diagnostic Image Analysis, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yutaka Dendo
- Department of Radiology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tanaka
- Department of Radiology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kodama
- Department of Radiology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kei Takase
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kaneta
- Department of Diagnostic Image Analysis, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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3
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Ferschmann C, Messerschmidt K, Gnörich J, Barthel H, Marek K, Palleis C, Katzdobler S, Stockbauer A, Fietzek U, Finze A, Biechele G, Rumpf JJ, Saur D, Schroeter ML, Rullmann M, Beyer L, Eckenweber F, Wall S, Schildan A, Patt M, Stephens A, Classen J, Bartenstein P, Seibyl J, Franzmeier N, Levin J, Höglinger GU, Sabri O, Brendel M, Scheifele M. Tau accumulation is associated with dopamine deficiency in vivo in four-repeat tauopathies. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024; 51:1909-1922. [PMID: 38366196 PMCID: PMC11139736 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-024-06637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We hypothesized that severe tau burden in brain regions involved in direct or indirect pathways of the basal ganglia correlate with more severe striatal dopamine deficiency in four-repeat (4R) tauopathies. Therefore, we correlated [18F]PI-2620 tau-positron-emission-tomography (PET) imaging with [123I]-Ioflupane single-photon-emission-computed tomography (SPECT) for dopamine transporter (DaT) availability. METHODS Thirty-eight patients with clinically diagnosed 4R-tauopathies (21 male; 69.0 ± 8.5 years) and 15 patients with clinically diagnosed α-synucleinopathies (8 male; 66.1 ± 10.3 years) who underwent [18F]PI-2620 tau-PET and DaT-SPECT imaging with a time gap of 3 ± 5 months were evaluated. Regional Tau-PET signals and DaT availability as well as their principal components were correlated in patients with 4R-tauopathies and α-synucleinopathies. Both biomarkers and the residuals of their association were correlated with clinical severity scores in 4R-tauopathies. RESULTS In patients with 4R-tauopathies, [18F]PI-2620 binding in basal ganglia and midbrain regions was negatively associated with striatal DaT availability (i.e. globus pallidus internus and putamen (β = - 0.464, p = 0.006, Durbin-Watson statistics = 1.824) in a multiple regression model. Contrarily, [18F]PI-2620 binding in the dentate nucleus showed no significant regression factor with DaT availability in the striatum (β = 0.078, p = 0.662, Durbin-Watson statistics = 1.686). Patients with α-synucleinopathies did not indicate any regional associations between [18F]PI-2620-binding and DaT availability. Higher DaT-SPECT binding relative to tau burden was associated with better clinical performance (β = - 0.522, p = 0.011, Durbin-Watson statistics = 2.663) in patients with 4R-tauopathies. CONCLUSION Tau burden in brain regions involved in dopaminergic pathways is associated with aggravated dopaminergic dysfunction in patients with clinically diagnosed primary tauopathies. The ability to sustain dopamine transmission despite tau accumulation may preserve motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ferschmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Gnörich
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ken Marek
- InviCRO, LLC, Boston, MA, USA
- Molecular Neuroimaging, A Division of inviCRO, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carla Palleis
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Katzdobler
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Stockbauer
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Urban Fietzek
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anika Finze
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gloria Biechele
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jost-Julian Rumpf
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dorothee Saur
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias L Schroeter
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Rullmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leonie Beyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Eckenweber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Wall
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Schildan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marianne Patt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - John Seibyl
- InviCRO, LLC, Boston, MA, USA
- Molecular Neuroimaging, A Division of inviCRO, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicolai Franzmeier
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter U Höglinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Osama Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Scheifele
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Ichijo K, Takahata K, Kurose S, Watanabe T, Nagase Y, Endo H, Tagai K, Ishitobi M, Higuchi M. Late-life mood disorder as the initial presentation of progressive supranuclear palsy: A case series. PCN REPORTS : PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES 2024; 3:e178. [PMID: 38868471 PMCID: PMC11114410 DOI: 10.1002/pcn5.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Aim Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by Parkinsonism, supranuclear ophthalmoplegia, postural instability, and cognitive impairment. Patients This case series describes three patients initially diagnosed with late-life mood disorders (depression and bipolar disorder) who were later diagnosed with PSP because of the development of typical neurological symptoms. Result The diagnostic challenge of PSP is highlighted in this case report, particularly in the early stages, when characteristic symptoms may not be present. The importance of considering PSP in the differential diagnosis of late-life mood disorders, especially in the absence of response to standard antidepressant therapy, is also emphasized. The heterogeneity of PSP is described, with various subtypes and atypical variants presenting with different clinical features. The psychiatric symptoms of PSP include apathy, disinhibition, depression, and anxiety, whereas hallucinations and delusions are less frequent. Tau positron emission tomography imaging is discussed as a potential biomarker for atypical PSP. Conclusion Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for improved outcomes in PSP, necessitating further research to enhance the diagnostic and treatment strategies for PSP and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keisuke Takahata
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science DirectorateNational Institutes for Quantum Science and TechnologyInageChibaJapan
| | - Shin Kurose
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science DirectorateNational Institutes for Quantum Science and TechnologyInageChibaJapan
| | | | - Yukihiro Nagase
- Takatsuki HospitalHachiojiTokyoJapan
- Department of PsychiatryNihon University School of MedicineItabashiTokyoJapan
| | - Hironobu Endo
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science DirectorateNational Institutes for Quantum Science and TechnologyInageChibaJapan
| | - Kenji Tagai
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science DirectorateNational Institutes for Quantum Science and TechnologyInageChibaJapan
| | | | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science DirectorateNational Institutes for Quantum Science and TechnologyInageChibaJapan
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Kubota M, Endo H, Takahata K, Tagai K, Suzuki H, Onaya M, Sano Y, Yamamoto Y, Kurose S, Matsuoka K, Seki C, Shinotoh H, Kawamura K, Zhang MR, Takado Y, Shimada H, Higuchi M. In vivo PET classification of tau pathologies in patients with frontotemporal dementia. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae075. [PMID: 38510212 PMCID: PMC10953627 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia refers to a group of neurodegenerative disorders with diverse clinical and neuropathological features. In vivo neuropathological assessments of frontotemporal dementia at an individual level have hitherto not been successful. In this study, we aim to classify patients with frontotemporal dementia based on topologies of tau protein aggregates captured by PET with 18F-florzolotau (aka 18F-APN-1607 and 18F-PM-PBB3), which allows high-contrast imaging of diverse tau fibrils in Alzheimer's disease as well as in non-Alzheimer's disease tauopathies. Twenty-six patients with frontotemporal dementia, 15 with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and 11 with other frontotemporal dementia phenotypes, and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in this study. They underwent PET imaging of amyloid and tau depositions with 11C-PiB and 18F-florzolotau, respectively. By combining visual and quantitative analyses of PET images, the patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia were classified into the following subgroups: (i) predominant tau accumulations in frontotemporal and frontolimbic cortices resembling three-repeat tauopathies (n = 3), (ii) predominant tau accumulations in posterior cortical and subcortical structures indicative of four-repeat tauopathies (n = 4); (iii) amyloid and tau accumulations consistent with Alzheimer's disease (n = 4); and (iv) no overt amyloid and tau pathologies (n = 4). Despite these distinctions, clinical symptoms and localizations of brain atrophy did not significantly differ among the identified behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia subgroups. The patients with other frontotemporal dementia phenotypes were also classified into similar subgroups. The results suggest that PET with 18F-florzolotau potentially allows the classification of each individual with frontotemporal dementia on a neuropathological basis, which might not be possible by symptomatic and volumetric assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kubota
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hironobu Endo
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takahata
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji Tagai
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Jikei University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Hisaomi Suzuki
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Hospital OrganizationShimofusa Psychiatric Center, Chiba 266-0007, Japan
| | - Mitsumoto Onaya
- Department of Psychiatry, National Hospital OrganizationShimofusa Psychiatric Center, Chiba 266-0007, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sano
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Yamamoto
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shin Kurose
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Matsuoka
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Chie Seki
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shinotoh
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kawamura
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yuhei Takado
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shimada
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Functional Neurology and Neurosurgery, Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Lu J, Clement C, Hong J, Wang M, Li X, Cavinato L, Yen TC, Jiao F, Wu P, Wu J, Ge J, Sun Y, Brendel M, Lopes L, Rominger A, Wang J, Liu F, Zuo C, Guan Y, Zhao Q, Shi K. Improved interpretation of 18F-florzolotau PET in progressive supranuclear palsy using a normalization-free deep-learning classifier. iScience 2023; 26:107426. [PMID: 37564702 PMCID: PMC10410511 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
While 18F-florzolotau tau PET is an emerging biomarker for progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), its interpretation has been hindered by a lack of consensus on visual reading and potential biases in conventional semi-quantitative analysis. As clinical manifestations and regions of elevated 18F-florzolotau binding are highly overlapping in PSP and the Parkinsonian type of multiple system atrophy (MSA-P), developing a reliable discriminative classifier for 18F-florzolotau PET is urgently needed. Herein, we developed a normalization-free deep-learning (NFDL) model for 18F-florzolotau PET, which achieved significantly higher accuracy for both PSP and MSA-P compared to semi-quantitative classifiers. Regions driving the NFDL classifier's decision were consistent with disease-specific topographies. NFDL-guided radiomic features correlated with clinical severity of PSP. This suggests that the NFDL model has the potential for early and accurate differentiation of atypical parkinsonism and that it can be applied in various scenarios due to not requiring subjective interpretation, MR-dependent, and reference-based preprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center & National Center for Neurological Disorders & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200235, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Clement
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jimin Hong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Neurology & National Center for Neurological Disorders & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200400, China
| | - Lara Cavinato
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- MOX - Modeling and Scientific Computing, Department of Mathematics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Tzu-Chen Yen
- APRINOIA Therapeutics Co., Ltd, Suzhou 215122, China
| | - Fangyang Jiao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center & National Center for Neurological Disorders & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center & National Center for Neurological Disorders & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Jianjun Wu
- Department of Neurology & National Center for Neurological Disorders & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200400, China
| | - Jingjie Ge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center & National Center for Neurological Disorders & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Yimin Sun
- Department of Neurology & National Center for Neurological Disorders & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200400, China
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Leonor Lopes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurology & National Center for Neurological Disorders & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200400, China
| | - Fengtao Liu
- Department of Neurology & National Center for Neurological Disorders & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200400, China
| | - Chuantao Zuo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center & National Center for Neurological Disorders & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200235, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center & National Center for Neurological Disorders & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Qianhua Zhao
- Department of Neurology & National Center for Neurological Disorders & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200400, China
| | - Kuangyu Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - for the Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Neuroimage Initiative (PSPNI)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center & National Center for Neurological Disorders & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200235, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology & National Center for Neurological Disorders & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200400, China
- MOX - Modeling and Scientific Computing, Department of Mathematics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
- APRINOIA Therapeutics Co., Ltd, Suzhou 215122, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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7
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Whitwell JL. Clinical and neuroimaging features of the progressive supranuclear palsy- corticobasal degeneration continuum. Curr Opin Neurol 2023; 36:283-290. [PMID: 37462045 PMCID: PMC10586719 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this study was to discuss how recent work has increased our understanding of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). The investigation of large and autopsy-confirmed cohorts, imaging modalities to assess different aspects of pathophysiology, clinical phenotypes and the application of advanced machine learning techniques, have led to recent advances in the field that will be discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Literature over the past 18 months will be discussed under the following themes: studies assessing how different neuroimaging modalities can improve the diagnosis of PSP and CBD from other neurodegenerative and parkinsonian disorders, including the investigation of pathological targets such as tau, iron, neuromelanin and dopamine and cholinergic systems; work improving our understanding of clinical, neuroanatomical and pathological heterogeneity in PSP and CBD; and work using advanced neuroimaging tools to investigate patterns of disease spread, as well as biological mechanisms potentially driving spread through the brain in PSP and CBD. SUMMARY The findings help improve the imaging-based diagnosis of PSP and CBD, allow more targeted prognostic estimates for patients accounting for phenotype or disease, and will aid in the development of appropriate and better-targeted disease biomarkers for clinical treatment trials.
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8
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Miyamoto M, Okuyama C, Kagawa S, Kusano K, Takahashi M, Takahata K, Jang MK, Yamauchi H. Radiation dosimetry and pharmacokinetics of the tau PET tracer florzolotau (18F) in healthy Japanese subjects. Ann Nucl Med 2023; 37:300-309. [PMID: 36890399 PMCID: PMC10129982 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-023-01828-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Abnormal aggregation of tau in the brain is a major contributing factor in various neurodegenerative diseases. Florzolotau (18F) (florzolotau, APN-1607, PM-PBB3) has been shown to be a probe for tau fibrils in an animal model and patients with Alzheimer's disease and those with non-Alzheimer's disease tauopathies. The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and radiation dose following a single intravenous administration of florzolotau in healthy Japanese subjects. METHODS Three healthy male Japanese subjects aged between 20 and 64 were enrolled in this study. Subjects were determined to be eligible based on the screening assessments at the study site. Subjects received a single intravenous dose of 195.0 ± 0.5 MBq of florzolotau and underwent the whole-body PET scan 10 times in total to calculate absorbed doses to major organs/tissues and effective dose. Radioactivities in whole blood and urine were also measured for pharmacokinetic evaluation. Absorbed doses to major organs/tissues and effective dose were estimated using the medical internal radiation dose (MIRD) method. Vital signs, electrocardiography (ECG), and blood tests were done for safety evaluation. RESULTS The intravenous injection of florzolotau was well tolerated. There were no adverse events or clinically detectable pharmacologic effects related to the tracer in any subjects. No significant changes in vital signs and ECG were observed. The highest mean initial uptake at 15 min after injection was in the liver (29.0 ± 4.0%ID), intestine (4.69 ± 1.65%ID), and brain (2.13 ± 0.18%ID). The highest absorbed dose was 508 μGy/MBq of the gallbladder wall, followed by the liver of 79.4 μGy/MBq, the pancreas of 42.5 μGy/MBq, and the upper large intestine of 34.2 μGy/MBq. The effective dose was calculated as 19.7 μSv/MBq according to the tissue weighting factor reported by ICRP-103. CONCLUSION Florzolotau intravenous injection was well tolerated in healthy male Japanese subjects. The effective dose was determined as 3.61 mSv when 185 MBq florzolotau was given.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chio Okuyama
- Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Moriyama, Japan
| | - Shinya Kagawa
- Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Moriyama, Japan
| | | | | | - Keisuke Takahata
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Yamauchi
- Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Moriyama, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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9
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Ozsahin I, Onakpojeruo EP, Uzun B, Uzun Ozsahin D, Butler TA. A Multi-Criteria Decision Aid Tool for Radiopharmaceutical Selection in Tau PET Imaging. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041304. [PMID: 37111789 PMCID: PMC10147085 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of pathologically misfolded tau is a feature shared by a group of neurodegenerative disorders collectively referred to as tauopathies. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent of these tauopathies. Immunohistochemical evaluation allows neuropathologists to visualize paired-helical filaments (PHFs)-tau pathological lesions, but this is possible only after death and only shows tau in the portion of brain sampled. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging allows both the quantitative and qualitative analysis of pathology over the whole brain of a living subject. The ability to detect and quantify tau pathology in vivo using PET can aid in the early diagnosis of AD, provide a way to monitor disease progression, and determine the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing tau pathology. Several tau-specific PET radiotracers are now available for research purposes, and one is approved for clinical use. This study aims to analyze, compare, and rank currently available tau PET radiotracers using the fuzzy preference ranking organization method for enrichment of evaluations (PROMETHEE), which is a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) tool. The evaluation is based on relatively weighted criteria, such as specificity, target binding affinity, brain uptake, brain penetration, and rates of adverse reactions. Based on the selected criteria and assigned weights, this study shows that a second-generation tau tracer, [18F]RO-948, may be the most favorable. This flexible method can be extended and updated to include new tracers, additional criteria, and modified weights to help researchers and clinicians select the optimal tau PET tracer for specific purposes. Additional work is needed to confirm these results, including a systematic approach to defining and weighting criteria and clinical validation of tracers in different diseases and patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Ozsahin
- Brain Health Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, TRNC, Turkey
| | | | - Berna Uzun
- Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, TRNC, Turkey
- Department of Statistics, Carlos III University of Madrid, Getafe, 28903 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dilber Uzun Ozsahin
- Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, TRNC, Turkey
- Medical Diagnostic Imaging Department, College of Health Sciences & Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tracy A Butler
- Brain Health Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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10
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Gatto RG, Carlos AF, Reichard RR, Lowe VJ, Whitwell JL, Josephs KA. Comparative assessment of regional tau distribution by Tau-PET and Post-mortem neuropathology in a representative set of Alzheimer's & frontotemporal lobar degeneration patients. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284182. [PMID: 37167210 PMCID: PMC10174492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Flortaucipir (FTP) PET is a key imaging technique to evaluate tau burden indirectly. However, it appears to have greater utility for 3R+4R tau found in Alzheimer's disease (AD), compared to other non-AD tauopathies. The purpose of this study is to determine how flortaucipir uptake links to neuropathologically determined tau burden in AD and non-AD tauopathies. We identified nine individuals who had undergone antemortem tau-PET and postmortem neuropathological analyses. The cohort included three patients with low, moderate, and high AD neuropathologic changes (ADNC), five patients with a non-AD tauopathy (one Pick's disease, three progressive supranuclear palsies, and one globular glial tauopathy), and one control without ADNC. We compared regional flortaucipir PET uptake with tau burden using an anti-AT8 antibody. There was a very good correlation between flortaucipir uptake and tau burden in those with ADNC although, in one ADNC patient, flortaucipir uptake and tau burden did not match due to the presence of argyrophilic grains disease. Non-AD patients showed lower flortaucipir uptake globally compared to ADNC patients. In the non-AD patients, some regional associations between flortaucipir uptake and histopathological tau burden were observed. Flortaucipir uptake is strongly linked to underlying tau burden in patients with ADNC but there are instances where they do not match. On-the-other hand, flortaucipir has a limited capacity to represent histopathological tau burden in non-AD patients although there are instances where regional uptake correlates with regional tau burden. There is a definite need for the development of future generations of tau-PET ligands that can detect non-AD tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo G Gatto
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Arenn F Carlos
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - R Ross Reichard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L Whitwell
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Keith A Josephs
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
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11
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Matsumoto H, Tagai K, Endo H, Matsuoka K, Takado Y, Kokubo N, Shimada H, Goto T, Goto TK, Higuchi M. Association of Tooth Loss with Alzheimer's Disease Tau Pathologies Assessed by Positron Emission Tomography. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1253-1265. [PMID: 37980663 PMCID: PMC10741329 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deterioration of the oral environment is one of the risk factors for dementia. A previous study of an Alzheimer's disease (AD) model mouse suggests that tooth loss induces denervation of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus and neuroinflammation, possibly leading to accelerated tau dissemination from the nearby locus coeruleus (LC). OBJECTIVE To elucidate the relevance of oral conditions and amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau pathologies in human participants. METHODS We examined the number of remaining teeth and the biofilm-gingival interface index in 24 AD-spectrum patients and 19 age-matched healthy controls (HCs). They also underwent positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of Aβ and tau with specific radiotracers, 11C-PiB and 18F-PM-PBB3, respectively. All AD-spectrum patients were Aβ-positive, and all HCs were Aβ-negative. We analyzed the correlation between the oral parameters and radiotracer retention. RESULTS No differences were found in oral conditions between the AD and HC groups. 11C-PiB retentions did not correlate with the oral indices in either group. In AD-spectrum patients, brain-wide, voxel-based image analysis highlighted several regions, including the LC and associated brainstem substructures, as areas where 18F-PM-PBB3 retentions negatively correlated with the remaining teeth and revealed the correlation of tau deposits in the LC (r = -0.479, p = 0.018) primarily with the hippocampal and neighboring areas. The tau deposition in none of the brain regions was associated with the periodontal status. CONCLUSIONS Our findings with previous preclinical evidence imply that tooth loss may enhance AD tau pathogenesis, promoting tau spreading from LC to the hippocampal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Matsumoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Tagai
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Jikei University of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironobu Endo
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Matsuoka
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuhei Takado
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naomi Kokubo
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shimada
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Functional Neurology & Neurosurgery, Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Goto
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tazuko K. Goto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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