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Wyżewski Z, Stępkowska J, Kobylińska AM, Mielcarska A, Mielcarska MB. Mcl-1 Protein and Viral Infections: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1138. [PMID: 38256213 PMCID: PMC10816053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
MCL-1 is the prosurvival member of the Bcl-2 family. It prevents the induction of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. The molecular mechanisms dictating the host cell viability gain importance in the context of viral infections. The premature apoptosis of infected cells could interrupt the pathogen replication cycle. On the other hand, cell death following the effective assembly of progeny particles may facilitate virus dissemination. Thus, various viruses can interfere with the apoptosis regulation network to their advantage. Research has shown that viral infections affect the intracellular amount of MCL-1 to modify the apoptotic potential of infected cells, fitting it to the "schedule" of the replication cycle. A growing body of evidence suggests that the virus-dependent deregulation of the MCL-1 level may contribute to several virus-driven diseases. In this work, we have described the role of MCL-1 in infections caused by various viruses. We have also presented a list of promising antiviral agents targeting the MCL-1 protein. The discussed results indicate targeted interventions addressing anti-apoptotic MCL1 as a new therapeutic strategy for cancers as well as other diseases. The investigation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in viral infections engaging MCL1 may contribute to a better understanding of the regulation of cell death and survival balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Stępkowska
- Institute of Family Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Maria Kobylińska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.K.); (M.B.M.)
| | - Adriana Mielcarska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutritional Disorders and Pediatrics, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Av. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.K.); (M.B.M.)
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2
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Chen C, Liu X, Chang CY, Wang HY, Wang RF. The Interplay between T Cells and Cancer: The Basis of Immunotherapy. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051008. [PMID: 37239368 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising approaches to cancer treatment. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors has resulted in impressive and durable clinical responses in the treatment of various cancers. Additionally, immunotherapy utilizing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells has produced robust responses in blood cancers, and T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells are showing promising results in the treatment of solid cancers. Despite these noteworthy advancements in cancer immunotherapy, numerous challenges remain. Some patient populations are unresponsive to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, and CAR T cell therapy has yet to show efficacy against solid cancers. In this review, we first discuss the significant role that T cells play in the body's defense against cancer. We then delve into the mechanisms behind the current challenges facing immunotherapy, starting with T cell exhaustion due to immune checkpoint upregulation and changes in the transcriptional and epigenetic landscapes of dysfunctional T cells. We then discuss cancer-cell-intrinsic characteristics, including molecular alterations in cancer cells and the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which collectively facilitate tumor cell proliferation, survival, metastasis, and immune evasion. Finally, we examine recent advancements in cancer immunotherapy, with a specific emphasis on T-cell-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Che-Yu Chang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Helen Y Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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3
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Development of New Meridianin/Leucettine-Derived Hybrid Small Molecules as Nanomolar Multi-Kinase Inhibitors with Antitumor Activity. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091131. [PMID: 34572319 PMCID: PMC8468039 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the sea ecosystem offers a broad range of bioactivities including anticancer, none of the FDA-approved antiproliferative protein kinase inhibitors are derived from a marine source. In a step to develop new marine-inspired potent kinase inhibitors with antiproliferative activities, a new series of hybrid small molecules (5a–5g) was designed and synthesized based on chemical moieties derived from two marine natural products (Meridianin E and Leucettamine B). Over a panel of 14 cancer-related kinases, a single dose of 10 µM of the parent hybrid 5a possessing the benzo[d][1,3]dioxole moiety of Leucettamine B was able to inhibit the activity of FMS, LCK, LYN, and DAPK1 kinases with 82.5 ± 0.6, 81.4 ± 0.6, 75.2 ± 0.0, and 55 ± 1.1%, respectively. Further optimization revealed the most potent multiple kinase inhibitor of this new series (5g) with IC50 values of 110, 87.7, and 169 nM against FMS, LCK, and LYN kinases, respectively. Compared to imatinib (FDA-approved multiple kinase inhibitor), compound 5g was found to be ~ 9- and 2-fold more potent than imatinib over both FMS and LCK kinases, respectively. In silico docking simulation models of the synthesized compounds within the active site of FMS, LCK, LYN, and DAPK1 kinases offered reasonable explanations of the elicited biological activities. In an in vitro anticancer assay using a library of 60 cancer cell lines that include blood, lung, colon, CNS, skin, ovarian, renal, prostate, and breast cancers, it was found that compound 5g was able to suppress 60 and 70% of tumor growth in leukemia SR and renal RXF 393 cell lines, respectively. Moreover, an ADME study indicated a suitable profile of compound 5g concerning cell permeability and blood-brain barrier (BBB) impermeability, avoiding possible CNS side effects. Accordingly, compound 5g is reported as a potential lead towards novel antiproliferative marine-derived kinase modulators.
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4
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Amin S, Alam MM, Akhter M, Najmi AK, Siddiqui N, Husain A, Shaquiquzzaman M. A review on synthetic procedures and applications of phosphorus oxychloride (POCl 3) in the last biennial period (2018–19). PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2020.1831499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Amin
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - M. Mumtaz Alam
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mymoona Akhter
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - A. K. Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Nadeem Siddiqui
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Asif Husain
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - M. Shaquiquzzaman
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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5
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Rushworth JL, Montgomery KS, Cao B, Brown R, Dibb NJ, Nilsson SK, Chiefari J, Fuchter MJ. Glycosylated Nanoparticles Derived from RAFT Polymerization for Effective Drug Delivery to Macrophages. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5775-5786. [PMID: 35021808 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The functional group tolerance and simplicity of reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization enable its use in the preparation of a wide range of functional polymer architectures for a variety of applications, including drug delivery. Given the role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in cancer and their dependence on the tyrosine kinase receptor FMS (CSF-1R), the key aim of this work was to achieve effective delivery of an FMS inhibitor to cells using a polymer delivery system. Such a system has the potential to exploit biological features specific to macrophages and therefore provide enhanced selectivity. Building on our prior work, we have prepared RAFT polymers based on a poly(butyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) diblock, which were extended with a hydrophilic block, a cross-linker, and a mannose-based monomer scaffold, exploiting the abundance of macrophage mannose receptors (MMRs, CD206) on the surface of macrophages. We demonstrate that the prepared polymers can be assembled into nanoparticles and are successfully internalized into macrophages, in part, via the MMR (CD206). Finally, we showcase the developed nanoparticles in the delivery of an FMS inhibitor to cells, resulting in inhibition of the FMS receptor. As such, this study lays the groundwork for further drug-delivery studies aimed at specifically targeting TAMs with molecularly targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Rushworth
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K.,CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South MDC, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Katherine S Montgomery
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K.,CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South MDC, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Benjamin Cao
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South MDC, Victoria 3169, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Robert Brown
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Nick J Dibb
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Susan K Nilsson
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South MDC, Victoria 3169, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - John Chiefari
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South MDC, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K
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6
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Li Petri G, Spanò V, Spatola R, Holl R, Raimondi MV, Barraja P, Montalbano A. Bioactive pyrrole-based compounds with target selectivity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112783. [PMID: 32916311 PMCID: PMC7455853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of novel synthetic compounds with drug-like properties is an ongoing challenge in medicinal chemistry. Natural products have inspired the synthesis of compounds for pharmaceutical application, most of which are based on N-heterocyclic motifs. Among these, the pyrrole ring is one of the most explored heterocycles in drug discovery programs for several therapeutic areas, confirmed by the high number of pyrrole-based drugs reaching the market. In the present review, we focused on pyrrole and its hetero-fused derivatives with anticancer, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities, reported in the literature between 2015 and 2019, for which a specific target was identified, being responsible for their biological activity. It emerges that the powerful pharmaceutical and pharmacological features provided by the pyrrole nucleus as pharmacophore unit of many drugs are still recognized by medicinal chemists. Pyrrole nucleus is one of the most explored heterocycle in drug discovery. Pyrrole derivatives exhibit antitumor, antimicrobial and antiviral activities. Targets involved in their biological activities were identified. SAR to underline their most important features were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Li Petri
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Virginia Spanò
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Spatola
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ralph Holl
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Valeria Raimondi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Paola Barraja
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Montalbano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
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7
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Xun Q, Wang Z, Hu X, Ding K, Lu X. Small-Molecule CSF1R Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:3944-3966. [PMID: 31215373 DOI: 10.2174/1573394715666190618121649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Persuasive evidence has been presented linking the infiltration of Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) with the driving force of tumorigenesis and in the suppression of antitumor immunity. In this context CSF1R, the cellular receptor for Colony Stimulating Factor-1 (CSF1) and Interleukin 34 (IL-34), occupies a central role in manipulating the behavior of TAMs and the dysregulation of CSF1R signaling has been implicated in cancer progression and immunosuppression in many specific cancers. Consequently, CSF1R kinase has been a target of great interest in cancer treatment and significant research efforts have focused on the development of smallmolecule CSF1R inhibitors. In this review, we highlight current progress on the development of these small molecule CSF1R inhibitors as anticancer agents. Special attention is paid to the compounds available in advanced clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuju Xun
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xianglong Hu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ke Ding
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
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8
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Lonardi S, Scutera S, Licini S, Lorenzi L, Cesinaro AM, Gatta LB, Castagnoli C, Bollero D, Sparti R, Tomaselli M, Medicina D, Calzetti F, Cassatella MA, Facchetti F, Musso T, Vermi W. CSF1R Is Required for Differentiation and Migration of Langerhans Cells and Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:829-841. [PMID: 32238382 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disorder characterized by tissue accumulation of CD1a+CD207+ LCH cells. In LCH, somatic mutations of the BRAF V600E gene have been detected in tissue LCH cells, bone marrow CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, circulating CD14+ monocytes, and BDCA1+ myeloid dendritic cells (DC). Targeting BRAF V600E in clonal Langerhans cells (LC) and their precursors is a potential treatment option for patients whose tumors have the mutation. The development of mouse macrophages and LCs is regulated by the CSF1 receptor (CSF1R). In patients with diffuse-type tenosynovial giant cell tumors, CSF1R inhibition depletes tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) with therapeutic efficacy; however, CSF1R signaling in LCs and LCH has not been investigated. We found through IHC and flow cytometry that CSF1R is normally expressed on human CD1a+CD207+ LCs in the epidermis and stratified epithelia. LCs that were differentiated from CD14+ monocytes, BDCA1+ DCs, and CD34+ cord blood progenitors expressed CSF1R that was downregulated upon maturation. Immature LCs migrated toward CSF1, but not IL34. Administration of the c-FMS/CSF1R kinase inhibitors GW2580 and BLZ945 significantly reduced human LC migration. In LCH clinical samples, LCH cells (including BRAF V600E cells) and TAMs retained high expression of CSF1R. We also detected the presence of transcripts for its ligand, CSF1, but not IL34, in all tested LCH cases. CSF1R and CSF1 expression in LCH, and their role in LC migration and differentiation, suggests CSF1R signaling blockade as a candidate rational approach for treatment of LCH, including the BRAF V600E and wild-type forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lonardi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Scutera
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Licini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Lorenzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Benerini Gatta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlotta Castagnoli
- Skin Bank, Department of General and Specialized Surgery, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniele Bollero
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Burn Center, Department of Surgery, A.O.U. Città della Salute, CTO Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Rosaria Sparti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Michela Tomaselli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Medicina
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Calzetti
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Facchetti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Tiziana Musso
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy. .,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Burn Center, Department of Surgery, A.O.U. Città della Salute, CTO Hospital, Turin, Italy.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri
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9
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Increased Risk of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia After Early Onset but Not Late-Onset Colorectal Cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 2019; 43:263-269. [PMID: 31876540 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early onset colorectal cancer in persons younger than 50 years is increasingly common. Clinical and molecular characterizations reveal a distinctive disease. Thirty percent of patients have mutations of hereditary cancer syndromes, especially Lynch syndrome. A recent analysis, testing germline DNA for mutations in 25 cancer susceptibility genes, showed that some patients younger than 50 years had mutations of high-penetrance colorectal cancer genes such as APC (adenopolyposis coli). Others had mutations in high-penetrance or moderate-penetrance genes not traditionally associated with colorectal cancer, such as ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated), whereas still others had low penetrance colorectal cancer genes. In the current study, we examined the incidence of second cancers following early onset (age less than 50 y) colorectal cancer. METHODS The initial study population was assembled using records from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute. The SEER*Stat MP-SIR (multiple primary-standardized incidence ratio) tool was used to calculate SIRs and excess risk for second primary malignancies. The SIR is expressed as the ratio of observed-to-expected (O/E) cases. We used The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and AACR Project Genie for genetic analysis. The data were accessed with the online Xena Browser and cBioportal. RESULTS Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) O/E ratios were significantly >1 in patients aged less than 50 years, at 12 to 59 months after colorectal cancer. In patients aged 50 years and older, O/E ratios were equal to 1 or quite close at 12 to 59 months after colorectal cancer. Alterations in 3 AML genes, CEBPA-AS1, MLLT1, and MLLT6, affected the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients less than 50 years but not older than 50 years. One AML gene, FLT3, had the highest copy number alteration frequency of any gene in 1438 colorectal patients 18 to 48 years of age. Genetic alterations of FLT3/TP53 were mutually exclusive. Genetic alterations of FLT3/JAK2 and JAK2/CTNNB1 were co-occurrent. CONCLUSION These observations suggest that early onset colorectal cancer and AML may be related diseases.
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Komohara Y, Noyori O, Saito Y, Takeya H, Baghdadi M, Kitagawa F, Hama N, Ishikawa K, Okuno Y, Nosaka K, Seino KI, Matsuoka M, Suzu S. Potential anti-lymphoma effect of M-CSFR inhibitor in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. J Clin Exp Hematop 2018; 58:152-160. [PMID: 30541986 PMCID: PMC6407477 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.18034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-fms proto-oncogene is also known as macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor
(M-CSFR) or colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), and is expressed on several
types of malignant tumor cells and myeloid cells. In the present study, we found that
overexpression of M-CSFR was present in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) cases.
M-CSFR signaling was associated with lymphoma cell proliferation, and M-CSFR inhibition
induced apoptosis in lymphoma cells. The ATLL cell line ATL-T expressed M-CSF/CSF-1 and
interleukin (IL)-34, which are both M-CSFR ligands. M-CSF and IL-34 expression was seen in
ATLL cases, and co-expression of these ligands was detected in 11 of 13 ATLL cases. M-CSFR
inhibition suppressed programmed death-1 and -2 ligand in ATL-T cells and macrophages
stimulated with conditioned medium from ATL-T cells. Thus, an M-CSFR inhibitor may be
useful as additional therapy against ATLL due to direct and indirect mechanisms.
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11
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El-Gamal MI, Oh CH. Pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine derivatives with potential inhibitory effect against FMS kinase: in vitro biological studies. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:1160-1166. [PMID: 30070930 PMCID: PMC6084503 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1491563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of eighteen pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine derivatives were tested for inhibitory effect against FMS kinase. Compounds 1e and 1r were the most potent among all the other tested analogues (IC50 = 60 nM and 30 nM, respectively). They were 1.6 and 3.2 times, respectively, more potent than our lead compound, KIST101029 (IC50 = 96 nM). Compound 1r was tested over a panel of 40 kinases including FMS, and exerted selectivity against FMS kinase. It was further tested against bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and its IC50 was 84 nM (2.32-fold more potent than KIST101029 (IC50 = 195 nM)). Compound 1r was also tested for antiproliferative activity against a panel of six ovarian, two prostate, and five breast cancer cell lines, and its IC50 values ranged from 0.15–1.78 µM. It possesses also the merit of selectivity towards cancer cells than normal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I El-Gamal
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah , United Arab Emirates.,b Sharjah Institute for Medical Research , University of Sharjah , Sharjah , United Arab Emirates.,c Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Mansoura , Mansoura , Egypt
| | - Chang-Hyun Oh
- d Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,e Department of Biomolecular Science , University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
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12
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Kumari A, Silakari O, Singh RK. Recent advances in colony stimulating factor-1 receptor/c-FMS as an emerging target for various therapeutic implications. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:662-679. [PMID: 29679908 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) is one of the most common proinflammatory cytokine responsible for various inflammatory disorders. It has a remarkable role in the development and progression of osteoarthritis, cancer and other autoimmune disease conditions. The CSF-1 acts by binding to the receptor, called colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) also known as c-FMS resulting in the cascade of signalling pathway causing cell proliferation and differentiation. Interleukin-34 (IL-34), recently identified as another ligand for CSF-IR, is a cytokine protein. Both, CSF-1 and IL-34, although two distinct cytokines, follow the similar signalling pathway on binding to the same receptor, CSF-1R. Like CSF-1, IL-34 promotes the differentiation and survival of monocyte, macrophages and osteoclasts. This CSF-1R/c-FMS is over expressed in many cancers and on tumour associated macrophages, consequently, have been exploited as a drug target for promising treatment for cancer and inflammatory diseases. Some CSF-1R/c-FMS inhibitors such as ABT-869, Imatinib, AG013736, JNJ-40346527, PLX3397, DCC-3014 and Ki20227 have been successfully used in these disease conditions. Many c-FMS inhibitors have been the candidates of clinical trials, but suffer from some side effects like cardiotoxicity, vomiting, swollen eyes, diarrhoea, etc. If selectivity of cFMS inhibition is achieved successfully, side effects can be overruled and this approach may become a novel therapy for treatment of various therapeutic interventions. Thus, successful targeting of c-FMS may result in multifunctional therapy. With this background of information, the present review focuses on the recent developments in the area of CSF-1R/c-FMS inhibitors with emphasis on crystal structure, mechanism of action and various therapeutic implications in which c-FMS plays a pivotal role. The review on structure activity relationship of various compounds acting as the inhibitors of c-FMS which gives the selection criteria for the development of novel molecules is also being presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Kumari
- Rayat-Bahra Institute of Pharmacy, Dist. Hoshiarpur, 146104, Punjab, India
| | - Om Silakari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, 147002, Patiala, India
| | - Rajesh K Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shivalik College of Pharmacy, Nangal, Dist. Rupnagar, 140126, Punjab, India.
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13
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El-Gamal MI, Al-Ameen SK, Al-Koumi DM, Hamad MG, Jalal NA, Oh CH. Recent Advances of Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor (CSF-1R) Kinase and Its Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5450-5466. [PMID: 29293000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Colony stimulation factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), which is also known as FMS kinase, plays an important role in initiating inflammatory, cancer, and bone disorders when it is overstimulated by its ligand, CSF-1. Innate immunity, as well as macrophage differentiation and survival, are regulated by the stimulation of the CSF-1R. Another ligand, interlukin-34 (IL-34), was recently reported to activate the CSF-1R receptor in a different manner. The relationship between CSF-1R and microglia has been reviewed. Both CSF-1 antibodies and small molecule CSF-1R kinase inhibitors have now been tested in animal models and in humans. In this Perspective, we discuss the role of CSF-1 and IL-34 in producing cancer, bone disorders, and inflammation. We also review the newly discovered and improved small molecule kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies that have shown potent activity toward CSF-1R, reported from 2012 until 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I El-Gamal
- College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah 27272 , United Arab Emirates.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Mansoura , Mansoura 35516 , Egypt
| | - Shahad K Al-Ameen
- College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah 27272 , United Arab Emirates
| | - Dania M Al-Koumi
- College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah 27272 , United Arab Emirates
| | - Mawadda G Hamad
- College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah 27272 , United Arab Emirates
| | - Nouran A Jalal
- College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah 27272 , United Arab Emirates
| | - Chang-Hyun Oh
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang , Seoul 130-650 , Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science , University of Science and Technology , 113 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu , Daejeon 305-333 , Republic of Korea
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14
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A ligand divided: antagonist, agonist and analog control. Biochem J 2017; 474:3087-3088. [PMID: 28860336 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inhibiting receptor tyrosine kinases has been a cornerstone of cancer therapeutics for decades. Treatment strategies largely involve small-molecule kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. For receptors activated by constitutively dimeric ligands, another potential mechanism of inhibition exists: developing monomeric ligands that prevent receptor dimerization. In a recent issue of the Biochemical Journal, Zur et al. [Biochem. J. (2017) 474, 2601-2617] describe the details of creating such an inhibitor directed toward the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor, c-FMS. In the process of teasing apart the ligand dimer, they also uncover a potential cryptic regulatory mechanism in this receptor subfamily.
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15
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Structure-guided cancer blockade between bioactive bursehernin and proteins: Molecular docking and molecular dynamics study. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 74:215-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Goswami KK, Ghosh T, Ghosh S, Sarkar M, Bose A, Baral R. Tumor promoting role of anti-tumor macrophages in tumor microenvironment. Cell Immunol 2017; 316:1-10. [PMID: 28433198 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in tumor biology demand detailed analysis of the complex interaction of tumor cells with their adjacent microenvironment (tumor stroma) to understand the various mechanisms involved in tumor growth and metastasis. Mononuclear phagocytes or macrophages, a type of innate immune cells, defend the organism against infection and injury. On the otherhand, tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) constitute a significant part of the tumor-infiltrating immune cells, have been linked to the growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis of a variety of cancers, most likely through polarization of TAMs to the M2 (alternative) phenotype. Clinical and experimental evidences have shown that cancer tissues with high infiltration of TAMs are associated with poor patient prognosis and resistance to therapies, thus, targeting of TAMs in tumors is considered as a promising immunotherapeutic strategy. Depletion of M2 TAMs or 're-education' of them as anti-tumor effectors might contribute significantly to the search of new modalities in anti-cancer treatments. Basic questions on the factors responsible for homing of macrophages in tumors, mechanism of conversion of M1 to M2 TAMs, their functionality and, finally, the possible ways to target M2 TAMs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Kanti Goswami
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India
| | - Tithi Ghosh
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India
| | - Sarbari Ghosh
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India
| | - Madhurima Sarkar
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India
| | - Anamika Bose
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India
| | - Rathindranath Baral
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India.
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El-Gamal MI, Anbar HS. Recent advances of pyrrolopyridines derivatives: a patent and literature review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:591-606. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1280465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I. El-Gamal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hanan S. Anbar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
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18
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Fujita H, Gomori A, Fujioka Y, Kataoka Y, Tanaka K, Hashimoto A, Suzuki T, Ito K, Haruma T, Yamamoto-Yokoi H, Harada N, Sakuragi M, Oda N, Matsuo K, Inada M, Yonekura K. High Potency VEGFRs/MET/FMS Triple Blockade by TAS-115 Concomitantly Suppresses Tumor Progression and Bone Destruction in Tumor-Induced Bone Disease Model with Lung Carcinoma Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164830. [PMID: 27736957 PMCID: PMC5063576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 25-40% of patients with lung cancer show bone metastasis. Bone modifying agents reduce skeletal-related events (SREs), but they do not significantly improve overall survival. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches are urgently required. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor effect of TAS-115, a VEGFRs and HGF receptor (MET)-targeted kinase inhibitor, in a tumor-induced bone disease model. A549-Luc-BM1 cells, an osteo-tropic clone of luciferase-transfected A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549-Luc), produced aggressive bone destruction associated with tumor progression after intra-tibial (IT) implantation into mice. TAS-115 significantly reduced IT tumor growth and bone destruction. Histopathological analysis showed a decrease in tumor vessels after TAS-115 treatment, which might be mediated through VEGFRs inhibition. Furthermore, the number of osteoclasts surrounding the tumor was decreased after TAS-115 treatment. In vitro studies demonstrated that TAS-115 inhibited HGF-, VEGF-, and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)-induced signaling pathways in osteoclasts. Moreover, TAS-115 inhibited Feline McDonough Sarcoma oncogene (FMS) kinase, as well as M-CSF and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation. Thus, VEGFRs/MET/FMS-triple inhibition in osteoclasts might contribute to the potent efficacy of TAS-115. The fact that concomitant dosing of sunitinib (VEGFRs/FMS inhibition) with crizotinib (MET inhibition) exerted comparable inhibitory efficacy for bone destruction to TAS-115 also supports this notion. In conclusion, TAS-115 inhibited tumor growth via VEGFR-kinase blockade, and also suppressed bone destruction possibly through VEGFRs/MET/FMS-kinase inhibition, which resulted in potent efficacy of TAS-115 in an A549-Luc-BM1 bone disease model. Thus, TAS-115 shows promise as a novel therapy for lung cancer patients with bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Fujita
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Akira Gomori
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yayoi Fujioka
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Kataoka
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Tanaka
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hashimoto
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Ito
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomonori Haruma
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yamamoto-Yokoi
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naomoto Harada
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Motomu Sakuragi
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Oda
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenichi Matsuo
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masaki Inada
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yonekura
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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19
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Im D, Jung K, Yang S, Aman W, Hah JM. Discovery of 4-arylamido 3-methyl isoxazole derivatives as novel FMS kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:600-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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CSF-1/CSF-1R targeting agents in clinical development for cancer therapy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 23:45-51. [PMID: 26051995 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage infiltration has been identified as an independent poor prognostic factor for several cancer entities. In mouse tumor models macrophages orchestrate various tumor-promoting processes. This observation sparked an interest to therapeutically target these plastic innate immune cells. To date, blockade of colony stimulating factor-1 or its receptor represents the only truly selective approach to manipulate macrophages in cancer patients. Here, we discuss the currently available information on efficacy and safety of various CSF-1/CSF-1R inhibitors in cancer patients and highlight potential combination partners emerging from preclinical studies while considering the differences between mouse and human macrophage biology.
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21
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Alvarado-Vazquez P, Morado-Urbina C, Castañeda-Corral G, Acosta-Gonzalez R, Kitaura H, Kimura K, Takano-Yamamoto T, Jiménez-Andrade J. Intra-articular administration of an antibody against CSF-1 receptor reduces pain-related behaviors and inflammation in CFA-induced knee arthritis. Neurosci Lett 2015; 584:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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22
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Wang B, Xu W, Tan M, Xiao Y, Yang H, Xia TS. Integrative genomic analyses of a novel cytokine, interleukin-34 and its potential role in cancer prediction. Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:92-102. [PMID: 25395235 PMCID: PMC4249750 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-34 (IL-34) is a novel cytokine, which is composed of 222 amino acids and forms homodimers. It binds to the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) receptor and plays an important role in innate immunity and inflammatory processes. In the present study, we identified the completed IL-34 gene in 25 various mammalian genomes and found that IL-34 existed in all types of vertebrates, including fish, amphibians, birds and mammals. These species have a similar 7 exon/6 intron gene organization. The phylogenetic tree indicated that the IL-34 gene from the primate lineage, rodent lineage and teleost lineage form a species-specific cluster. It was found mammalian that IL-34 was under positive selection pressure with the identified positively selected site, 196Val. Fifty-five functionally relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including 32 SNPs causing missense mutations, 3 exonic splicing enhancer SNPs and 20 SNPs causing nonsense mutations were identified from 2,141 available SNPs in the human IL-34 gene. IL-34 was expressed in various types of cancer, including blood, brain, breast, colorectal, eye, head and neck, lung, ovarian and skin cancer. A total of 5 out of 40 tests (1 blood cancer, 1 brain cancer, 1 colorectal cancer and 2 lung cancer) revealed an association between IL-34 gene expression and cancer prognosis. It was found that the association between the expression of IL-34 and cancer prognosis varied in different types of cancer, even in the same types of cancer from different databases. This suggests that the function of IL-34 in these tumors may be multidimensional. The upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1), regulatory factor X-1 (RFX1), the Sp1 transcription factor 1, POU class 3 homeobox 2 (POU3F2) and forkhead box L1 (FOXL1) regulatory transcription factor binding sites were identified in the IL-34 gene upstream (promoter) region, which may be involved in the effects of IL-34 in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Eastern Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Wenming Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Eastern Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Miaolian Tan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Eastern Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Eastern Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Haiwei Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Song Xia
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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Abstract
The therapeutic potential of host-specific and tumour-specific immune responses is well recognized and, after many years, active immunotherapies directed at inducing or augmenting these responses are entering clinical practice. Antitumour immunization is a complex, multi-component task, and the optimal combinations of antigens, adjuvants, delivery vehicles and routes of administration are not yet identified. Active immunotherapy must also address the immunosuppressive and tolerogenic mechanisms deployed by tumours. This Review provides an overview of new results from clinical studies of therapeutic cancer vaccines directed against tumour-associated antigens and discusses their implications for the use of active immunotherapy.
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24
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El-Gamal MI, Abdel-Maksoud MS, El-Din MMG, Yoo KH, Baek D, Oh CH. Cell-based biological evaluation of a new bisamide FMS kinase inhibitor possessing pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine scaffold. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2014; 347:635-41. [PMID: 24942978 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201400051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A bisamide compound 1 possessing the pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine nucleus was synthesized and biologically evaluated. It was tested for kinase inhibitory activity over a panel of 47 kinases, and its selectivity toward the FMS kinase was accidentally discovered. Compound 1 was tested over a panel of seven ovarian, two prostate, and six breast cancer cell lines at a single dose concentration of 10 µM and showed high activity. It was further tested in a 5-dose mode to determine its IC50 and total growth inhibition (TGI) values over the 15 cell lines. Compound 1 showed high potency on the submicromolar scale and good efficacy. The cytotoxic effect of compound 1 over peritoneal macrophages was also investigated. Compound 1 demonstrated higher selectivity against different cancer cell lines compared with HS-27 fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
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25
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Ries CH, Cannarile MA, Hoves S, Benz J, Wartha K, Runza V, Rey-Giraud F, Pradel LP, Feuerhake F, Klaman I, Jones T, Jucknischke U, Scheiblich S, Kaluza K, Gorr IH, Walz A, Abiraj K, Cassier PA, Sica A, Gomez-Roca C, de Visser KE, Italiano A, Le Tourneau C, Delord JP, Levitsky H, Blay JY, Rüttinger D. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages with anti-CSF-1R antibody reveals a strategy for cancer therapy. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:846-59. [PMID: 24898549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 951] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage infiltration has been identified as an independent poor prognostic factor in several cancer types. The major survival factor for these macrophages is macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1). We generated a monoclonal antibody (RG7155) that inhibits CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) activation. In vitro RG7155 treatment results in cell death of CSF-1-differentiated macrophages. In animal models, CSF-1R inhibition strongly reduces F4/80(+) tumor-associated macrophages accompanied by an increase of the CD8(+)/CD4(+) T cell ratio. Administration of RG7155 to patients led to striking reductions of CSF-1R(+)CD163(+) macrophages in tumor tissues, which translated into clinical objective responses in diffuse-type giant cell tumor (Dt-GCT) patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic
- Cohort Studies
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/therapy
- Female
- Humans
- Macaca fascicularis
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Molecular
- Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola H Ries
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany.
| | - Michael A Cannarile
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Hoves
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Benz
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Small Molecule Research, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Wartha
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Valeria Runza
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Flora Rey-Giraud
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Leon P Pradel
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Irina Klaman
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Tobin Jones
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ute Jucknischke
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheiblich
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kaluza
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ingo H Gorr
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Antje Walz
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Keelara Abiraj
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Antonio Sica
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Carlos Gomez-Roca
- Department of Medicine, Institut Claudius Regaud, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Karin E de Visser
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine Italiano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Delord
- Department of Medicine, Institut Claudius Regaud, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Hyam Levitsky
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Yves Blay
- Department of Medicine, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Dominik Rüttinger
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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Abstract
Allostery is the most direct and efficient way for regulation of biological macromolecule function, ranging from the control of metabolic mechanisms to signal transduction pathways. Allosteric modulators target to allosteric sites, offering distinct advantages compared to orthosteric ligands that target to active sites, such as greater specificity, reduced side effects, and lower toxicity. Allosteric modulators have therefore drawn increasing attention as potential therapeutic drugs in the design and development of new drugs. In recent years, advancements in our understanding of the fundamental principles underlying allostery, coupled with the exploitation of powerful techniques and methods in the field of allostery, provide unprecedented opportunities to discover allosteric proteins, detect and characterize allosteric sites, design and develop novel efficient allosteric drugs, and recapitulate the universal features of allosteric proteins and allosteric modulators. In the present review, we summarize the recent advances in the repertoire of allostery, with a particular focus on the aforementioned allosteric compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
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27
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Pridans C, Sauter KA, Baer K, Kissel H, Hume DA. CSF1R mutations in hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids are loss of function. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3013. [PMID: 24145216 PMCID: PMC3804858 DOI: 10.1038/srep03013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS) in humans is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by giant neuroaxonal swellings (spheroids) within the CNS white matter. Symptoms are variable and can include personality and behavioural changes. Patients with this disease have mutations in the protein kinase domain of the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) which is a tyrosine kinase receptor essential for microglia development. We investigated the effects of these mutations on Csf1r signalling using a factor dependent cell line. Corresponding mutant forms of murine Csf1r were expressed on the cell surface at normal levels, and bound CSF1, but were not able to sustain cell proliferation. Since Csf1r signaling requires receptor dimerization initiated by CSF1 binding, the data suggest a mechanism for phenotypic dominance of the mutant allele in HDLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Pridans
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kristin A. Sauter
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | | | - David A. Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
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Design and pharmacology of a highly specific dual FMS and KIT kinase inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5689-94. [PMID: 23493555 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219457110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and cancer, two therapeutic areas historically addressed by separate drug discovery efforts, are now coupled in treatment approaches by a growing understanding of the dynamic molecular dialogues between immune and cancer cells. Agents that target specific compartments of the immune system, therefore, not only bring new disease modifying modalities to inflammatory diseases, but also offer a new avenue to cancer therapy by disrupting immune components of the microenvironment that foster tumor growth, progression, immune evasion, and treatment resistance. McDonough feline sarcoma viral (v-fms) oncogene homolog (FMS) and v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KIT) are two hematopoietic cell surface receptors that regulate the development and function of macrophages and mast cells, respectively. We disclose a highly specific dual FMS and KIT kinase inhibitor developed from a multifaceted chemical scaffold. As expected, this inhibitor blocks the activation of macrophages, osteoclasts, and mast cells controlled by these two receptors. More importantly, the dual FMS and KIT inhibition profile has translated into a combination of benefits in preclinical disease models of inflammation and cancer.
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Verstraete K, Savvides SN. Extracellular assembly and activation principles of oncogenic class III receptor tyrosine kinases. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:753-66. [PMID: 23076159 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular signalling cascades initiated by class III receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK-IIIs) and their cytokine ligands contribute to haematopoiesis and mesenchymal tissue development. They are also implicated in a wide range of inflammatory disorders and cancers. Recent snapshots of RTK-III ectodomains in complex with cognate cytokines have revealed timely insights into the structural determinants of RTK-III activation, evolution and pathology. Importantly, candidate 'driver' and 'passenger' mutations that have been identified in RTK-IIIs can now be collectively mapped for the first time to structural scaffolds of the corresponding RTK-III ectodomains. Such insights will generate a renewed interest in dissecting the mechanistic effects of such mutations and their therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Verstraete
- Unit for Structural Biology, Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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