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Feng Z, Shen Y, Zheng C, Chen Q. CRISPR-Mediated Viral Gene Knockout to Investigate Viral Evasion of Antiviral Innate Immunity. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2854:41-50. [PMID: 39192117 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4108-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The innate immune system relies on a variety of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) as the first line of defense against pathogenic invasions. Viruses have evolved multiple strategies to evade the host immune system through coevolution with hosts. The CRISPR-Cas system is an adaptive immune system in bacteria or archaea that defends against viral reinvasion by targeting nucleic acids for cleavage. Based on the characteristics of Cas proteins and their variants, the CRISPR-Cas system has been developed into a versatile gene-editing tool capable of gene knockout or knock-in operations to achieve genetic variations in organisms. It is now widely used in the study of viral immune evasion mechanisms. This chapter will introduce the use of the CRISPR-Cas9 system for editing herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) genes to explore the mechanisms by which HSV-1 evades host innate immunity and the experimental procedures involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yangkun Shen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infection Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.
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2
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Rabaan AA, Al Fares MA, Almaghaslah M, Alpakistany T, Al Kaabi NA, Alshamrani SA, Alshehri AA, Almazni IA, Saif A, Hakami AR, Khamis F, Alfaresi M, Alsalem Z, Alsoliabi ZA, Al Amri KAS, Hassoueh AK, Mohapatra RK, Arteaga-Livias K, Alissa M. Application of CRISPR-Cas System to Mitigate Superbug Infections. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2404. [PMID: 37894063 PMCID: PMC10609045 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance in bacterial strains known as superbugs is estimated to cause fatal infections worldwide. Migration and urbanization have resulted in overcrowding and inadequate sanitation, contributing to a high risk of superbug infections within and between different communities. The CRISPR-Cas system, mainly type II, has been projected as a robust tool to precisely edit drug-resistant bacterial genomes to combat antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains effectively. To entirely opt for its potential, advanced development in the CRISPR-Cas system is needed to reduce toxicity and promote efficacy in gene-editing applications. This might involve base-editing techniques used to produce point mutations. These methods employ designed Cas9 variations, such as the adenine base editor (ABE) and the cytidine base editor (CBE), to directly edit single base pairs without causing DSBs. The CBE and ABE could change a target base pair into a different one (for example, G-C to A-T or C-G to A-T). In this review, we addressed the limitations of the CRISPR/Cas system and explored strategies for circumventing these limitations by applying diverse base-editing techniques. Furthermore, we also discussed recent research showcasing the ability of base editors to eliminate drug-resistant microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Mona A Al Fares
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manar Almaghaslah
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam 32245, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Alpakistany
- Bacteriology Department, Public Health Laboratory, Taif 26521, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal A Al Kaabi
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi Health Services Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi 51900, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saleh A Alshamrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Abdullah Almazni
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Saif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62223, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahim R Hakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62223, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faryal Khamis
- Infection Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Royal Hospital, Muscat 1331, Oman
| | - Mubarak Alfaresi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi 3740, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zainab Alsalem
- Department of Epidemic Diseases Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Amal K Hassoueh
- Pharmacy Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 7790, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjan K Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar 758002, India
| | - Kovy Arteaga-Livias
- Escuela de Medicina-Filial Ica, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Ica 11000, Peru
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán, Huanuco 10000, Peru
| | - Mohammed Alissa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Lu Z, Chen P, Xu Q, Li B, Jiang S, Jiang L, Zheng X. Constitutive and conditional gene knockout mice for the study of intervertebral disc degeneration: Current status, decision considerations, and future possibilities. JOR Spine 2023; 6:e1242. [PMID: 36994464 PMCID: PMC10041386 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been an increasing number of patients with degenerative disc diseases due to the aging population. In light of this, studies on the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration have become a hot topic, and gene knockout mice have become a valuable tool in this field of research. With the development of science and technology, constitutive gene knockout mice can be constructed using homologous recombination, zinc finger nuclease, transcription activator-like effector nuclease technology and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system, and conditional gene knockout mice can be constructed using the Cre/LoxP system. The gene-edited mice using these techniques have been widely used in the studies on disc degeneration. This paper reviews the development process and principles of these technologies, functions of the edited genes in disc degeneration, advantages, and disadvantages of different methods and possible targets of the specific Cre recombinase in intervertebral discs. Recommendations for the choice of suitable gene-edited model mice are presented. At the same time, possible technological improvements in the future are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze‐Yu Lu
- Spine CenterXinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Peng‐Bo Chen
- Spine CenterXinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Qing‐Yin Xu
- Spine CenterXinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Bo Li
- Spine CenterXinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Sheng‐Dan Jiang
- Spine CenterXinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Lei‐Sheng Jiang
- Spine CenterXinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xin‐Feng Zheng
- Spine CenterXinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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Feng Q, Wang D, Xue T, Lin C, Gao Y, Sun L, Jin Y, Liu D. The role of RNA modification in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:984453. [PMID: 36120301 PMCID: PMC9479111 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.984453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly mortal type of primary liver cancer. Abnormal epigenetic modifications are present in HCC, and RNA modification is dynamic and reversible and is a key post-transcriptional regulator. With the in-depth study of post-transcriptional modifications, RNA modifications are aberrantly expressed in human cancers. Moreover, the regulators of RNA modifications can be used as potential targets for cancer therapy. In RNA modifications, N6-methyladenosine (m6A), N7-methylguanosine (m7G), and 5-methylcytosine (m5C) and their regulators have important regulatory roles in HCC progression and represent potential novel biomarkers for the confirmation of diagnosis and treatment of HCC. This review focuses on RNA modifications in HCC and the roles and mechanisms of m6A, m7G, m5C, N1-methyladenosine (m1A), N3-methylcytosine (m3C), and pseudouridine (ψ) on its development and maintenance. The potential therapeutic strategies of RNA modifications are elaborated for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Feng
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyi Xue
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Lin
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jilin Business and Technology College, Changchun, China
| | - Yongjian Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liqun Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Dianfeng Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Dianfeng Liu,
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Han H, Xu M, Wen L, Chen J, Liu Q, Wang J, Li MD, Yang Z. Identification of a Novel Functional Non-synonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in Frizzled Class Receptor 6 Gene for Involvement in Depressive Symptoms. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:882396. [PMID: 35875672 PMCID: PMC9302575 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.882396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous susceptibility loci for depression have been identified in recent years, their biological function and molecular mechanism remain largely unknown. By using an exome-wide association study for depressive symptoms assessed by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) score, we discovered a novel missense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs61753730 (Q152E), located in the fourth exon of the frizzled class receptor 6 gene (FZD6), which is a potential causal variant and is significantly associated with the CES-D score. Computer-based in silico analysis revealed that the protein configuration and stability, as well as the secondary structure of FZD6 differed greatly between the wild-type (WT) and Q152E mutant. We further found that rs61753730 significantly affected the luciferase activity and expression of FZD6 in an allele-specific way. Finally, we generated Fzd6-knockin (Fzd6-KI) mice with rs61753730 mutation using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system and found that these mice presented greater immobility in the forced swimming test, less preference for sucrose in the sucrose preference test, as well as decreased center entries, center time, and distance traveled in the open filed test compared with WT mice after exposed to chronic social defeat stress. These results indicate the involvement of rs61753730 in depression. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that SNP rs61753730 is a novel functional variant and plays an important role in depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Han
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengxiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ju Wang
- Department of Medical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming D. Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ming D. Li,
| | - Zhongli Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhongli Yang,
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Liu T, Tang J, Li X, Lin Y, Yang Y, Ma K, Hui Z, Ma H, Qin Y, Lei H, Yang Y. The Key Network of mRNAs and miRNAs Regulated by HIF1A in Hypoxic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Front Genet 2022; 13:857507. [PMID: 35774500 PMCID: PMC9237512 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.857507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Hypoxia plays an essential role in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), whereas hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is the key transcription factor allowing HCC to survive hypoxia. The aim of this study was to define the essential mRNAs and miRNAs regulated by HIF1A and dissect their functions, interactions, and tumor-infiltrating immune cells in HCC.Methods: A human HCC cell line HepG2 was used as a cell model of HCC. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to knock out HIF1A in HepG2 cells, and RNA sequencing was utilized to characterize differentially expressed mRNAs and miRNAs in the HIF1A-knockout HepG2 cells; the identified candidates were then analyzed by GO annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment to study their function and establish a PPI network. Quantitative (q) PCR was used to verify if there were significant differences in the expression of mRNAs, and the association of the selected mRNAs expression with immune cell infiltration levels was further analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) pan-cancer data.Results: Using RNA-sequencing, we discovered that there were 1535 mRNAs differentially expressed (adjusted p < 0.05, |fold change|>1.5) in the HIF1A-knockout HepG2 cells, among which there were 644 mRNAs upregulated and 891 mRNAs downregulated. GO annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment showed that these mRNAs were involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, and HIF-1 signaling pathways. In addition, we found that there were 309 miRNAs differentially expressed (adjusted p < 0.05, |fold change|>1.5) in the HIF1A-knockout HepG2 cells, of which there were 213 miRNAs upregulated and 96 miRNAs downregulated. Our further analyses uncovered that these miRNA putative targets were involved in the hippo signaling pathway, axon guidance, and tight junction. Moreover, the construction and analysis of the PPI network showed that OASL, IL6, and TAF1 were recognized as hub genes with the highest connectivity degrees. Importantly, in the HIF1A-knockout HepG2 cells, our qRT-PCR data confirmed the selected mRNA changes revealed by RNA-sequencing, and with TCGA pan-cancer data, we revealed that the expressional levels of these three genes, LUM, SCOC, and CCL2, were associated with immune cell infiltration levels.Conclusion: The identified potential key network of mRNAs and miRNAs regulated by HIF1A in the HCC cells suggests a key role of HIF1A in the tumorigenesis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuma Yang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Hui
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanyan Qin
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hetian Lei
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Yanhui Yang, ; Hetian Lei,
| | - Yanhui Yang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Yanhui Yang, ; Hetian Lei,
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Wang Y, Cao L, Bi M, Wang S, Chen M, Chen X, Ying M, Huang L. Wobble Editing of Cre-box by Unspecific CRISPR/Cas9 Causes CCR Release and Phenotypic Changes in Bacillus pumilus. Front Chem 2021; 9:717609. [PMID: 34434920 PMCID: PMC8381255 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.717609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-associated Cas9 endonuclease (CRISPR/Cas9) systems are widely used to introduce precise mutations, such as knocking in/out at targeted genomic sites. Herein, we successfully disrupted the transcription of multiple genes in Bacillus pumilus LG3145 using a series of unspecific guide RNAs (gRNAs) and UgRNA:Cas9 system-assisted cre-box editing. The bases used as gRNAs shared 30–70% similarity with a consensus sequence, a cis-acting element (cre-box) mediating carbon catabolite repression (CCR) of many genes in Bacillus. This triggers trans-crRNA:Cas9 complex wobble cleavage up/downstream of cre sites in the promoters of multiple genes (up to 7), as confirmed by Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing (NGS). LG3145 displayed an obvious CCR release phenotype, including numerous secondary metabolites released into the culture broth, ∼ 1.67 g/L white flocculent protein, pigment overflow causing orange-coloured broth (absorbance = 309 nm), polysaccharide capsules appearing outside cells, improved sugar tolerance, and a two-fold increase in cell density. We assessed the relationship between carbon catabolite pathways and phenotype changes caused by unspecific UgRNA-directed cre site wobble editing. We propose a novel strategy for editing consensus targets at operator sequences that mediates transcriptional regulation in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxiang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Linfeng Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Meiying Bi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Sicheng Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Meiting Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Ying
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
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8
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Schibeci Natoli Scialli N, Colitti B, Bertolotti L, Pezzoni G, Martignani E, Melega M, Brocchi E, Rosati S. Genome editing of a hybridoma cell line via the CRISPR/Cas9 system: A new approach for constitutive high-level expression of heterologous proteins in eukaryotic system. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 238:110286. [PMID: 34171554 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The power of the CRISPR/Cas9 system has revolutionized genome editing in many fields of biology. These applications have expanded exponentially over recent years, including those regarding protein expression technologies. The CRISPR/Cas9 system avoids random integration of the gene of interest and due to this characteristic can be exploited to obtain a stable cell line for the high-yield expression of recombinant proteins. Here we propose a method to edit a hybridoma cell line for the constitutive expression of proteins of interest using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. First, with the scope of optimizing the method, we replaced part of the light chain of immunoglobulin with the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) gene, obtaining a precise knock-in in the hybridoma genome. We confirmed the expression and secretion of GFP into the culture medium via fluorimetric analysis, as well as correct genome editing by RNA sequencing. Then, using the same approach, we included the gene encoding a protein of diagnostic interest, the Bovine Herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein E, in the donor DNA. We obtained a stable clone able to secrete gE protein in fusion with GFP into the culture medium. This result was confirmed by ELISA and Western Blot analysis. This study confirms the suitability of this cell line for the production of proteins of diagnostic interest by stable gene expression in a mammalian system. These experiments will enable the technique to be developed from its proof of concept to more specific applications in the field of infectious disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Giulia Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 7, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenio Martignani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Maverick Melega
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 7, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
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9
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Yang L, Tang J, Ma X, Lin Y, Ma G, Shan M, Wang L, Yang Y. Progression and application of CRISPR-Cas genomic editors. Methods 2021; 194:65-74. [PMID: 33774156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Base editing technology is an efficient tool for genome editing, particularly in the correction of base mutations. Diverse base editing systems were developed according to the dCas9 or nCas9 linked with different deaminase or reverse transcriptase in the editors, including ABEs, CBEs, PEs and dual-functional of base editor (such as CGBE1, A&C-BEmax, ACBE, etc.). Currently, Base editing technology has been widely applied to various fields such as microorganisms, plants, animals and medicine for basic research and therapeutics. Here, we reviewed the advancement of base editing technology. We also discussed the application of base editors in different areas in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Basic Medical School, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Tang
- Basic Medical School, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Basic Medical School, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Basic Medical School, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guorong Ma
- Basic Medical School, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghai Shan
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Libin Wang
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanhui Yang
- Basic Medical School, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China.
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Abdullah, Jiang Z, Hong X, Zhang S, Yao R, Xiao Y. CRISPR base editing and prime editing: DSB and template-free editing systems for bacteria and plants. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2020; 5:277-292. [PMID: 32954022 PMCID: PMC7481536 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR associated) has been extensively exploited as a genetic tool for genome editing. The RNA guided Cas nucleases generate DNA double-strand break (DSB), triggering cellular repair systems mainly Non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ, imprecise repair) or Homology-directed repair (HDR, precise repair). However, DSB typically leads to unexpected DNA changes and lethality in some organisms. The establishment of bacteria and plants into major bio-production platforms require efficient and precise editing tools. Hence, in this review, we focus on the non-DSB and template-free genome editing, i.e., base editing (BE) and prime editing (PE) in bacteria and plants. We first highlight the development of base and prime editors and summarize their studies in bacteria and plants. We then discuss current and future applications of BE/PE in synthetic biology, crop improvement, evolutionary engineering, and metabolic engineering. Lastly, we critically consider the challenges and prospects of BE/PE in PAM specificity, editing efficiency, off-targeting, sequence specification, and editing window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhengzheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xulin Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ruilian Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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11
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Challenges of in vitro genome editing with CRISPR/Cas9 and possible solutions: A review. Gene 2020; 753:144813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Suzuki T, Tsukumo Y, Furihata C, Naito M, Kohara A. Preparation of the standard cell lines for reference mutations in cancer gene-panels by genome editing in HEK 293 T/17 cells. Genes Environ 2020; 42:8. [PMID: 32071619 PMCID: PMC7014756 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-020-0147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Next Generation Sequencer (NGS) is a powerful tool for a high-throughput sequencing of human genome. It is important to ensure reliability and sensitivity of the sequence data for a clinical use of the NGS. Various cancer-related gene panels such as Oncomine™ or NCC OncoPanel have been developed and used for clinical studies. Because these panels contain multiple genes, it is difficult to ensure the performance of mutation detection for every gene. In addition, various platforms of NGS are developed and their cross-platform validation has become necessity. In order to create mutant standards in a defined background, we have used CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing system in HEK 293 T/17 cells. RESULTS Cancer-related genes that are frequently used in NGS-based cancer panels were selected as the target genes. Target mutations were selected based on their frequency reported in database, and clinical significance and on the applicability of CRISPR/Cas9 by considering distance from PAM site, and off-targets. We have successfully generated 88 hetero- and homozygous mutant cell lines at the targeted sites of 36 genes representing a total of 125 mutations. CONCLUSIONS These knock-in HEK293T/17 cells can be used as the reference mutant standards with a steady and continuous supply for NGS-based cancer panel tests from the JCRB cell bank. In addition, these cell lines can provide a tool for the functional analysis of targeted mutations in cancer-related genes in the isogenic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501 Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tsukumo
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501 Japan
| | - Chie Furihata
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501 Japan
| | - Mikihiko Naito
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501 Japan
| | - Arihiro Kohara
- JCRB Cell Bank, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka, 567-0085 Japan
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13
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Espino-Saldaña AE, Rodríguez-Ortiz R, Pereida-Jaramillo E, Martínez-Torres A. Modeling Neuronal Diseases in Zebrafish in the Era of CRISPR. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:136-152. [PMID: 31573887 PMCID: PMC7324878 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191001145550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Danio rerio is a powerful experimental model for studies in genetics and development. Recently, CRISPR technology has been applied in this species to mimic various human diseases, including those affecting the nervous system. Zebrafish offer multiple experimental advantages: external embryogenesis, rapid development, transparent embryos, short life cycle, and basic neurobiological processes shared with humans. This animal model, together with the CRISPR system, emerging imaging technologies, and novel behavioral approaches, lay the basis for a prominent future in neuropathology and will undoubtedly accelerate our understanding of brain function and its disorders. OBJECTIVE Gather relevant findings from studies that have used CRISPR technologies in zebrafish to explore basic neuronal function and model human diseases. METHODS We systematically reviewed the most recent literature about CRISPR technology applications for understanding brain function and neurological disorders in D. rerio. We highlighted the key role of CRISPR in driving forward our understanding of particular topics in neuroscience. RESULTS We show specific advances in neurobiology when the CRISPR system has been applied in zebrafish and describe how CRISPR is accelerating our understanding of brain organization. CONCLUSION Today, CRISPR is the preferred method to modify genomes of practically any living organism. Despite the rapid development of CRISPR technologies to generate disease models in zebrafish, more efforts are needed to efficiently combine different disciplines to find the etiology and treatments for many brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Edith Espino-Saldaña
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro CP76230, México
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Roberto Rodríguez-Ortiz
- CONACYT - Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Querétaro, Qro., México
| | - Elizabeth Pereida-Jaramillo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro CP76230, México
| | - Ataúlfo Martínez-Torres
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro CP76230, México
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14
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15
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Sung HH, Choi KM, Jung YH, Cho EK. Study on the Fourth Industrial Revolution and Clinical Laboratory Science Techniques. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2019.51.3.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ho Sung
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Dongnam Health University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kwang-Mo Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - You Hyun Jung
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Dankook University College of Health Sciences, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Cho
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kyungwoon University, Gumi, Korea
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16
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Han H, Chen N, Huang X, Liu B, Tian J, Lei H. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ inactivation prevents vitreous-induced activation of AKT/MDM2/p53 and migration of retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15408-15417. [PMID: 31467081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of lipid kinases that play a critical role in transmitting signals from cell-surface molecules to intracellular protein effectors. Key PI3Ks include PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, and PI3Kδ, which are regulated by receptors. The signaling pathway comprising the PI3Ks, along with a Ser/Thr kinase (AKT), a proto-oncogene product (mouse double minute (MDM)2), and a tumor suppressor protein (p53), plays an essential role in experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), which is a fibrotic blinding eye disorder. However, which PI3K isoforms are involved in PVR is unknown. A major characteristic of PVR is the formation of epi (or sub)-retinal membranes that consist of extracellular matrix and cells, including retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, glial cells, and macrophages. RPE cells are considered key players in PVR pathogenesis. Using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analyses, we herein provide the evidence that PI3Kδ is highly expressed in human RPEs when it is primarily expressed in leukocytes. We also found that PI3Kδ inactivation through two approaches, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated depletion and a PI3Kδ-specific inhibitor (idelalisib), not only blocks vitreous-induced activation of AKT and MDM2 but also abrogates a vitreous-stimulated decrease in p53. Furthermore, we demonstrate that PI3Kδ inactivation prevents vitreous-induced proliferation, migration, and contraction of human RPEs. These results suggest that PI3Kδ may represent a potential therapeutic target for RPE-related eye diseases, including PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haote Han
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02114.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Center for Traditional Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Na Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02114.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xionggao Huang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02114.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02114.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jingkui Tian
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Center for Traditional Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Hetian Lei
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 .,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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17
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Wu N, Liu B, Du H, Zhao S, Li Y, Cheng X, Wang S, Lin J, Zhou J, Qiu G, Wu Z, Zhang J. The Progress of CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing in Generating Mouse/Zebrafish Models of Human Skeletal Diseases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:954-962. [PMID: 31360334 PMCID: PMC6639410 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors play a substantial role in the etiology of skeletal diseases, which involve 1) defects in skeletal development, including intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification; 2) defects in skeletal metabolism, including late bone growth and bone remodeling; 3) defects in early developmental processes related to skeletal diseases, such as neural crest cell (NCC) and cilia functions; 4) disturbance of the cellular signaling pathways which potentially affect bone growth. Efficient and high-throughput genetic methods have enabled the exploration and verification of disease-causing genes and variants. Animal models including mouse and zebrafish have been extensively used in functional mechanism studies of causal genes and variants. The conventional approaches of generating mutant animal models include spontaneous mutagenesis, random integration, and targeted integration via mouse embryonic stem cells. These approaches are costly and time-consuming. Recent development and application of gene-editing tools, especially the CRISPR/Cas9 system, has significantly accelerated the process of gene-editing in diverse organisms. Here we review both mice and zebrafish models of human skeletal diseases generated by CRISPR/Cas9 system, and their contributions to deciphering the underpins of disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
- Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Huakang Du
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yaqi Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shengru Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jiachen Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Junde Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | | | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
- Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Central Laboratory & Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
- Central Laboratory & Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
- Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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18
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Terraforming: synthetic biology's final frontier. Arch Microbiol 2019; 201:855-862. [PMID: 30929030 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic biology, the design and synthesis of synthetic biological systems from DNA to whole cells, has provided us with the ultimate tools for space exploration and colonisation. Herein, we explore some of the most significant advances and future prospects in the field of synthetic biology, in the context of astrobiology and terraforming.
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19
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Liu H, Wang L, Luo Y. Blossom of CRISPR technologies and applications in disease treatment. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2018; 3:217-228. [PMID: 30370342 PMCID: PMC6199817 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, the CRISPR-based bacterial antiviral defense systems have revolutionized the genome editing field. In addition to genome editing, CRISPR has been developed as a variety of tools for gene expression regulations, live cell chromatin imaging, base editing, epigenome editing, and nucleic acid detection. Moreover, in the context of further boosting the usability and feasibility of CRISPR systems, novel CRISPR systems and engineered CRISPR protein mutants have been explored and studied actively. With the flourish of CRISPR technologies, they have been applied in disease treatment recently, as in gene therapy, cell therapy, immunotherapy, and antimicrobial therapy. Here we present the developments of CRISPR technologies and describe the applications of these CRISPR-based technologies in disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yunzi Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
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