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Wang B, Liu J, Li T, Jin H, Zhang L. Asymmetric synthesis of ( R)-baclofen and (3 S,4 S)-tetflupyrolimet via "on water" organocatalytic addition reactions: a tip on catalyst screening. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1146-1151. [PMID: 38214555 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02009f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
This work demonstrates asymmetric synthesis of the GABA derivative (R)-baclofen and a new herbicidal mode-of-action inhibitor (3S,4S)-tetflupyrolimet featuring low loading (0.5 mol%) organocatalytic addition reactions of dithiomalonates to nitrostyrenes under "on water" conditions. Importantly, we observed that increasing the hydrophobicity of the catalyst does not guarantee improved catalytic performance under "on water" conditions and the trends in the catalytic efficiency of different HBD catalysts under "on water" conditions (with hydrophobic additives) align more closely with those observed in pure hydrophobic organic solvents. These findings propose a valuable tip for screening organocatalysts in developing asymmetric hydrogen-bonding catalysis under "on water" conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingfu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 110031, People's Republic of China.
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Development of Boron and Magnesium Resources and Fine Chemical Technology, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Green Functional Molecular Design and Development, Institute of Functional Molecules, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Development of Boron and Magnesium Resources and Fine Chemical Technology, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Green Functional Molecular Design and Development, Institute of Functional Molecules, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianxing Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Development of Boron and Magnesium Resources and Fine Chemical Technology, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Green Functional Molecular Design and Development, Institute of Functional Molecules, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Jin
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Development of Boron and Magnesium Resources and Fine Chemical Technology, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Green Functional Molecular Design and Development, Institute of Functional Molecules, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lixin Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 110031, People's Republic of China.
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Development of Boron and Magnesium Resources and Fine Chemical Technology, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Green Functional Molecular Design and Development, Institute of Functional Molecules, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Yoon M, Lim DW, Jung J, Jung YS, Lee C, Um MY. Aralia continentalis Root Enhances Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep by Activating GABA A Receptors. Nutrients 2023; 15:5020. [PMID: 38140279 PMCID: PMC10745546 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aralia continentalis exhibits various biological activities; however, their sleep-promoting effects have not been previously reported. In this study, we evaluated the hypnotic effects and sleep-wake profiles of A. continentalis root (KS-126) using a pentobarbital-induced sleep-acceleration test and polysomnographic recordings. Additionally, we investigated the molecular mechanism of KS-126 through patch-clamp electrophysiology. Our polysomnographic recordings revealed that KS-126 not only accelerated the onset of non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) but also extends its duration. Considering the temporal dynamics of the sleep-wake stages, during the initial and subsequent periods KS-126 extended NREMS duration and decreased wakefulness, thereby enhancing sleep-promoting effects. Furthermore, the assessment of sleep quality via analysis of electroencephalogram power density indicated that KS-126 did not significantly alter sleep intensity. Finally, we found that KS-126 enhanced GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic responses in primary hippocampal neurons, leading to an increase in the percentage of the GABA current. This effect was not affected by the selective benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil, but was entirely inhibited by the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline. In conclusion, KS-126 extends the duration of NREMS without altering its intensity by prolonging GABAergic synaptic transmission, which modulates GABAA receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseok Yoon
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.Y.); (D.W.L.); (J.J.); (Y.S.J.)
| | - Dong Wook Lim
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.Y.); (D.W.L.); (J.J.); (Y.S.J.)
| | - Jonghoon Jung
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.Y.); (D.W.L.); (J.J.); (Y.S.J.)
| | - Young Sung Jung
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.Y.); (D.W.L.); (J.J.); (Y.S.J.)
| | - Changho Lee
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.Y.); (D.W.L.); (J.J.); (Y.S.J.)
| | - Min Young Um
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.Y.); (D.W.L.); (J.J.); (Y.S.J.)
- Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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GABA A Receptor-Mediated Sleep-Promoting Effect of Saaz-Saphir Hops Mixture Containing Xanthohumol and Humulone. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237108. [PMID: 34885687 PMCID: PMC8659287 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hops contain flavonoids that have sedative and sleep-promoting activities such as α-acid, β-acid, and xanthohumol. In this study, the sleep-enhancing activity of a Saaz–Saphir hops mixture was measured. In the caffeine-induced insomnia model, the administration of a Saaz–Saphir mixture increased the sleep time compared to Saaz or Saphir administration alone, which was attributed to the increase in NREM sleep time by the δ-wave increase. Oral administration of the Saaz–Saphir mixture for 3 weeks increased the γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) content in the brain and increased the expression of the GABAA receptor. As the GABA antagonists picrotoxin and bicuculline showed a decrease in sleep activity, it was confirmed that the GABAA receptor was involved in the Saaz–Saphir mixture activity. In addition, the GABAA receptor antagonist also reduced the sleep activity induced by xanthohumol and humulone contained in the Saaz–Saphir mixture. Therefore, xanthohumol and humulone contained in the Saaz–Saphir mixture showed sleep-promoting activity mediated by the GABAA receptors. The mixture of the Saaz and Saphir hop varieties may thus help mitigate sleep disturbances compared to other hop varieties.
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Wu L, Wang L, Chen P, Guo Y, Liu G. Enantioselective Copper‐Catalyzed Radical Ring‐Opening Cyanation of Cyclopropanols and Cyclopropanone Acetals. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianqian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Pinghong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yin‐Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Guosheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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Hong BT, Cheng YSE, Cheng TJ, Fang JM. Boronate, trifluoroborate, sulfone, sulfinate and sulfonate congeners of oseltamivir carboxylic acid: Synthesis and anti-influenza activity. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 163:710-721. [PMID: 30576902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tamiflu readily undergoes endogenous hydrolysis to give oseltamivir carboxylic acid (OC) as the active anti-influenza agent to inhibit the viral neuraminidase (NA). GOC is derived from OC by replacing the 5-amino group with a guanidino group. In this study, OC and GOC congeners with the carboxylic acid bioisosteres of boronic acid, trifluoroborate, sulfone, sulfinic acid, sulfonic acid and sulfonate ester were first synthesized, starting with conversion of OC to a Barton ester, followed by halodecarboxylation to give the iodocyclohexene, which served as a pivotal intermediate for palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions with appropriate diboron and thiol reagents. The enzymatic and cell-based assays indicated that the GOC congeners consistently displayed better NA inhibition and anti-influenza activity than the corresponding OC congeners. The GOC sulfonic acid congener (7a) was the most potent anti-influenza agent, showing EC50 = 2.2 nM against the wild-type H1N1 virus, presumably because the sulfonic acid 7a was more lipophilic than GOC and exerted stronger interactions on the three arginine residues (R118, R292 and R371) in the NA active site. Although the trifluoroborates, sulfones and sulfonate esters did not have acidic proton, they still exhibited appreciable NA inhibitory activity, indicating that the polarized B-F and S→O bonds still made sufficient interactions with the tri-arginine motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Tao Hong
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | | | - Ting-Jen Cheng
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan; The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
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Insecticidal Activities of Chloramphenicol Derivatives Isolated from a Marine Alga-Derived Endophytic Fungus, Acremonium vitellinum, against the Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112995. [PMID: 30453532 PMCID: PMC6278348 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A great deal of attention has been focused on the secondary metabolites produced by marine endophytic fungi, which can be better alternatives to chemicals, such as biopesticides, for control of polyphagous pests. On the basis of its novel biocontrol attributes, chemical investigation of a marine alga-derived endophytic fungus, Acremonium vitellinum, resulted in the isolation of three chloramphenicol derivatives (compounds 1–3). Their chemical structures were elucidated by detailed analysis of their nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and by comparison with the data available in the literature. In this paper, compound 2 was firstly reported as the natural origin of these fungal secondary metabolites. The insecticidal activities of compounds 1–3 against the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, were evaluated. The natural compound 2 presented considerable activity against H. armigera, with an LC50 value of 0.56 ± 0.03 mg/mL (compared to matrine with an LC50 value of 0.24 ± 0.01 mg/mL). Transcriptome sequencing was used to evaluate the molecular mechanism of the insecticidal activities. The results presented in this study should be useful for developing compound 2 as a novel, ecofriendly and safe biopesticide.
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Zhong Y, Hong S, Cai Z, Ma S, Jiang X. Direct β-selectivity of α,β-unsaturated γ-butyrolactam for asymmetric conjugate additions in an organocatalytic manner. RSC Adv 2018; 8:28874-28878. [PMID: 35548007 PMCID: PMC9084493 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05264f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-selective asymmetric addition of γ-butyrolactam with cyclic imino esters catalyzed by a bifunctional chiral tertiary amine has been developed, which provides an efficient access to optically active β-position functionalized pyrrolidin-2-one derivatives in both high yield and enantioselectivity (up to 78% yield and 95 : 5 er). This is the first catalytic method to access chiral β-functionalized pyrrolidin-2-one via a direct organocatalytic approach. The asymmetric addition of γ-butyrolactam with cyclic imino esters catalyzed by (DHQD)2AQN has been developed, which provides an access to β-position functionalized pyrrolidin-2-one derivatives in high levels yield and enantioselectivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province
| | - Sihua Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Zhengjun Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Shixiong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Xianxing Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
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8
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Hatano M, Yamakawa K, Ishihara K. Enantioselective Conjugate Hydrocyanation of α,β-Unsaturated N-Acylpyrroles Catalyzed by Chiral Lithium(I) Phosphoryl Phenoxide. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b02551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Hatano
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho,
Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Katsuya Yamakawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho,
Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho,
Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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9
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Yan LJ, Wang HF, Chen WX, Tao Y, Jin KJ, Chen FE. Development of Bifunctional Thiourea Organocatalysts Derived from a Chloramphenicol Base Scaffold and their Use in the Enantioselective Alcoholysis ofmesoCyclic Anhydrides. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Jie Yan
- Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P.R. China
| | - Hai-Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P.R. China
| | - Wen-Xue Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P.R. China
| | - Yuan Tao
- Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P.R. China
| | - Kai-Jun Jin
- Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P.R. China
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P.R. China
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10
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Enantioselective addition of aryl ketones and acetone to nitroalkenes organocatalyzed by carbamate-monoprotected cyclohexa-1,2-diamines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Bolton MM, Heaney CF, Murtishaw AS, Sabbagh JJ, Magcalas CM, Kinney JW. Postnatal alterations in GABA
B
receptor tone produce sensorimotor gating deficits and protein level differences in adulthood. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 41:17-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monica M. Bolton
- Behavioral Neuroscience LaboratoryDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of NevadaLas VegasUnited States
| | - Chelcie F. Heaney
- Behavioral Neuroscience LaboratoryDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of NevadaLas VegasUnited States
| | - Andrew S. Murtishaw
- Behavioral Neuroscience LaboratoryDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of NevadaLas VegasUnited States
| | - Jonathan J. Sabbagh
- Behavioral Neuroscience LaboratoryDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of NevadaLas VegasUnited States
| | - Christy M. Magcalas
- Behavioral Neuroscience LaboratoryDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of NevadaLas VegasUnited States
| | - Jefferson W. Kinney
- Behavioral Neuroscience LaboratoryDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of NevadaLas VegasUnited States
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12
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Therapeutic potential of GABA(B) receptor ligands in drug addiction, anxiety, depression and other CNS disorders. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 110:174-84. [PMID: 23872369 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter systems, respectively in the central nervous system (CNS). Dysregulation, in any of these or both, has been implicated in various CNS disorders. GABA acts via ionotropic (GABA(A) and GABA(C) receptor) and metabotropic (GABA(B)) receptor. Dysregulation of GABAergic signaling and alteration in GABA(B) receptor expression has been implicated in various CNS disorders. Clinically, baclofen-a GABA(B) receptor agonist is available for the treatment of spasticity, dystonia etc., associated with various neurological disorders. Moreover, GABAB receptor ligands has also been suggested to be beneficial in various neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. The present review is aimed to discuss the role of GABA(B) receptors and the possible outcomes of GABA(B) receptor modulation in CNS disorders.
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Abstract
The carboxylic acid functional group can be an important constituent of a pharmacophore, however, the presence of this moiety can also be responsible for significant drawbacks, including metabolic instability, toxicity, as well as limited passive diffusion across biological membranes. To avoid some of these shortcomings while retaining the desired attributes of the carboxylic acid moiety, medicinal chemists often investigate the use of carboxylic acid (bio)isosteres. The same type of strategy can also be effective for a variety other purposes, for example, to increase the selectivity of a biologically active compound or to create new intellectual property. Several carboxylic acid isosteres have been reported, however, the outcome of any isosteric replacement cannot be readily predicted as this strategy is generally found to be dependent upon the particular context (i.e., the characteristic properties of the drug and the drug-target). As a result, screening of a panel of isosteres is typically required. In this context, the discovery and development of novel carboxylic acid surrogates that could complement the existing palette of isosteres remains an important area of research. The goal of this Minireview is to provide an overview of the most commonly employed carboxylic acid (bio)isosteres and to present representative examples demonstrating the use and utility of each isostere in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ballatore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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14
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A computational study on conformational geometries, chemical reactivity and inhibitor property of an alkaloid bicuculline with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by DFT. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Biscinchona alkaloids as highly efficient bifunctional organocatalysts for the asymmetric conjugate addition of malonates to nitroalkenes at ambient temperature. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Shao C, Yu HJ, Wu NY, Tian P, Wang R, Feng CG, Lin GQ. Asymmetric Synthesis of β-Substituted γ-Lactams via Rhodium/Diene-Catalyzed 1,4-Additions: Application to the Synthesis of (R)-Baclofen and (R)-Rolipram. Org Lett 2011; 13:788-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ol103054a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Shao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China, and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong-Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China, and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Nuo-Yi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China, and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China, and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China, and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chen-Guo Feng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China, and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China, and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Abstract
Neurosteroids represent a class of endogenous steroids that are synthesized in the brain, the adrenals, and the gonads and have potent and selective effects on the GABAA-receptor. 3α-hydroxy A-ring reduced metabolites of progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, and testosterone are positive modulators of GABA(A)-receptor in a non-genomic manner. Allopregnanolone (3α-OH-5α-pregnan-20-one), 5α-androstane-3α, 17α-diol (Adiol), and 3α5α-tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (3α5α-THDOC) enhance the GABA-mediated Cl(-) currents acting on a site (or sites) distinct from the GABA, benzodiazepine, barbiturate, and picrotoxin binding sites. 3α5α-P and 3α5α-THDOC potentiate synaptic GABA(A)-receptor function and activate δ-subunit containing extrasynaptic receptors that mediate tonic currents. On the contrary, 3β-OH pregnane steroids and pregnenolone sulfate (PS) are GABA(A)-receptor antagonists and induce activation-dependent inhibition of the receptor. The activities of neurosteroid are dependent on brain regions and types of neurons. In addition to the slow genomic action of the parent steroids, the non-genomic, and rapid actions of neurosteroids play a significant role in the GABA(A)-receptor function and shift in mood and memory function. This review describes molecular mechanisms underlying neurosteroid action on the GABA(A)-receptor, mood changes, and cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingde Wang
- Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Mingde Wang, Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden. e-mail:
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Cryan JF, Slattery DA. GABAB Receptors and Depression: Current Status. GABABRECEPTOR PHARMACOLOGY - A TRIBUTE TO NORMAN BOWERY 2010; 58:427-51. [DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(10)58016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Ji L, Ma Y, Li J, Zhang L, Zhang L. An efficient synthesis of (R)- and (S)-baclofen via desymmetrization. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-5,6-dihydro-1,3-oxazepin-7(4H)-one derivatives as lipophilic cyclic analogues of baclofen: Design, synthesis, and neuropharmacological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:7983-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Zarghi A, Hajimahdi Z, Mohebbi S, Rashidi H, Mozaffari S, Sarraf S, Faizi M, Tabatabaee SA, Shafiee A. Design and Synthesis of New 2-Substituted-5-[2-(2-halobenzyloxy)phenyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazoles as Anticonvulsant Agents. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008; 56:509-12. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.56.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
| | - Zahra Hajimahdi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
| | - Shohreh Mohebbi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
| | - Hootesa Rashidi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
| | - Sasan Mozaffari
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
| | - Sahar Sarraf
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
| | - Mehrdad Faizi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
| | | | - Abbas Shafiee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
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Slattery DA, Cryan JF. The role of GABAB receptors in depression and antidepressant-related behavioural responses. Drug Dev Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Cryan JF, Kaupmann K. Don't worry 'B' happy!: a role for GABA(B) receptors in anxiety and depression. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2005; 26:36-43. [PMID: 15629203 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2004.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, regulates many physiological and psychological processes. Thus, dysfunction of the GABA system is implicated in the pathophysiology of several neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression. However, the role of GABA(B) receptors in behavioural processes related to these disorders has not been resolved. GABA(B) receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors that function as heterodimers of GABA(B(1)) and GABA(B(2)) subunits. In addition to highly selective agonists and antagonists, novel GABA(B) receptor tools have been developed recently to further assist elucidation of the role of GABA(B) receptors in CNS function. These include mice that lack functional GABA(B) receptors, and novel positive modulators of the GABA(B) receptor. In this review, we discuss evidence that points to a role of GABA(B) receptors in anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Cryan
- Neuroscience Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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Zarghi A, Faizi M, Shafaghi B, Ahadian A, Khojastehpoor HR, Zanganeh V, Tabatabai SA, Shafiee A. Design and synthesis of new 2-substituted-5-(2-benzylthiophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles as benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3126-9. [PMID: 15876530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2005] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of new 2-substituted-5-(2-benzylthiophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles was designed and synthesized as anticonvulsant agents. Conformational analysis and superimposition of energy minima conformers of the designed molecules on estazolam, a known benzodiazepine receptor agonist, revealed that the main proposed benzodiazepine pharmacophores were well matched. Electroshock and pentylenetetrazole-induced lethal convulsion tests showed that the introduction of an amino group in position 2 of 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring and a fluoro substituent at para position of benzylthio moiety had the best anticonvulsant activity. It seems this effect is mediated through benzodiazepine receptors mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6153, Iran.
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Zarghi A, Tabatabai SA, Faizi M, Ahadian A, Navabi P, Zanganeh V, Shafiee A. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of new 2-substituted-5-(2-benzyloxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1863-5. [PMID: 15780622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of new 2-substituted-5-(2-benzyloxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles have been synthesized and evaluated as anticonvulsant agents. Compound 4b shows considerable anticonvulsant activity both in PTZ and MES models. It seems this effect is mediated through benzodiazepine receptors mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141556153, Iran.
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28
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Li SP, Kim JH, Park MS, Bahk JY, Chung BC, Kim MO. Ethanol modulates the expression of GABAB receptor mRNAs in the prenatal rat brain in an age and area dependent manner. Neuroscience 2005; 134:857-66. [PMID: 16054771 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Revised: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal ethanol exposure has various deleterious effects on neuronal development. As GABA(B) receptor is known to play an important role during the development of the CNS, we now focused on its mRNA expression pattern in the rat brain during the late gestational days (GD) from 15.5 to GD 21.5. Ethanol's effect was also observed from GD 11.5 to GD 21.5. GABA(B1) receptor mRNA showed a high expression level in GD 15.5 and 19.5, while GABA(B2) receptor mRNA did in GD 15.5 and 21.5. The mRNAs levels depended on age and area during development. Ethanol exposure decreased GABA(B1) receptor from GD 11.5 to GD 19.5 with slight increases in GD 21.5. The decreasing effects were area dependent, with the highest effects in the forebrain including cortex, whereas slight effects were observed in the midbrain and hindbrain. The present results suggest an important role of GABA(B) receptor in the effects of ethanol on prenatal brain developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Li
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences and Applied Life Science (Brain Korea 21), Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongnam, Chinju, 660-701, South Korea
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Rout UK. Alcohol, GABA receptors, and neurodevelopmental disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2005; 71:217-37. [PMID: 16512353 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(05)71010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwal K Rout
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Research Laboratories University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216, USA
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Campagna F, Palluotto F, Carotti A, Maciocco E. Synthesis, central and peripheral benzodiazepine receptor affinity of pyrazole and pyrazole-containing polycyclic derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:849-56. [PMID: 15544788 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of new pyrazole-condensed 6,5,5 tricyclic compounds were synthesized and tested to evaluate their binding affinities at both central (CBR) and peripheral (PBR) benzodiazepine receptors. Some 1-aryl-5-phenylpyrazole derivatives were also prepared and tested for comparison with their corresponding rigid tricyclic analogs. Among the newly synthesized 1-aryl-1,4-dihydro-indeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles bearing both an ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a carbonyl function at the position 4, compound 4b emerged as a new potent (IC(50) = 26.4 nM) and selective CBR ligand. The 4-oxo-1-aryl-1,4-dihydro-indeno[1,2-c]pyrazole diethylamide derivative 14a was instead identified as a relatively potent (IC(50) = 124 nM) but highly selective PBR ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Campagna
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università di Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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31
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Chang MY, Sun PP, Chen ST, Chang NC. A facile synthesis of 3-aryl pyroglutamic acid. Facile synthesis of baclofen and chlorpheg. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)01278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Campagna F, Palluotto F, Mascia MP, Maciocco E, Marra C, Carotti A, Carrieri A. Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyridazino[4,3-b]indoles and indeno[1,2-c]pyridazines as new ligands of central and peripheral benzodiazepine receptors. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2003; 58:129-40. [PMID: 12581779 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(02)00017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A large number of pyridazino[4,3-b]indoles and indeno[1,2-c]pyridazines were synthesised and tested to evaluate their binding affinities at both central (CBR) and peripheral (PBR) benzodiazepine receptors. Relatively good PBR binding affinities were found for ligands belonging to the 3-arylmethyloxy-pyridazinoindole series, whereas only 2-aryl-indenopyridazines 7a, 8a and 10a display a weak binding affinity for CBR. To find out the main structural determinants affecting PBR affinity, a molecular modelling study based on the comparative analysis of the three-dimensional properties of four properly selected derivatives 24a, 3b, 18a and 10d, with those of highly active and selective PBR ligands, taken as reference, was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Campagna
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università di Bari, via E Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Gálvez-Ruano E, Iriepa I, Morreale A, Boyd DB. Superimposition-based protocol as a tool for determining bioactive conformations. II. Application to the GABA(A) receptor. J Mol Graph Model 2002; 20:183-97. [PMID: 11775004 DOI: 10.1016/s1093-3263(01)00116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The natural templates (NT) superimposition method is used to determine the pharmacophoric requirements of the A subtype of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor. Bioactive conformations for antagonists and agonists are found by superimposing them on a relatively rigid alkaloid bicuculline, which itself is a competitive antagonist at this ligand-gated ion channel receptor. As has been usual in the application of this modeling method, consideration of available experimental data is the cornerstone for obtaining realistic models. The identification of two substructural fragments of bicuculline permitted classification of the ligands. Analysis of the antagonists and agonists with respect to the two substructural fragments revealed two bioactive conformations of the highly flexible GABA molecule, one of which is extended with the nonhydrogenic atoms roughly coplanar torsional angles of -37 and -179 degrees at N-C-C-C and C-C-C-C (carboxyl), respectively. The second bioactive compound is clearly non planar (torsional angles of -81 and -109 degrees at N-C-C-C and C-C-C-C (carboxyl), respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gálvez-Ruano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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34
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Structural study of some (±) 3-acyloxy-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-3-carboxylic acid hydrochlorides. J Mol Struct 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(00)00819-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Savini L, Chiasserini L, Pellerano C, Biggio G, Maciocco E, Serra M, Cinone N, Carrieri A, Altomare C, Carotti A. High affinity central benzodiazepine receptor ligands. Part 2: quantitative structure-activity relationships and comparative molecular field analysis of pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3-ones. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:431-44. [PMID: 11249135 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A large series of 2-aryl(heteroaryl)-2,5-dihydropyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3(3H)-ones (PQ, 106 compounds), carrying appropriate substituents at the quinoline and N2-phenyl rings, were designed, prepared and tested as central benzodiazepine receptor ligands. Compounds with an affinity significantly higher than the parent compound CGS-8216 were obtained, the most active ligand showing a pIC50 = 10.35. Hansch and comparative molecular field analyses gave coherent results suggesting the main structural requirements of high receptor binding affinity. The possible formation of a three-centred hydrogen bond (HB) at the HB donor site H2, as a key interaction for high receptor binding affinity, was assessed by the calculation and comparison of the molecular electrostatic potentials of a series of selected ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Savini
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico, Università degli Studi, Bari, Italy
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36
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Margineanu DG, Wülfert E. Differential paired-pulse effects of gabazine and bicuculline in rat hippocampal CA3 area. Brain Res Bull 2000; 51:69-74. [PMID: 10654583 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Field potentials were evoked in hippocampal area CA3 of anaesthetised rats by commissural stimulation, in order to study the effect of the prototypic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A antagonists gabazine (SR-95531; GBZ) and bicuculline methiodide (BMI) on paired-pulse interaction. Prominent paired-pulse inhibition of the orthodromic population spike (PS2) was observed when the interpulse interval (IPI) was < or = 40 ms, while facilitation occurred at IPIs >100 ms. Paired-pulse facilitation was lost at 500 ms. The antidromic population spike (PS1) presented paired-pulse facilitation at low-IPI, which decayed exponentially at increasing IPI. When the recording micropipettes contained millimolar concentrations of either GBZ, or BMI, single stimuli evoked repetitive (epileptiform) orthodromic PS2, of higher amplitude, while the antidromic PS1 was only weakly influenced. BMI reduced, but GBZ enhanced the low-IPI paired-pulse inhibition of the orthodromic PS2. Furthermore, BMI blunted paired-pulse facilitation of the antidromic PS1 at low-IPI, while GBZ caused strong paired-pulse inhibition of PS1 at IPI < or = 60 ms. The differential effects of GBZ and BMI on paired-pulse interaction might reflect different mechanisms of action of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Margineanu
- UCB SA Pharma Sector, Research and Development, Chemin du Foriest, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium.
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Squires RF, Ai J, Witt MR, Kahnberg P, Saederup E, Sterner O, Nielsen M. Honokiol and magnolol increase the number of [3H] muscimol binding sites three-fold in rat forebrain membranes in vitro using a filtration assay, by allosterically increasing the affinities of low-affinity sites. Neurochem Res 1999; 24:1593-602. [PMID: 10591411 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021116502548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The bark of the root and stem of various Magnolia species has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat a variety of disorders including anxiety and nervous disturbances. The biphenolic compounds honokiol (H) and magnolol (M), the main components of the Chinese medicinal plant Magnolia officinalis, interact with GABA(A) receptors in rat brain in vitro. We compared the effects of H and M on [3H]muscimol (MUS) and [3H]flunitrazepam (FNM) binding using EDTA/water dialyzed rat brain membranes in a buffer containing 150 mM NaCl plus 5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5 as well as [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) in 200 mM KBr plus 5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5. H and M had similar enhancing effects on [3H]MUS as well as on [3H]FNM binding to rat brain membrane preparations, but H was 2.5 to 5.2 times more potent than M. 2. [3H]FNM binding. GABA alone almost doubled [3H]FNM binding with EC50 = 450 nM and 200 nM using forebrain and cerebellar membranes, respectively. In the presence of 5 microM H or M the EC50 values for GABA were decreased to 79 and 89 nM, respectively, using forebrain, and 39 and 78 nM, using cerebellar membranes. H and M potently enhanced the potentiating effect of 200 nM GABA on [3H]FNM binding with EC50 values of 0.61 microM and 1.6 microM using forebrain membranes, with maximal enhancements of 33 and 47%, respectively. Using cerebellar membranes, the corresponding values were 0.25 and 1.1 microM, and 22 and 34%. 3. [3H]MUS binding. H and M increased [3H]MUS binding to whole forebrain membranes about 3-fold with EC50 values of 6.0 and 15 microM. Using cerebellar membranes, H and M increased [3H]MUS binding approximately 68% with EC50 values of 2.3 and 12 microM, respectively. Scatchard analysis revealed that the enhancements of [3H]MUS binding were due primarily to increases in the number of binding sites (Bmax values) with no effect on the high affinity binding constants (Kd values). The enhancing effect of H and M were not additive. 4. [35S]TBPS binding. H and M displaced [35S]TBPS binding from sites on whole rat forebrain membranes with IC50 values of 7.8 and 6.0 microM, respectively. Using cerebellar membranes, the corresponding IC50 values were 5.3 and 4.8 microM. These inhibitory effects were reversed by the potent GABA(A) receptor blocker R5135 (10 nM), suggesting that H and M allosterically increase the affinity of GABA(A) receptors for GABA and MUS by binding to sites in GABA(A) receptor complexes. 5. Two monophenols, the anesthetic propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol, P) and the anti-inflammatory diflunisal (2',4'-difluoro-4-hydroxy-3-biphenyl carboxylic acid, D) also enhanced [3H]MUS binding, decreased the EC50 values for GABA in enhancing [3H]FNM binding and potentiated the enhancing effect of 200 nM GABA on [3H]FNM binding, although enhancements of [3H]MUS binding for these monophenols were smaller than those for H and M, using forebrain and cerebellar membranes. The enhancing effect of P and D on [3H]MUS binding were almost completely additive. 2,2'-biphenol was inactive on [3H]MUS and [3H]FNM binding. These, and other preliminary experiments, suggest that appropriate ortho (C2) and para (C4) substitution increases the GABA-potentiating activity of phenols. 6. The potentiation of GABAergic neurotransmission by H and M is probably involved in their previously reported anxiolytic and central depressant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Squires
- Center for Neurochemistry, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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Campagna F, Palluotto F, Carotti A, Casini G, Genchi G. Synthesis and structure-affinity relationships at the central benzodiazepine receptor of pyridazino[4,3-b]indoles and indeno[1,2-c]pyridazines. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:1533-8. [PMID: 10482445 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-aryl-3-chloro-2H-pyridazino[4,3-b]indoles, 2-aryl-3-methoxy-2H-pyridazino[4,3-b]indoles, and 2-aryl-2,5-dihydroindeno[1,2-c]pyridazino-3(3H)-ones has been prepared and tested for their ability to inhibit the [3H]flunitrazepam binding to the central benzodiazepine receptor. SAR are presented and discussed in comparison with existing pharmacophore models.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Campagna
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università di Bari, Italy.
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Bloomquist JR, Ferguson HJ, Cox ED, Reddy MS, Cook JM. Mode of action of β-carboline convulsants on the insect nervous system and their potential as insecticides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(199709)51:1<1::aid-ps586>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Aydar E, Beadle DJ. The pharmacological profile of GABA receptors on cultured insect neurones. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 45:213-219. [PMID: 12770368 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(98)00114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal cultures of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, were used to study the pharmacological profile of GABA receptors using the whole-cell-voltage clamp technique. The results indicated that insect GABA receptors are linked to a chloride channel that can be activated by both GABA(A) and GABA(C) receptor agonists. The receptors are blocked by GABA(A) chloride channel blockers and some insecticides but not by competitive GABA(A) receptor antagonists. The GABA(C) receptor competitive antagonists were either full or partial agonists of the cockroach GABA receptors. The receptors were modulated by the enantiomers of lindane. In conclusion, insect GABA receptors appear to have a distinct pharmacological profile that does not conform to either vertebrate GABA(A) or GABA(C) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Aydar
- School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
A microdissection technique was used to separate differentiated cortical plate (cp) cells from immature ventricular zone cells (vz) in the rat embryonic cortex. The cp population contained >85% neurons (TUJ1(+)), whereas the vz population contained approximately 60% precursors (nestin+ only). The chemotropic response of each population was analyzed in vitro, using an established microchemotaxis assay. Micromolar GABA (1-5 microM) stimulated the motility of cp neurons expressing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme in GABA synthesis. In contrast, femtomolar GABA (500 fM) directed a subset of GAD- vz neurons to migrate. Thus, the two GABA concentrations evoked the motility of phenotypically distinct populations derived from different anatomical regions. Pertussis toxin (PTX) blocked GABA-induced migration, indicating that chemotropic signals involve G-protein activation. Depolarization by micromolar muscimol, elevated [K+]o, or micromolar glutamate arrested migration to GABA or GABA mimetics, indicating that migration is inhibited in the presence of excitatory stimuli. These results suggest that GABA, a single ligand, can promote motility via G-protein activation and arrest attractant-induced migration via GABAA receptor-mediated depolarization.
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Abstract
Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ; 30 mg/kg, i.m.) produced an acute anxiogenic effect on the behaviour of a social colony of rhesus monkeys acclimatized to laboratory conditions. The animals exhibited hypervigilance, aggressiveness, tachypnea, piloerection and frequent change of posture and also had raised plasma cortisol levels. These effects of PTZ were antagonized by benzodiazepines (diazepam; 1 mg/kg, i.v. and alprazolam; 0.05 mg/kg, p.o.). Non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug (buspirone; 10 mg/kg, p.o.) blocked the behavioural effects but not the rise in plasma cortisol concentration. On the other hand, pretreatment with hypnosedative (promethazine; 5 mg/kg, i.m.) or anticonvulsant (sodium valproate; 40 mg/kg, p.o.) agents did not attenuate the effects of PTZ indicating the specificity of its anxiogenic response. The model, thus, seems suitable for evaluation of potential anxiolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Palit
- Department of Pharmacology, K.Gs Medical College, Lucknow, India
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Savini L, Massarelli P, Nencini C, Pellerano C, Biggio G, Maciocco A, Tuligi G, Carrieri A, Cinone N, Carotti A. High affinity central benzodiazepine receptor ligands: synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of a new series of pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3-ones. Bioorg Med Chem 1998; 6:389-99. [PMID: 9597183 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(97)10039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A large series of 2-aryl(heteroaryl)-2,5-dihydropyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin- 3-(3H)-ones, carrying appropriate substituents at the quinoline and N2-phenyl rings, were prepared and tested as central benzodiazepine receptor ligands. Results from structure-affinity relationship studies were in full agreement with previously proposed pharmacophore models and, in addition, quantitative structure-activity analysis gave further significant insight into the main molecular determinants of high benzodiazepine receptor affinity. The intrinsic activity of some active ligands was also determined and preliminary discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Savini
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi, Siena, Italy
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Anada M, Hashimoto SI. Enantioselective Synthesis of 4-Substituted 2-Pyrrolidinones by Site-selective C-H Insertion of α-Methoxycarbonyl-α-diazoacetanilides Catalyzed by Dirhodium(II) Tetrakis[N-phthaloyl-(S)-tert-leucinate]. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)10493-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Lin
- K and K Biosciences, Inc., Lexington, Kentucky 40502-3330, USA
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Coelho F, de Azevedo MBM, Boschiero R, Resende P. A Simple and Efficient New Approach to the Total Synthesis of (±)-4-Amino-3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-Butyric Acid (BACLOFEN). SYNTHETIC COMMUN 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919708004109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mazzini C, Lebreton J, Alphand V, Furstoss R. A chemoenzymatic strategy for the synthesis of enantiopure (R)-(−)-baclofen. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)00062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Palluotto F, Carotti A, Casini G, Campagna F, Genchi G, Rizzo M, De Sarro GB. Structure-activity relationships of 2-aryl-2,5-dihydropyridazino [4,3-b]indol-3(3H)-ones at the benzodiazepine receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 1996; 4:2091-104. [PMID: 9022974 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(96)00220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A large series of 2-aryl-2,5-dihydropyridazino[4,3-b]indol-3(3H)ones (PIs) carrying properly selected substituents at the indole and N2-phenyl rings was prepared and tested as central benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) ligands and potential (anti)convulsant agents. Stereoelectronic requirements for high receptor affinity were detected by means of 2-D and 3-D QSAR analyses. BZR affinities and pharmacological profiles of the compounds were examined in comparison with some other pyridazinoindolones recently described by us and with pyrazoloquinoline (PQ) analogues. An anticonvulsant activity greater than PQs was generally observed for PIs. Notably, in the test of audiogenically induced seizures, one compound showed a potency comparable to that of diazepam.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Palluotto
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università di Bari, Italy
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