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Bergman JEH, Barišić I, Addor MC, Braz P, Cavero-Carbonell C, Draper ES, Echevarría-González-de-Garibay LJ, Gatt M, Haeusler M, Khoshnood B, Klungsøyr K, Kurinczuk JJ, Latos-Bielenska A, Luyt K, Martin D, Mullaney C, Nelen V, Neville AJ, O'Mahony MT, Perthus I, Pierini A, Randrianaivo H, Rankin J, Rissmann A, Rouget F, Sayers G, Schaub B, Stevens S, Tucker D, Verellen-Dumoulin C, Wiesel A, Gerkes EH, Perraud A, Loane MA, Wellesley D, de Walle HEK. Amniotic band syndrome and limb body wall complex in Europe 1980-2019. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:995-1006. [PMID: 36584346 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Amniotic band syndrome (ABS) and limb body wall complex (LBWC) have an overlapping phenotype of multiple congenital anomalies and their etiology is unknown. We aimed to determine the prevalence of ABS and LBWC in Europe from 1980 to 2019 and to describe the spectrum of congenital anomalies. In addition, we investigated maternal age and multiple birth as possible risk factors for the occurrence of ABS and LBWC. We used data from the European surveillance of congenital anomalies (EUROCAT) network including data from 30 registries over 1980-2019. We included all pregnancy outcomes, including live births, stillbirths, and terminations of pregnancy for fetal anomalies. ABS and LBWC cases were extracted from the central EUROCAT database using coding information responses from the registries. In total, 866 ABS cases and 451 LBWC cases were included in this study. The mean prevalence was 0.53/10,000 births for ABS and 0.34/10,000 births for LBWC during the 40 years. Prevalence of both ABS and LBWC was lower in the 1980s and higher in the United Kingdom. Limb anomalies and neural tube defects were commonly seen in ABS, whereas in LBWC abdominal and thoracic wall defects and limb anomalies were most prevalent. Twinning was confirmed as a risk factor for both ABS and LBWC. This study includes the largest cohort of ABS and LBWC cases ever reported over a large time period using standardized EUROCAT data. Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and the phenotypic spectrum are described, and twinning is confirmed as a risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorieke E H Bergman
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg Barišić
- Children's Hospital Zagreb, Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, Medical School University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marie-Claude Addor
- Department of Woman-Mother-Child, University Medical Center CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paula Braz
- RENAC-Registo Nacional de Anomalias Congénitas, Epidemiology Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Clara Cavero-Carbonell
- Rare Diseases Research Unit, Foundation for the Promotion of the Research in Healthcare and Biomedicine, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Miriam Gatt
- Malta Congenital Anomalies Registry, Directorate for Health Information and Research, G'mangia, Malta
| | - Martin Haeusler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Babak Khoshnood
- Université de Paris Cité, Obstetrical Perinatal and Paediatric Epidemiology Research Team (EPOPé), CRESS, INSERM, INRA, Paris, France
| | - Kari Klungsøyr
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jennifer J Kurinczuk
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna Latos-Bielenska
- Polish Registry of Congenital Malformations, Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Karen Luyt
- South West Congenital Anomaly Register (SWCAR), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Carmel Mullaney
- Department of Public Health, HSE South East Area, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vera Nelen
- Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Amanda J Neville
- IMER Registry, Centre for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of Ferrara and Azienda Ospedaliero Universitario di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mary T O'Mahony
- Department of Public Health HSE-South, St Finbarr's Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Isabelle Perthus
- Auvergne Registry of Congenital Anomalies (CEMC-Auvergne), Department of Clinical Genetics, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anna Pierini
- Unit of Epidemiology of Rare Diseases and Congenital Anomalies, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Hanitra Randrianaivo
- Unit of Genetic Medical and Register of Congenital Malformations, CHU St Pierre La Reunion, Réunion, France
| | - Judith Rankin
- South West Congenital Anomaly Register (SWCAR), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anke Rissmann
- Malformation Monitoring Centre Saxony-Anhalt, Medical Faculty Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Florence Rouget
- Brittany Registry of Congenital Anomalies, CHU Rennes, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Gerardine Sayers
- National Health Intelligence Unit, R&D Health Service Executive, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bruno Schaub
- French West Indies Registry, Registre des Malformations des Antilles (REMALAN), Maison de la Femme de la Mère et de l'Enfant, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort-de-France, France
| | | | - David Tucker
- Congenital Anomaly Register & Information Service for Wales (CARIS), Public Health Wales, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Awi Wiesel
- Births Registry Mainz Model, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Erica H Gerkes
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annie Perraud
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Maria A Loane
- Faculty of Life & Health Sciences, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Diana Wellesley
- Faculty of Medicine and Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Hermien E K de Walle
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Luo X, Yang Z, Zeng J, Chen J, Chen N, Jiang X, Wei Q, Yi P, Xu J. Mutation of FLNA attenuating the migration of abdominal muscles contributed to Melnick-Needles syndrome (MNS) in a family with recurrent miscarriage. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2023; 11:e2145. [PMID: 36734119 PMCID: PMC10178794 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filamin A, encoded by the X-linked gene FLNA, links the cell membrane with the cytoskeleton and acts as a regulator of the actin cytoskeleton. Mutations in FLNA cause a large spectrum of congenital malformations during embryonic development, including Melnick-Needles syndrome (MNS). However, reports of MNS, especially in males, are rare, and the pathogenesis molecular mechanisms are not well understood. METHODS We found a family with two consecutive miscarriages of similar fetuses with multiple malformations. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and tissues, and whole exome sequencing was performed for genetic analysis. Then, we created a C57BL/6 mouse with a point mutation by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering. The migration of primary abdominal muscle cell was detected by wound healing assay. RESULTS The first fetus showed congenital hygroma colli and omphalocele identified by ultrasound at 12 wks; the second fetus showed hygroma colli and thoraco abdominoschisis at 12 wks, with a new hemizygous mutation c.4420G>A in exon 26 of the FLNA gene, which is predicted to cause an amino acid substitution (p.Asp1474Asn). The mother and grandmother were both present in the c.4420G>A heterozygous state, and the mother's healthy brother had wild-type FLNA. These FLNA-mutated mice exhibited a broader central gap between the rectus abdominis than the wild type (WT), similar to the midline structure dysplasia of the abdominal wall in the two fetuses. Wound healing assays showed the attenuated migration capacity of abdominal muscle cells in mice with mutated FLNA. Finally, we summarized the cases of MNS with FLNA mutation from the accessible published literature thus far. CONCLUSION Our research revealed a mutation site of the FLNA for MNS and explored the mechanism of midline structure dysplasia in the abdominal wall of male patients, which could provide more evidence for the clinical diagnosis and genetic counseling of families with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zailin Yang
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yubei District Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ningxuan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinlv Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Stevenson RE. Common pathogenesis for sirenomelia, OEIS complex, limb-body wall defect, and other malformations of caudal structures. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:1379-1387. [PMID: 33522143 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Decades of clinical, pathological, and epidemiological study and the recent application of advanced microarray and gene sequencing technologies have led to an understanding of the causes and pathogenesis of most recognized patterns of malformation. Still, there remain a number of patterns of malformation whose pathogenesis has not been established. Six such patterns of malformation are sirenomelia, VACTERL association, OEIS complex, limb-body wall defect (LBWD), urorectal septum malformation (URSM) sequence, and MURCS association, all of which predominantly affect caudal structures. On the basis of the overlap of the component malformations, the co-occurrence in individual fetuses, and the findings on fetal examination, a common pathogenesis is proposed for these patterns of malformation. The presence of a single artery in the umbilical cord provides a visible clue to the pathogenesis of all cases of sirenomelia and 30%-50% of cases of VACTERL association, OEIS complex, URSM sequence, and LBWD. The single artery is formed by a coalescence of arteries that supply the yolk sac, arises from the descending aorta high in the abdominal cavity, and redirects blood flow from the developing caudal structures of the embryo to the placenta. This phenomenon during embryogenesis is termed vitelline vascular steal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger E Stevenson
- Greenwood Genetic Center, J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
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Martín-Alguacil N. Anatomy-based diagnostic criteria for complex body wall anomalies (CBWA). Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1465. [PMID: 32856427 PMCID: PMC7549580 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precise diagnosis and classification of CBWA cases can be challenging. BSA are considered when there is a body wall anomaly, skeletal abnormalities, and the umbilical cord is anomalous, absent or rudimentary, and LBWC when there is a body wall and structural limb anomalies with or without craniofacial abnormalities. METHODS PubMed was searched for body stalk anomalies, limb body wall complex, body stalk anomalies and amniotic band syndrome, and limb body wall complex and amniotic band syndrome. Sixty nine articles were selected and reviewed. This article systematically classifies the variants of CBWA in 218 cases, the study is based on the embryological and anatomical criteria established by Martín-Alguacil and Avedillo to study BSA in the pig. RESULTS Eight different BSA presentation were defined. One hundred and eighty nine cases were classified as BSA, from which five were Type I, nine Type II, 20 Type III, 57 Type IV, 11Type V, 24 Type VI, 11 Type VII, and 52 Type VIII. Twenty six cases presented cranial phenotype, 114 abdominal phenotype, 42 cranio/abdominal overlapping phenotype, and five without defined phenotype. In addition, 52 BSA cases presented some kind of spinal dysraphism (SPDYS) and were classified as BSA/SPDYS, most of these cases did not show structural limb anomalies, except for three cases and were classified as LBWC/SPDYS. CONCLUSION This morphology-based classification represents a useful tool for clinical diagnosis, it helps to quantify and to evaluate CBWA in a precise, objective manner.
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Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics: Review of Novel Loci Associated with Disease. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40142-020-00182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to describe the imaging findings associated with complex fetal abdominal wall defects and provide an algorithmic method for arriving at a final diagnosis. CONCLUSION. Fetal ventral abdominal wall defects are a complex group of conditions with a broad spectrum of associated multisystem anomalies and manifestations. Correct characterization and classification of these defects require not only familiarity with imaging findings but also a systematic approach to avoid diagnostic confusion.
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Detection of hypomethylation of H19 in a pregnancy with limb-body wall complex. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 57:769-771. [PMID: 30342671 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Stokes B, Berger SI, Hall BA, Weiss K, Hadley DW, Murdock DR, Ramanathan S, Clark RD, Roessler E, Kruszka P, Muenke M. SIX3 deletions and incomplete penetrance in families affected by holoprosencephaly. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2018; 58:29-32. [PMID: 28670735 PMCID: PMC5750110 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is failure of the forebrain to divide completely during embryogenesis. Incomplete penetrance has not been reported previously in SIX3 whole gene deletions, which are known to cause HPE. Both chromosomal microarray and whole exome sequencing (WES) were used to evaluate families with inherited HPE. Two families showed inherited deletions that contain SIX3 and were incompletely penetrant for HPE. Using WES, we ruled out parental mosaicism, a SIX3 hypomorph, and clinically significant variants in genes that are known to interact with SIX3 as causes of incomplete penetrance. We demonstrate the importance of molecular cascade testing in families with HPE and we answer important questions about incomplete penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Stokes
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Seth I. Berger
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Beth A. Hall
- Minnesota Perinatal Physicians, Allina Health, Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Karin Weiss
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Donald W. Hadley
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David R. Murdock
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Subhadra Ramanathan
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda, California
| | - Robin D. Clark
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda, California
| | - Erich Roessler
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Kruszka P, Tanpaiboon P, Neas K, Crosby K, Berger SI, Martinez AF, Addissie YA, Pongprot Y, Sittiwangkul R, Silvilairat S, Makonkawkeyoon K, Yu L, Wynn J, Bennett JT, Mefford HC, Reynolds WT, Liu X, Mommersteeg MTM, Chung WK, Lo CW, Muenke M. Loss of function in ROBO1 is associated with tetralogy of Fallot and septal defects. J Med Genet 2017; 54:825-829. [PMID: 28592524 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a common birth defect affecting approximately 1% of newborns. Great progress has been made in elucidating the genetic aetiology of CHD with advances in genomic technology, which we leveraged in recovering a new pathway affecting heart development in humans previously known to affect heart development in an animal model. METHODS Four hundred and sixteen individuals from Thailand and the USA diagnosed with CHD and/or congenital diaphragmatic hernia were evaluated with chromosomal microarray and whole exome sequencing. The DECIPHER Consortium and medical literature were searched for additional patients. Murine hearts from ENU-induced mouse mutants and transgenic mice were evaluated using both episcopic confocal histopathology and troponin I stained sections. RESULTS Loss of function ROBO1 variants were identified in three families; each proband had a ventricular septal defect, and one proband had tetralogy of Fallot. Additionally, a microdeletion in an individual with CHD was found in the medical literature. Mouse models showed perturbation of the Slit-Robo signalling pathway, causing septation and outflow tract defects and craniofacial anomalies. Two probands had variable facial features consistent with the mouse model. CONCLUSION Our findings identify Slit-Robo as a significant pathway in human heart development and CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pranoot Tanpaiboon
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katherine Neas
- Genetic Health Service New Zealand (Central Hub), Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kathleen Crosby
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Seth I Berger
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ariel F Martinez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yonit A Addissie
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yupada Pongprot
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Chiangmai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Rekwan Sittiwangkul
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Chiangmai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Suchaya Silvilairat
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Chiangmai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Krit Makonkawkeyoon
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Chiangmai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Lan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julia Wynn
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - James T Bennett
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William T Reynolds
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Lazaroni TLDN, Cruzeiro PCF, Piçarro C, Victoria ÁM, Botelho Filho FM, Tatsuo ES, Miranda ME. Body stalk anomaly: Three months of survival. Case report and literature review. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY CASE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Panaitescu AM, Ushakov F, Kalaskar A, Pandya PP. Ultrasound Features and Management of Body Stalk Anomaly. Fetal Diagn Ther 2016; 40:285-290. [DOI: 10.1159/000444299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Medical genetics and genomic medicine in Rwanda.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Uwineza
- Center for Medical Genetics College of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Rwanda Huye Rwanda
| | - Leon Mutesa
- Center for Medical Genetics College of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Rwanda Huye Rwanda
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