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Kok M, Brodsky JL. The biogenesis of potassium transporters: implications of disease-associated mutations. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2024:1-45. [PMID: 38946646 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2024.2369986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The concentration of intracellular and extracellular potassium is tightly regulated due to the action of various ion transporters, channels, and pumps, which reside primarily in the kidney. Yet, potassium transporters and cotransporters play vital roles in all organs and cell types. Perhaps not surprisingly, defects in the biogenesis, function, and/or regulation of these proteins are linked to range of catastrophic human diseases, but to date, few drugs have been approved to treat these maladies. In this review, we discuss the structure, function, and activity of a group of potassium-chloride cotransporters, the KCCs, as well as the related sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporters, the NKCCs. Diseases associated with each of the four KCCs and two NKCCs are also discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on how these complex membrane proteins fold and mature in the endoplasmic reticulum, how non-native forms of the cotransporters are destroyed in the cell, and which cellular factors oversee their maturation and transport to the cell surface. When known, we also outline how the levels and activities of each cotransporter are regulated. Open questions in the field and avenues for future investigations are further outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Kok
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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2
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Hale AT, Boudreau H, Devulapalli R, Duy PQ, Atchley TJ, Dewan MC, Goolam M, Fieggen G, Spader HL, Smith AA, Blount JP, Johnston JM, Rocque BG, Rozzelle CJ, Chong Z, Strahle JM, Schiff SJ, Kahle KT. The genetic basis of hydrocephalus: genes, pathways, mechanisms, and global impact. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:24. [PMID: 38439105 PMCID: PMC10913327 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus (HC) is a heterogenous disease characterized by alterations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics that may cause increased intracranial pressure. HC is a component of a wide array of genetic syndromes as well as a secondary consequence of brain injury (intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), infection, etc.) that can present across the age spectrum, highlighting the phenotypic heterogeneity of the disease. Surgical treatments include ventricular shunting and endoscopic third ventriculostomy with or without choroid plexus cauterization, both of which are prone to failure, and no effective pharmacologic treatments for HC have been developed. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the genetic architecture and molecular pathogenesis of HC. Without this knowledge, the development of preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures is impeded. However, the genetics of HC is extraordinarily complex, based on studies of varying size, scope, and rigor. This review serves to provide a comprehensive overview of genes, pathways, mechanisms, and global impact of genetics contributing to all etiologies of HC in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Hale
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, FOT Suite 1060, 1720 2ndAve, Birmingham, AL, 35294, UK.
| | - Hunter Boudreau
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, FOT Suite 1060, 1720 2ndAve, Birmingham, AL, 35294, UK
| | - Rishi Devulapalli
- Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Travis J Atchley
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, FOT Suite 1060, 1720 2ndAve, Birmingham, AL, 35294, UK
| | - Michael C Dewan
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mubeen Goolam
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Graham Fieggen
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather L Spader
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anastasia A Smith
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Jeffrey P Blount
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - James M Johnston
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Brandon G Rocque
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Curtis J Rozzelle
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Zechen Chong
- Heflin Center for Genomics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Jennifer M Strahle
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven J Schiff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Zhang S, Meor Azlan NF, Josiah SS, Zhou J, Zhou X, Jie L, Zhang Y, Dai C, Liang D, Li P, Li Z, Wang Z, Wang Y, Ding K, Wang Y, Zhang J. The role of SLC12A family of cation-chloride cotransporters and drug discovery methodologies. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1471-1495. [PMID: 38223443 PMCID: PMC10785268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier family 12 (SLC12) of cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) comprises potassium chloride cotransporters (KCCs, e.g. KCC1, KCC2, KCC3, and KCC4)-mediated Cl- extrusion, and sodium potassium chloride cotransporters (N[K]CCs, NKCC1, NKCC2, and NCC)-mediated Cl- loading. The CCCs play vital roles in cell volume regulation and ion homeostasis. Gain-of-function or loss-of-function of these ion transporters can cause diseases in many tissues. In recent years, there have been considerable advances in our understanding of CCCs' control mechanisms in cell volume regulations, with many techniques developed in studying the functions and activities of CCCs. Classic approaches to directly measure CCC activity involve assays that measure the transport of potassium substitutes through the CCCs. These techniques include the ammonium pulse technique, radioactive or nonradioactive rubidium ion uptake-assay, and thallium ion-uptake assay. CCCs' activity can also be indirectly observed by measuring γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activity with patch-clamp electrophysiology and intracellular chloride concentration with sensitive microelectrodes, radiotracer 36Cl-, and fluorescent dyes. Other techniques include directly looking at kinase regulatory sites phosphorylation, flame photometry, 22Na+ uptake assay, structural biology, molecular modeling, and high-throughput drug screening. This review summarizes the role of CCCs in genetic disorders and cell volume regulation, current methods applied in studying CCCs biology, and compounds developed that directly or indirectly target the CCCs for disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Nur Farah Meor Azlan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Sunday Solomon Josiah
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Biological Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhou
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Lingjun Jie
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Cuilian Dai
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Dong Liang
- Aurora Discovery Inc., Foshan, Guangdong, 528300, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266021, China
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Biological Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Mustafa HJ, Sambatur EV, Barbera JP, Pagani G, Yaron Y, Baptiste CD, Wapner RJ, Khalil A. Diagnostic yield with exome sequencing in prenatal severe bilateral ventriculomegaly: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2023; 5:101048. [PMID: 37311485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2023.101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the incremental diagnostic yield of prenatal exome sequencing after negative chromosomal microarray analysis results in prenatally diagnosed bilateral severe ventriculomegaly or hydrocephalus; another objective was to categorize the associated genes and variants. DATA SOURCES A systematic search was performed to identify relevant studies published until June 2022 using 4 databases (Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and MEDLINE). STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies in English reporting on the diagnostic yield of exome sequencing following negative chromosomal microarray analysis results in cases of prenatally diagnosed bilateral severe ventriculomegaly were included. METHODS Authors of cohort studies were contacted for individual participant data, and 2 studies provided their extended cohort data. The incremental diagnostic yield of exome sequencing was assessed for pathogenic/likely pathogenic findings in cases of: (1) all severe ventriculomegaly; (2) isolated severe ventriculomegaly (as the only cranial anomaly); (3) severe ventriculomegaly with other cranial anomalies; and (4) nonisolated severe ventriculomegaly (with extracranial anomalies). To be able to identify all reported genetic associations, the systematic review portion was not limited to any minimal severe ventriculomegaly case numbers; however, for the synthetic meta-analysis, we included studies with ≥3 severe ventriculomegaly cases. Meta-analysis of proportions was done using a random-effects model. Quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the modified STARD (Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) criteria. RESULTS A total of 28 studies had 1988 prenatal exome sequencing analyses performed following negative chromosomal microarray analysis results for various prenatal phenotypes; this included 138 cases with prenatal bilateral severe ventriculomegaly. We categorized 59 genetic variants in 47 genes associated with prenatal severe ventriculomegaly along with their full phenotypic description. There were 13 studies reporting on ≥3 severe ventriculomegaly cases, encompassing 117 severe ventriculomegaly cases that were included in the synthetic analysis. Of all the included cases, 45% (95% confidence interval, 30-60) had positive pathogenic/likely pathogenic exome sequencing results. The highest yield was for nonisolated cases (presence of extracranial anomalies; 54%; 95% confidence interval, 38-69), followed by severe ventriculomegaly with other cranial anomalies (38%; 95% confidence interval, 22-57) and isolated severe ventriculomegaly (35%; 95% confidence interval, 18-58). CONCLUSION There is an apparent incremental diagnostic yield of prenatal exome sequencing following negative chromosomal microarray analysis results in bilateral severe ventriculomegaly. Although the greatest yield was found in cases of nonisolated severe ventriculomegaly, consideration should also be given to performing exome sequencing in cases of isolated severe ventriculomegaly as the only brain anomaly identified on prenatal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba J Mustafa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN (Dr Mustafa); Fetal Center at Riley Children's Health, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN (Dr Mustafa).
| | - Enaja V Sambatur
- Research Division, Houston Center for Maternal Fetal Medicine, Houston, TX (Ms Sambatur)
| | - Julie P Barbera
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (Ms Barbera)
| | - Giorgio Pagani
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (Dr Pagani)
| | - Yuval Yaron
- Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis Unit, Genetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Dr Yaron); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (Dr Yaron)
| | - Caitlin D Baptiste
- Division of Women's Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY (Drs Baptiste and Wapner)
| | - Ronald J Wapner
- Division of Women's Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY (Drs Baptiste and Wapner)
| | - Asma Khalil
- Fetal Medicine Unit, St George's Hospital, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom (Dr Khalil); Vascular Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom (Dr Khalil)
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5
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Naz N, Moshkdanian G, Miyan S, Eljabri S, James C, Miyan J. A Paternal Methylation Error in the Congenital Hydrocephalic Texas (H-Tx) Rat Is Partially Rescued with Natural Folate Supplements. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1638. [PMID: 36675153 PMCID: PMC9860872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Folate deficiencies, folate imbalance and associated abnormal methylation are associated with birth defects, developmental delays, neurological conditions and diseases. In the hydrocephalic Texas (H-Tx) rat, 10-formyl tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FDH) is reduced or absent from the CSF and the nuclei of cells in the brain and liver and this is correlated with decreased DNA methylation. In the present study, we tested whether impaired folate metabolism or methylation exists in sexually mature, unaffected H-Tx rats, which may explain the propagation of hydrocephalus in their offspring. We compared normal Sprague Dawley (SD, n = 6) rats with untreated H-Tx (uH-Tx, n = 6 and folate-treated H-Tx (TrH-Tx, n = 4). Structural abnormalities were observed in the testis of uH-Tx rats, with decreased methylation, increased demethylation, and cell death, particularly of sperm. FDH and FRα protein expression was increased in uH-Tx males but not in folate-treated males but tissue folate levels were unchanged. 5-Methylcytosine was significantly reduced in untreated and partially restored in treated individuals, while 5-hydroxymethylcytosine was not significantly changed. Similarly, a decrease in DNA-methyltransferase-1 expression in uH-Tx rats was partially reversed with treatment. The data expose a significant germline methylation error in unaffected adult male H-Tx rats from which hydrocephalic offspring are obtained. Reduced methylation in the testis and sperm was partially recovered by treatment with folate supplements leading us to conclude that this neurological disorder may not be completely eradicated by maternal supplementation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jaleel Miyan
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, 3.540 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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6
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Na L, Meijie Z, Wenjing Z, Bing Z, Yanhao D, Shanshan L, Yongle Q. HMG20A was identified as a key enhancer driver associated with DNA damage repair in oral squamous cell carcinomas. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:473. [PMID: 36335317 PMCID: PMC9636648 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the main type of oral cancer. Disturbing DNA repair is an invaluable way to improve the effectiveness of tumor treatment. Here, we aimed to explore the key enhancer drivers associated with DNA damage repair in OSCC cells. Methods Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) and Kaplan-Meier analysis were applied to explore the relationship among DNA repair-related genes expression and clinical phenotypes based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. HOMER software and Integrative Genomics Viewer were applied to identify and visualize enhancers using GSE120634. Toolkit for Cistrome Data Browser was applied to predict transcription factors. Human Protein Atlas Database was used to analyze the protein levels of transcription factors in OSCC and control tissues. Seventy-two OSCC patients were included in this study. qRT-PCR was used to detect transcription factor expression in OSCC and adjacent control tissues collected in this study. qRT-PCR and ChIP-qPCR were used to verify the binding of transcription factors to enhancers, and regulation of target genes transcription. Transcription factor knockdown and control cells were treated with cisplatin. CCK8 was used to detect cell viability and proliferation. Western blotting was implemented to detect the levels of DNA repair-related proteins. Transwell assay was used to detect cell invasion. Results DNA repair was positively associated with the OSCC metastatic phenotype. Patients in the cluster with high expression of DNA repair-related genes had a worse prognosis and a higher proportion of advanced stage, low-differentiation, alcohol consumption and smoking compared to the cluster with low DNA repair-related gene expression. Seventeen metastasis-specific enhancer-controlled upregulated DNA repair-related genes, with the top two upregulated genes being ADRM1 26 S proteasome ubiquitin receptor (ADRM1) and solute carrier family 12 member 7 (SLC12A7) were screened. High mobility group 20 A (HMG20A) was the key prognostic enhancer driver regulating metastasis-specific DNA repair-related genes, with higher expression in OSCC tissues than normal control tissues, and higher expression in metastatic OSCC tissues than non-metastatic OSCC tissues. HMG20A bound to the metastasis-specific enhancers of ADRM1 and SLC12A7, thereby promoting ADRM1 and SLC12A7 expression. Knockdown of HMG20A enhanced cisplatin sensitivity of cells, and inhibited OSCC cells from repairing DNA damage caused by cisplatin, as well as proliferation and invasion of OSCC cells. Conclusion HMG20A was identified as the key prognostic enhancer driver regulating DNA repair in OSCC cells, providing a new therapeutic target for OSCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-022-02500-y.
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7
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Allington G, Duy PQ, Ryou J, Singh A, Kiziltug E, Robert SM, Kundishora AJ, King S, Haider S, Kahle KT, Jin SC. Genomic approaches to improve the clinical diagnosis and management of patients with congenital hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2022; 29:168-177. [PMID: 34715668 DOI: 10.3171/2021.8.peds21368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hydrocephalus (CH), characterized by incomplete clearance of CSF and subsequent enlargement of brain ventricles, is the most common congenital brain disorder. The lack of curative strategies for CH reflects a poor understanding of the underlying pathogenesis. Herein, the authors present an overview of recent findings in the pathogenesis of CH from human genetic studies and discuss the implications of these findings for treatment of CH. Findings from these omics data have the potential to reclassify CH according to a molecular nomenclature that may increase precision for genetic counseling, outcome prognostication, and treatment stratification. Beyond the immediate patient benefits, genomic data may also inform future clinical trials and catalyze the development of nonsurgical, molecularly targeted therapies. Therefore, the authors advocate for further application of genomic sequencing in clinical practice by the neurosurgical community as a diagnostic adjunct in the evaluation and management of patients diagnosed with CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Allington
- 1Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Phan Q Duy
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jian Ryou
- 2Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Amrita Singh
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Emre Kiziltug
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stephanie M Robert
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Adam J Kundishora
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Spencer King
- 2Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Shozeb Haider
- 4School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- 5Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- 6Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- 7Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- 9Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
- 10Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- 2Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- 8Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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8
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The Important Role of Ion Transport System in Cervical Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010333. [PMID: 35008759 PMCID: PMC8745646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a significant gynecological cancer and causes cancer-related deaths worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is implicated in the etiology of cervical malignancy. However, much evidence indicates that HPV infection is a necessary but not sufficient cause in cervical carcinogenesis. Therefore, the cellular pathophysiology of cervical cancer is worthy of study. This review summarizes the recent findings concerning the ion transport processes involved in cell volume regulation and intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis of epithelial cells and how these transport systems are themselves regulated by the tumor microenvironment. For cell volume regulation, we focused on the volume-sensitive Cl− channels and K+-Cl− cotransporter (KCC) family, important regulators for ionic and osmotic homeostasis of epithelial cells. Regarding intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, the Ca2+ store sensor STIM molecules and plasma membrane Ca2+ channel Orai proteins, the predominant Ca2+ entry mechanism in epithelial cells, are discussed. Furthermore, we evaluate the potential of these membrane ion transport systems as diagnostic biomarkers and pharmacological interventions and highlight the challenges.
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9
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Kundishora AJ, Singh AK, Allington G, Duy PQ, Ryou J, Alper SL, Jin SC, Kahle KT. Genomics of human congenital hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:3325-3340. [PMID: 34232380 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hydrocephalus (CH), characterized by enlarged brain ventricles, is considered a disease of pathological cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulation and, therefore, treated largely by neurosurgical CSF diversion. The persistence of ventriculomegaly and poor neurodevelopmental outcomes in some post-surgical patients highlights our limited knowledge of disease mechanisms. Recent whole-exome sequencing (WES) studies have shown that rare, damaging de novo and inherited mutations with large effect contribute to ~ 25% of sporadic CH. Interestingly, multiple CH genes are key regulators of neural stem cell growth and differentiation and converge in human transcriptional networks and cell types pertinent to fetal neurogliogenesis. These data implicate genetic disruption of early brain development as the primary pathomechanism in a substantial minority of patients with sporadic CH, shedding new light on human brain development and the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus. These data further suggest WES as a clinical tool with potential to re-classify CH according to a molecular nomenclature of increased precision and utility for genetic counseling, outcome prognostication, and treatment stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Kundishora
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amrita K Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Garrett Allington
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jian Ryou
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Seth L Alper
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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10
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Portioli C, Ruiz Munevar MJ, De Vivo M, Cancedda L. Cation-coupled chloride cotransporters: chemical insights and disease implications. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 3:832-849. [PMID: 34604727 PMCID: PMC8461084 DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cation-coupled chloride cotransporters (CCCs) modulate the transport of sodium and/or potassium cations coupled with chloride anions across the cell membrane. CCCs thus help regulate intracellular ionic concentration and consequent cell volume homeostasis. This has been largely exploited in the past to develop diuretic drugs that act on CCCs expressed in the kidney. However, a growing wealth of evidence has demonstrated that CCCs are also critically involved in a great variety of other pathologies, motivating most recent drug discovery programs targeting CCCs. Here, we examine the structure–function relationship of CCCs. By linking recent high-resolution cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) data with older biochemical/functional studies on CCCs, we discuss the mechanistic insights and opportunities to design selective CCC modulators to treat diverse pathologies. The structural topology and function of all cation-coupled chloride cotransporters (CCCs) have been continuously investigated over the past 40 years, with great progress also thanks to the recent cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) resolution of the structures of five CCCs. In particular, such studies have clarified the structure–function relationship for the Na-K-Cl cotransporter NKCC1 and K-Cl cotransporters KCC1–4. The constantly growing evidence of the crucial involvement of CCCs in physiological and various pathological conditions, as well as the evidence of their wide expression in diverse body tissues, has promoted CCCs as targets for the discovery and development of new, safer, and more selective/effective drugs for a plethora of pathologies. Post-translational modification anchor points on the structure of CCCs may offer alternative strategies for small molecule drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Portioli
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy.,Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, IIT, Via Morego, 30 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Marco De Vivo
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, IIT, Via Morego, 30 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Cancedda
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Via Varese 16b, 00185 Rome, Italy
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11
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Ray S, Singhvi A. Charging Up the Periphery: Glial Ionic Regulation in Sensory Perception. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:687732. [PMID: 34458255 PMCID: PMC8385785 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.687732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) receives diverse sensory stimuli from the environment and transmits this information to the central nervous system (CNS) for subsequent processing. Thus, proper functions of cells in peripheral sense organs are a critical gate-keeper to generating appropriate animal sensory behaviors, and indeed their dysfunction tracks sensory deficits, sensorineural disorders, and aging. Like the CNS, the PNS comprises two major cell types, neurons (or sensory cells) and glia (or glia-like supporting neuroepithelial cells). One classic function of PNS glia is to modulate the ionic concentration around associated sensory cells. Here, we review current knowledge of how non-myelinating support cell glia of the PNS regulate the ionic milieu around sensory cell endings across species and systems. Molecular studies reviewed here suggest that, rather than being a passive homeostatic response, glial ionic regulation may in fact actively modulate sensory perception, implying that PNS glia may be active contributors to sensorineural information processing. This is reminiscent of emerging studies suggesting analogous roles for CNS glia in modulating neural circuit processing. We therefore suggest that deeper molecular mechanistic investigations into critical PNS glial functions like ionic regulation are essential to comprehensively understand sensorineural health, disease, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Ray
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Biological Structure, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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12
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Chi G, Ebenhoch R, Man H, Tang H, Tremblay LE, Reggiano G, Qiu X, Bohstedt T, Liko I, Almeida FG, Garneau AP, Wang D, McKinley G, Moreau CP, Bountra KD, Abrusci P, Mukhopadhyay SMM, Fernandez‐Cid A, Slimani S, Lavoie JL, Burgess‐Brown NA, Tehan B, DiMaio F, Jazayeri A, Isenring P, Robinson CV, Dürr KL. Phospho-regulation, nucleotide binding and ion access control in potassium-chloride cotransporters. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107294. [PMID: 34031912 PMCID: PMC8280820 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium-coupled chloride transporters (KCCs) play crucial roles in regulating cell volume and intracellular chloride concentration. They are characteristically inhibited under isotonic conditions via phospho-regulatory sites located within the cytoplasmic termini. Decreased inhibitory phosphorylation in response to hypotonic cell swelling stimulates transport activity, and dysfunction of this regulatory process has been associated with various human diseases. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of human KCC3b and KCC1, revealing structural determinants for phospho-regulation in both N- and C-termini. We show that phospho-mimetic KCC3b is arrested in an inward-facing state in which intracellular ion access is blocked by extensive contacts with the N-terminus. In another mutant with increased isotonic transport activity, KCC1Δ19, this interdomain interaction is absent, likely due to a unique phospho-regulatory site in the KCC1 N-terminus. Furthermore, we map additional phosphorylation sites as well as a previously unknown ATP/ADP-binding pocket in the large C-terminal domain and show enhanced thermal stabilization of other CCCs by adenine nucleotides. These findings provide fundamentally new insights into the complex regulation of KCCs and may unlock innovative strategies for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamma Chi
- Nuffield Department of MedicineCentre of Medicines DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Rebecca Ebenhoch
- Nuffield Department of MedicineCentre of Medicines DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Present address:
MedChem, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGBiberachGermany
| | - Henry Man
- Nuffield Department of MedicineCentre of Medicines DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Present address:
Exscientia LtdOxfordUK
| | - Haiping Tang
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Laurence E Tremblay
- Department of MedicineNephrology Research GroupFaculty of MedicineLaval UniversityQuebec CityQCCanada
| | | | - Xingyu Qiu
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Tina Bohstedt
- Nuffield Department of MedicineCentre of Medicines DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | | | - Alexandre P Garneau
- Department of MedicineNephrology Research GroupFaculty of MedicineLaval UniversityQuebec CityQCCanada
- Cardiometabolic Axis, School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity SciencesUniversity of MontréalMontréalQCCanada
| | - Dong Wang
- Nuffield Department of MedicineCentre of Medicines DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Gavin McKinley
- Nuffield Department of MedicineCentre of Medicines DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Christophe P Moreau
- Nuffield Department of MedicineCentre of Medicines DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Present address:
Celonic AGBaselGermany
| | | | - Patrizia Abrusci
- Nuffield Department of MedicineCentre of Medicines DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Present address:
Exscientia LtdOxfordUK
| | - Shubhashish M M Mukhopadhyay
- Nuffield Department of MedicineCentre of Medicines DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Alejandra Fernandez‐Cid
- Nuffield Department of MedicineCentre of Medicines DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Samira Slimani
- Department of MedicineNephrology Research GroupFaculty of MedicineLaval UniversityQuebec CityQCCanada
| | - Julie L Lavoie
- Cardiometabolic Axis, School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity SciencesUniversity of MontréalMontréalQCCanada
| | - Nicola A Burgess‐Brown
- Nuffield Department of MedicineCentre of Medicines DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Frank DiMaio
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - Paul Isenring
- Department of MedicineNephrology Research GroupFaculty of MedicineLaval UniversityQuebec CityQCCanada
| | - Carol V Robinson
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Katharina L Dürr
- Nuffield Department of MedicineCentre of Medicines DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- OMass Therapeutics, Ltd.OxfordUK
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13
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Virtanen MA, Uvarov P, Mavrovic M, Poncer JC, Kaila K. The Multifaceted Roles of KCC2 in Cortical Development. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:378-392. [PMID: 33640193 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
KCC2, best known as the neuron-specific chloride-extruder that sets the strength and polarity of GABAergic currents during neuronal maturation, is a multifunctional molecule that can regulate cytoskeletal dynamics via its C-terminal domain (CTD). We describe the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the multiple functions of KCC2 and its splice variants, ranging from developmental apoptosis and the control of early network events to the formation and plasticity of cortical dendritic spines. The versatility of KCC2 actions at the cellular and subcellular levels is also evident in mature neurons during plasticity, disease, and aging. Thus, KCC2 has emerged as one of the most important molecules that shape the overall neuronal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari A Virtanen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pavel Uvarov
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martina Mavrovic
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean Christophe Poncer
- INSERM, UMRS 1270, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Kai Kaila
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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14
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Josiah SS, Meor Azlan NF, Zhang J. Targeting the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 Pathway and Cation-Chloride Cotransporters for the Therapy of Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1232. [PMID: 33513812 PMCID: PMC7865768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the major culprits responsible for morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the currently available pharmacological strategies to combat this global disease are scanty. Cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) are expressed in several tissues (including neurons) and extensively contribute to the maintenance of numerous physiological functions including chloride homeostasis. Previous studies have implicated two CCCs, the Na+-K+-Cl- and K+-Cl- cotransporters (NKCCs and KCCs) in stroke episodes along with their upstream regulators, the with-no-lysine kinase (WNKs) family and STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine rich kinase (SPAK) or oxidative stress response kinase (OSR1) via a signaling pathway. As the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 pathway reciprocally regulates NKCC and KCC, a growing body of evidence implicates over-activation and altered expression of NKCC1 in stroke pathology whilst stimulation of KCC3 during and even after a stroke event is neuroprotective. Both inhibition of NKCC1 and activation of KCC3 exert neuroprotection through reduction in intracellular chloride levels and thus could be a novel therapeutic strategy. Hence, this review summarizes the current understanding of functional regulations of the CCCs implicated in stroke with particular focus on NKCC1, KCC3, and WNK-SPAK/OSR1 signaling and discusses the current and potential pharmacological treatments for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jinwei Zhang
- Hatherly Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK; (S.S.J.); (N.F.M.A.)
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15
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McKnight I, Hart C, Park IH, Shim JW. Genes causing congenital hydrocephalus: Their chromosomal characteristics of telomere proximity and DNA compositions. Exp Neurol 2021; 335:113523. [PMID: 33157092 PMCID: PMC7750280 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Congenital hydrocephalus (CH) is caused by genetic mutations, but whether factors impacting human genetic mutations are disease-specific remains elusive. Given two factors associated with high mutation rates, we reviewed how many disease-susceptible genes match with (i) proximity to telomeres or (ii) high adenine and thymine (A + T) content in human CH as compared to other disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). We extracted genomic information using a genome data viewer. Importantly, 98 of 108 genes causing CH satisfied (i) or (ii), resulting in >90% matching rate. However, such a high accordance no longer sustained as we checked two factors in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and/or familial Parkinson's disease (fPD), resulting in 84% and 59% matching, respectively. A disease-specific matching of telomere proximity or high A + T content predicts causative genes of CH much better than neurodegenerative diseases and other CNS conditions, likely due to sufficient number of known causative genes (n = 108) and precise determination and classification of the genotype and phenotype. Our analysis suggests a need for identifying genetic basis of both factors before human clinical studies, to prioritize putative genes found in preclinical models into the likely (meeting at least one) and more likely candidate (meeting both), which predisposes human genes to mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian McKnight
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Christoph Hart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Joon W Shim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
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16
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Reid MS, Kern DM, Brohawn SG. Cryo-EM structure of the potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC4 in lipid nanodiscs. eLife 2020; 9:e52505. [PMID: 32286222 PMCID: PMC7200160 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cation-chloride-cotransporters (CCCs) catalyze transport of Cl- with K+ and/or Na+across cellular membranes. CCCs play roles in cellular volume regulation, neural development and function, audition, regulation of blood pressure, and renal function. CCCs are targets of clinically important drugs including loop diuretics and their disruption has been implicated in pathophysiology including epilepsy, hearing loss, and the genetic disorders Andermann, Gitelman, and Bartter syndromes. Here we present the structure of a CCC, the Mus musculus K+-Cl- cotransporter (KCC) KCC4, in lipid nanodiscs determined by cryo-EM. The structure, captured in an inside-open conformation, reveals the architecture of KCCs including an extracellular domain poised to regulate transport activity through an outer gate. We identify binding sites for substrate K+ and Cl- ions, demonstrate the importance of key coordinating residues for transporter activity, and provide a structural explanation for varied substrate specificity and ion transport ratio among CCCs. These results provide mechanistic insight into the function and regulation of a physiologically important transporter family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Reid
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - David M Kern
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Stephen Graf Brohawn
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
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17
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Soller M, Abu-Toamih Atamni HJ, Binenbaum I, Chatziioannou A, Iraqi FA. Designing a QTL Mapping Study for Implementation in the Realized Collaborative Cross Genetic Reference Population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 9:e66. [PMID: 31756057 DOI: 10.1002/cpmo.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse resource is a next-generation mouse genetic reference population (GRP) designed for high-resolution mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) of large effect affecting complex traits during health and disease. The CC resource consists of a set of 72 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) generated by reciprocal crossing of five classical and three wild-derived mouse founder strains. Complex traits are controlled by variations within multiple genes and environmental factors, and their mutual interactions. These traits are observed at multiple levels of the animals' systems, including metabolism, body weight, immune profile, and susceptibility or resistance to the development and progress of infectious or chronic diseases. Herein, we present general guidelines for design of QTL mapping experiments using the CC resource-along with full step-by-step protocols and methods that were implemented in our lab for the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of the different CC lines-for mapping the genes underlying host response to infectious and chronic diseases. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: CC lines for whole body mass index (BMI) Basic Protocol 2: A detailed assessment of the power to detect effect sizes based on the number of lines used, and the number of replicates per line Basic Protocol 3: Obtaining power for QTL with given target effect by interpolating in Table 1 of Keele et al. (2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Soller
- Department of Genetics, Silverman Institute for Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hanifa J Abu-Toamih Atamni
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilona Binenbaum
- Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.,Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, NHRF, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Fuad A Iraqi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
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18
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Keep RF, Jones HC, Drewes LR. This was the year that was: brain barriers and brain fluid research in 2019. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:20. [PMID: 32138786 PMCID: PMC7059280 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This editorial highlights advances in brain barrier and brain fluid research published in 2019, as well as addressing current controversies and pressing needs. Topics include recent advances related to: the cerebral endothelium and the neurovascular unit; the choroid plexus, arachnoid membrane; cerebrospinal fluid and the glymphatic hypothesis; the impact of disease states on brain barriers and brain fluids; drug delivery to the brain; and translation of preclinical data to the clinic. This editorial also mourns the loss of two important figures in the field, Malcolm B. Segal and Edward G. Stopa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F. Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200 USA
| | | | - Lester R. Drewes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812 USA
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19
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Zhang J, Bhuiyan MIH, Zhang T, Karimy JK, Wu Z, Fiesler VM, Zhang J, Huang H, Hasan MN, Skrzypiec AE, Mucha M, Duran D, Huang W, Pawlak R, Foley LM, Hitchens TK, Minnigh MB, Poloyac SM, Alper SL, Molyneaux BJ, Trevelyan AJ, Kahle KT, Sun D, Deng X. Modulation of brain cation-Cl - cotransport via the SPAK kinase inhibitor ZT-1a. Nat Commun 2020; 11:78. [PMID: 31911626 PMCID: PMC6946680 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The SLC12A cation-Cl- cotransporters (CCC), including NKCC1 and the KCCs, are important determinants of brain ionic homeostasis. SPAK kinase (STK39) is the CCC master regulator, which stimulates NKCC1 ionic influx and inhibits KCC-mediated efflux via phosphorylation at conserved, shared motifs. Upregulation of SPAK-dependent CCC phosphorylation has been implicated in several neurological diseases. Using a scaffold-hybrid strategy, we develop a novel potent and selective SPAK inhibitor, 5-chloro-N-(5-chloro-4-((4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide ("ZT-1a"). ZT-1a inhibits NKCC1 and stimulates KCCs by decreasing their SPAK-dependent phosphorylation. Intracerebroventricular delivery of ZT-1a decreases inflammation-induced CCC phosphorylation in the choroid plexus and reduces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypersecretion in a model of post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Systemically administered ZT-1a reduces ischemia-induced CCC phosphorylation, attenuates cerebral edema, protects against brain damage, and improves outcomes in a model of stroke. These results suggest ZT-1a or related compounds may be effective CCC modulators with therapeutic potential for brain disorders associated with impaired ionic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK.
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China.
| | - Mohammad Iqbal H Bhuiyan
- Department of Neurology and Pittsburgh Institute For Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Jason K Karimy
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program; and Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Zhijuan Wu
- Newcastle University Business School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4SE, UK
| | - Victoria M Fiesler
- Department of Neurology and Pittsburgh Institute For Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jingfang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Huachen Huang
- Department of Neurology and Pittsburgh Institute For Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Md Nabiul Hasan
- Department of Neurology and Pittsburgh Institute For Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Anna E Skrzypiec
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Mariusz Mucha
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Daniel Duran
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program; and Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Robert Pawlak
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Lesley M Foley
- Animal Imaging Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA
| | - T Kevin Hitchens
- Animal Imaging Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Margaret B Minnigh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Samuel M Poloyac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Seth L Alper
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Bradley J Molyneaux
- Department of Neurology and Pittsburgh Institute For Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Andrew J Trevelyan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program; and Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology and Pittsburgh Institute For Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Xianming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
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20
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Jin SC, Furey CG, Zeng X, Allocco A, Nelson‐Williams C, Dong W, Karimy JK, Wang K, Ma S, Delpire E, Kahle KT. SLC12A ion transporter mutations in sporadic and familial human congenital hydrocephalus. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e892. [PMID: 31393094 PMCID: PMC6732308 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital hydrocephalus (CH) is a highly morbid disease that features enlarged brain ventricles and impaired cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis. Although early linkage or targeted sequencing studies in large multigenerational families have localized several genes for CH, the etiology of most CH cases remains unclear. Recent advances in whole exome sequencing (WES) have identified five new bona fide CH genes, implicating impaired regulation of neural stem cell fate in CH pathogenesis. Nonetheless, in the majority of CH cases, the pathological etiology remains unknown, suggesting more genes await discovery. METHODS WES of family members of a sporadic and familial form of severe L1CAM mutation-negative CH associated with aqueductal stenosis was performed. Rare genetic variants were analyzed, prioritized, and validated. De novo copy number variants (CNVs) were identified using the XHMM algorithm and validated using qPCR. Xenopus oocyte experiments were performed to access mutation impact on protein function and expression. RESULTS A novel inherited protein-damaging mutation (p.Pro605Leu) in SLC12A6, encoding the K+ -Cl- cotransporter KCC3, was identified in both affected members of multiplex kindred CHYD110. p.Pro605 is conserved in KCC3 orthologs and among all human KCC paralogs. The p.Pro605Leu mutation maps to the ion-transporting domain, and significantly reduces KCC3-dependent K+ transport. A novel de novo CNV (deletion) was identified in SLC12A7, encoding the KCC3 paralog and binding partner KCC4, in another family (CHYD130) with sporadic CH. CONCLUSION These findings identify two novel, related genes associated with CH, and implicate genetically encoded impairments in ion transport for the first time in CH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of GeneticsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and GenomicsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Charuta G. Furey
- Department of GeneticsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
- Department of NeurosurgeryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Xue Zeng
- Department of GeneticsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - August Allocco
- Department of NeurosurgeryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | | | - Weilai Dong
- Department of GeneticsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Jason K. Karimy
- Department of NeurosurgeryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Kevin Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Shaojie Ma
- Department of GeneticsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of AnesthesiologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Kristopher T. Kahle
- Department of GeneticsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
- Department of NeurosurgeryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular PhysiologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
- NIH‐Yale Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
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