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Gerdemann A, Broenhorst M, Behrens M, Humpf HU, Esselen M. Polyphenols Cause Structure Dependent Effects on the Metabolic Profile of Human Hepatocarcinogenic Cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2300052. [PMID: 37672806 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Although many beneficial health effects are attributed to polyphenols their influence on the human metabolome has not been elucidated yet. The ubiquitous occurrence of polyphenols in the human diet demands comprehensive knowledge about physiological and toxicological effects of these compounds on human cells. METHODS AND RESULTS The human hepatocarcinogenic cell line HepG2 is used to elucidate the effects of 13 polyphenols and three respective phenolic degradation products on the human metabolome using HPLC-MS/MS. To investigate structure-activity-relationships, structurally related examples of polyphenols from different compound classes are selected. The analysis of catechins points toward a relation between the degree of hydroxylation and the extent of metabolic effects particularly on the urea cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). A correlation between the modulation of the PPP and the stability of the compounds is demonstrated, which may be caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The incubation of flavones and alkenylbenzenes demonstrates reduced activity of methoxylated compounds and no impact of the B-ring position. CONCLUSION In general, polyphenols induce a multitude of metabolic effects, for example, on energy metabolism, PPP, and urea cycle. These metabolic alterations may be related to the widely reported bioactivity of these compounds such as the anticarcinogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gerdemann
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Melissa Broenhorst
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Behrens
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Esselen
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
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2
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Trakooncharoenvit A, Tanaka S, Mizuta E, Hira T, Hara H. Water-soluble dietary fibers enhance bioavailability of quercetin and a fiber derived from soybean is most effective after long-term feeding in rats. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:1389-1398. [PMID: 31079173 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of water-soluble dietary fibers (pectin, soybean fiber, and guar gum) on the bioavailability of quercetin glucoside mixture (Q3GM) comprising quercetin-3-O-glucoside (Q3G, 31.8%) and its glucose adducts. METHODS Male Wistar/ST rats were fed test diet containing 0.7% Q3GM with or without 5% of each dietary fiber for 8 weeks. Total quercetin derivatives were evaluated with liquid chromatograph tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) as total quercetin derivatives after enzymatic deconjugation in plasma, urine, and fecal samples on week 2, 4, 6 and 8. Quercetin glucuronides excreted in feces were also measured. RESULTS Fiber feeding elevated cecal weight and reduced cecal pH, indicative of cecal fermentation promotion. Changes in plasma and urinary quercetin levels revealed three phases of quercetin metabolism, including cumulative, transient, and stable phases. On week 2, total quercetin derivatives were higher in plasma samples from three fiber-fed groups than those control groups; however, urinary excretion increased in fiber-fed groups on week 4. Soybean fiber upregulated plasma and urinary quercetin levels on week 6 and 8. Intestinal degradation of quercetin by bacteria, calculated from differences between aglycone ingestion and sum of urinary and fecal excretion, was suppressed after dietary fiber supplementation especially in pectin fiber, which may partly contribute to the increase in quercetin bioavailability. Fecal quercetin glucuronide excretion was high in soybean fiber-fed rats, suggestive of the reduction of β-glucuronidase in colon. CONCLUSION Water-soluble dietary fibers, especially soybean fiber, enhanced quercetin bioavailability after chronic feeding and may promote beneficial effects of quercetin on disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seiya Tanaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Erika Mizuta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Tohru Hira
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
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Wu Y, Zhao NJ, Cao Y, Sun Z, Wang Q, Liu ZY, Sun ZL. Sanguinarine metabolism and pharmacokinetics study in vitro and in vivo. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:208-214. [PMID: 31943246 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (Cmax , 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their Cmax (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T1/2 ) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (Css ) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Na-Jiao Zhao
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuo Sun
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao-Ying Liu
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Sun
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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Tamura M, Nakagawa H, Hori S, Suzuki T, Hirayama K. Plasma quercetin metabolites are affected by intestinal microbiota of human microbiota-associated mice fed with a quercetin-containing diet. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2019; 65:232-239. [PMID: 31777425 PMCID: PMC6877407 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.19-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective effect of quercetin on high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice has been reported. Recent research has revealed that several intestinal bacteria metabolize quercetin. We hypothesize that the difference in composition of intestinal microbiota affects quercetin absorption from the intestine. Germ-free BALB/cA female mice (18 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups and orally administered with fecal suspension from four human individuals (HF1, HF2, HF3, HF4) to produce the human microbiota-associated mice. All mice were fed the 0.05% quercetin-containing pelleted diet for four weeks. Significant differences were observed in plasma total cholesterol and cecal microbiota among the four groups. Plasma quercetin concentration was significantly higher in the HF3 group than in the HF1 group. The plasma isorhamnetin/quercetin ratio showed significant negative correlation with visceral fat levels (r = -0.544, p = 0.013). Positive correlation was observed between the Log10 Enterobacteriaceae count and the plasma quercetin metabolites. Principal component analysis showed that all groups were distributed in different regions by using the correlation diagram with the second and third principal component. This study indicates that intestinal microbiota of human microbiota-associated mice inoculated with different fecal suspensions react to dietary quercetin in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoi Tamura
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakagawa
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hori
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Suzuki
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hirayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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5
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Lin L, Luo L, Zhong M, Xie T, Liu Y, Li H, Ni J. Gut microbiota: a new angle for traditional herbal medicine research. RSC Adv 2019; 9:17457-17472. [PMID: 35519900 PMCID: PMC9064575 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01838g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Herbal Medicine (THM) has been used for thousands of years, and is popular worldwide due to its effectiveness in a variety of diseases. THM has also formed the basis of the discovery of modern drugs like artemisinin and paclitaxel. However, at present, studies that focus on development in the field of THM are stagnant because currently, the effective ingredients in the herbal formulations and the ambiguity of the underlying mechanisms of action are unknown. In this review, we have investigated the studies available that focused on the efficacy, active ingredients and bioavailability of THM, and the function of gut microbiota in THM-mediated treatment of disease. We hypothesized that most THMs treat diseases via three mechanisms: (1) metabolizing into active metabolites by the action of gut microbiota, (2) regulation of gut microbiota balance, and (3) regulating the fermentation products of the gut microbes. Therefore, focusing on these aspects can help elucidate the pharmacodynamic constituents of THM preparations, and their therapeutic mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Lin
- Institute Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - Liyu Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Ming Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Standards, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science Nanning 530022 China
| | - Tanggui Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Standards, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science Nanning 530022 China
| | - Yuling Liu
- Institute Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing China
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6
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Makino R, Takano K, Kita K, Nishimukai M. Influence of long-term feeding of high-fat diet on quercetin and fat absorption from the small intestine in lymph duct-cannulated rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:2007-2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1498726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary lipids and a long-term high-fat diet on lymphatic triglyceride and quercetin absorption in rats with a surgically implanted thoracic lymph cannula. Quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside reduced the lymphatic triglyceride output from the intestines; this reduction was prominent among rats fed a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Makino
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kasumi Takano
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kita
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Megumi Nishimukai
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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7
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Kosina P, Dokoupilová A, Janda K, Sládková K, Silberová P, Pivodová V, Ulrichová J. Effect of Silybum marianum fruit constituents on the health status of rabbits in repeated 42‐day fattening experiment. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Validation of UHPLC–MS/MS methods for the determination of kaempferol and its metabolite 4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid, and application to in vitro blood-brain barrier and intestinal drug permeability studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 128:264-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Mira A, Alkhiary W, Shimizu K. Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Activities of Angelica shikokiana Extract and Its Isolated Compounds. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2016; 23:91-99. [DOI: 10.1177/1076029615595879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelica shikokiana is a Japanese medicinal plant that is used traditionally in several ailments of cardiovascular diseases. However, there is no report regarding its anticoagulant or antiplatelet activities. So this study was designed to screen for such activities (anticoagulant by prothrombin time [PT], activated partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time assays and antiplatelet activities against adenosine 5′-diphosphate [ADP] and arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregations) for the methanol extract of the aerial part ( Angelica methanol extract [AME]), its isolated coumarins, flavonoids, and flavonoid metabolites. The AME had potent anticoagulant and antiplatelet activities, and the flavonoid compounds were evidenced to be responsible for such activities. Among coumarins compounds, hyuganin C showed significant prolongation of only PT, while other coumarins were inactive. Similarly, hyuganin C and bergapten were the only active coumarins against ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Compared to the parent compounds, colonic metabolites of the flavonoids had similar anticoagulant and antiplatelet activities, while glucuronides showed sharp decreases in all studied activities. This is the first report showing that the medicinal plant A shikokiana has potent antiplatelet and anticoagulant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Mira
- Division of Systematic Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, Japan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Wael Alkhiary
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Kuniyoshi Shimizu
- Division of Systematic Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, Japan
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10
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Haiyu X, Yang S, Yanqiong Z, Qiang J, Defeng L, Yi Z, Feng L, Hongjun Y. Identification of key active constituents of Buchang Naoxintong capsules with therapeutic effects against ischemic stroke by using an integrative pharmacology-based approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 12:233-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00460h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Integrative pharmacology has been used to identify the key active constituents (KACs) of Buchang Naoxintong capsules (BNCs), a traditional Chinese medical preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Haiyu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
- Beijing, China
| | - Shi Yang
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine
- Xi'an, China
| | - Zhang Yanqiong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
- Beijing, China
| | - Jia Qiang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
- Beijing, China
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Ji'nan, China
| | - Li Defeng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
- Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Yi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
- Beijing, China
| | - Liu Feng
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine
- Xi'an, China
- Natural Medicines and Engineering Center of Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine
- Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Hongjun
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
- Beijing, China
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11
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Peng X, Zhang Z, Zhang N, Liu L, Li S, Wei H. In vitro catabolism of quercetin by human fecal bacteria and the antioxidant capacity of its catabolites. Food Nutr Res 2014; 58:23406. [PMID: 24765061 PMCID: PMC3991839 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v58.23406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Part of quercetin flows into the colon after escaping the absorption of the small intestine and will be degraded by colonic microbiota. The catabolites in the colon partially determine the physiological activity of quercetin. METHODS Seven gut bacteria isolated from human feces were utilized to in vitro ferment quercetin. Their catabolites were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, and the antioxidant activities of their fermented broths were compared with that of quercetin. RESULTS One metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, was produced by both C. perfringens and B. fragilis transforming quercetin. No other metabolites were detected in the other fermented broths. The antioxidant activities of all strains fermenting quercetin reached the highest values at the concentration of 1 mg/mL quercetin in broth; the fermented products of C. perfringens and B. fragilis presented stronger activities than those of other strains at most concentrations of quercetin in broth. Additionally, all of the fermented broths presented a decline of the antioxidant activities compared to quercetin. Therefore, the antioxidant activity of quercetin will be lost when it reaches the human colon because of the gut bacterial fermentation. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to report that quercetin can be degraded by C. perfringens and B. fragilis and transformed to the same metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and that antioxidant activities decline when quercetin is fermented by seven gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoting Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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12
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Tomas-Barberan F, García-Villalba R, Quartieri A, Raimondi S, Amaretti A, Leonardi A, Rossi M. In vitro transformation of chlorogenic acid by human gut microbiota. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:1122-31. [PMID: 24550206 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Chlorogenic acid (3-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid, C-QA), the caffeic ester of quinic acid, is one of the most abundant phenolic acids in Western diet. The majority of C-QA escapes absorption in the small intestine and reaches the colon, where the resident microbiota transforms it into several metabolites. C-QA conversion by the gut microbiota from nine subjects was compared to evaluate the variability of bacterial metabolism. It was investigated whether a potentially probiotic Bifidobacterium strain, capable of C-QA hydrolysis, could affect C-QA fate. METHODS AND RESULTS Bioconversion experiments exploiting the microbiota from diverse subjects revealed that C-QA was metabolized through a succession of hydrogenation, dexydroxylation and ester hydrolysis, occurring in different order among the subjects. Transformation may proceed also through quinic acid residue breakdown, since caffeoyl-glycerol intermediates were identified (HPLC-MS/MS, Q-TOF). All the pathways converged on 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid, which was transformed to hydroxyphenyl-ethanol and/or phenylacetic acid in few subjects. A strain of Bifidobacterium animalis able to hydrolyze C-QA was added to microbiota cultures. It affected microbial composition but not to such an extent that C-QA metabolism was modified. CONCLUSION A picture of the variability of microbiota C-QA transformations among subjects is provided. The transformation route through caffeoyl-glycerol intermediates is described for the first time.
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13
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Engemann A, Focke C, Humpf HU. Intestinal formation of N-nitroso compounds in the pig cecum model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:998-1005. [PMID: 23297847 DOI: 10.1021/jf305040e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
N-Nitroso compounds (NOC) are a group of compounds including N-nitrosamines and N-nitrosamides, which are well-known for their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties. Humans can be exposed to NOC through the diet and environmentally, or NOC can be formed endogenously in the stomach and intestine. In the intestine, the formation of NOC is supposed to be afforded by the gut microbiota. In this study, the formation of the N-nitrosamines, N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), and the N-nitrosamides, N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU) and N-nitrosoethylurea (NEU), was investigated in the pig cecum model after the incubation of the corresponding precursor amine or amide with nitrite or nitrate. Following the incubation with nitrate, the formation of NMOR, NPYR, NMU, and NEU was detectable with the microbiota being responsible for the reduction of nitrate to nitrite. After the incubation of nitrite a chemical formation of NOC was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Engemann
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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14
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Intestinal metabolism of T-2 toxin in the pig cecum model. Mycotoxin Res 2012; 28:191-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-012-0134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Yang J, Qian D, Jiang S, Shang EX, Guo J, Duan JA. Identification of rutin deglycosylated metabolites produced by human intestinal bacteria using UPLC–Q-TOF/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 898:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Gómez-Alonso S, Collins VJ, Vauzour D, Rodríguez-Mateos A, Corona G, Spencer JP. Inhibition of colon adenocarcinoma cell proliferation by flavonols is linked to a G2/M cell cycle block and reduction in cyclin D1 expression. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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17
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Engemann A, Hübner F, Rzeppa S, Humpf HU. Intestinal metabolism of two A-type procyanidins using the pig cecum model: detailed structure elucidation of unknown catabolites with Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:749-757. [PMID: 22175758 DOI: 10.1021/jf203927g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Procyanidins, as important secondary plant metabolites in fruits, berries, and beverages such as cacao and tea, are supposed to have positive health impacts, although their bioavailability is yet not clear. One important aspect for bioavailability is intestinal metabolism. The investigation of the microbial catabolism of A-type procyanidins is of great importance due to their more complex structure in comparison to B-type procyanidins. A-type procyanidins exhibit an additional ether linkage between the flavan-3-ol monomers. In this study two A-type procyanidins, procyanidin A2 and cinnamtannin B1, were incubated in the pig cecum model to mimic the degradation caused by the microbiota. Both A-type procyanidins were degraded by the microbiota. Procyanidin A2 as a dimer was degraded by about 80% and cinnamtannin B1 as a trimer by about 40% within 8 h of incubation. Hydroxylated phenolic compounds were quantified as degradation products. In addition, two yet unknown catabolites were identified, and the structures were elucidated by Fourier transform mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Engemann
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Xu N, Huang L, Liu Z, Pan Y, Wang X, Tao Y, Chen D, Wang Y, Peng D, Yuan ZH. Metabolism of cyadox by the intestinal mucosa microsomes and gut flora of swine, and identification of metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:2333-2344. [PMID: 21766376 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cyadox (CYX), 2-formylquinoxaline-1,4-dioxide cyanoacetylhydrazone, is an antimicrobial and growth-promoting feed additive for food-producing animals. To reveal biotransformation of CYX in swine intestine, CYX was incubated with swine intestinal microsomes and mucosa in the presence of an NADPH-generating system and swine ileal flora and colonic flora, respectively. The metabolites of CYX were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/MS-ITTOF). Structural elucidation of the metabolites was precisely performed by comparing their changes in molecular mass, full scan MS/MS spectra and accurate mass measurements with those of the parent drug. Finally, seven metabolites were identified as follows: three reduced metabolites (cyadox 1-monoxide (Cy1), cyadox 4-monoxide (Cy2) and bisdesoxycyadox (Cy4)); hydroxylation metabolite (3-hydroxylcyadox 1-monoxide (Cy3)); hydrolysis metabolite of the amide bond (N-decyanoacetyl cyadox (Cy5)); a hydrogenation metabolite (11,12-dihydro-bisdesoxycyadox (Cy6)) and a side-chain cleavage metabolite (2-hydromethylquinoxaline (Cy7)). Only one metabolite (Cy1) was found in intestinal microsomes. Cy1, Cy2 and Cy4 were detected in intestinal mucosa, ileal and colonic flora. In addition, Cy3 and Cy5 were only obtained from ileal flora, and Cy6 and Cy7 alone were observed in colonic bacteria. The results indicated that N→O group reduction was the main metabolic pathway of CYX metabolism in swine ileal flora, intestinal microsomes and mucosa. New metabolic profiles of hydrogenation and cleavage on the side chain were found in colonic bacteria. Among the identified metabolites, two new metabolites (Cy6, Cy7) were detected for the first time. These studies will contribute to clarify comprehensively the metabolism of CYX in animals, and provide evidence to explain the pharmacology and toxicology effects of CYX in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- MAO Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
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Vissiennon C, Nieber K, Kelber O, Butterweck V. Route of administration determines the anxiolytic activity of the flavonols kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin--are they prodrugs? J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:733-40. [PMID: 21840194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Several in vivo and in vitro studies have confirmed that flavonols are metabolized by the intestinal microflora to their corresponding hydroxyphenylacetic acids. In this article, a comparison of the anxiolytic activity of the flavonols kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin in the elevated plus maze after oral (po) and intraperitoneal (ip) administration to mice in a dose range of 0.1 to 2.0 mg/kg is presented. In addition, their corresponding metabolites p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (p-HPAA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were tested after intraperitoneal administration. Anxiolytic activity was detected for kaempferol and quercetin only after oral administration. No anxiolytic effects were observed when kaempferol and quercetin were given via the intraperitoneal administration route. The corresponding hydroxyphenylacetic metabolites p-HPAA and DOPAC showed anxiolytic effects after intraperitoneal application. In order to further test the hypothesis that flavonoids are possible prodrugs which require activation by intestinal bacteria, gut sterilization was performed using pretreatment with the antibiotic enrofloxacin (7.5 mg/day, po, for 4 days). After antibiotic treatment, the anxiolytic effect of kaempferol and quercetin disappeared, whereas it was still present for the positive control diazepam. Our results support the hypothesis that flavonoids act as prodrugs which are transformed into their active hydroxyphenylacetic acid metabolites by intestinal microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cica Vissiennon
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, PO Box 100494, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Fogliano V, Corollaro ML, Vitaglione P, Napolitano A, Ferracane R, Travaglia F, Arlorio M, Costabile A, Klinder A, Gibson G. In vitro bioaccessibility and gut biotransformation of polyphenols present in the water-insoluble cocoa fraction. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55 Suppl 1:S44-55. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Consumption of polyphenol concentrate with dietary fructo-oligosaccharides enhances cecal metabolism of quercetin glycosides in rats. Nutrition 2010; 27:351-7. [PMID: 20541367 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We verified the hypothesis that the consumption of polyphenol concentrate (PC), rich in quercetin and its glycosides (36 g/100 g), in association with different dietary fiber matrices, that is, an easily fermentable fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) or non-fermentable cellulose (CEL), causes a disparate adaptive response of the cecal microbial activity in rats. This in turn facilitates further utilization of biologically active polyphenolic compounds, which are not, as usual, digested in the foregut. METHODS Four-week experimental feeding of male Wistar rats consisted of diets containing 5% FOS or CEL, as a source of dietary fiber, with or without 0.3% addition of PC. RESULTS Positive changes in rat cecum were observed resulting from the ingestion of an FOS-containing diet, such as decreased pH and increased the production of short-chain fatty acids in the digesta, compared with a CEL-containing diet. The addition of PC to the FOS diet did not eliminate the positive effects of the latter, except for a slight increase in cecal pH and a decrease in microbial glycolytic activity. However, a simultaneous increase in the cecal butyrate pool was also observed. An adaptation process of the microflora enzymatic system to dieting with PC and FOS was proven in further enhanced susceptibility of rutin (quercetin 3-O-glucorhamnoside), hyperoside (quercetin 3-O-galactoside), and quercitrin (quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside) to hydrolysis by the cecal digesta solution. CONCLUSION Especially when consumed together, PC and FOS are important dietary factors affecting the susceptibility of quercetin glycosides to microbial metabolism in the cecum. The intensification of the hydrolysis of quercetin glycosides by dietary treatments leads also to the increased metabolism of quercetin itself.
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The phenolic acids from bacterial degradation of the mangiferin aglycone are quantified in the feces of pigs after oral ingestion of an extract of Cyclopia genistoides (honeybush tea). Nutr Res 2010; 30:348-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Forester SC, Waterhouse AL. Metabolites are key to understanding health effects of wine polyphenolics. J Nutr 2009; 139:1824S-31S. [PMID: 19640966 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.107664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds in grapes and wine are grouped within the following major classes: stilbenes, phenolic acids, ellagitannins, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanins, flavonols, and proanthocyanidins. Consumption of foods containing phenolic substances has been linked to beneficial effects toward chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease and colorectal cancer. However, such correlations need to be supported by in vivo testing and bioavailability studies are the first step in establishing cause and effect. Class members from all phenolic groups can be glucuronidated, sulfated, and/or methylated and detected at low concentrations in the bloodstream and in urine. But the majority of phenolic compounds from grapes and wine are metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract, where they are broken down by gut microflora. This typically involves deglycosylation, followed by breakdown of ring structures to produce phenolic acids and aldehydes. These metabolites can be detected in bloodstream, urine, and fecal samples by using sophisticated instrumentation methods for quantitation and identification at low concentrations. The health effects related to grape and wine consumption may well be due to these poorly understood phenolic acid metabolites. This review discusses the known metabolism of each major class of wine and grape phenolics, the means to measure them, and ideas for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Forester
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Szőke É, Petroianu G, Tekes K, Benkő B, Szegi P, Laufer R, Veress G. HPLC monitoring of the microsomal stability of rutin and quercetin. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2009. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.21.2009.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yang CH, Huang YC, Chen CY. Degradation of rutin by Thermoactinomyces vulgaris and other thermophilic compost isolates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:5095-5099. [PMID: 19489631 DOI: 10.1021/jf900617z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The mutagenic effects of rutin and quercetin have aroused the interest of many investigators. To develop the microbial degradation of rutin, a thermophilic actinomycete, which could hydrolyze rutin, was isolated from compost soil. The taxonomical characteristics of this thermophilic actinomycete were examined and identified as Thermoactinomyces vulgaris PU18-2. After cultivation of T. vulgaris PU18-2 in the rutin-CYC medium for 60 h, the culture filtrate had a rutin-degrading ability, but the cell-free extract did not. There was no quercetin, rutinose, rhamnose, and glucose accumulated in the rutin hydrolysate of the culture filtrate. Both alpha-rhamnosidase and beta-glucosidase activities were not found in the culture filtrate of the T. vulgaris PU18-2 in the rutin-CYC medium. These results showed that the initial attack on rutin by the extracellular enzymes of T. vulgaris PU18-2 apparently was not through the glycosidase-mediated hydrolysis of glycosidic bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hsun Yang
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, Shalu, Taichung, Taiwan.
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