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Denghel H, Göen T. Comprehensive monitoring of a special mixture of prominent endocrine disrupting chemicals in human urine using a carefully adjusted hydrolysis of conjugates. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:555-570. [PMID: 36435840 PMCID: PMC9839815 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many xenobiotics were identified as possible endocrine disruptors during the last decades. Structural analogy of these substances to natural hormones may lead to agonists or antagonists of hormone receptors. For a comprehensive human biomonitoring of such substances, we developed a simple, reliable, and highly sensitive method for the simultaneous monitoring of the parameters bisphenol A, triclosan, methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, benzophenone-1, benzophenone-3, 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-ol, p-nitrophenol, genistein, and daidzein in urine. Thereby, optimization of the enzymatic hydrolysis and the use of β-glucuronidase from E. coli K12 as well as sulfatase from Aerobacter aerogenes ensures the acquisition of intact analytes without cleavage of ester bonds among parabens. Validation of the method revealed limits of detection between 0.02 and 0.25 µg/L as well as limits of quantification between 0.08 and 0.83 µg/L. Thereby, the use of analyte-free surrogate matrix for calibration and control material influenced the sensitivity of the procedure positively. Furthermore, excellent precision in and between series was observed. Good absolute and relative recoveries additionally proved the robustness of the multimethod. Thus, the procedure can be applied for exploring the exposome to these prominent endocrine disruptors in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Denghel
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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2
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Segovia-Mendoza M, Palacios-Arreola MI, Monroy-Escamilla LM, Soto-Piña AE, Nava-Castro KE, Becerril-Alarcón Y, Camacho-Beiza R, Aguirre-Quezada DE, Cardoso-Peña E, Amador-Muñoz O, Garduño-García JDJ, Morales-Montor J. Association of Serum Levels of Plasticizers Compounds, Phthalates and Bisphenols, in Patients and Survivors of Breast Cancer: A Real Connection? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138040. [PMID: 35805702 PMCID: PMC9265398 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates and bisphenols are ubiquitous environmental pollutants with the ability to perturb different systems. Specifically, they can alter the endocrine system, and this is why they are also known as endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). Interestingly, they are related to the development and progression of breast cancer (BC), but the threshold concentrations at which they trigger that are not well established. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the concentration measures of parent EDCs in three groups of women (without BC, with BC, and BC survivors) from two urban populations in Mexico, to establish a possible association between EDCs and this disease. We consider the measure of the parent compounds would reflect the individual’s exposure. Methods: The levels of di-ethyl-hexyl-phthalate (DEHP), butyl-benzyl-phthalate (BBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-ethyl-phthalate (DEP), bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) were determined by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry in 102 subjects, including 37 women without any pathological disease, 46 patients with BC and 19 women survivals of BC of Mexico and Toluca City. Results: All phthalates were detected in 100% of women, two of them were significantly higher in patients with different BC subtypes in Mexico City. Differential increases were observed mainly in the serum concentration of phthalates in women with BC compared to women without disease between Mexico and Toluca City. In addition, when performing an analysis of the concentrations of phthalates by molecular type of BC, DEP and BBP were found mainly in aggressive and poorly differentiated types of BC. It should be noted that female BC survivors treated with anti-hormonal therapy showed lower levels of BBP than patients with BC. BPA and BPS were found in most samples from Mexico City. However, BPS was undetectable in women from Toluca City. Discussion: The results of our study support the hypothesis of a positive association between exposure to phthalates and BC incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Segovia-Mendoza
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.S.-M.); (J.M.-M.)
| | - Margarita Isabel Palacios-Arreola
- Grupo de Especiación Química de Aerosoles Orgánicos Atmosféricos, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico; (M.I.P.-A.); (O.A.-M.)
| | | | - Alexandra Estela Soto-Piña
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50000, Mexico; (A.E.S.-P.); (Y.B.-A.); (R.C.-B.); (E.C.-P.); (J.d.J.G.-G.)
| | - Karen Elizabeth Nava-Castro
- Grupo de Biología y Química Ambientales, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - Yizel Becerril-Alarcón
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50000, Mexico; (A.E.S.-P.); (Y.B.-A.); (R.C.-B.); (E.C.-P.); (J.d.J.G.-G.)
| | - Roberto Camacho-Beiza
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50000, Mexico; (A.E.S.-P.); (Y.B.-A.); (R.C.-B.); (E.C.-P.); (J.d.J.G.-G.)
- Unidad Médica Especializada para la Detección y Diagnóstico de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Salud del Estado de México, Toluca 51760, Mexico;
| | - David Eduardo Aguirre-Quezada
- Unidad Médica Especializada para la Detección y Diagnóstico de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Salud del Estado de México, Toluca 51760, Mexico;
| | - Elías Cardoso-Peña
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50000, Mexico; (A.E.S.-P.); (Y.B.-A.); (R.C.-B.); (E.C.-P.); (J.d.J.G.-G.)
- Unidad de Medicina Familiar 220, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Toluca 50070, Mexico
| | - Omar Amador-Muñoz
- Grupo de Especiación Química de Aerosoles Orgánicos Atmosféricos, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico; (M.I.P.-A.); (O.A.-M.)
| | - José de Jesús Garduño-García
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50000, Mexico; (A.E.S.-P.); (Y.B.-A.); (R.C.-B.); (E.C.-P.); (J.d.J.G.-G.)
- Hospital Regional 251, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Toluca 50070, Mexico
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.S.-M.); (J.M.-M.)
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3
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Zhang Y, Ma H, Zhang Y, Dong Y. Capillary electrophoresis‐acid barrage stacking online enrichment method for highly sensitive determination of four isoflavones. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1140-1147. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy Lanzhou University Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Haixia Ma
- School of Pharmacy Lanzhou University Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy Lanzhou University Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Yuming Dong
- School of Pharmacy Lanzhou University Lanzhou P. R. China
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Flasch M, Bueschl C, Del Favero G, Adam G, Schuhmacher R, Marko D, Warth B. Elucidation of xenoestrogen metabolism by non-targeted, stable isotope-assisted mass spectrometry in breast cancer cells. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106940. [PMID: 34673318 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to xenoestrogens, i.e., chemicals that imitate the hormone 17β-estradiol, has the potential to influence hormone homeostasis and action. Detailed knowledge of xenobiotic biotransformation processes in cell models is key when transferring knowledge learned from in vitro models to in vivo relevance. This study elucidated the metabolism of two naturally-occurring phyto- and mycoestrogens; namely genistein and zearalenone, in an estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) with the aid of stable isotope-assisted metabolomics and the bioinformatic tool MetExtract II. Metabolism was studied in a time course experiment after 2 h, 6 h and 24 h incubation. Twelve and six biotransformation products of zearalenone and genistein were detected, respectively, clearly demonstrating the abundant xenobiotic biotransformation capability of the cells. Zearalenone underwent extensive phase-I metabolism resulting in α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), a molecule known to possess a significantly higher estrogenicity, and several phase-II metabolites (sulfo- and glycoconjugates) of the native compound and the major phase I metabolite α-ZEL. Moreover, potential adducts of zearalenone with a vitamin and several hydroxylated metabolites were annotated. Genistein metabolism resulted in sulfation, combined sulfation and hydroxylation, acetylation, glucuronidation and unexpectedly adduct formation with pentose- and hexose sugars. Kinetics of metabolite formation and subsequent excretion into the extracellular medium revealed a time-dependent increase in most biotransformation products. The untargeted elucidation of biotransformation products formed during cell culture experiments enables an improved and more meaningful interpretation of toxicological assays and has the potential to identify unexpected or unknown metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Flasch
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bueschl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Sakamoto S, Uchiyama H, Yusakul G, Kyokong N, Pongkitwitoon B, Putalun W, Tanaka H, Morimoto S. Open sandwich fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of soy isoflavone glycosides. Food Chem 2021; 361:129829. [PMID: 34087571 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To detect major soy isoflavone glycosides, namely daidzin (DZ) and genistin (GEN), novel open sandwich fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (os-FLISA) was developed by taking advantage of enhanced interactions between variable regions of heavy (VH) and light chain (VL) domains in the presence of an antigen. The VH and VL genes were expressed in Escherichia coli as a chimera protein with green fluorescence protein (AcGFP1) and maltose-binding protein (MBP), respectively. Comprehensive characterization of os-FLISA displayed nearly the same specificity as parental DZ- and GEN-specific monoclonal antibody, demonstrating the potential of the developed assay for detection of both DZ and GEN. Their detectable range in this system exhibited at 0.1-12.5 μg mL-1. Subsequent validation analysis revealed that os-FLISA was reliable and accurate system for detection of total soy isoflavone glycosides. Notably, this is the first FLISA based on an open sandwich system, which can be employed for the detection of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Gorawit Yusakul
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Napat Kyokong
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Waraporn Putalun
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, 1-1-1 Daigaku-dori, Sanyo-Onoda City, 756-0884 Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Wang H, Liu ZH, Tang Z, Zhang J, Dang Z, Liu Y. Possible overestimation of bisphenol analogues in municipal wastewater analyzed with GC-MS. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116505. [PMID: 33484998 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work for the first time showed that sulfated BPA could be directly analyzed as BPA with GC-MS after the derivatization with N,O-bis-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA)+1% trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS), i.e. the deconjugation step was not necessary. This was because sulfated BPA indeed could be simultaneously deconjugated and derivatized to BPA derivative during derivatization, suggesting that any co-elution of BPA and sulfated BPA during sample extraction led to BPA overestimation in the GC-MS method with BSTFA +1% TMCS as the derivative reagent. Using BPA 4,4'-disulfates (BPA diS) as the pure standard, the co-elution phenomena of sulfated BPA was confirmed with two widely used elution solvents (i.e. methanol and ethyl acetate) or their mixed solutions with different ratios, which further suggested if only sulfated BPA existed in any wastewater sample, BPA was likely over-determined. To further confirm this finding, both influent and effluent samples collected from a local municipal wastewater treatment plant were analyzed, which clearly showed the overestimation of BPA in the two wastewaters due to co-existence of sulfated BPA in the wastewater samples. In addition to BPA, the results also showed the overestimation of other nine bisphenol analogues. As sulfated micropollutants including estrogens, androgens, phytoestrogens, etc., have been widely found in municipal wastewater, the overestimating phenomenon observed in this study may also be extended to determination of other micropollutants, which should be addressed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006; Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhao Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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7
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Polovkov N, Starkova J, Borisov R. A simple, inexpensive, non-enzymatic microwave-assisted method for determining bisphenol-A in urine in the form of trimethylsilyl derivative by GC/MS with single quadrupole. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 188:113417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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8
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Min J, Wang Z, Liang C, Li W, Shao J, Zhu K, Zhou L, Cheng J, Luo S, Yu L, Wu Y, Xie M, Hu X. Detection of Phytoestrogen Metabolites in Breastfed Infants' Urine and the Corresponding Breast Milk by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3485-3494. [PMID: 32093471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To date, there has been limited information on phytoestrogen (PE) exposure and metabolism in breastfed infants. In the present work, 50 sample pairs of Chinese breastfed infants' urine and the corresponding breast milk were collected. The contents of the relevant PE metabolites in the biosamples were detected via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The correlations between the PE metabolite contents in breastfed infants' urine and those in the corresponding breast milk were analyzed. The average concentrations of total PE metabolites in breast milk and urine were 0.27 and 0.23 nmol/mL, respectively. Genistein and enterolactone levels in the infant urine were positively correlated with their concentrations in the corresponding breast milk samples, which implies that urine excretion can be utilized as a noninvasive parameter for precise genistein and enterolactone intake assessment. Additionally, the efficiency of PE urine excretion showed significant differences across infants with different ages, genders, and durations of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Min
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zitong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Queen Mary School, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Chenglin Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Kunrui Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Shihong Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lehan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yudong Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiaojuan Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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Liu X, Luo L, Li L, Di Z, Zhang J, You T. An electrochemiluminescence aptasensor for analysis of bisphenol A based on carbon nanodots composite as co-reaction of Ru(bpy)32+ nanosheets. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Rosenfeld CS. Effects of Phytoestrogens on the Developing Brain, Gut Microbiota, and Risk for Neurobehavioral Disorders. Front Nutr 2019; 6:142. [PMID: 31555657 PMCID: PMC6727358 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pregnant and nursing women consume high amounts of soy and other plant products that contain phytoestrogens, such as genistein (GEN) and daidzein. Infants may also be provided soy based formulas. With their ability to bind and activate estrogen receptors (ESR) in the brain, such compounds can disrupt normal brain programming and lead to later neurobehavioral disruptions. However, other studies suggest that maternal consumption of soy and soy based formulas containing such phytoestrogens might lead to beneficial behavioral effects. Select gut microbes might also convert daidzein and to a lesser extent genistein to even more potent forms, e.g., equol derivatives. Thus, infant exposure to phytoestrogens may result in contrasting effects dependent upon the gut flora. It is also becoming apparent that consumption or exposure to these xenoestrogens may lead to gut dysbiosis. Phytoestrogen-induced changes in gut bacteria might in turn affect the brain through various mechanisms. This review will consider the evidence to date in rodent and other animal models and human epidemiological data as to whether developmental exposure to phytoestrogens, in particular genistein and daidzein, adversely or beneficially impact offspring neurobehavioral programming. Consideration will be given to potential mechanisms by which such compounds might affect neurobehavioral responses. A better understanding of effects perinatal exposure to phytoestrogen can exert on brain programming will permit pregnant women and those seeking to become pregnant to make better-educated choices. If phytoestrogen-induced gut dysbiosis contributes to neurobehavioral disruptions, remediation strategies may be designed to prevent such gut microbiota alterations and thereby improve neurobehavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S. Rosenfeld
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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11
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Li Y, Zhang X, Bai X, Li X, Jiang Q, Zhang T. A sensitive, high-throughput, and eco-friendly analysis of daidzein and its valine carbamate prodrug in rat plasma by supercritical fluid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3250-3257. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Xiaochen Bai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Qikun Jiang
- Wuya College of Innovation; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
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12
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Huang RP, Liu ZH, Yin H, Dang Z, Wu PX, Zhu NW, Lin Z. Bisphenol A concentrations in human urine, human intakes across six continents, and annual trends of average intakes in adult and child populations worldwide: A thorough literature review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:971-981. [PMID: 29898562 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an important industrial raw material that is widely applied in daily products. BPA is also an endocrine-disrupting chemical that may adversely affect humans. This review thoroughly collected data on BPA concentration in human urine and determined main influencing factors. The average BPA intake of humans across six continents or the average value worldwide was calculated based on a simple model. Results showed that the average BPA intake was ranked from high to low as follows: Oceania, Asia, Europe, and North America in the child population and Oceania, Europe, Asia, and North America in the adult population. The annual trend of the average BPA intake was similar between the adult and child populations. The BPA intake in the two populations evidently decreased from 2000 to 2008 and then slightly increased from 2008 to 2011. The BPA intake in the child population started to decrease again from 2011, whereas the corresponding intake in the adult population continued to increase. The distinct difference likely contributed to the wide prohibition of the use of BPA in food-related products for children in many countries since 2009; the bans effectively decreased the total BPA exposure in the child population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri-Ping Huang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hua Yin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping-Xiao Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Neng-Wu Zhu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhang Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
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Benedetti B, Di Carro M, Mirasole C, Magi E. Fast derivatization procedure for the analysis of phytoestrogens in soy milk by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Extraction and detection of bisphenol A in human serum and urine by aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:1885-1891. [PMID: 29372273 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A new type of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), as the absorbents of bisphenol A (BPA), was prepared by functionalization of Fe3O4@SiO2 with BPA-specific aptamer in this work. ssDNA aptamer was immobilized on the Fe3O4@SiO2 surface through biotin-avidin interactions, playing a role of the specific probe for BPA. The resultant materials (Apt-MNPs) exhibited outstanding magnetic responsibility and can be separated efficiently by the magnetic field. Experimental results also showed that Apt-MNPs had large adsorption capacity and high competitive selectivity for the targeted compound BPA. Furthermore, Apt-MNPs were adopted as the specific absorbents to extract and enrich BPA from human serum and urine samples. Therefore, an efficient detection method of BPA was developed in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The linearity of the method was over a range of 5-10,000 ng mL-1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.99997, and the limit of detections (LODs) for serum and urine were 2.0 and 1.0 ng mL-1, respectively. The recoveries of BPA in the spiked human serum and urine samples were 90.8 ± 7.3% (RSD) and 92.3 ± 1.5%, respectively. Our results demonstrated that Apt-MNPs were high-performance adsorbents for extracting and enriching BPA, resulting in fast and efficient detection of BPA in serum and urine samples. Graphical abstract Aptamer-MNPs were effective for BPA separation from serum and urine.
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Kim YR, Pyo HS, Chung BC, Moon MH, Lee J. GC-MS Analysis of Various Phytoestrogens in Health Functional Foods. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ra Kim
- Molecular Recognition Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul 136-791 Korea
- Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Hee Soo Pyo
- Molecular Recognition Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul 136-791 Korea
| | - Bong Chul Chung
- Molecular Recognition Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul 136-791 Korea
| | - Myeong Hee Moon
- Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Jeongae Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul 136-791 Korea
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Bláhová L, Kohoutek J, Procházková T, Prudíková M, Bláha L. Phytoestrogens in milk: Overestimations caused by contamination of the hydrolytic enzyme used during sample extraction. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6973-6982. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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17
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Yang F, Xu L, Zhu L, Zhang Y, Meng W, Liu R. Competitive immunoassay for analysis of bisphenol A in children's sera using a specific antibody. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:10714-10721. [PMID: 26888526 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) has been reported as a potential estrogenic substance that could affect human health and reproduction. In this study, a monoclonal antibody (Mab) against BPA was produced after the immunization of Balb/c mice with a conjugate of 4,4-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) valeric acid coupling with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (BVA-KLH). The obtained Mab showed higher affinity against BPA and lower cross-reactivity toward 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol, diphenolic acid, hydroquinone, salicylic acid, and other common phenolic compounds. Basing on the Mab, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) was developed. Under the optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 0.1 ng mL(-1) with the linear working range of 0.45-10.56 ng mL(-1). After sample extraction, the fortified serum samples were detected with intra- and inter-assay recovery ranges of 81.2-92.9 and 84.4-94.4 %, respectively. Then, 100 children's sera were screened by ic-ELISA. The result showed that 54 % of the serum samples were BPA-positive. The positive samples were purified by immuno-affinity column (IAC) and further confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector measured at λ ex/λ em 228/310 nm in acetonitrile-water solution (v:v, 40:60). The analysis of the unknown samples showed that ic-ELISA agreed well with the HPLC results. It also revealed that the ELISA developed here could be a useful tool for screening BPA in children's sera before the validation of HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Yang
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330013, China
| | - Long Xu
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330013, China
| | - Lixin Zhu
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330013, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, Province, 330006, China
| | - Wei Meng
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330013, China
| | - Renrong Liu
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330013, China.
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Mn2+-doped NaYF4:Yb/Er upconversion nanoparticle-based electrochemiluminescent aptasensor for bisphenol A. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3823-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Corrales J, Kristofco LA, Steele WB, Yates BS, Breed CS, Williams ES, Brooks BW. Global Assessment of Bisphenol A in the Environment: Review and Analysis of Its Occurrence and Bioaccumulation. Dose Response 2015; 13:1559325815598308. [PMID: 26674671 PMCID: PMC4674187 DOI: 10.1177/1559325815598308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Because bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume chemical, we examined over 500 peer-reviewed studies to understand its global distribution in effluent discharges, surface waters, sewage sludge, biosolids, sediments, soils, air, wildlife, and humans. Bisphenol A was largely reported from urban ecosystems in Asia, Europe, and North America; unfortunately, information was lacking from large geographic areas, megacities, and developing countries. When sufficient data were available, probabilistic hazard assessments were performed to understand global environmental quality concerns. Exceedances of Canadian Predicted No Effect Concentrations for aquatic life were >50% for effluents in Asia, Europe, and North America but as high as 80% for surface water reports from Asia. Similarly, maximum concentrations of BPA in sediments from Asia were higher than Europe. Concentrations of BPA in wildlife, mostly for fish, ranged from 0.2 to 13 000 ng/g. We observed 60% and 40% exceedences of median levels by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in Europe and Asia, respectively. These findings highlight the utility of coordinating global sensing of environmental contaminants efforts through integration of environmental monitoring and specimen banking to identify regions for implementation of more robust environmental assessment and management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone Corrales
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Lauren A. Kristofco
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - W. Baylor Steele
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Brian S. Yates
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Christopher S. Breed
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - E. Spencer Williams
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Bryan W. Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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Chrzanowska AM, Poliwoda A, Wieczorek PP. Surface molecularly imprinted silica for selective solid-phase extraction of biochanin A, daidzein and genistein from urine samples. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1392:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Alenazi NA, Manthorpe JM, Lai EP. Selective extraction of BPA in milk analysis by capillary electrophoresis using a chemically modified molecularly imprinted polymer. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Teeguarden JG, Twaddle NC, Churchwell MI, Yang X, Fisher JW, Seryak LM, Doerge DR. 24-hour human urine and serum profiles of bisphenol A: Evidence against sublingual absorption following ingestion in soup. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 288:131-42. [PMID: 25620055 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Extensive first-pass metabolism of ingested bisphenol A (BPA) in the gastro-intestinal tract and liver restricts blood concentrations of bioactive BPA to <1% of total BPA in humans and non-human primates. Absorption of ingested BPA through non-metabolizing tissues of the oral cavity, recently demonstrated in dogs, could lead to the higher serum BPA concentrations reported in some human biomonitoring studies. We hypothesized that the extensive interaction with the oral mucosa by a liquid matrix, like soup, relative to solid food or capsules, might enhance absorption through non-metabolizing oral cavity tissues in humans, producing higher bioavailability and higher serum BPA concentrations. Concurrent serum and urine concentrations of d6-BPA, and its glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, were measured over a 24hour period in 10 adult male volunteers following ingestion of 30μg d6-BPA/kg body weight in soup. Absorption of d6-BPA was rapid (t1/2=0.45h) and elimination of the administered dose was complete 24h post-ingestion, evidence against any tissue depot for BPA. The maximum serum d6-BPA concentration was 0.43nM at 1.6h after administration and represented <0.3% of total d6-BPA. Pharmacokinetic parameters, pharmacokinetic model simulations, and the significantly faster appearance half-life of d6-BPA-glucuronide compared to d6-BPA (0.29h vs 0.45h) were evidence against meaningful absorption of BPA in humans through any non-metabolizing tissue (<1%). This study confirms that typical exposure to BPA in food produces picomolar to subpicomolar serum BPA concentrations in humans, not nM concentrations reported in some biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin G Teeguarden
- Health Effects and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 93771, USA.
| | - Nathan C Twaddle
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Mona I Churchwell
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Jeffrey W Fisher
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Liesel M Seryak
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Daniel R Doerge
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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23
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Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Battal D, Cok I, Unlusayin I, Tunctan B. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantitative analysis of free and conjugated bisphenol A in human urine. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:686-93. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Battal
- Mersin University; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology; 33169 Mersin Turkey
| | - Ismet Cok
- Gazi University; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology; 06330 Ankara Turkey
| | - Irfan Unlusayin
- Acibadem Laboratory Medical Research and Development Laboratory; 34662 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Bahar Tunctan
- Mersin University; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology; 33169 Mersin Turkey
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25
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Teeguarden J, Hanson-Drury S, Fisher JW, Doerge DR. Are typical human serum BPA concentrations measurable and sufficient to be estrogenic in the general population? Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:949-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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A systematic review of Bisphenol A "low dose" studies in the context of human exposure: a case for establishing standards for reporting "low-dose" effects of chemicals. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:935-48. [PMID: 23867546 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to the chemical Bisphenol A is almost ubiquitous in surveyed industrialized societies. Structural features similar to estrogen confer the ability of Bisphenol A (BPA) to bind estrogen receptors, giving BPA membership in the group of environmental pollutants called endocrine disruptors. References by scientists, the media, political entities, and non-governmental organizations to many toxicity studies as "low dose" has led to the belief that exposure levels in these studies are similar to humans, implying that BPA is toxic to humans at current exposures. Through systematic, objective comparison of our current, and a previous compilation of the "low-dose" literature to multiple estimates of human external and internal exposure levels, we found that the "low-dose" moniker describes exposures covering 8-12 orders of magnitude, the majority (91-99% of exposures) being greater than the upper bound of human exposure in the general infant, child and adult U.S. Population. "low dose" is therefore a descriptor without specific meaning regarding human exposure. Where human exposure data are available, for BPA and other environmental chemicals, reference to toxicity study exposures by direct comparison to human exposure would be more informative, more objective, and less susceptible to misunderstanding.
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Simultaneous monitoring of seven phenolic metabolites of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) in human urine using gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:2019-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6618-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nolvachai Y, Marriott PJ. GC for flavonoids analysis: Past, current, and prospective trends. J Sep Sci 2012; 36:20-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yada Nolvachai
- Centre for Green Chemistry; School of Chemistry; Monash University; Clayton Australia
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Centre for Green Chemistry; School of Chemistry; Monash University; Clayton Australia
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Cao XL. A REVIEW RECENT DEVELOPMENT ON ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF BISPHENOL A IN FOOD AND BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.720325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Liang Cao
- a Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
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Chen M, Zhu P, Xu B, Zhao R, Qiao S, Chen X, Tang R, Wu D, Song L, Wang S, Xia Y, Wang X. Determination of Nine Environmental Phenols in Urine by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2012; 36:608-15. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bks072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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32
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The rat prepubertal uterine myometrium and not the luminal epithelium is predominantly affected by a chronic dietary genistein exposure. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1899-910. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fernandes IPG, Oliveira SCB, Ghalkhani M, Shahrokhian S, Oliveira-Brett AM. Electrochemical Oxidation Mechanisms of the Antioxidants Daidzein and 7-Hydroxy-4-chromone. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Vandenberg LN, Chahoud I, Heindel JJ, Padmanabhan V, Paumgartten FJ, Schoenfelder G. Urinary, Circulating, and Tissue Biomonitoring Studies Indicate Widespread Exposure to Bisphenol A. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2012; 17:407-34. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232012000200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest-volume chemicals produced worldwide, and human exposure to BPA is thought to be ubiquitous. Thus, there are concerns that the amount of BPA to which humans are exposed may cause adverse health effects. We examined many possibilities for why biomonitoring and toxicokinetic studies could come to seemingly conflicting conclusions. More than 80 published human biomonitoring studies that measured BPA concentrations in human tissues, urine, blood, and other fluids, along with two toxicokinetic studies of human BPA metabolism were examined. Unconjugated BPA was routinely detected in blood (in the nanograms per milliliter range), and conjugated BPA was routinely detected in the vast majority of urine samples (also in the nanograms per milliliter range). In stark contrast, toxicokinetic studies proposed that humans are not internally exposed to BPA. Available data from biomonitoring studies clearly indicate that the general population is exposed to BPA and is at risk from internal exposure to unconjugated BPA. The two toxicokinetic studies that suggested human BPA exposure is negligible have significant deficiencies, are directly contradicted by hypothesis-driven studies, and are therefore not reliable for risk assessment purposes.
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Kubo I, Yokota N, Fuchiwaki Y, Nakane Y. Characteristics of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Thin Layer for Bisphenol A and Response of the MIP-Modified Sensor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/861643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We examine the characteristics of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) layers for bisphenol A (BPA) to investigate the effect of their thickness on the performance of the BPA sensor. MIP thin layers for bisphenol A were polymerized on a sputtered gold electrode by UV light irradiation for 2 to 30 min. Their thickness, as determined by a QCM analyzer, was 3.6 ± 0.3 nm after 5 min of irradiation and increased as the irradiation time increased to 30 min. AFM images of the MIP-modified surface suggested that the gold electrode was covered with a smooth MIP layer. The anodic peaks of BPA and ascorbic acid caused by gold electrode and the MIP-modified electrode were compared, and the electrode with MIP polymerized for 5 min showed more selectivity to BPA than that polymerized for 2 min. The MIP thin layer thus has potential as a sensing element of a chemical sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Kubo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yokota
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fuchiwaki
- Health Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakane
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
- RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
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Genuis SJ, Beesoon S, Birkholz D, Lobo RA. Human excretion of bisphenol A: blood, urine, and sweat (BUS) study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 2012:185731. [PMID: 22253637 PMCID: PMC3255175 DOI: 10.1155/2012/185731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is an ubiquitous chemical contaminant that has recently been associated with adverse effects on human health. There is incomplete understanding of BPA toxicokinetics, and there are no established interventions to eliminate this compound from the human body. Using 20 study participants, this study was designed to assess the relative concentration of BPA in three body fluids-blood, urine, and sweat-and to determine whether induced sweating may be a therapeutic intervention with potential to facilitate elimination of this compound. METHODS Blood, urine, and sweat were collected from 20 individuals (10 healthy participants and 10 participants with assorted health problems) and analyzed for various environmental toxicants including BPA. RESULTS BPA was found to differing degrees in each of blood, urine, and sweat. In 16 of 20 participants, BPA was identified in sweat, even in some individuals with no BPA detected in their serum or urine samples. CONCLUSIONS Biomonitoring of BPA through blood and/or urine testing may underestimate the total body burden of this potential toxicant. Sweat analysis should be considered as an additional method for monitoring bioaccumulation of BPA in humans. Induced sweating appears to be a potential method for elimination of BPA.
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Asimakopoulos AG, Thomaidis NS, Koupparis MA. Recent trends in biomonitoring of bisphenol A, 4-t-octylphenol, and 4-nonylphenol. Toxicol Lett 2011; 210:141-54. [PMID: 21888958 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), 4-t-octylphenol (4-t-OP), and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) are man-made alkylphenolic environmental contaminants possessing controversial endocrine disruption properties. Nowadays, an increased interest is raised for their accurate determination in biological media in order to estimate the exposure to these compounds and the associated health risk. The aim of this review is to present the available analytical methodologies for biomonitoring these three EDCs in human population. In non-occupational human exposure, they are detected in human matrices in trace level concentrations, commonly lower than 1ng/mL. The use of mass spectrometry based methods is particularly emphasized due to their well known superiority over sensitivity, selectivity and precision, even in difficult matrices, such as blood plasma and serum. Recent and most applicable sample preparation techniques are thoroughly presented. The benefits of solid phase extraction (SPE) and expected developments are demonstrated. Recent results from exposure assessment and epidemiologic studies for BPA, 4-t-OP and 4-NP are summarized and future trends are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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Hengstler JG, Foth H, Gebel T, Kramer PJ, Lilienblum W, Schweinfurth H, Völkel W, Wollin KM, Gundert-Remy U. Critical evaluation of key evidence on the human health hazards of exposure to bisphenol A. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 41:263-91. [PMID: 21438738 PMCID: PMC3135059 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.558487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that more than 5000 safety-related studies have been published on bisphenol A (BPA), there seems to be no resolution of the apparently deadlocked controversy as to whether exposure of the general population to BPA causes adverse effects due to its estrogenicity. Therefore, the Advisory Committee of the German Society of Toxicology reviewed the background and cutting-edge topics of this BPA controversy. The current tolerable daily intake value (TDI) of 0.05 mg/kg body weight [bw]/day, derived by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), is mainly based on body weight changes in two- and three-generation studies in mice and rats. Recently, these studies and the derivation of the TDI have been criticized. After having carefully considered all arguments, the Committee had to conclude that the criticism was scientifically not justified; moreover, recently published additional data further support the reliability of the two- and three-generation studies demonstrating a lack of estrogen-dependent effects at and below doses on which the current TDI is based. A frequently discussed topic is whether doses below 5 mg/kg bw/day may cause adverse health effects in laboratory animals. Meanwhile, it has become clear that positive results from some explorative studies have not been confirmed in subsequent studies with higher numbers of animals or a priori defined hypotheses. Particularly relevant are some recent studies with negative outcomes that addressed effects of BPA on the brain, behavior, and the prostate in rodents for extrapolation to the human situation. The Committee came to the conclusion that rodent data can well be used as a basis for human risk evaluation. Currently published conjectures that rats are insensitive to estrogens compared to humans can be refuted. Data from toxicokinetics studies show that the half-life of BPA in adult human subjects is less than 2 hours and BPA is completely recovered in urine as BPA-conjugates. Tissue deconjugation of BPA-glucuronide and -sulfate may occur. Because of the extremely low quantities, it is only of minor relevance for BPA toxicity. Biomonitoring studies have been used to estimate human BPA exposure and show that the daily intake of BPA is far below the TDI for the general population. Further topics addressed in this article include reasons why some studies on BPA are not reproducible; the relevance of oral versus non-oral exposure routes; the degree to which newborns are at higher systemic BPA exposure; increased BPA exposure by infusions in intensive care units; mechanisms of action other than estrogen receptor activation; and the current regulatory status in Europe, as well as in the USA, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, and Australia. Overall, the Committee concluded that the current TDI for BPA is adequately justified and that the available evidence indicates that BPA exposure represents no noteworthy risk to the health of the human population, including newborns and babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
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Baranowska I, Magiera S, Baranowski J. UHPLC method for the simultaneous determination of β-blockers, isoflavones and their metabolites in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:615-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Degen GH, Blaszkewicz M, Shi L, Buyken AE, Remer T. Urinary isoflavone phytoestrogens in German children and adolescents--a longitudinal examination in the DONALD cohort. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:359-67. [PMID: 20938994 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE In light of concerns about hormonally active agents, it is important to assess human exposure to such compounds, especially in children as a susceptible subgroup. Estrogenic plant constituents are present in the human diet in varying levels, in particular the isoflavones daidzein (DAI) and genistein (GEN). We aimed to examine age-dependent and secular trends in phytoestrogen exposures and to investigate equol (EQ) excretion of German children using biomarker analysis in 24-h urine samples from a longitudinally designed study. METHODS AND RESULTS The concentrations of DAI, its metabolite EQ and GEN were determined by GC-MS analysis in 24-h urines (510 samples) collected between 1985 and 2000 in 90 (47 boys) German children (6-18 years old), who are participants in the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed study. The results from the urinary biomarker analysis indicate isoflavone exposures at quite variable levels in German children: Analyte concentrations in over 500 urine samples cover the range reported previously in adults on typical German diet and with soy intake. EQ, the DAI metabolite produced by the gastrointestinal microflora, was detected in a high fraction of all samples, with 28/90 children (31%) excreting EQ in all their urines, and 62/90 children (68%) in at least one sample. Interestingly, when multiple urines obtained from individuals at different ages (6-18 years) were analyzed, EQ formation did not appear to be a constant trait over time. When stratified by sex, DAI, EQ and GEN concentrations (ng/mL) in urines and excretion rates (μg/day) were similar in boys and girls. Total isoflavone excretion rates (μg/day) increased during childhood (6-12 years) (p=0.02) and were constant during adolescence (13-18 years) (p=0.6). No clear trend for changes in dietary isoflavone exposure over the total study period was seen (p=0.7). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, biomarkers in urine of German children and adolescents indicate a frequent, but widely variable dietary isoflavone intake and suggest no secular increase (1985-2000) in the exposure to isoflavone phytoestrogens among German children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela H Degen
- IfADo--Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund, Germany.
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Cheng G, Remer T, Prinz-Langenohl R, Blaszkewicz M, Degen GH, Buyken AE. Relation of isoflavones and fiber intake in childhood to the timing of puberty. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92:556-64. [PMID: 20631200 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that phytoestrogens and dietary fiber can affect puberty timing. OBJECTIVE We examined whether intake of isoflavone and fiber in healthy white children before their pubertal growth spurt [age at take-off (ATO)] was associated with puberty timing. DESIGN Multivariate regression analyses were performed in 227 DONALD (DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed) Study participants with 3-d weighed dietary records and information on potential confounders at baseline (1 and 2 y before ATO). In a subsample (n = 111), urinary isoflavones were determined in 24-h urine samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Puberty timing was examined by using ATO and chronologic ages at pubertal stage 2 for breast development (B2) or gonadal development, peak height velocity (PHV), and menarche or voice break. RESULTS Girls whose diet was in the highest dietary isoflavone tertile experienced Tanner stage 2 for breast development ap 0.7 y later and reached PHV ap 0.6 y later than did girls whose diet was in the lowest isoflavone tertile [age (95% CI) at B2: 10.7 y (10.4, 10.9 y) compared with 10.0 y ( 9.7, 10.3 y), respectively; P for trend = 0.04; age at PHV: 11.9 y (11.6, 12.2 y) compared with 11.3 y (11.0, 11.6 y), respectively; P for trend = 0.04; adjusted for body mass index z score and fiber intake]. In boys, dietary isoflavones were not associated with pubertal markers. Urinary isoflavone and dietary fiber intakes were not associated with pubertal markers. CONCLUSIONS Girls, but not boys, with higher prepubertal isoflavone intakes appear to enter puberty at a later age. Fiber intake in this sample of healthy white girls and boys was not relevant for puberty timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Cheng
- Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Germany.
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Vandenberg LN, Chahoud I, Heindel JJ, Padmanabhan V, Paumgartten FJ, Schoenfelder G. Urinary, circulating, and tissue biomonitoring studies indicate widespread exposure to bisphenol A. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:1055-70. [PMID: 20338858 PMCID: PMC2920080 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 907] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest-volume chemicals produced worldwide, and human exposure to BPA is thought to be ubiquitous. Thus, there are concerns that the amount of BPA to which humans are exposed may cause adverse health effects. Importantly, results from a large number of biomonitoring studies are at odds with the results from two toxicokinetic studies. OBJECTIVE We examined several possibilities for why biomonitoring and toxicokinetic studies could come to seemingly conflicting conclusions. DATA SOURCES We examined > 80 published human biomonitoring studies that measured BPA concentrations in human tissues, urine, blood, and other fluids, along with two toxicokinetic studies of human BPA metabolism. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS The > 80 biomonitoring studies examined included measurements in thousands of individuals from several different countries, and these studies overwhelmingly detected BPA in individual adults, adolescents, and children. Unconjugated BPA was routinely detected in blood (in the nanograms per milliliter range), and conjugated BPA was routinely detected in the vast majority of urine samples (also in the nanograms per milliliter range). In stark contrast, toxicokinetic studies proposed that humans are not internally exposed to BPA. Some regulatory agencies have relied solely on these toxicokinetic models in their risk assessments. CONCLUSIONS Available data from biomonitoring studies clearly indicate that the general population is exposed to BPA and is at risk from internal exposure to unconjugated BPA. The two toxicokinetic studies that suggested human BPA exposure is negligible have significant deficiencies, are directly contradicted by hypothesis-driven studies, and are therefore not reliable for risk assessment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N. Vandenberg
- Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
- Address correspondence to L.N. Vandenberg, Tufts University, Department of Biology, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Telephone: (617) 627-4094. Fax: (617) 627-5305. E-mail:
| | - Ibrahim Chahoud
- Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jerrold J. Heindel
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Francisco J.R. Paumgartten
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilbert Schoenfelder
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Bester K, McArdell CS, Wahlberg C, Bucheli TD. Quantitative Mass Flows of Selected Xenobiotics in Urban Waters and Waste Water Treatment Plants. XENOBIOTICS IN THE URBAN WATER CYCLE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3509-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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Hertrampf T, Ledwig C, Kulling S, Molzberger A, Möller FJ, Zierau O, Vollmer G, Moors S, Degen GH, Diel P. Responses of estrogen sensitive tissues in female Wistar rats to pre- and postnatal isoflavone exposure. Toxicol Lett 2009; 191:181-8. [PMID: 19733640 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Effects of isoflavones on estrogen sensitive tissues are discussed controversially. This study was designed to investigate tissue specific effects of an isoflavone exposure through different periods of life in female Wistar rats and to compare the effects of genistein (GEN) to those of mixed dietary isoflavones, GEN and daidzein (DAI). One group received an isoflavone-free diet (IDD), another was fed an isoflavone-rich diet (IRD) and the third group an IDD supplemented with GEN (GEN(d)) prior to mating, throughout pregnancy and up to weaning. The offspring were kept on the respective diets during growth, puberty and adulthood. The weight of the uterus, the height of the uterine and vaginal epithelium, the bone mineral density of the tibia, and the expression of the estrogen sensitive gene CaBP9K in the liver were determined. At d21, the uterine weight, the uterine epithelium and the expression of CaBP9K in the liver were significantly stimulated in GEN(d) animals compared to IDD and IRD. Interestingly, bone mineral density was increased in GEN(d) and in IRD animals. Around puberty (d50) neither uterine wet weights nor trabecular bone density differed significantly among the isoflavone groups and the IDD control. At d80 no significant differences in uterine weight were observed among IDD, GEN(d) and IRD animals. However, bone mineral density was increased in GEN(d) and IRD animals. In summary, our results demonstrate that lifelong dietary exposure to isoflavones can affect estrogen sensitive tissues, apparently in a tissue selective manner. With respect to health risk and benefit our data indicate that an increased bone mineral density can be achieved by lifelong exposure to an IRD, which, in contrast to GEN supplementation, does not seem to stimulate the proliferation of the uterine epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hertrampf
- Institut für Kreislaufforschung und Sportmedizin, Abt. molekulare und zelluläre Sportmedizin, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Cologne, Germany
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Ferrer I, Barber LB, Thurman EM. Gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric fragmentation study of phytoestrogens as their trimethylsilyl derivatives: Identification in soy milk and wastewater samples. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6024-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 06/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sánchez-Acevedo ZC, Riu J, Rius FX. Fast picomolar selective detection of bisphenol A in water using a carbon nanotube field effect transistor functionalized with estrogen receptor-α. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:2842-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rostagno MA, Villares A, Guillamón E, García-Lafuente A, Martínez JA. Sample preparation for the analysis of isoflavones from soybeans and soy foods. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2-29. [PMID: 19041977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript provides a review of the actual state and the most recent advances as well as current trends and future prospects in sample preparation and analysis for the quantification of isoflavones from soybeans and soy foods. Individual steps of the procedures used in sample preparation, including sample conservation, extraction techniques and methods, and post-extraction treatment procedures are discussed. The most commonly used methods for extraction of isoflavones with both conventional and "modern" techniques are examined in detail. These modern techniques include ultrasound-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction. Other aspects such as stability during extraction and analysis by high performance liquid chromatography are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rostagno
- Centro para la Calidad de los Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Universitario "Duques de Soria", 42004 Soria, Spain.
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García-Prieto A, Lunar ML, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D. Determination of urinary bisphenol A by coacervative microextraction and liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 630:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dentith S, Lockwood B. Development of techniques for the analysis of isoflavones in soy foods and nutraceuticals. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008; 11:242-7. [PMID: 18403919 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e3282fa15c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW For over 20 years, soy isoflavones have been investigated for their ability to prevent a wide range of cancers and cardiovascular problems, and numerous other disease states. This research is underpinned by the ability of researchers to analyse isoflavones in various forms in a range of raw materials and biological fluids. This review summarizes the techniques recently used in their analysis. RECENT FINDINGS The speed of high performance liquid chromatography analysis has been improved, allowing analysis of more samples, and increasing the sensitivity of detection techniques allows quantification of isoflavones down to nanomoles per litre levels in biological fluids. The combination of high-performance liquid chromatography with immunoassay has allowed identification and estimation of low-level soy isoflavones. The use of soy isoflavone supplements has shown an increase in their circulating levels in plasma and urine, aiding investigation of their biological effects. The significance of the metabolite equol has spurned research into new areas, and recently the specific enantiomers have been studied. SUMMARY High-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and gas chromatography are widely used with a range of detection systems. Increasingly, immunoassay is being used because of its high sensitivity and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Dentith
- University of Manchester, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manchester, UK
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Dekant W, Völkel W. Human exposure to bisphenol A by biomonitoring: Methods, results and assessment of environmental exposures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 228:114-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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