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Tsai PH, Wu PC, Li HR, Senthil Kumar KJ, Wang SY. Hirami lemon ( Citrus reticulata var. depressa) modulates the gut-brain axis in a chronic mild stress-induced depression mouse model. Food Funct 2023; 14:7535-7549. [PMID: 37526032 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01301d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Citrus reticulata var. depressa, commonly known as Hirami lemon, is a native citrus species found in Taiwan and Okinawa islands of Japan. While several Citrus species are known to possess antidepressant activity by modulating the gut microbiota, the antidepressant effect of Hirami lemon and its underlying mechanisms have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we explored the potential antidepressant efficacy of the fruit extract (CD) and the essential oil (CDE) from Hirami lemon peel using a chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced mouse model and analyzed the association of gut microbiome changes. Our findings revealed that mice subjected to CMS exhibited anxiety- and depression-like behaviors as assessed by elevated plus-maze and forced swimming tests, respectively. Significantly, oral administration of CDE and CD notably reversed CMS-induced depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in CMS-induced mice. Moreover, compared to the non-stressed group, CMS significantly altered the gut microbiome, characterized by highly diverse bacterial communities, reduced Bacteroidetes, and increased Firmicutes. However, oral administration of CDE and CD restored gut microbiota dysbiosis. We also performed a qualitative analysis of CD and CDE using UPLC-MS and GC-MS, respectively. The CD contained 25 compounds, of which 3 were polymethoxy flavones and flavanones. Three major compounds, nobiletin, tangeretin and hesperidin, accounted for 56.88% of the total relative peak area. In contrast, the CDE contained 11 terpenoids, of which 8 were identified as major compounds, with D-limonene (45.71%) being the most abundant, followed by γ-terpinene (34.65%), linalool (6.46%), p-cymene (2.57%), α-terpineol (2.04%), α-pinene (1.89%), α-terpinolene (1.46%), and β-pinene (1.16%), accounting for 95.94% of the total oil. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the potential of Hirami lemon as a source of natural antidepressant agents for the prevention and treatment of major depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Heng Tsai
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Chen Wu
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ru Li
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - K J Senthil Kumar
- Bachelor Program of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yang Wang
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Special Crop and Metabolome Discipline Cluster, Academy of Circle Economy, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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ALaqeel NK. Antioxidants from different citrus peels provide protection against cancer. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 84:e271619. [PMID: 37436265 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.271619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death. Despite significant advancements in the discovery of medications for the treatment of cancer, these drugs are hindered by applicability and efficacy issues and frequently exhibit major side effects that can further impair patients 'quality of life. Therefore, the development of therapeutically sound anti-cancer medicines derived from natural products has gained prominence in the field of functional foods. Some of these compounds have shown efficacy in the prevention and treatment of cancer as well as low toxicity. Additionally, many recent studies have explored the recycling of agro-industrial waste to create bioactive chemicals. Citrus peels are produced in vast quantities in the food processing sector; due to their abundance of flavonoids, they may be inexpensive sources of protection against several cancers. Citrus is a common type of fruit that contains a variety of nutrients. In particular, the antioxidant chemicals found in citrus peel have been identified as potential cancer-fighting agents. Antioxidant substances such as flavonoids prevent the development of cancer by inhibiting the metastatic cascade, decreasing the mobility of cancer cells in the circulatory system, promoting apoptosis, and suppressing angiogenesis. To explore the most effective uses of citrus peel-derived antioxidants, this review presents background information, an overview of the role of citrus antioxidants in cancer therapy, and a discussion of the key underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf Khalifa ALaqeel
- Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Effect of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract on tumour pathways in azoxymethane-induced colorectal cancer in rats. ACTA VET BRNO 2023. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202392010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract (TCAE) on tumour development pathways in azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colorectal cancer in rats by molecular methods. Eighteen paraffin-embedded intestinal tissues, six from each group, were studied in the healthy control (C), cancer control (CC), cancer + TCAE (C-TCAE) groups. Sections of 5 µm thickness were taken from the paraffin blocks and submitted to staining with haematoxylin-eosin. In the histopathological examination, the number of crypts forming aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and the degree of dysplasia in the crypts were scored. Real-time PCR analysis was completed to determine β-catenin, KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma virus), APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) and P53 expressions on samples from each paraffin block. The grading scores of the number of crypts forming ACF and dysplasia in the crypts showed an evident decrease in the C-TCAE group in comparison to the CC group (P < 0.05). In real-time PCR analysis, mRNA expression levels of P53 (P > 0.05) and APC (P < 0.001) genes were found to be increased in the C-TCAE group according to the CC group. The expression levels of KRAS (P < 0.01) and β-catenin (P < 0.005) mRNA were found significantly decreased in the C-TCAE group. In conclusion, the effects of TCAE on AOM-induced colorectal cancer (CRC) in rats were evaluated molecularly; TCAE was found to modulate some changes in CRC developmental pathways, inhibiting tumour development and proliferation, and stimulating non-mutagenic tumour suppressor genes. Thus, it can be stated that TCAE is an effective chemopreventive agent.
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Rauf A, Shariati MA, Imran M, Bashir K, Khan SA, Mitra S, Emran TB, Badalova K, Uddin MS, Mubarak MS, Aljohani ASM, Alhumaydhi FA, Derkho M, Korpayev S, Zengin G. Comprehensive review on naringenin and naringin polyphenols as a potent anticancer agent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:31025-31041. [PMID: 35119637 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18754-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Though the incidence of several cancers in Western societies is regulated wisely, some cancers such as breast, lung, and colorectal cancer are currently rising in many low- and middle-income countries due to increased risk factors triggered by societal and development problems. Surgery, chemotherapy, hormone, radiation, and targeted therapies are examples of traditional cancer treatment approaches. However, multiple short- and long-term adverse effects may also significantly affect patient prognosis depending on treatment-associated clinical factors. More and more research has been carried out to find new therapeutic agents in natural products, among which the bioactive compounds derived from plants have been increasingly studied. Naringin and naringenin are abundantly found in citrus fruits, such as oranges and grapefruits. A variety of cell signaling pathways mediates their anti-carcinogenic properties. Naringin and naringenin were also documented to overcome multidrug resistance, one of the major challenges to clinical practice due to multiple defense mechanisms in cancer. The effective parameters underlying the anticancer effects of naringenin and naringin include GSK3β inactivation, suppression of the gene and protein activation of NF-kB and COX-2, JAK2/STAT3 downregulation, downregulation of intracellular adhesion molecules-1, upregulation of Notch1 and tyrocite-specific genes, and activation of p38/MAPK and caspase-3. Thus, this review outlines the potential of naringin and naringenin in managing different types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar, Swabi, 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management, The First Cossack University), 73 Zemlyanoy Val, Moscow, 109004, Russia
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of food science and technology, University of Narowal-Pakistan, Pakistan
- Food, nutrition and lifestyle Unit, King Fahed Medical Research Center, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kashif Bashir
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Abasyan University Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ali Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar, Swabi, 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Kamala Badalova
- General Toxicological Chemistry Department, Azerbaijan Medical University Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Abdullah S M Aljohani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marina Derkho
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, South-Ural State Agrarian University, Chelyabinsk Region, 13 Gagarin St, Troitsk, 454700, Russian Federation
| | - Serdar Korpayev
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, 06135, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
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Abstract
Citrus species are one of the world’s popular fruit crops, cultivated all over the world for their economic and nutritional values. Citrus, like other fruits and vegetables, are an important source of several antioxidant molecules (polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids) that can inhibit the harmful effects of free radicals on the human body; due to their functional values and health-promoting properties, Citrus species are considered valuable fruits not only in agri-food industry, but also in pharmaceutical industry. Flavonoids are among the major constituents of polyphenols found in different parts of Citrus fruits (skin, peels, seed, pulp membrane, and juice). Flavonoids have different biological properties (antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial activities). Several studies have also shown the health-related properties of Citrus flavonoids, especially antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-aging, and cardiovascular protection activities. In the present review, attempts are made to discuss the current trends of research on flavonoids in different Citrus species.
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Di Cerbo A, Mescola A, Rosace G, Stocchi R, Rossi G, Alessandrini A, Preziuso S, Scarano A, Rea S, Loschi AR, Sabia C. Antibacterial Effect of Stainless Steel Surfaces Treated with a Nanotechnological Coating Approved for Food Contact. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020248. [PMID: 33530444 PMCID: PMC7910924 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stainless steel, widely present in the food industry, is frequently exposed to bacterial colonization with possible consequences on consumers' health. 288 stainless steel disks with different roughness (0.25, 0.5 and 1 μm) were challenged with four Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 1402, Yersinia enterocolitica ATCC 9610 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27588) and four Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 and Listeria monocytogenes NCTT 10888) and underwent three different sanitizing treatments (UVC, alcohol 70% v/v and Gold lotion). Moreover, the same procedure was carried out onto the same surfaces after a nanotechnological surface coating (nanoXHAM® D). A significant bactericidal effect was exerted by all of the sanitizing treatments against all bacterial strains regardless of roughness and surface coating. The nanoXHAM® D coating itself induced an overall bactericidal effect as well as in synergy with all sanitizing treatments regardless of roughness. Stainless steel surface roughness is poorly correlated with bacterial adhesion and only sanitizing treatments can exert significant bactericidal effects. Most of sanitizing treatments are toxic and corrosive causing the onset of crevices that are able to facilitate bacterial nesting and growth. This nanotechnological coating can reduce surface adhesion with consequent reduction of bacterial adhesion, nesting, and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Di Cerbo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (R.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.); (S.R.); (A.R.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0737-403466
| | - Andrea Mescola
- CNR-Nanoscience Institute-S3, 62024 Modena, Italy; (A.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Rosace
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24044 Dalmine, Italy;
| | - Roberta Stocchi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (R.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.); (S.R.); (A.R.L.)
| | - Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (R.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.); (S.R.); (A.R.L.)
| | - Andrea Alessandrini
- CNR-Nanoscience Institute-S3, 62024 Modena, Italy; (A.M.); (A.A.)
- Department of Physics, Informatics e Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Preziuso
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (R.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.); (S.R.); (A.R.L.)
| | - Antonio Scarano
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Stefano Rea
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (R.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.); (S.R.); (A.R.L.)
| | - Anna Rita Loschi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (R.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.); (S.R.); (A.R.L.)
| | - Carla Sabia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
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7
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Zhou R, Lei J, Wei Y, Zhang H. Chemoprotective Effects of Geraniin against Azoxymethane Induced Colorectal Cancer by Reduction of Inflammatory Reaction. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:817-825. [PMID: 34078758 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The leading cause of cancer-related death is colorectal cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease is a risk factor for this disease. Azoxymethane (AOM) is a potent cancer inducer widely used in rats for colon cancer. The current study was scrutinizing the chemo-protective effect of geraniin against AOM induced colorectal cancer via alteration of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. The rats were divided into different groups such as Group I: normal control, Group II geraniin (20 mg/kg), Group III: received AOM, Group IV-VI: AOM + geraniin (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg), respectively. All group of rats were received treatment for 16 weeks. At the end of the experimental study, the hepatic, biochemical, phase II antioxidant, antioxidant enzymes, cytokines, apoptosis and inflammatory mediators were estimated. Geraniin treatment significantly reduced tumor weight and enhanced body weight. Geraniin administration also altered the level of antioxidant parameters-superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR); phase I enzymes - cytochrome B5, cytochrome P450; phase II enzymes - Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), UDP-Glucuronyl transferase (UDP-GT) respectively. Obtained results also demonstrate that geraniin treatment reduced the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-1α, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17A, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, G-CSF, and GM-CSF. Geraniin also reduced the expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, G-CSF, and GM-CSF. On the basis of result we can conclude that geraniin reduced the colorectal cancer via inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruize Zhou
- Department of Oncology First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University
| | - Jia Lei
- Clinical Technology Experimental Center, Kunming Medical University Haiyuan College
| | - Yubo Wei
- Department of Oncology First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Department of Oncology First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University
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Di Cerbo A, Mescola A, Iseppi R, Canton R, Rossi G, Stocchi R, Loschi AR, Alessandrini A, Rea S, Sabia C. Antibacterial Effect of Aluminum Surfaces Untreated and Treated with a Special Anodizing Based on Titanium Oxide Approved for Food Contact. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E456. [PMID: 33321703 PMCID: PMC7764488 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the main concerns of the food industry is microbial adhesion to food contact surfaces and consequent contamination. We evaluated the potential bacteriostatic/bactericidal efficacy of aluminum surfaces with different large-scale roughness (0.25, 0.5 and 1 μm) before and after the surface treatment with a special anodizing based on titanium oxide nanotechnology (DURALTI®) and after 3 different sanitizing treatments, e.g., UV, alcohol and a natural product named Gold lotion. Four Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 1402, Yersinia enterocolitica ATCC 9610 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27588) and four Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 and Listeria monocytogenes NCTT 10888) bacteria were screened. As far as concerns aluminum surfaces without nanotechnology surface treatment, an overall bacteriostatic effect was observed for all strains with respect to the initial inoculum that was 106 CFU/mL. Conversely, an overall bactericidal effect was observed both for Gram-negative and -positive bacteria on DURALTI®-treated aluminum disks, regardless of roughness and sanitizing treatment. These results are innovative in terms of the great potential of the antibacterial activity of nanotechnologically treated food contact surfaces and their combination with some sanitizing agents that might be exploited in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Di Cerbo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (G.R.); (R.S.); (A.R.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Andrea Mescola
- CNR-Nanoscience Institute-S3, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Ramona Iseppi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.I.); (C.S.)
| | | | - Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (G.R.); (R.S.); (A.R.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Roberta Stocchi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (G.R.); (R.S.); (A.R.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Anna Rita Loschi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (G.R.); (R.S.); (A.R.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Andrea Alessandrini
- CNR-Nanoscience Institute-S3, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.M.); (A.A.)
- Department of Physics, Informatics e Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Rea
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (G.R.); (R.S.); (A.R.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Carla Sabia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.I.); (C.S.)
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Guang C, Zhiwei Y, Liwen W, Yutaka M, Michiko S, Shiming L, Chi‐Tang H, Hui Z, Naiyao C. Formulated citrus peel extract gold lotion improves cognitive and functional recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Iannitti T, Di Cerbo A, Loschi AR, Rea S, Suzawa M, Morales‐Medina JC. Repeated administration of a flavonoid-based formulated extract from citrus peels significantly reduces peripheral inflammation-induced pain in the rat. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:3173-3180. [PMID: 32724582 PMCID: PMC7382119 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression-related disorders are the first cause of disability worldwide according to the World Health Organization, and there is limited availability of effective antidepressant medications without side effects. Similarly, pain management is a public health concern particularly due to the increase in use of opioid medications, which have a significant side effect profile. Flavonoids can modulate numerous physiological functions including emotional and anti-nociceptive processes. Gold lotion (GL) is a natural product based on the extract of six citrus peels rich in flavonoids (0.45 mg/ml) with numerous reported biological activities. In the present study, we investigated the effect of repeated administration of GL in a battery of behavioral tests, including the open field test (OFT), forced swim test (FST), and von Frey test (vFT), in rats. While the OFT measured anxiolytic-related effects, the FST evaluated depression-related behavior. The vFT evaluated mechanical allodynia in two rat models of peripheral inflammation induced by carrageenan or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) administration. Treatment with GL reduced mechanical allodynia after either carrageenan or CFA administration. On the other hand, repeated GL administration did not modulate any behavior evaluated by OFT or FST. Consumption of GL inhibits behavioral signs of inflammatory pain. Therefore, GL may be a valuable analgesic product to be used for inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Iannitti
- Charles River Discovery Research Services UK LimitedPortisheadUK
| | - Alessandro Di Cerbo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CamerinoMatelicaItaly
| | - Anna Rita Loschi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CamerinoMatelicaItaly
| | - Stefano Rea
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CamerinoMatelicaItaly
| | - Michiko Suzawa
- Miyauchi Citrus Research CenterShigoka‐MachiTakasakiGunmaJapan
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11
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Koolaji N, Shammugasamy B, Schindeler A, Dong Q, Dehghani F, Valtchev P. Citrus Peel Flavonoids as Potential Cancer Prevention Agents. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa025. [PMID: 32391511 PMCID: PMC7199889 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruit and in particular flavonoid compounds from citrus peel have been identified as agents with utility in the treatment of cancer. This review provides a background and overview regarding the compounds found within citrus peel with putative anticancer potential as well as the associated in vitro and in vivo studies. Historical studies have identified a number of cellular processes that can be modulated by citrus peel flavonoids including cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, metastasis, and angiogenesis. More recently, molecular studies have started to elucidate the underlying cell signaling pathways that are responsible for the flavonoids' mechanism of action. These growing data support further research into the chemopreventative potential of citrus peel extracts, and purified flavonoids in particular. This critical review highlights new research in the field and synthesizes the pathways modulated by flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds into a generalized schema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Koolaji
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Center for Advanced Food Enginomics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Balakrishnan Shammugasamy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Center for Advanced Food Enginomics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aaron Schindeler
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Center for Advanced Food Enginomics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Bioengineering & Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Qihan Dong
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- Greg Brown Laboratory, Central Clinical School and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Center for Advanced Food Enginomics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Valtchev
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Center for Advanced Food Enginomics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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12
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Aboulthana WM, Ibrahim NES, Osman NM, Seif MM, Hassan AK, Youssef AM, El-Feky AM, Madboli AA. Evaluation of the Biological Efficiency of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized Using Croton tiglium L. Seeds Extract against Azoxymethane Induced Colon Cancer in Rats. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:1369-1389. [PMID: 32458646 PMCID: PMC7541879 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.5.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered as the most common type of gastrointestinal cancers. Chemotherapy became limited due to the adverse side effects. Therefore, the most effective Croton tiglium extract was selected to be incorporated by silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) then evaluated against colon cancer induced by azoxymethane (AOM) in rats. METHODS Different hematological and biochemical measurements were quantified in addition to markers of oxidative stress. Specific tumor and inflammatory markers were assayed. Colonic tissues were examined histopathologically in addition to immunohistochemistry (IHC). Native proteins and isoenzymes patterns were electrophoretically assayed beside expression of Tumor Protein P53 (TP53) and Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) genes in colonic tissues. RESULTS It was found that AOM caused significant (P≤0.05) elevation in the hematological and biochemical measurements. C. tiglium nano-extract restored these measurements to normalcy. Tumor and inflammatory markers elevated significantly (P≤0.05) in sera of AOM induced colon cancer group in addition to increasing peroxidation products with decline in antioxidant enzymes activities in colon tissues. Nano-extract restored these measurements to normalcy in post-treated group. Histopathological study revealed that nano-extract minimized severity of inflammatory reactions in all nano-extract treated groups and prevented anti-Keratin 20 antibody expression in post-treated group. The lowest similarity index (SI%) values were noticed with electrophoretic protein (SI=71.43%), lipid (SI=0.00%) and calcium (SI=75.00%) moieties of protein patterns, catalase (SI=85.71%), peroxidase (SI=85.71%), α-esterase (SI=50.00%) and β-esterase (SI=50.00%) isoenzymes in colon cancer group. Furthermore, AOM altered the relative quantities of total native bands. The nano-extract prevented the alterations that occurred qualitatively in nano-extract post-treated group and quantitatively in all nano-extract treated groups. Levels of TP53 and APC gene expression increased in AOM injected group and nano-extract restored their levels to normalcy in the post-treated group. CONCLUSION C. tiglium nano-extract exhibited ameliorative effect against the biochemical and molecular alterations induced by AOM in nano-extract post-treated group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Mahmoud Aboulthana
- Biochemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
- For Correspondence:
| | - Noha El-Sayed Ibrahim
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Noha Mohamed Osman
- Cell Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud Seif
- Toxicology and Food contaminants, Food Industry and Nutrition Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Amgad Kamal Hassan
- Biochemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | | | - Amal Mostafa El-Feky
- Pharmacognosy Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - A A Madboli
- Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination Department, Veterinary Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt .
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Phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of citrus peel. Food Res Int 2020; 132:109114. [PMID: 32331689 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Citrus peel (CP) forms around 40-50% of the total fruit mass but is generally thought to be a waste. However, it is a substantial source of naturally occurring health enhancing compounds, particularly phenolic compounds and carotenoids. Phenolic compounds in CP mainly comprise phenolic acids (primarily caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic and sinapic acid), flavanones (generally naringin and hesperidin) and polymethoxylated flavones (notably nobiletin and tangeretin). It has also been noted that CP's contain more amounts of these compounds than corresponding edible parts of the fruits. Phenolic compounds present in CP act as antioxidants (by either donation of protons or electrons) and protect cells against free radical damage as well as help in reducing the risk of many chronic diseases. Owing to the more abundance of polyphenols in CP's, their antioxidant activity is also higher than other edible fruit parts. Therefore, peels from citrus fruits can be used as sources of functional compounds and preservatives for the development of newer food products, that are not only safe but also have health-promoting activities. The present review provides in-depth knowledge about the phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of CP.
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Supercritical fluid CO 2 extraction of three polymethoxyflavones from Citri reticulatae pericarpium and subsequent preparative separation by continuous high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1124:284-289. [PMID: 31254782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are widely found in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP) and have been investigated with a broad spectrum of biological activities as well as health promoting properties. However, separation of the PMFs from a complex sample, especially preparative separation of these PMFs with high purity, remains challenging. In the present study, an efficient method based on supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and continuous high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) has been developed for extracting and preparative purification PMFs from CRP. Various experimental conditions were investigated to optimize the SFE and HSCCC processes. Under these optimized conditions, crude extract of CRP (extract I) was obtained with a maximum contents of nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone and tangeretin. Further extraction of crude extract I was carried out to obtain crude extract II, which was further isolated and purified by HSCCC. It was worth mentioned that continuous injection HSCCC process were realized without lost of separation efficiency, which allowed for multiple purification cycles and therefore saved a lot of labor and time. Furthermore, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to analyze the fractions separated by HSCCC, which revealed that the purities of the three PMFs were all above 98%. The structures of the three PMFs were identified by LC-MS and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
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15
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Simultaneous separation of six pure polymethoxyflavones from sweet orange peel extract by high performance counter current chromatography. Food Chem 2019; 292:160-165. [PMID: 31054661 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Successful isolation of polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) from citrus peels has led to numerous evaluations of PMFs in a broad spectrum of biological activities, such as inhibition of chronic inflammation, cancer prevention and anti-atherogenic properties. Recent reports associated with the health promoting properties of PMFs in citrus fruits have dramatically increased. However, the limiting factor in animal and human study of PMFs is still the supply of pure PMFs, such as tangeretin, nobiletin, sinensetin and 3,5,6,7,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone. Herein, we introduce the newly developed efficient separation method using high-performance counter-current chromatography (HPCCC) in isolating multiple pure single PMFs simultaneously in one cycle process. With the smallest preparation loop on the semi-preparative HPCCC instrument, the optimized solvent system of hexanes/ethyl acetate/methanol/water resulted in the isolation of pure sinensetin, tangeretin, nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone, 5,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone and 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone directly from crude sweet orange peel extract in one cycle of separation process by HPCCC in the mode of reverse phase. The purity of each of the six isolated PMFs is greater than 96.6% analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Scale-up and high purity of individual PMFs can be separated by using a large separation loop in preparative HPCCC model. The renovated HPCCC methodology can be practically used in natural product isolation and consequent biological property evaluation.
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16
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Sarkar P, Thirumurugan K. Modulatory functions of bioactive fruits, vegetables and spices in adipogenesis and angiogenesis. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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17
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Lin CC, Wu JJ, Pan YG, Chao YH, Lin FC, Lee YR, Chu CL. Gold lotion from citrus peel extract ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis in murine. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5509-5517. [PMID: 29691866 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gold lotion (GL), a natural mixed product made from the peels of six citrus fruits, has recently been identified as possessing anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. GL has been used to protect skin against UV-induced damage, but its activity against psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune skin disease caused by dysregulation between immune cells and keratinocytes, is not known. We therefore evaluated the effect of GL on imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like inflammation in mice. RESULTS GL treatment significantly attenuated IMQ-induced psoriasis-like symptoms in mice. The inflammatory cytokines upregulated by IMQ in skin lesions were also inhibited by feeding GL. In addition, GL treatment reduced the infiltration of CD4+ T cells/neutrophils in skin lesions and the percentage of IL-17-/IL-22-producing T cells in lymph nodes. Furthermore, GL impaired IMQ-induced type I interferon production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in vitro. CONCLUSION Our results indicate GL can act to suppress the initiation of psoriasis and strongly suggest that GL may have potential to be applied to the treatment of psoriasis. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chien Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Ju Wu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Gen Pan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsuan Chao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chu Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ray Lee
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Chu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Padmanabhan S, Waly MI, Taranikanti V, Guizani N, Ali A, Rahman MS, Al-Attabi Z, Al-Malky RN, Al-Maskari SNM, Al-Ruqaishi BRS, Dong J, Deth RC. Folate/Vitamin B12 Supplementation Combats Oxidative Stress-Associated Carcinogenesis in a Rat Model of Colon Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2018; 71:100-110. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1513047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Padmanabhan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mostafa I. Waly
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Department of Nutrition, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Varna Taranikanti
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Nejib Guizani
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Amanat Ali
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mohammad S. Rahman
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Zaher Al-Attabi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Raya N. Al-Malky
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Sultan N. M. Al-Maskari
- Small Animal House, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Bader R. S. Al-Ruqaishi
- Small Animal House, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Jianan Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Richard C. Deth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
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Owczarek K, Lewandowska U. The Impact of Dietary Polyphenols on COX-2 Expression in Colorectal Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2017; 69:1105-1118. [PMID: 29068698 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1367940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are natural compounds with high structural diversity whose common occurrence in plants renders them intrinsic dietary components. They are known to be secondary metabolites characterized by a wide spectrum of biological activities, and a growing body of evidence indicates they have anti-inflammatory potential. It is well known that inflammation plays a key role in many chronic diseases such as circulatory diseases, pulmonary diseases, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Polyphenols influence the inflammatory process by controlling and inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid. Furthermore, polyphenols exhibit anti-inflammatory activity on many levels via NF-κB inhibition, and MAPK, iNOS, and growth factors regulation. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge concerning the potential of various dietary polyphenols to inhibit the effects of COX-2 in colon cancer, by examining the available evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of these compounds obtained from in vitro and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Owczarek
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Urszula Lewandowska
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
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Lv X, Zhao S, Ning Z, Zeng H, Shu Y, Tao O, Xiao C, Lu C, Liu Y. Citrus fruits as a treasure trove of active natural metabolites that potentially provide benefits for human health. Chem Cent J 2015; 9:68. [PMID: 26705419 PMCID: PMC4690266 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-015-0145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruits, which are cultivated worldwide, have been recognized as some of the most high-consumption fruits in terms of energy, nutrients and health supplements. What is more, a number of these
fruits have been used as traditional medicinal herbs to cure diseases in several Asian countries. Numerous studies have focused on Citrus secondary metabolites as well as bioactivities and have been intended to develop new chemotherapeutic or complementary medicine in recent decades. Citrus-derived secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, alkaloids, limonoids, coumarins, carotenoids, phenolic acids and essential oils, are of vital importance to human health due to their active properties. These characteristics include anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, as well as cardiovascular protective effects, neuroprotective effects, etc. This review summarizes the global distribution and taxonomy, numerous secondary metabolites and bioactivities of Citrus fruits to provide a reference for further study. Flavonoids as characteristic bioactive metabolites in Citrus fruits are mainly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Lv
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Siyu Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Zhangchi Ning
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Honglian Zeng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Yisong Shu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Ou Tao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China ; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077 China
| | - Yuanyan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
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21
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Kaur J, Kaur G. An insight into the role of citrus bioactives in modulation of colon cancer. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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22
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Rawson NE, Ho CT, Li S. Efficacious anti-cancer property of flavonoids from citrus peels. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Anticancer activities of citrus peel polymethoxyflavones related to angiogenesis and others. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:453972. [PMID: 25250322 PMCID: PMC4163462 DOI: 10.1155/2014/453972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Citrus is a kind of common fruit and contains multiple beneficial nutrients for human beings. Flavonoids, as a class of plant secondary metabolites, exist in citrus fruits abundantly. Due to their broad range of pharmacological properties, citrus flavonoids have gained increased attention. Accumulative in vitro and in vivo studies indicate protective effects of polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) against the occurrence of cancer. PMFs inhibit carcinogenesis by mechanisms like blocking the metastasis cascade, inhibition of cancer cell mobility in circulatory systems, proapoptosis, and antiangiogenesis. This review systematically summarized anticarcinogenic effect of citrus flavonoids in cancer therapy, together with the underlying important molecular mechanisms, in purpose of further exploring more effective use of citrus peel flavonoids.
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Li S, Lin YC, Ho CT, Lin PY, Suzawa M, Wang HC, Chu CL, Chen DY, Lin CC. Formulated extract from multiple citrus peels impairs dendritic cell functions and attenuates allergic contact hypersensitivity. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 20:12-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Waly MI, Al-Rawahi AS, Al Riyami M, Al-Kindi MA, Al-Issaei HK, Farooq SA, Al-Alawi A, Rahman MS. Amelioration of azoxymethane induced-carcinogenesis by reducing oxidative stress in rat colon by natural extracts. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:60. [PMID: 24533833 PMCID: PMC3932801 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Azoxymethane (AOM) is a potent carcinogenic agent commonly used to induce colon cancer in rats; the cytotoxicity of AOM is considered to mediate oxidative stress. This study investigated the chemopreventive effect of three natural extracts [pomegranate peel extract (PomPE), papaya peel extract (PapPE) and seaweed extract (SE)] against AOM-induced oxidative stress and carcinogenesis in rat colon. Methods Eighty Sprague–Dawley rats (aged 4 weeks) were randomly divided into 8 groups (10 rats/group). Control group was fed a basal diet; AOM-treated group was fed a basal diet and received AOM intraperitonial injections for two weeks at a dose of 15 mg/kg bodyweight, whereas the other six groups were received oral supplementation of PomPE, PapPE or SE, in the presence or absence of AOM injection. All animals were continuously fed ad-libitum until aged 16 weeks, then all rats were sacrificed and the colon tissues were examined microscopically for pathological changes and aberrant crypt foci (ACF) development, genotoxicity (induced micronuclei (MN) cells enumeration), and glutathione and lipid peroxidation. Results Our results showed that AOM-induced ACF development and pathological changes in the colonic mucosal tissues, increased bone marrow MN cells and oxidative stress (glutathione depletion, lipid peroxidation) in rat colonic cells. The concomitant treatment of AOM with PomPE, PapPE or SE significantly ameliorated the cytotoxic effects of AOM. Conclusions The results of this study provide in-vivo evidence that PomPE, PapPE and SE reduced the AOM-induced colon cancer in rats, through their potent anti-oxidant activities.
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Lai CS, Li S, Miyauchi Y, Suzawa M, Ho CT, Pan MH. Potent anti-cancer effects of citrus peel flavonoids in human prostate xenograft tumors. Food Funct 2013; 4:944-9. [PMID: 23673480 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60037h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Fruit and vegetable consumption is a novel, non-toxic therapeutic approach that can be used to prevent and treat prostate cancer. Citrus peels and their extracts have been reported to have potent pharmacological activities and health benefits due to the abundance of flavonoids in citrus fruits, particularly in the peels. Our previous studies demonstrated that oral administration of Gold Lotion (GL), an extract of multiple varieties of citrus peels containing abundant flavonoids, including a large percentage of polymethoxyflavones (PMFs), effectively suppressed azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic tumorigenesis. However, the efficacy of GL against prostate cancer has not yet been investigated. Here, we explored the anti-tumor effects of GL using a human prostate tumor xenograft mouse model. Our data demonstrated that treatment with GL by both intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and oral administration dramatically reduced both the weights (57%-100% inhibition) and volumes (78%-94% inhibition) of the tumors without any observed toxicity. These inhibitory effects were accompanied by mechanistic down-regulation of the protein levels of inflammatory enzymes (inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2), metastasis (matrix metallopeptidase-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9), angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF), and proliferative molecules, as well as by the induction of apoptosis in prostate tumors. Our findings suggest that GL is an effective anti-cancer agent that may potentially serve as a novel therapeutic option for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Shu Lai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, No.142, Haijhuan Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81143, Taiwan
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