1
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Amin MI, Amin AEAI, Badr SE, Ebaid NY. 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the differentiation between low- and high-grade cervical carcinoma: is it efficient? Pol J Radiol 2024; 89:e378-e385. [PMID: 39257922 PMCID: PMC11384214 DOI: 10.5114/pjr/190840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the extent to which magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) lipid metabolites are accurate in predicting high-grade cervical cancer. Material and methods This prospective single-centre pilot study included 20 cases with pathologically proven cervical cancer. They underwent pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with MRS. Two radiologists, blinded to the histopathological results, with 10 years of experience in gynaecological imaging, independently analysed the MRI images and MRS curves, and a third one resolved any disagreement. Using the histopathological results as a standard test, the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was utilised to calculate the optimal lipid peak (1.3 ppm) cutoff for predicting high-grade cervical cancer. The difference in MRS metabolites between low- and high-grade cervical cancer groups was estimated using the Mann-Whitney test. Results The study included 11 high-grade and nine low-grade cervical cancer cases based on the histopathological evaluation. A lipid (1.3 ppm) peak of 29.9 was the optimal cutoff for predicting high-grade cervical cancer with 100% sensitivity, 77.8%, specificity, and 90% accuracy. Moreover, there was a significant difference between low- and high-grade cervical cancer cases concerning lipid peak at 0.9 ppm, lipid peak at 1.3 ppm, and the peak of choline with (p-value 0.025, 0.001, and 0.023), respectively. Conclusions MRS might be considered a useful imaging technique for assessing the grade of cervical cancer and improving the planning of treatment. It shows a good diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, it can be adopted in clinical practice for better patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ibrahim Amin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - A El-Aziz I Amin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Elsayed Badr
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Noha Yahia Ebaid
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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2
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Safi R, Menéndez P, Pol A. Lipid droplets provide metabolic flexibility for cancer progression. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:1301-1327. [PMID: 38325881 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
A hallmark of cancer cells is their remarkable ability to efficiently adapt to favorable and hostile environments. Due to a unique metabolic flexibility, tumor cells can grow even in the absence of extracellular nutrients or in stressful scenarios. To achieve this, cancer cells need large amounts of lipids to build membranes, synthesize lipid-derived molecules, and generate metabolic energy in the absence of other nutrients. Tumor cells potentiate strategies to obtain lipids from other cells, metabolic pathways to synthesize new lipids, and mechanisms for efficient storage, mobilization, and utilization of these lipids. Lipid droplets (LDs) are the organelles that collect and supply lipids in eukaryotes and it is increasingly recognized that the accumulation of LDs is a new hallmark of cancer cells. Furthermore, an active role of LD proteins in processes underlying tumorigenesis has been proposed. Here, by focusing on three major classes of LD-resident proteins (perilipins, lipases, and acyl-CoA synthetases), we provide an overview of the contribution of LDs to cancer progression and discuss the role of LD proteins during the proliferation, invasion, metastasis, apoptosis, and stemness of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Safi
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Menéndez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cancer, CIBER-ONC, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Network for Advanced Cell Therapies (TERAV), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Pol
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Roman M, Wrobel TP, Panek A, Kwiatek WM. High-definition FT-IR reveals a synergistic effect on lipid accumulation in prostate cancer cells induced by a combination of X-rays and radiosensitizing drugs. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159468. [PMID: 38408538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the most commonly used cancer therapies with many benefits including low toxicity to healthy tissues. However, a major problem in radiotherapy is cancer radioresistance. To enhance the effect of this kind of therapy several approaches have been proposed such as the use of radiosensitizers. A combined treatment of radiotherapy and radiosensitizing drugs leads to a greater effect on cancer cells than anticipated from the addition of both responses (synergism). In this study, high-definition FT-IR imaging was applied to follow lipid accumulation in prostate cancer cells as a response to X-ray irradiation, radiosensitizing drugs, and a combined treatment of X-rays and the drugs. Lipid accumulation induced in the cells by an increasing X-ray dose and the presence of the drugs was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis and lipid staining. Finally, the synergistic effect of the combined therapy (X-rays and radiosensitizers) was confirmed by calculations of the integral intensity of the 2850 cm-1 band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Roman
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland; SOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University, Czerwone Maki 98, 30-392 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Tomasz P Wrobel
- SOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University, Czerwone Maki 98, 30-392 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Panek
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech M Kwiatek
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland
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4
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Liao PC, Yang EJ, Borgman T, Boldogh IR, Sing CN, Swayne TC, Pon LA. Touch and Go: Membrane Contact Sites Between Lipid Droplets and Other Organelles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:852021. [PMID: 35281095 PMCID: PMC8908909 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.852021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) have emerged not just as storage sites for lipids but as central regulators of metabolism and organelle quality control. These critical functions are achieved, in part, at membrane contact sites (MCS) between LDs and other organelles. MCS are sites of transfer of cellular constituents to or from LDs for energy mobilization in response to nutrient limitations, as well as LD biogenesis, expansion and autophagy. Here, we describe recent findings on the mechanisms underlying the formation and function of MCS between LDs and mitochondria, ER and lysosomes/vacuoles and the role of the cytoskeleton in promoting LD MCS through its function in LD movement and distribution in response to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Chao Liao
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Emily J. Yang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Taylor Borgman
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Istvan R. Boldogh
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cierra N. Sing
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Theresa C. Swayne
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Liza A. Pon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Liza A. Pon,
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5
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Sivelli G, Conley GM, Herrera C, Marable K, Rodriguez KJ, Bollwein H, Sudano MJ, Brugger J, Simpson AJ, Boero G, Grisi M. NMR spectroscopy of a single mammalian early stage embryo. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2022; 335:107142. [PMID: 34999310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.107142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The resolving power, chemical sensitivity and non-invasive nature of NMR have made it an established technique for in vivo studies of large organisms both for research and clinical applications. NMR would clearly be beneficial for analysis of entities at the microscopic scale of about 1 nL (the nanoliter scale), typical of early development of mammalian embryos, microtissues and organoids: the scale where the building blocks of complex organisms could be observed. However, the handling of such small samples (about 100 µm) and sensitivity issues have prevented a widespread adoption of NMR. In this article we show how these limitations can be overcome to obtain NMR spectra of a mammalian embryo in its early stage. To achieve this we employ ultra-compact micro-chip technologies in combination with 3D-printed micro-structures. Such device is packaged for use as plug & play sensor and it shows sufficient sensitivity to resolve NMR signals from individual bovine pre-implantation embryos. The embryos in this study are obtained through In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) techniques, transported cryopreserved to the NMR laboratory, and measured shortly after thawing. In less than 1 h these spherical samples of just 130-190 µm produce distinct spectral peaks, largely originating from lipids contained inside them. We further observe how the spectra vary from one sample to another despite their optical and morphological similarities, suggesting that the method can further develop into a non-invasive embryo assay for selection prior to embryo transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carolina Herrera
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Department for Farm Animals, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Kyle J Rodriguez
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Department for Farm Animals, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mateus J Sudano
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Jürgen Brugger
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andre J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A5, Canada
| | - Giovanni Boero
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A5, Canada
| | - Marco Grisi
- Annaida Technologies SA, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Cruz ALS, Barreto EDA, Fazolini NPB, Viola JPB, Bozza PT. Lipid droplets: platforms with multiple functions in cancer hallmarks. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:105. [PMID: 32029741 PMCID: PMC7005265 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (also known as lipid bodies) are lipid-rich, cytoplasmic organelles that play important roles in cell signaling, lipid metabolism, membrane trafficking, and the production of inflammatory mediators. Lipid droplet biogenesis is a regulated process, and accumulation of these organelles within leukocytes, epithelial cells, hepatocytes, and other nonadipocyte cells is a frequently observed phenotype in several physiologic or pathogenic situations and is thoroughly described during inflammatory conditions. Moreover, in recent years, several studies have described an increase in intracellular lipid accumulation in different neoplastic processes, although it is not clear whether lipid droplet accumulation is directly involved in the establishment of these different types of malignancies. This review discusses current evidence related to the biogenesis, composition and functions of lipid droplets related to the hallmarks of cancer: inflammation, cell metabolism, increased proliferation, escape from cell death, and hypoxia. Moreover, the potential of lipid droplets as markers of disease and targets for novel anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic therapies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L S Cruz
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physiopathology, Polo Novo Cavaleiros, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, Brazil
| | - Ester de A Barreto
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Narayana P B Fazolini
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João P B Viola
- Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Patricia T Bozza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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7
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A wealth of data shows neuronal demise after general anesthesia in the very young rodent brain. Herein, the authors apply proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HMRS), testing the hypothesis that neurotoxic exposure during peak synaptogenesis can be tracked via changes in neuronal metabolites. METHODS 1HMRS spectra were acquired in the brain (thalamus) of neonatal rat pups 24 and 48 h after sevoflurane exposure on postnatal day (PND) 7 and 15 and in unexposed, sham controls. A repeated measure ANOVA was performed to examine whether changes in metabolites were different between exposed and unexposed groups. Sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity on PND7 was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In unexposed PND7 pups (N = 21), concentration of N-acetylaspartate (NAA; [NAA]) increased by 16% from PND8 to PND9, whereas in exposed PND7 pups (N = 19), [NAA] did not change and concentration of glycerophosphorylcholine and phosphorylcholine ([GPC + PCh]) decreased by 25%. In PND15 rats, [NAA] increased from PND16 to PND17 for both the exposed (N = 14) and the unexposed (N = 16) groups. Two-way ANOVA for PND7 pups demonstrated that changes over time observed in [NAA] (P = 0.031) and [GPC + PCh] (P = 0.024) were different between those two groups. CONCLUSIONS The authors demonstrated that normal [NAA] increase from PND8 to PND9 was impeded in sevoflurane-exposed rats when exposed at PND7; however, not impeded when exposed on PND15. Furthermore, the authors showed that noninvasive 1HMRS is sufficiently sensitive to detect subtle differences in developmental time trajectory of [NAA]. This is potentially clinically relevant because 1HMRS can be applied across species and may be useful in providing evidence of neurotoxicity in the human neonatal brain.
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Steuwe C, Patel II, Ul-Hasan M, Schreiner A, Boren J, Brindle KM, Reichelt S, Mahajan S. CARS based label-free assay for assessment of drugs by monitoring lipid droplets in tumour cells. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2014; 7:906-13. [PMID: 24343869 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201300110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is becoming an established tool for label-free multi-photon imaging based on molecule specific vibrations in the sample. The technique has proven to be particularly useful for imaging lipids, which are abundant in cells and tissues, including cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LD), which are recognized as dynamic organelles involved in many cellular functions. The increase in the number of lipid droplets in cells undergoing cell proliferation is a common feature in many neoplastic processes [1] and an increase in LD number also appears to be an early marker of drug-induced cell stress and subsequent apoptosis [3]. In this paper, a CARS-based label-free method is presented to monitor the increase in LD content in HCT116 colon tumour cells treated with the chemotherapeutic drugs Etoposide, Camptothecin and the protein kinase inhibitor Staurosporine. Using CARS, LDs can easily be distinguished from other cell components without the application of fluorescent dyes and provides a label-free non-invasive drug screening assay that could be used not only with cells and tissues ex vivo but potentially also in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Steuwe
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK; Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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9
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Lipid and macromolecules quantitation in differentiating glioblastoma from solitary metastasis: a short-echo time single-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 3 T. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2013; 37:265-71. [PMID: 23493217 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0b013e318282d2ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The differentiation between solitary metastasis (MET) and glioblastoma (GBM) is difficult using only magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) lipid signal indicates cellular necrosis both in GBMs and METs. The purpose of this prospective study was to determine whether a class of lipids and/or macromolecules (MMs), able to efficiently discriminate between these two types of lesions, exists. METHODS Forty-one patients with solitary brain tumor (23 GBMs and 18 METs) underwent magnetic resonance imaging and single-voxel MRS. Short-echo time point resolved spectroscopy sequence acquisition with water suppression technique was used. Spectra were analyzed using LCModel. Absolute quantification was performed with "water-scaling" procedure. The analysis was focused on sums of lipid and macromolecular (LM) components at 0.9 and 1.3 ppm. RESULTS The LM13 absolute concentration was statistically different (P < 0.0001) between GBMs and METs. With a cutoff of 81 mM in LM13 absolute concentration, METs and GBMs can be distinguished with a 78% of specificity and an 81% of sensitivity. The presence of the MM12 peak, related to the fucose II complex, in tumors harboring a K-ras gene mutation has been investigated. CONCLUSIONS We exploited the performance of a clinically easily implementable method, such as short-echo time single-voxel MRS, for the differentiation between brain metastasis and primary brain tumors. The study showed that MRS absolute lipid and macromolecular signals could be helpful in differentiating GBM from metastasis. LM13 class was found to be a discriminant parameter with an accuracy of 85%. Detection of the MM12-fucose peak may also have a role in understanding molecular biology of brain metastasis and should be further investigated to address specific metabolic phenotypes.
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Abstract
Metastasis to the brain is a feared complication of systemic cancer, associated with significant morbidity and poor prognosis. A better understanding of the tumor metabolism might help us meet the challenges in controlling brain metastases. The study aims to characterize the metabolic profile of brain metastases of different origin using high resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to correlate the metabolic profiles to clinical and pathological information. Biopsy samples of human brain metastases (n = 49) were investigated. A significant correlation between lipid signals and necrosis in brain metastases was observed (p < 0.01), irrespective of their primary origin. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that brain metastases from malignant melanomas cluster together, while lung carcinomas were metabolically heterogeneous and overlap with other subtypes. Metastatic melanomas have higher amounts of glycerophosphocholine than other brain metastases. A significant correlation between microscopically visible lipid droplets estimated by Nile Red staining and MR visible lipid signals was observed in metastatic lung carcinomas (p = 0.01), indicating that the proton MR visible lipid signals arise from cytoplasmic lipid droplets. MRS-based metabolomic profiling is a useful tool for exploring the metabolic profiles of metastatic brain tumors.
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Mirbahai L, Wilson M, Shaw CS, McConville C, Malcomson RDG, Kauppinen RA, Peet AC. Lipid biomarkers of glioma cell growth arrest and cell death detected by 1 H magic angle spinning MRS. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 25:1253-1262. [PMID: 22407940 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers of early response to treatment have the potential to improve cancer therapy by allowing treatment to be tailored to the individual. Alterations in lipids detected by in vivo MRS have been suggested as noninvasive biomarkers of cell stress and early indicators of cell death. An improved understanding of the relationship between MRS lipids and cell stress in vitro would aid in the translation of this technique into clinical use. Rat BT4C glioma cells were treated with 50 µ m cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum II (cisplatin), a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent, and harvested at several time points up to 72 h. High-resolution magic angle spinning (1) H MRS of cells was then performed on a 600-MHz NMR spectrometer. The metabolites were quantified using a time domain fitting method, TARQUIN. Increases were detected in saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid resonances early during the exposure to cisplatin. The fatty acid CH(2) /CH(3) ratio was unaltered by treatment after allowing for contributions of macromolecules. Polyunsaturated fatty acids increased on treatment, with the group -CH=CH-CH(2) -CH=CH- accounting for all the unsaturated fatty acid signals. Transmission electron microscopy, in addition to Nile red and 4',6-diamino-2-phenylindole co-staining, revealed that the lipid increase was associated with cytoplasmic neutral lipid droplets. Small numbers of apoptotic and necrotic cells were detected by trypan blue, annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled flow cytometry and DNA laddering after up to 48 h of cisplatin exposure. Propidium iodide flow cytometry revealed that cells accumulated in the G1 stage of the cell growth cycle. In conclusion, an increase in the size of the lipid droplets is detected in morphologically viable cells during cisplatin exposure. (1) H MRS can detect lipid alterations during cell cycle arrest and progression of cell death, and has the potential to provide a noninvasive biomarker of treatment efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Mirbahai
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
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12
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Pan X, Wilson M, McConville C, Arvanitis TN, Kauppinen RA, Peet AC. The size of cytoplasmic lipid droplets varies between tumour cell lines of the nervous system: a 1H NMR spectroscopy study. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 25:479-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-012-0315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Boren J, Brindle KM. Apoptosis-induced mitochondrial dysfunction causes cytoplasmic lipid droplet formation. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:1561-70. [PMID: 22460322 PMCID: PMC3422477 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A characteristic of apoptosis is the rapid accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets, which are composed largely of neutral lipids. The proton signals from these lipids have been used for the non-invasive detection of cell death using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We show here that despite an apoptosis-induced decrease in the levels and activities of enzymes involved in lipogenesis, which occurs downstream of p53 activation and inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway, the increase in lipid accumulation is due to increased de novo lipid synthesis. This results from inhibition of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, which coupled with an increase in acyl-CoA synthetase activity, diverts fatty acids away from oxidation and into lipid synthesis. The inhibition of fatty acid oxidation can be explained by a rapid rise in mitochondrial membrane potential and an attendant increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Boren
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
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Ma Y, Zhang P, Yang Y, Wang F, Qin H. Metabolomics in the fields of oncology: a review of recent research. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:7505-11. [PMID: 22350159 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The study of all endogenously produced metabolites, known as metabolomics, is the youngest of the "omics" sciences. It is becoming increasingly clear that, of all of the "omics" techniques, metabolomic approaches will become increasingly useful in disease diagnosis and have potential power to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of cancer. The primary aim of the review is to discuss the relationship between metabolomics and tumors are elucidated in detail. Then the review is also to introduce the technologies of metabolomics, especially emphasizing the application of metabolomics in the fields of oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Ma
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China.
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15
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Delikatny EJ, Chawla S, Leung DJ, Poptani H. MR-visible lipids and the tumor microenvironment. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2011; 24:592-611. [PMID: 21538631 PMCID: PMC3640643 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
MR-visible lipids or mobile lipids are defined as lipids that are observable using proton MRS in cells and tissues. These MR-visible lipids are composed of triglycerides and cholesterol esters that accumulate in neutral lipid droplets, where their MR visibility is conferred as a result of the increased molecular motion available in this unique physical environment. This review discusses the factors that lead to the biogenesis of MR-visible lipids in cancer cells and in other cell types, such as immune cells and fibroblasts. We focus on the accumulations of mobile lipids that are inducible in cultured cells by a number of stresses, including culture conditions, and in response to activating stimuli or apoptotic cell death induced by anticancer drugs. This is compared with animal tumor models, where increases in mobile lipids are observed in response to chemo- and radiotherapy, and to human tumors, where mobile lipids are observed predominantly in high-grade brain tumors and in regions of necrosis. Conducive conditions for mobile lipid formation in the tumor microenvironment are discussed, including low pH, oxygen availability and the presence of inflammatory cells. It is concluded that MR-visible lipids appear in cancer cells and human tumors as a stress response. Mobile lipids stored as neutral lipid droplets may play a role in the detoxification of the cell or act as an alternative energy source, especially in cancer cells, which often grow in ischemic/hypoxic environments. The role of MR-visible lipids in cancer diagnosis and the assessment of the treatment response in both animal models of cancer and human brain tumors is also discussed. Although technical limitations exist in the accurate detection of intratumoral mobile lipids, early increases in mobile lipids after therapeutic interventions may be useful as a potential biomarker for the assessment of treatment response in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E James Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Loewenbrück KF, Fuchs B, Hermann A, Brandt M, Werner A, Kirsch M, Schwarz S, Schwarz J, Schiller J, Storch A. Proton MR spectroscopy of neural stem cells: does the proton-NMR peak at 1.28 ppm function as a biomarker for cell type or state? Rejuvenation Res 2011; 14:371-81. [PMID: 21548757 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2010.1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a peak at 1.28 ppm in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) of neural stem cells (NSCs) was introduced as a noninterventional biomarker for neurogenesis in vivo. This would be an urgently needed requisite for translational studies in humans regarding the beneficial role of adult neurogenesis for the structural and functional integrity of the brain. However, many concerns have risen about the validity of the proposed signal as a specific marker for NSCs. The peak has also been related to cell-type-independent phenomena such as apoptosis or necrosis. Thus, we compared the 1.28-ppm peak in various immature stem cell populations, including embryonic stem cells, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, embryonic stem cell- and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived NSCs, ex vivo isolated embryonic NSCs, as well as mature and tumor cell types from different germ layers. To correlate the integral peak intensity with cell death, we induced both apoptosis with camptothecin and necrosis with sodium azide. A peak at 1.28 ppm was found in most cell types, and in most, but not all, NSCH cultures, demonstrating no specificity for NSCs. The intensities of the 1.28-ppm resonance significantly correlated with the rate of apoptosis, but not with the rate of necrosis, cell cycle phase distribution, cell size, or type. Multiple regression analysis displayed a significant predictive value of the peak intensity for apoptosis only. In this context, its specificity for apoptosis as a major selection process during neurogenesis may suggest this resonance as an indirect marker for neurogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai F Loewenbrück
- Department of Neurology and Center for RegenerativeTherapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany
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17
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Hekmatyar SK, Wilson M, Jerome N, Salek RM, Griffin JL, Peet A, Kauppinen RA. ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy characterisation of metabolic phenotypes in the medulloblastoma of the SMO transgenic mice. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:1297-304. [PMID: 20842126 PMCID: PMC2967063 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human medulloblastomas exhibit diverse molecular pathology. Aberrant hedgehog signalling is found in 20-30% of human medulloblastomas with largely unknown metabolic consequences. METHODS Transgenic mice over-expressing smoothened (SMO) receptor in granule cell precursors with high incidence of exophytic medulloblastomas were sequentially followed up by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and characterised for metabolite phenotypes by ¹H MR spectroscopy (MRS) in vivo and ex vivo using high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) ¹H MRS. RESULTS Medulloblastomas in the SMO mice presented as T₂ hyperintense tumours in MRI. These tumours showed low concentrations of N-acetyl aspartate and high concentrations of choline-containing metabolites (CCMs), glycine, and taurine relative to the cerebellar parenchyma in the wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice. In contrast, ¹H MRS metabolite concentrations in normal appearing cerebellum of the SMO mice were not different from those in the WT mice. Macromolecule and lipid ¹H MRS signals in SMO medulloblastomas were not different from those detected in the cerebellum of WT mice. The HR-MAS analysis of SMO medulloblastomas confirmed the in vivo ¹H MRS metabolite profiles, and additionally revealed that phosphocholine was strongly elevated in medulloblastomas accounting for the high in vivo CCM. CONCLUSIONS These metabolite profiles closely mirror those reported from human medulloblastomas confirming that SMO mice provide a realistic model for investigating metabolic aspects of this disease. Taurine, glycine, and CCM are potential metabolite biomarkers for the SMO medulloblastomas. The MRS data from the medulloblastomas with defined molecular pathology is discussed in the light of metabolite profiles reported from human tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Hekmatyar
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical NMR Research Center, Dartmouth College, 706 Vail, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - M Wilson
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - N Jerome
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical NMR Research Center, Dartmouth College, 706 Vail, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - R M Salek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Peet
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - R A Kauppinen
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical NMR Research Center, Dartmouth College, 706 Vail, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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18
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Glunde K, Artemov D, Penet MF, Jacobs MA, Bhujwalla ZM. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in metabolic and molecular imaging and diagnosis of cancer. Chem Rev 2010; 110:3043-59. [PMID: 20384323 DOI: 10.1021/cr9004007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Glunde
- JHU ICMIC Program, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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19
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Mohan S, Verma A, Lim C, Hui F, Kumar S. Lipid Resonance on In Vivo Proton MR Spectroscopy: Value of other Metabolites in Differential Diagnosis. Neuroradiol J 2010; 23:269-78. [DOI: 10.1177/197140091002300302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo proton MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can non-invasively provide biochemical information at the same examination as conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Lipid resonance (0.9–1.5 ppm) is a marker of cell membrane breakdown and tissue necrosis, but its diagnostic significance has not been well described. We retrospectively analyzed spectra to study the different pathological conditions in patients with abnormal lipid resonance. All patients with neurological diseases showing lipid resonance on 1H-MRS (1.5T) in a tertiary hospital over two years were retrospectively analyzed. 1H-MRS was performed using the single voxel PRESS technique (TR/TE=3000/144 ms, eight excitations). Spectra were analysed for the presence of NAA (2.0 ppm), creatine (3.0 ppm), choline (3.2 ppm), acetate (1.92 ppm), succinate (2.4 ppm), cytosolic amino acids (0.9 ppm), lactate (1.3 ppm) and lipid (0.9–1.5 ppm) peaks. Ninety-two spectra from 69 patients (38 males, 31 females; aged 9 to 89 years) were analyzed. The final diagnosis was infective (n = 33), (tuberculoma n = 17, pyogenic abscess n = 8, fungal abscess n = 3, sterile abscess n = 3, tubercular abscess n = 2), neoplastic (n = 21) (glial tumors n = 9, metastasis n = 8, lymphoma n = 4), and other (n = 15) abnormalities (subacute and chronic stroke n = 6, postictal edema n = 4, multiple sclerosis n = 2, Erdhiem Chester disease n ? 2, Rosai Dorfmann disease n = 1). Succinate and acetate were detected only in pyogenic abscesses (2/4 cases), but amino acids were present in both pyogenic (4/8) and fungal (3/3) abscesses. Choline was seen not only in neoplasms (18) but also in tuberculomas (11/17), but was consistently absent in the abscesses. Lactate was present in glioblastoma (7/9), pyogenic (3/8) tubercular (2/2) and fungal (3/3) abscess. Isolated lipid resonance was found in Erdheim Chester disease (2/2) of the orbit, and lipid and choline was seen in Rosai Dorfmann's disease (1/1). Brain lesions containing lipid on 1H-MRS could be differentiated by the presence of succinate and acetate in pyogenic abscess, and amino acids in pyogenic/fungal abscesses. Choline was seen in neoplasms and in tuberculomas, but not in the abscesses. Thus, the presence of a lipid peak, when combined with features on other MR pulse sequences and available clinical data can help arrive at a specific diagnosis. 1H-MRS should not be interpreted in isolation: it should always be correlated with conventional imaging features, and performing 1H-MRS in isolation remains an important pitfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Mohan
- University of Michigan; Michigan, USA
| | - A. Verma
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences; Lucknow, India
| | - C.C.T. Lim
- National Neuroscience Institute; Singapore
| | - F. Hui
- National Neuroscience Institute; Singapore
| | - S. Kumar
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences; Lucknow, India
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20
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Barba I, Chavarria L, Ruiz-Meana M, Mirabet M, Agulló E, Garcia-Dorado D. Effect of intracellular lipid droplets on cytosolic Ca2+ and cell death during ischaemia-reperfusion injury in cardiomyocytes. J Physiol 2009; 587:1331-41. [PMID: 19188253 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.163311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LD) consist of accumulations of triacylglycerols and have been proposed to be markers of ischaemic but viable tissue. Previous studies have described the presence of LD in myocardium surviving an acute coronary occlusion. We investigated whether LD may be protective against cell death secondary to ischaemia-reperfusion injury. The addition of oleate-bovine serum albumin complex to freshly isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes or to HL-1 cells resulted in the accumulation of intracellular LD detectable by fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Simulated ischaemia-reperfusion of HL-1 cells (respiratory inhibition at pH 6.4 followed by 30 min of reperfusion) resulted in significant cell death (29.7+/-2.6% of total lactate dehydrogenase release). However, cell death was significantly attenuated in cells containing LD (40% reduction in LDH release compared with control cells, P=0.02). The magnitude of LD accumulation was inversely correlated (r(2)=0.68, P=0.0003) with cell death. The protection associated with intracellular LD was not a direct effect of the fatty acids used to induce their formation, because oleate added 30 min before ischaemia, during ischaemia or during reperfusion did not form LD and did not protect against cell death. Increasing the concentration of free oleate during reperfusion progressively decreased the protection afforded by LD. HL-1 cells labelled with fluo-4, a Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorochrome, fluorescence within LD areas increased more throughout simulated ischaemia and reperfusion than in the cytosolic LD-free areas of the same cells. As a consequence, cells with LD showed less cytosolic Ca(2+) overload than control cells. These results suggest that LD exert a protective effect during ischaemia-reperfusion by sequestering free fatty acids and Ca(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Barba
- Servicio de Cardiología Experimental, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Ma YL, Qin HL. Metabonomics and its application in oncobiology research. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:3877-3883. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i34.3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this review is to introduce the research status of metabonomics/metabolomics and the application of metabonomics in oncobiology research. At first, the concept of metabonomics and the relationship between metabonomics and tumors are elucidated in detail. Then the research technologies of metabonomics in oncobiology are introduced. Finally, the latest advances in the application of metabonomics in early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of tumors are summarized.
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22
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Liimatainen TJ, Erkkilä AT, Valonen P, Vidgren H, Lakso M, Wong G, Gröhn OHJ, Ylä-Herttuala S, Hakumäki JM. 1H MR spectroscopic imaging of phospholipase-mediated membrane lipid release in apoptotic rat glioma in vivo. Magn Reson Med 2008; 59:1232-8. [PMID: 18506792 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to determine regional spatiotemporal differences and to gain insight on the mechanisms responsible for lipid accumulation during apoptotic cell death using in vivo MR spectroscopic imaging in combination with histology and biochemical membrane lipid analyses. Rats bearing BT4C gliomas were treated with ganciclovir (GCV) for 14 days, and combined in vivo quantitative MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) of gliomas with histology and a biochemical analysis of major cell membrane constituents. By using 1H MRSI in vivo in combination with histology, we were able to demonstrate previously unattainable regional lipid concentration differences in tumors during GCV-induced apoptosis, with 5-microL tissue volume resolution. Our results also show that, during treatment, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) expression is significantly elevated by 37+/-13% (P<0.05) and tumor cell membranes loose a significant proportion of unsaturated fatty acyl moieties (56+/-6 mmol/kg, P<0.05). These changes are reflected in both histology and significant MR-visible lipid accumulation, demonstrating that phospholipid hydrolysis in tissue undergoing apoptosis can be imaged with MRSI. Our work demonstrates the versatility of 1H MRSI in studying apoptosis in vivo, which is likely to pave way for the use of MRSI in both experimental and clinical anticancer trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo J Liimatainen
- Department of Biomedical NMR, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, and Gene Therapy Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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23
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Abstract
Multinuclear Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) and mass spectrometry (MS) are the key analytical techniques used in an increasing manner to explore tumor metabolite profiles. Recent work has revealed that metabolite profiles in various tumor preparations (i.e., cultured cells, tissue specimens, and tumors in vivo) show strong correlations with tumor type, proliferation, metabolic activity, and cell death. These data are regarded as highly promising for tumor diagnosis as well as assessment of prognosis and treatment response in a clinical setting. In this pursuit, animal models of human cancer have played a central role. In this short account, we review the potentials of MRS and MS techniques for animal tumor metabolomic work, as well as highlight some interesting applications of these techniques for various animal tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom.
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24
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Quintero M, Cabañas ME, Arús C. A possible cellular explanation for the NMR-visible mobile lipid (ML) changes in cultured C6 glioma cells with growth. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:31-44. [PMID: 17150408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The NMR-visible mobile lipid (ML) signals of C6 glioma cells have been monitored at 9.4 and 11.7 T (single pulse and 136 ms echo time) from cell pellets by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. A reproducible behavior with growth has been found. ML signals increase from log phase (4 days of culture) to postconfluence (7 days of culture). This ML behavior is paralleled by the percentage of cells containing epifluorescence detectable Nile Red stained cytosolic droplets (range 23%-60% of cells). The number of positive cells increases after seeding (days 0-1), decreases at log phase (days 2-4), increases again at confluence (day 5) and even further at post-confluence (day 7). C6 cells proliferation arrest induced by growth factors deprivation induces an even higher accumulation of cytosolic droplets (up to 100% of cells) and a large ML increase (up to 21-fold with respect to 4-day log phase cells). When neutral lipid content is quantified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on total lipid extracts of C6 cells, no statistically significant change can be detected (in microg/10(8) cells) with growth or growth arrest in major neutral lipid containing species (triacylglycerol, TAG, diacylglycerol, DAG, cholesteryl esters, ChoEst) except for DAG, which decreased in post-confluent, 7-day cells. The apparent discrepancy between NMR, optical microscopy and TLC results can be reconciled if possible biophysical changes in the neutral lipid pool with growth are taken into account. A cellular explanation for the observed results is proposed: the TAG-droplet-size-change hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- MariaRosa Quintero
- GABRMN, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Wilkinson ID, Miller RF, Hall-Craggs MA, Paley MN, Harrison MJ. Short echo-time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in regions of severe HIV-related diffuse white matter abnormality on MRI. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:55-67. [PMID: 16873185 DOI: 10.1300/j128v02n01_04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether short echo-time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS) could detect mobile lipid resonances attributable to myelin breakdown products in the deep cerebral white matter of patients with AIDS who have severe diffuse/patchy white matter hyperintensity on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Seven patients with AIDS and clinical HIV-associated dementia complex (HADC) and 12 male controls were studied at 1.5T using a single 8 ml voxel, gradient localised, stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) spectroscopy sequence. Spectra were acquired at an echo time of 20 ms with a repetition time of 5000 ms. No spectroscopic peaks were identified at 0.9 ppm and 1.3 ppm (corresponding to lipid resonances) in 6 of the 7 patients with AIDS or in any of the controls. Lipid resonances were identified in 1 patient who had been taking anti-retroviral therapy for 8 weeks. Follow up MRI/H-MRS, performed after a further 14 weeks of anti-retroviral therapy, showed partial resolution of white matter hyperintensity and lipid resonances were not detectable. These data suggest that mobile lipids are only rarely detected by H-MRS in patients with HADC and abnormalities on MRI and that their presence may be transitory.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Wilkinson
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, London, England.
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26
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Santini MT, Romano R, Rainaldi G, Ferrante A, Motta A, Indovina PL. Increases in 1H-NMR mobile lipids are not always associated with overt apoptosis: evidence from MG-63 human osteosarcoma three-dimensional spheroids exposed to a low dose (2 Gy) of ionizing radiation. Radiat Res 2006; 165:131-41. [PMID: 16435912 DOI: 10.1667/rr3500.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic changes that occur in MG-63 osteosarcoma three-dimensional tumor spheroids exposed to 2 Gy of ionizing radiation, a dose that is comparable to radiation therapy, were studied using high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-NMR) spectroscopy. Specifically, the (1)H-NMR spectra of control and exposed MG-63 spheroids were compared. Small spheroids (about 50-80 microm in diameter) with no hypoxic center were used. The spectra of whole MG-63 spheroids as well as the perchloric acid extracts of these systems were evaluated. Cell damage was also examined by lactate dehydrogenase release and changes in cell growth. No cell damage was observed, but numerous metabolic changes took place in spheroids after exposure to ionizing radiation. In particular, significant increases in both CH(2) and CH(3) mobile lipids, considered by many authors as markers of apoptosis and also present in MG-63 spheroids undergoing overt apoptosis, were observed in spheroids irradiated with 2 Gy. However, the chromatin dye Hoechst 33258 and DNA fragmentation assays showed no overt apoptosis up to 7 days after irradiation with this low dose. Thus it is evident that increases in mobile lipids do not always indicate actual cell death. A detailed analysis of the other metabolic changes observed appears to suggest that the cell death program was initiated but not completed. In fact, the completely different behavior of two important cellular defense mechanisms, reduced glutathione and taurine, in spheroids irradiated with 2 Gy and in those undergoing overt apoptosis seems to indicate that these systems are protecting spheroids from actual cell death. In addition, these data also suggest that (1)H-NMR can be used to examine the effects of low doses of ionizing radiation in spheroids, a cell model of great complexity that closely resembles tumors in vivo. The importance of this possibility in relation to reaching the ultimate goal of a better evaluation of the outcome of radiotherapy protocols should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Santini
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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27
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Abstract
Among the vast number of metabolites in living tissues, metabolites detectable by in vivo MR spectroscopy are limited to those present in high concentrations, and the actual number is only 10 to 20. None is disease-specific. Interpretation of MRS data, therefore, must be based on general knowledge of biochemical processes in association with pathological changes. Each spectrum is a window on the actual biochemical changes taking place within the living tissues, but the reality entails a wide and confusing variance. Continuous expansion of the knowledge may reduce the uncertainty of interpreting MRS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Imamura
- Department of Radiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan.
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28
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Tosi MR, Tugnoli V. Cholesteryl esters in malignancy. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 359:27-45. [PMID: 15939411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Revised: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cholesteryl esters, formed by the esterification of cholesterol with long-chain fatty acids, on one hand, are the means by which cholesterol is transported through the blood by lipoproteins, on the other, the way cholesterol itself can be accumulated in the cells. Therefore, these important molecules play an active part in metabolic pathways that form the basis of cholesterol trafficking and homeostasis. The role of different regulatory mechanisms in cholesterol homeostasis in physiologic and neoplastic conditions with emphasis on intracellular content of cholesteryl esters is here reviewed. Numerous studies carried out on tumor cell lines, experimental tumors, and human tumors have shown an abnormal cholesterol metabolism that is reflected by an increase in intracellular cholesteryl esters due to an alteration in all the mechanisms that form the basis of regulation, in particular: cholesterol de novo biosynthesis; uptake of exogenous cholesterol LDL receptor mediated; cholesterol esterification mediated by the ACAT activity; cholesterol efflux HDL receptor mediated. The most recent analytic-spectroscopic applications that permit cholesteryl ester determination on tumor lipidic extracts and directly in vivo are also reported. This review gives an overview of cholesterol homeostasis in physiological and pathological conditions where cholesteryl esters are over-expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Tosi
- ITOI-CNR, presso IOR, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
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29
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Gillet B, Sebrié C, Bogaert A, Bléneau S, de la Porte S, Beloeil JC. Study of muscle regeneration using in vitro 2D 1H spectroscopy. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2005; 1724:333-44. [PMID: 15936151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Revised: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo spectrum of regenerating muscles shows a specific cross-correlation signal assigned to the (n-3) fatty acyl chain, which peaks during the myoblast fusion phase. In order to identify the origin of this signal and to take all the lipid metabolites into account, we investigated the degeneration-regeneration process by 1H 2D NMR of lipid muscle extracts. We observed an increase in the total amount of lipids during the regeneration process, although the lipid profile did not show any drastic change during this process. The changes in the NMR signal observed in vivo and, in particular, the appearance of the specific (n-3) fatty acyl chain signal appears to arise from mobile lipid compartments located in fusing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gillet
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles UPR 2301, CNRS, 91198 Gif sur Yvette cedex, France.
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30
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Schmitz JE, Kettunen MI, Hu DE, Brindle KM. 1H MRS-visible lipids accumulate during apoptosis of lymphoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Magn Reson Med 2005; 54:43-50. [PMID: 15968678 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Proton MRS detection of cellular lipid accumulation has been suggested as a noninvasive method for detecting apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD) in vivo. The spectral changes that have been observed in apoptotic cells include a general increase in lipid signals and a specific increase in the ratio of the lipid methylene-to-methyl peak intensities. These changes were investigated here following drug-induced apoptosis, both in vitro with a murine lymphoma cell line (EL-4) and in vivo following implantation of these cells to form subcutaneous tumors. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometric measurements with a lipophilic dye revealed an accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets in isolated EL-4 cells undergoing etoposide-induced apoptosis. (1)H MR spectra (both diffusion-weighted (DW) and unweighted) showed an increase in lipid signals. However, the methylene/methyl peak ratio showed only minimal changes. Localized in vivo spectroscopy of EL-4 tumors also showed an increase in lipid signals, including a signal from polyunsaturated lipid at 2.8 ppm, after 16-24 h of drug treatment. Again there was no significant change in the methylene/methyl peak ratio. This study confirms that MRS-detectable lipids accumulate in tumor cells undergoing apoptosis, and therefore may be usable as a marker for the noninvasive detection of tumor cell apoptosis in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Schmitz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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31
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Gimi B, Pathak AP, Ackerstaff E, Glunde K, Artemov D, Bhujwalla ZM. Molecular Imaging of Cancer: Applications of Magnetic Resonance Methods. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE. INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS 2005; 93:784-799. [PMID: 19779604 PMCID: PMC2749700 DOI: 10.1109/jproc.2005.844266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease exhibiting a host of phenotypic diversities. Noninvasive multinuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) provide an array of capabilities to characterize and understand several of the vascular, metabolic, and physiological characteristics unique to cancer. The availability of targeted contrast agents has widened the scope of MR techniques to include the detection of receptor and gene expression. In this paper, we have highlighted the application of several MR techniques in imaging and understanding cancer.
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32
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Brindle KM. Molecular imaging using magnetic resonance: new tools for the development of tumour therapy. Br J Radiol 2004; 76 Spec No 2:S111-7. [PMID: 15572333 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/50577981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging - the exploitation of specific molecules as the source of image contrast - promises new insights into disease processes in the laboratory and since the imaging modalities employed are applicable clinically, can be used to translate this knowledge into new diagnostics and treatments in the clinic. This brief review focuses on the use of MR-based molecular imaging techniques for developing tumour therapy. As examples, methods for detecting drug-induced tumour cell apoptosis; the response of tumours and their susceptibilities to an antivascular drug; early signs of tumour immune rejection and methods for detecting immune cell infiltration of tumours are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Brindle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, CB2 1GA, UK
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34
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Mahon MM, Williams AD, Soutter WP, Cox IJ, McIndoe GA, Coutts GA, Dina R, deSouza NM. 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of invasive cervical cancer: an in vivo study with ex vivo corroboration. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2004; 17:1-9. [PMID: 15011245 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish in vivo (1)H-magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic appearances of cervical cancer using an endovaginal receiver coil and corroborate findings with magic angle spinning (MAS) MR spectroscopy of tissue samples. Fifty-three women (14 controls and 39 with cervical cancer) underwent endovaginal coil MR imaging at 1.5 T with T(1)- and T(2)-weighted scans sagittal and transverse to the cervix. Localized (1)H MR spectra (PRESS technique, TR 1600 ms, TE 135 ms) were accumulated in all controls and 29 cancer patients whose tumour filled > 50% of a single 3.4 cm(3) voxel. Peaks from triglyceride-CH(2) and -CH(3) were defined as present and in-phase (with the choline resonance), present but out-of-phase, or not present. Peak areas of choline-containing compounds were standardized to the area of unsuppressed tissue water resonance. Comparisons in observed resonances between groups were made using Fisher's exact test (qualitative data) and a t-test (quantitative data). Biopsies from these women analysed using MAS-MR spectroscopy and normalized to the intensity of an external standard of silicone rubber were similarly compared. Adequate water suppression permitted spectral analysis in 11 controls and 27 cancer patients. In-phase triglyceride-CH(2) resonances (1.3 ppm) were observed in 74% of tumours but in no control women (p < 0.001). No differences were observed in the presence of a 2 ppm resonance, choline-containing compounds or creatine in cancer compared with control women. However, ex vivo analysis showed significant differences not only in -CH(2), but also in -CH(3), a 2 ppm resonance, choline-containing compounds and creatine between tissues from control women and cancer tissue (p < 0.001, = 0.001, = 0.036, < 0.001 and = 0.004 respectively). On in vivo (1)H-MR spectroscopy, the presence of positive triglyceride-CH(2) resonances can be used to detect and confirm the presence of cervical cancer. However, technical improvements are required before routine clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marrita M Mahon
- Robert Steiner MR Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0HS, UK
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Mahon MM, Cox IJ, Dina R, Soutter WP, McIndoe GA, Williams AD, deSouza NM. 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of preinvasive and invasive cervical cancer: In vivo-ex vivo profiles and effect of tumor load. J Magn Reson Imaging 2004; 19:356-64. [PMID: 14994305 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.20012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare in vivo (1)H magnetic resonance (MR) spectra of preinvasive and invasive cervical lesions with ex vivo magic angle spinning (MAS) spectra of intact biopsies from the same subjects and to establish the effects of tumor load in the tissue sampled on the findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 51 subjects (nine with normal cervix, 10 with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN], and 32 with cervical cancer) underwent endovaginal MR at 1.5 T. Single-voxel (3.4 cm(3)) (1)H MR spectra were acquired and voxel tumor load was calculated (tumor volume within voxel as a percentage of voxel volume). Resonances from triglycerides -CH(2) and -CH(3) and choline-containing compounds (Cho) were correlated with voxel tumor load. Biopsies analyzed by (1)H MAS-MR spectroscopy (MRS) had metabolite levels correlated with tumor load in the sample at histology. RESULTS In vivo studies detected Cho in normal, CIN, and cancer patients with no significant differences in levels (P = 0.93); levels were independent of voxel tumor load. Triglyceride -CH(2) and -CH(3) signals in-phase with Cho were present in 77% and 29%, respectively, of cancer subjects (but not in normal women or those with CIN), but did not correlate with voxel tumor load. Ex vivo cancer biopsies showed levels of triglycerides -CH(2) and -CH(3) and of Cho that were significantly greater than in normal or CIN biopsies (P < 0.05); levels were independent of the tumor load in the sample. The presence of -CH(2) in vivo predicted the presence of cancer with a sensitivity and specificity of 77.4% and 93.8% respectively, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values were 96% and 68.2%; for -CH(2) ex vivo, sensitivity was 100%; specificity, 69%; PPV, 82%; and NPV, 100%. CONCLUSION Elevated lipid levels are detected by MRS in vivo and ex vivo in cervical cancer and are independent of tumor load in the volume of tissue sampled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marrita M Mahon
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Pathak AP, Gimi B, Glunde K, Ackerstaff E, Artemov D, Bhujwalla ZM. Molecular and functional imaging of cancer: advances in MRI and MRS. Methods Enzymol 2004; 386:3-60. [PMID: 15120245 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(04)86001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arvind P Pathak
- Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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37
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Zoula S, Hérigault G, Ziegler A, Farion R, Décorps M, Rémy C. Correlation between the occurrence of 1H-MRS lipid signal, necrosis and lipid droplets during C6 rat glioma development. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2003; 16:199-212. [PMID: 14558118 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possible correlation between the 1H MRS mobile lipid signal, necrosis and lipid droplets in C6 rat glioma. First, the occurrence of necrosis and lipid droplets was determined during tumor development, by a histological analysis performed on 34 rats. Neither necrosis nor lipid droplets were observed before 18 days post-implantation. At later stages of development, both necrosis and lipid droplets were apparent, the lipid droplets being mainly located within the necrotic areas. Using a second group of eight rats, a temporal correlation was evidenced between mobile lipid signal detected by in vivo single-voxel one- (136 ms echo time) and two-dimensional J-resolved 1H MR spectroscopy, and the presence of necrosis and lipid droplets on the histological sections obtained from the brains of the same rats. Finally, spatial distribution of the mobile lipid signal was analyzed by chemical-shift imaging performed on a third group of eight animals, at the end of the tumor growth. The spectroscopic image corresponding to the resonance of mobile lipids had its maximum intensity in the center of the tumor where necrotic regions were observed on the histological sections. These necrotic areas contained large amounts of lipid droplets. All these results suggest that mobile lipids detected in vivo by 1H MRS (136 ms echo time) in C6 rat brain glioma arise mainly from lipid droplets located in necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Zoula
- Laboratoire mixte INSERM U438/Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire de Recherche Correspondant du CEA, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France
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Zoula S, Rijken PFJW, Peters JPW, Farion R, Van der Sanden BPJ, Van der Kogel AJ, Décorps M, Rémy C. Pimonidazole binding in C6 rat brain glioma: relation with lipid droplet detection. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:1439-44. [PMID: 12778075 PMCID: PMC2741029 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In C6 rat brain glioma, we have investigated the relation between hypoxia and the presence of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of viable cells adjacent to necrosis. For this purpose, rats were stereotaxically implanted with C6 cells. Experiments were carried out by the end of the tumour development. A multifluorescence staining protocol combined with digital image analysis was used to quantitatively study the spatial distribution of hypoxic cells (pimonidazole), blood perfusion (Hoechst 33342), total vascular bed (collagen type IV) and lipid droplets (Red Oil) in single frozen sections. All tumours (n=6) showed necrosis, pimonidazole binding and lipid droplets. Pimonidazole binding occurred at a mean distance of 114 microm from perfused vessels mainly around necrosis. Lipid droplets were principally located in the necrotic tissue. Some smaller droplets were also observed in part of the pimonidazole-binding cells surrounding necrosis. Hence, lipid droplets appeared only in hypoxic cells adjacent to necrosis, at an approximate distance of 181 microm from perfused vessels. In conclusion, our results show that severe hypoxic cells accumulated small lipid droplets. However, a 100% colocalisation of hypoxia and lipid droplets does not exist. Thus, lipid droplets cannot be considered as a surrogate marker of hypoxia, but rather of severe, prenecrotic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zoula
- Laboratoire Mixte INSERM U438 ‘RMN Bioclinique’, Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire Correspondent de CEA, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pavillon B, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
| | - P F J W Rijken
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 32, 6500 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J P W Peters
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 32, 6500 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R Farion
- Laboratoire Mixte INSERM U438 ‘RMN Bioclinique’, Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire Correspondent de CEA, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pavillon B, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
| | - B P J Van der Sanden
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 32, 6500 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A J Van der Kogel
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 32, 6500 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Décorps
- Laboratoire Mixte INSERM U438 ‘RMN Bioclinique’, Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire Correspondent de CEA, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pavillon B, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
| | - C Rémy
- Laboratoire Mixte INSERM U438 ‘RMN Bioclinique’, Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire Correspondent de CEA, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pavillon B, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 32, 6500 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Laboratoire Mixte INSERM U438 ‘RMN Bioclinique’ Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Pavillon B BP 217 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, France. E-mail:
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Ferretti A, Knijn A, Raggi C, Sargiacomo M. High-resolution proton NMR measures mobile lipids associated with Triton-resistant membrane domains in haematopoietic K562 cells lacking or expressing caveolin-1. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2003; 32:83-95. [PMID: 12734696 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-002-0273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2002] [Revised: 11/06/2002] [Accepted: 11/20/2002] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution proton NMR spectra of intact tumour cells generally exhibit intense signals due to isotropically mobile lipids (MLs) of still uncertain nature and origin. NMR studies performed on intact wild-type and caveolin-1-infected haematopoietic K562 cells showed that, under our experimental conditions, part of the ML signals are due to lipid complexes resistant to extraction in Triton X-100 at 4 degrees C. This evidence suggests that a portion of NMR-visible lipid structures are compatible with Triton-resistant membrane rafts and therefore biophysically distinct from NMR-visible Triton-soluble lipid bodies. Similarly to lipid rafts and caveolae, the organization of the Triton-insoluble ML domains could be compromised by treatment with beta-octylglucoside or methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. Exposure to exogenous sphingomyelinase caused an increase in ML NMR visibility, indicating the possible involvement of ceramides in ML formation. The mobility of these lipids was found to be temperature sensitive, suggesting a transition in cells going from 4 degrees C to 25-37 degrees C. These new results are here discussed in the light of possible contributions of plasma membrane microdomains to NMR-visible ML signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ferretti
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Brindle KM. Detection of apoptosis in tumors using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 2002; 42:101-12. [PMID: 12123709 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2571(01)00025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Brindle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, UK
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41
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Ferretti A, D'Ascenzo S, Knijn A, Iorio E, Dolo V, Pavan A, Podo F. Detection of polyol accumulation in a new ovarian carcinoma cell line, CABA I: a(1)H NMR study. Br J Cancer 2002; 86:1180-7. [PMID: 11953869 PMCID: PMC2364195 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2001] [Revised: 01/07/2002] [Accepted: 01/10/2002] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian carcinomas represent a major form of gynaecological malignancies, whose treatment consists mainly of surgery and chemotherapy. Besides the difficulty of prognosis, therapy of ovarian carcinomas has reached scarce improvement, as a consequence of lack of efficacy and development of drug-resistance. The need of different biochemical and functional parameters has grown, in order to obtain a larger view on processes of biological and clinical significance. In this paper we report novel metabolic features detected in a series of different human ovary carcinoma lines, by (1)H NMR spectroscopy of intact cells and their extracts. Most importantly, a new ovarian adenocarcinoma line CABA I, showed strong signals in the spectral region between 3.5 and 4.0 p.p.m., assigned for the first time to the polyol sorbitol (39+/-11 nmol/10(6) cells). (13)C NMR analyses of these cells incubated with [1-(13)C]-D-glucose demonstrated labelled-sorbitol formation. The other ovarian carcinoma cell lines (OVCAR-3, IGROV 1, SK-OV-3 and OVCA432), showed, in the same spectral region, intense resonances from other metabolites: glutathione (up to 30 nmol/10(6) cells) and myo-inositol (up to 50 nmol/10(6) cells). Biochemical and biological functions are suggested for these compounds in human ovarian carcinoma cells, especially in relation to their possible role in cell detoxification mechanisms during tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ferretti
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
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42
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Graham GD, Hwang JH, Rothman DL, Prichard JW. Spectroscopic assessment of alterations in macromolecule and small-molecule metabolites in human brain after stroke. Stroke 2001; 32:2797-802. [PMID: 11739976 DOI: 10.1161/hs1201.099414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We sought to measure the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of lesion macromolecules and small molecules (lactate, N-acetyl compounds, creatine, and choline) in stroke patients by using short echo time in vivo proton MR spectroscopy. METHODS Single-voxel spectra with TE=22 ms were obtained with and without inversion recovery suppression of small-molecule resonances from 30 examinations of 24 patients 3 to 214 days after stroke. Subtraction of the suppressed from the unsuppressed spectra yielded metabolite spectra without overlap from macromolecules. Two-dimensional spectroscopic images were acquired with macromolecule and small-molecule suppression from 5 additional patients. RESULTS Macromolecule signals were elevated in lesions relative to normal brain and tended to increase in the subacute period, even as lactate peaks declined. Regions of increased lactate, increased macromolecule signal at 1.3 ppm, and decreased N-acetyl compounds were closely correlated in the 2D spectroscopic images. CONCLUSIONS Short echo time spectra can be acquired in vivo in a manner that improves signal-to-noise ratio over long echo experiments and resolves overlapping macromolecule and small-molecule signals. The prominent macromolecule signals seen in the subacute period in association with persistently elevated lactate may represent mobile lipids in macrophages or other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Graham
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Albuquerque VA Hospital, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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Delikatny EJ, van Holst Pellekaan CJ, King NJ. Autologous lymphocyte-monocyte co-culture increases NMR-visible and cytoplasmic lipids in the absence of increased markers of lymphocyte activation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1533:243-54. [PMID: 11731334 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(01)00157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-visible lipid, morphometric lipid volume fraction, distribution of subcellular lipid droplets and activation antigen expression were examined in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, activated using phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and ionomycin or by co-culture with autologous monocytes. PMA/Ionomycin treatment caused significant time-dependent increases in mobile lipid and in oil red O-positive lipid droplets that were accompanied by lymphocyte proliferation and increases in activation antigens, CD25, CD69 and CD71. Co-culture of lymphocytes and monocytes also induced significant increases in NMR-visible lipid signals and cytoplasmic lipid droplets, but in contrast, no correspondent increases in activation antigens were observed. Strong correlations were observed between the intensity of the NMR signal and the percentage of total cells containing lipid droplets (r=0.95) and the morphometric lymphocyte lipid volume fraction (r=0.80), indicating that the droplets were the source of the mobile lipid signal. Lipid droplets in PMA/Ionomycin-treated cells were evenly distributed throughout the population, but in co-cultures, only lymphocytes in close proximity to monocytes with lipid droplets contained oil red O-positive lipid. This data shows that the NMR-visible mobile lipid signal observed in lymphocytes co-cultured with monocytes is not directly dependent on either proliferation or the upregulation of activation antigens, similar to the previously observed response of T cells exposed to antibodies to the T cell receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Delikatny
- Department of Cancer Medicine, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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44
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Cooper WA, Bartier WA, Rideout DC, Delikatny EJ. 1H NMR visible lipids are induced by phosphonium salts and 5-fluorouracil in human breast cancer cells. Magn Reson Med 2001; 45:1001-10. [PMID: 11378877 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cationic lipophilic phosphonium salts (CLPS) selectively accumulate in the mitochondria of neoplastic cells and inhibit mitochondrial function. The effects of the CLPS p-(triphenylphosphoniummethyl) benzaldehyde chloride (drug A), and [4-(hydrazinocarboxy)-1-butyl] tris-(4-dimethylaminophenyl) phosphonium chloride (drug B), on human breast cells of differing biological properties were assessed using growth inhibition assays and 1H NMR. Drug A and, to a lesser extent, drug B demonstrated selective growth inhibition of the highly tumorigenic DU4475 breast carcinoma cell line compared to the transformed HBL-100 human breast cell line. However, in contrast to previous studies using other cell lines, no synergistic activity was found when the drugs were used in combination. 1H NMR demonstrated significant increases in mobile lipid acyl chain resonances in both cell lines treated with cytotoxic doses (IC50, 48 h) of the drugs used either alone or in combination. Two-dimensional NMR revealed accompanying decreases in phosphocholine/Lys levels in HBL-100 cells treated with A, B, or a 1:1 combination A+B at the IC50, and in DU4475 cells treated with drug A (IC50). This was accompanied by significant increases in cho/Lys ratios with IC50 A or combination A+B treatment. Similar spectra were observed in cells treated with 5-fluorouracil but not methotrexate, indicating that mobile lipid accumulation is a general but not universal response to cytotoxic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Cooper
- Department of Cancer Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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45
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Santini MT, Romano R, Rainaldi G, Filippini P, Bravo E, Porcu L, Motta A, Calcabrini A, Meschini S, Indovina PL, Arancia G. The relationship between 1H-NMR mobile lipid intensity and cholesterol in two human tumor multidrug resistant cell lines (MCF-7 and LoVo). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1531:111-31. [PMID: 11278177 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(01)00093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The high resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra of two different cell lines exhibiting multidrug resistance (MDR) as demonstrated by the expression of the well-known energy-driven, membrane-bound 170 kDa P-glycoprotein pump known as Pgp were investigated. In particular, the mobile lipid (ML) profile, and the growth and biochemical characteristics of MCF-7 (human mammary carcinoma) and LoVo (human colon adenocarcinoma) sensitive and resistant tumor cells were compared. The results indicate that both MCF-7 and LoVo resistant cells have a higher ML intensity than their respective sensitive counterparts. However, since sensitive and resistant cells of each pair grow in the same manner, variations in growth characteristics do not appear to be the cause of the ML changes as has been suggested by other authors in non-resistant tumor cells. In order to investigate further the origin of the ML changes, lipid analyses were conducted in sensitive and resistant cell types. The results of these experiments show that resistant cells of both cell types have a greater amount of esterified cholesterol and saturated cholesteryl ester and triglyceride fatty acid than their sensitive counterparts. From a thorough analysis of the data obtained in this paper utilizing numerous techniques including biological, biophysical and biochemical ones, it is hypothesized that cholesterol and triglyceride play a pivotal role in inducing changes in NMR ML signals. The importance of these lipid variations in MDR is discussed in view of the controversy regarding the origin of ML signals and the paramount role played by the Pgp pump in resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Santini
- Laboratoria di Ultrastrutture, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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46
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Barba I, Mann P, Cabañas ME, Arús C, Gasparovic C. Mobile lipid production after confluence and pH stress in perfused C6 cells. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2001; 14:33-40. [PMID: 11252038 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
NMR-visible mobile lipid (ML) has been observed in aggressive tumors and also in in vitro tumor cell models subjected to growth-inhibiting conditions, such as confluence or low-pH stress. The aim of the present study was to determine if ML production after confluence or low pH stress in a cultured cell model of brain tumor is due to growth arrest alone. ML was observed in situ by one- and two-dimensional (1)H NMR in viable but growth-arrested C6 glioma cells superfused for a period of 48 h after harvesting. The rate of ML production in cells harvested at subconfluence was compared to the rate in cells confluent for one cell cycle and to the rate in subconfluent-harvested cells superfused at low pH (pH 6.1). Confluent-harvested cells produced ML at a markedly greater rate than that of cells harvested at subconfluence, suggesting the involvement of prior cell-cell contact rather than simple growth arrest. A high rate was also observed in subconfluent-harvested cells subjected to low pH, indicating that ML in pH-stressed cells also does not arise from growth arrest alone. Furthermore, two-dimensional data on the degree of unsaturation of the ML fatty acyl chains and one-dimensional (31)P and two-dimensional (1)H NMR data on the GPC content of the cells suggest distinct metabolic pathways for the production of ML following confluence and low-pH stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Barba
- Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
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Di Vito M, Lenti L, Knijn A, Iorio E, D'Agostino F, Molinari A, Calcabrini A, Stringaro A, Meschini S, Arancia G, Bozzi A, Strom R, Podo F. 1H NMR-visible mobile lipid domains correlate with cytoplasmic lipid bodies in apoptotic T-lymphoblastoid cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1530:47-66. [PMID: 11341958 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(00)00165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The presence of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-visible mobile lipid (ML) domains in apoptotic lymphoblasts suggests alterations in neutral lipid metabolism and compartmentation during programmed cell death. The detection of similar ML signals in activated lymphocytes raises questions about common mechanisms of ML formation during apoptosis and upon lymphoblast stimulation. Structure and subcellular localization of ML domains were therefore investigated by NMR, fluorescence and electron microscopy in Jurkat T-lymphoblasts either induced to apoptosis (by anthracyclines or dexamethasone or by serum deprivation) or activated by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) plus ionomycin. ML contents in drug-treated cells correlated linearly with apoptosis, irrespective of the specific inducer and cell cycle arrest phase (r = 0.993, P < 0.001). Similar ML levels were measured in drug-induced apoptotic cells (A approximately 30-40%) and in non-apoptotic PMA/ionomycin-treated lymphoblasts (72 h). Lower ML contents were instead formed in serum-deprived apoptotic cells, with respect to controls. Increases in ML signals were associated, in either apoptotic or activated cells, with the accumulation of cytoplasmic, osmophilic lipid bodies (diameter < or = 1.0 microm), surrounded by own membrane, possessing intramembrane particles. The results support the hypothesis that ML are formed in the cytoplasm of drug-induced apoptotic cells during an early, 'biochemically active' phase of programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Di Vito
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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48
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Abstract
A functionally and metabolically interesting class of cell lipid can be observed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in situ. These prominent resonances are not only associated with malignancy and cell death, but also act as heralds of benign processes, such as cell activation and proliferation. Originally, these NMR observations were explained with a membrane lipid microdomain model. However, recent studies have identified intracellular droplets, so called lipid bodies, as important contributors to these resonances. This finding bears novel implications for our understanding and assessment of lipid biochemistry in the life and death of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hakumäki
- NMR Research Group, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, Finland.
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49
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Le Moyec L, Legrand O, Larue V, Kawakami M, Marie JP, Calvo F, Hantz E, Taillandier E. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of cellular lipid extracts from sensitive, resistant and reverting K562 cells and flow cytometry for investigating the P-glycoprotein function in resistance reversion. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2000; 13:92-101. [PMID: 10797637 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1492(200004)13:2<92::aid-nbm615>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The proton NMR spectra of K562 cells contain resonances of lipids. When these cells acquire multidrug resistance phenotype, the NMR lipid signals are modified and partially recovered when the resistance is reversed. The goals of the present study are to elucidate the mechanism of the resistance phenotype reversion and to investigate the possible origin of lipid signals detected in whole cells with proton NMR spectroscopy. Therefore, the K562 drug-sensitive cell line, its adriamycin resistant counterpart and two reverting derivates, obtained by verapamil treatment and long term culture in drug-free medium, were used in this study. The P-glycoprotein (P-gp) pump function was measured by flow cytometry and lipids were extracted to be analysed by proton and phosphorus spectroscopy. The phenotype reversion is due to the decrease of the P-gp function and an increased entrance of anthracycline drug when compared with the resistant cells. The spectra obtained on extracts showed no modification of the fatty acid composition and of the ratio of total cholesterol to fatty acid content. A different phospholipid composition in sensitive and resistant cells was found, but the reversion of resistance did not produce a recovery of these lipids. Thus, the lipid NMR spectra of extracts could not explain the spectral modifications observed on whole cells, in relation to acquiring and reverting drug resistance. These results are in favour of a different lipid organization or of localization within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Le Moyec
- Laboratoire CSSB, UPRES A 7031, UFR SMBH, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny, France
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Wright LC, Obbink KL, Delikatny EJ, Santangelo RT, Sorrell TC. The origin of 1H NMR-visible triacylglycerol in human neutrophils. Highfatty acid environments result in preferential sequestration of palmitic acid into plasma membrane triacylglycerol. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:68-78. [PMID: 10601852 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.00955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human neutrophils incubated for 1 h in vitro with 10% commercial pooled, human serum containing high levels of free fatty acids (1141 microM) displayed a distinct lipid signal, typical of triacylglycerol, in the 1H NMR spectrum. Concurrently their plasma membrane triacylglycerol mass increased 4.6-fold with a selective rise in the content of palmitic and linoleic acids. Although qualitatively similar, these effects were much greater than those observed after incubating neutrophils with 50 microg.mL-1 of lipopolysaccharide in the presence of 10% AB serum with normal free fatty acid content (345 microM, LPS/S). Incubation of neutrophils with an artificial mixture of free fatty acids at concentrations found in commercial serum, or with the fatty acid fraction isolated from commercial serum increased the 1H NMR-detectable triacylglycerol. The signal intensity of the 1H NMR-detectable triacylglycerol depended on the triacylglycerol composition, and correlated with increased membrane triacylglycerol mass. Cellular uptake of 3H-labelled palmitic or oleic acids increased in the presence of commercial serum but not with LPS/S, with little contribution in either case to the triacylglycerol pool that increased in mass. Pulse-chase experiments demonstrated that with LPS/S and commercial serum, radiolabelled palmitic acid was preferentially incorporated into triacylglycerol located in the plasma membrane. This process could occur at the plasma membrane, as cytoplasts efficiently convert exogenous fatty acids into triacylglycerol. We propose that LPS/S and serum containing high levels of free fatty acid, important in conditions of sepsis and inflammation, may facilitate the sequestration of palmitic acid into triacylglycerol by different pathways. This triacylglycerol originates from exogenous and endogenous free fatty acids, is 1H NMR-visible, and may have a role in regulating apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Wright
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
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