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Huang L, Ren Y, Zeng Z, Ren H, Li S, He S, He F, Li X. Comparative study of striatum GABA concentrations and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in Parkinson's disease monkeys. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:42. [PMID: 31395015 PMCID: PMC6686405 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease is a progressive degenerative nervous system disease. Recent studies have shown that secondary changes in the GABA system play directly affect the pathogenesis of PD. There is still much debate about GABA concentrations because currently, GABA concentrations in the brain tissue are obtained indirectly by measuring its concentration in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. These results are unreliable. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is the only noninvasive method for evaluating the concentration of metabolites in living brain tissue and has been widely applied in research and clinical practice. In addition, combining MEGA-PRESS technology with LCModel software for quantitative GABA measurements is largely recognized. At present, the PD monkeys model in primates has been increasingly proficient. Primates are more similar to humans in terms of brain structure and function than other animals. However, 3.0 T MRS studies involving the PD monkey model to measure metabolites in living subjects with PD are still rare. The study was performed at 3.0 T MRI with control monkeys and PD monkeys that were injected methyl-phenyl-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in one side of common carotid artery before and 3 months after successful model establishment to measure GABA concentrations in the bilateral striatum. Behavioral observations were performed for all animals, and the behavioral score was recorded. After 3 months, the GABA concentration in the bilateral striatum was measured in both groups by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The data obtained from magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) were compared with the actual measured GABA concentrations in tissues isolated from the corresponding regions, and their correlations with the behavior score were analyzed. The research objectives are to investigate the changes of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration in the bilateral striatum of monkeys with Parkinson's disease (PD) and the value of quantitatively measuring its concentration by noninvasive 3.0 T spectroscopy. Results (1) The MRS results showed that the GABA concentration in the injured side of the striatum of the PD monkeys was higher than in the contralateral side, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.154). Compared with that the blank control group, the GABA concentration in the striatum of the PD monkeys increased, but there was no difference between the groups (P = 0.381; P = 0.425). (2) The GABA concentration that determined from the isolated specimens by HPLC in the injured side of the striatum of the PD monkeys was significantly higher than that in the contralateral side (P < 0.01). Compared with the blank control group, the PD monkeys had higher GABA concentrations in both sides of the striatum, and there was a significant difference in the lesion side (P = 0.004), while there was a non-significant difference in the contralateral side (P = 0.475). (3) The mean GABA concentration in the injured striatum of PD monkeys determined by MRS was not significantly correlated with the behavioral score (r = 0.146, P = 0.688). The mean GABA concentration in the injured striatum determined from the isolated specimens was positively correlated with the behavioral score in the same period (r = 0.444, P = 0.038). Conclusion The GABA concentration in the injured striatum of PD monkeys is increased and positively correlated with behavioral changes. Validity of noninvasive 3.0 T MRS to detect PD neurotransmitter changes is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixuan Huang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, 530022, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Yande Ren
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China.,Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zisan Zeng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China.
| | - Hao Ren
- Department of Radiology, Guangxi Medical University Kaiyuan Langdong Hospital, Nanning, 530000, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Shaojun Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Shengnan He
- Department of Control of Occupational Hazards, Yongzhou Disease Prevention and Control Center, Yongzhou, 425000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fan He
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiangrong Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China.
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Landheer K, Schulte RF, Treacy MS, Swanberg KM, Juchem C. Theoretical description of modern1H in Vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopic pulse sequences. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 51:1008-1029. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Landheer
- Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science New York New York USA
| | | | - Michael S. Treacy
- Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science New York New York USA
| | - Kelley M. Swanberg
- Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science New York New York USA
| | - Christoph Juchem
- Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science New York New York USA
- Radiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons New York New York USA
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Kaiser LG, Hirokazu K, Fukunaga M, B.Matson G. Detection of glucose in the human brain with1HMRS at 7 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 2016; 76:1653-1660. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Masaki Fukunaga
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki Aichi Japan
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Ratai EM, Gilberto González R. Clinical magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the central nervous system. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2016; 135:93-116. [PMID: 27432661 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53485-9.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) is a noninvasive imaging technique that can easily be added to the conventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging sequences. Using MRS one can directly compare spectra from pathologic or abnormal tissue and normal tissue. Metabolic changes arising from pathology that can be visualized by MRS may not be apparent from anatomy that can be visualized by conventional MR imaging. In addition, metabolic changes may precede anatomic changes. Thus, MRS is used for diagnostics, to observe disease progression, monitor therapeutic treatments, and to understand the pathogenesis of diseases. MRS may have an important impact on patient management. The purpose of this chapter is to provide practical guidance in the clinical application of MRS of the brain. This chapter provides an overview of MRS-detectable metabolites and their significance. In addition some specific current clinical applications of MRS will be discussed, including brain tumors, inborn errors of metabolism, leukodystrophies, ischemia, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases. The chapter concludes with technical considerations and challenges of clinical MRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Ratai
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - R Gilberto González
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Rae CD. A Guide to the Metabolic Pathways and Function of Metabolites Observed in Human Brain 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectra. Neurochem Res 2013; 39:1-36. [PMID: 24258018 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kim H, Thompson RB, Allen PS. Enhancement of spectral editing efficacy of multiple quantum filters in in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2012; 223:90-97. [PMID: 22975239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The performance of multiple quantum filters (MQFs) can be disappointing when the background signal also arises from coupled spins. Moreover, at 3.0 T and even higher fields the majority of the spin systems of key brain metabolites fall into the strong-coupling regime. In this manuscript we address comprehensively, the importance of the phase of the multiple quantum coherence-generating pulse (MQ-pulse) in the design of MQFs, using both product operator and numerical analysis, in both zero and double quantum filter designs. The theoretical analyses were experimentally validated with the examples of myo-inositol editing and the separation of glutamate from glutamine. The results demonstrate that the phase of the MQ-pulse per se provides an additional spectral discrimination mechanism based on the degree of coupling beyond the conventional level-of-coherence approach of MQFs. To obtain the best spectral discrimination of strongly-coupled spin systems, therefore, the phase of the MQ-pulse must be included in the portfolio of the sequence parameters to be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Pickup S, Lee SC, Mancuso A, Glickson JD. Lactate imaging with Hadamard-encoded slice-selective multiple quantum coherence chemical-shift imaging. Magn Reson Med 2008; 60:299-305. [PMID: 18666110 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ability to generate in vivo maps of lactate may have significant diagnostic utility in staging and treatment planning of a wide variety of cancers. The double selective multiple quantum filter technique (SelMQC) has been shown to be effective for nonlocalized detection of lactate with little or no interference from other signals. Here the SelMQC technique has been combined with longitudinal Hadamard slice selection and chemical shift imaging (CSI) to yield slice-selective images of lactate. The technique is shown to be effective in phantoms and in WSU-DLCL2 xenografts implanted in flanks of SCID mice. Tumors exhibited an annulus of elevated lactate concentration surrounding a necrotic tumor core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Pickup
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Yahya A, Gino Fallone B. Incorporating homonuclear polarization transfer into PRESS for proton spectral editing: illustration with lactate and glutathione. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2007; 188:111-21. [PMID: 17638584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2007.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A proton spectral editing pulse sequence for the detection of metabolites with spin systems that involve weak coupling is presented. The sequence is based on homonuclear polarization transfer incorporated into the standard PRESS (Point RESolved Spectroscopy) sequence, which is a volume-selective double spin echo method, to enable spatial localization. All peaks in the region of interest are initially suppressed whether they are peaks from the target metabolite or from contaminating background. The target signal is then restored by polarization transfer from a proton that has a resonance outside the suppressed region and to which the target spins are weakly coupled. This is achieved by the application of a 90 degrees hard pulse with phase orthogonal to that of the PRESS excitation pulse at the location of the first echo in PRESS and by optimizing the two PRESS timings, TE(1) and TE(2), for most efficient yield. Background signal not coupled to any protons outside the initially saturated region remains suppressed. The advantage of this sequence compared to multiple quantum filters is that signal from singlet peaks outside the suppressed area are preserved and can thus be used as a reference. The efficacy of the sequence was verified experimentally on phantom solutions of lactate and glutathione at 3.0 T. For the AX(3) spin system of lactate, the sequence timings were optimized by product operator calculations whereas for the ABX spin system of the cysteinyl group of glutathione numerical calculations were performed for sequence timing optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiyah Yahya
- Department of Medical Physics, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2
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9
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been used for more than two decades to interrogate metabolite distributions in living cells and tissues. Techniques have been developed that allow multiple spectra to be obtained simultaneously with individual volume elements as small as 1 uL of tissue (i.e., 1 x 1 x 1 mm(3)). The most common modern applications of in vivo MRS use endogenous signals from (1)H, (31)P, or (23)Na. Important contributions have also been made using exogenous compounds containing (19)F, (13)C, or (17)O. MRS has been used to investigate cardiac and skeletal muscle energetics, neurobiology, and cancer. This review focuses on the latter applications, with specific reference to the measurement of tissue choline, which has proven to be a tumor biomarker that is significantly affected by anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Gillies
- Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724-5024, USA.
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Marjanska M, Henry PG, Bolan PJ, Vaughan B, Seaquist ER, Gruetter R, Uğurbil K, Garwood M. Uncovering hidden in vivo resonances using editing based on localized TOCSY. Magn Reson Med 2005; 53:783-9. [PMID: 15799065 PMCID: PMC1618786 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A novel single-shot spectral editing technique for in vivo proton NMR is proposed to recover resonances of low-concentration metabolites obscured by very strong resonances. With this new method, editing is performed by transferring transverse magnetization to J-coupled spins from selected coupling partners using a homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn polarization transfer with adiabatic pulses. The current implementation uses 1D-TOCSY with single-voxel localization based on LASER to recover the H1 proton of beta-glucose at 4.63 ppm from under water and the lactate methyl resonances from beneath a strong lipid signal. The method can be extended to further spin systems where conventional editing methods are difficult to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Marjanska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, 2021 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Yahya A, Allen PS. Effect of strong homonuclear proton coupling on localized13C detection using PRESS. Magn Reson Med 2005; 54:1340-50. [PMID: 16270329 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The effect of strong homonuclear proton coupling on (13)C incorporation measurements by either indirect or direct means was investigated (and illustrated with glutamate) both numerically and experimentally at 3.0 T. In particular, two sequences were considered, each using a proton PRESS sequence for localization. The indirect (13)C detection method incorporated the POCE (proton observe carbon edited) technique onto PRESS, and for direct (13)C detection a DEPT (distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer) sequence was appended to the PRESS localization. Both analysis and experiment demonstrate that when strong homonuclear coupling of protons is additional to heteronuclear coupling with (13)C spins, the (13)C measures derived from either the indirect PRESS-POCE sequence or the direct-but-enhanced PRESS-DEPT sequence are significantly modified. Specifically, the MR lineshapes of both (13)C-bonded and nonbonded protons are changed during (13)C incorporation, giving rise, for example, to a potential cross-contamination of < or =30% between glutamate (13)C(3) and (13)C(4) measures from the PRESS-POCE indirect method. During direct-but-enhanced detection, the DEPT enhancement is reduced for glutamate (13)C(2), (13)C(3), and (13)C(4) but not equally, and the reduction is further exacerbated by proton PRESS localization, which gives rise to enhancements that are strong functions of PRESS TE(1) and TE(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiyah Yahya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Choi IY, Lee SP, Shen J. In vivo single-shot three-dimensionally localized multiple quantum spectroscopy of GABA in the human brain with improved spectral selectivity. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2005; 172:9-16. [PMID: 15589402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2004.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A single-shot multiple quantum filtering method is developed that uses two double-band frequency selective pulses for enhanced spectral selectivity in combination with a slice-selective 90 degrees, a slice-selective universal rotator 90 degrees, and a spectral-spatial pulse composed of two slice-selective universal rotator 45 degrees pulses for single-shot three-dimensional localization. The use of this selective multiple quantum filtering method for C(3) and C(4) methylene protons of GABA resulted in improved spectral selectivity for GABA and effective suppression of overlapping signals such as creatine and glutathione in each single scan, providing reliable measurements of the GABA doublet in all subjects. The concentration of GABA was measured to be 0.7 +/- 0.2 micromol/g (means +/- SD, n = 15) in the fronto-parietal region of the human brain in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Young Choi
- The Nathan Kline Institute, Medical Physics, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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Kim H, Wild JM, Allen PS. Strategy for the spectral filtering of myo-inositol and other strongly coupled spins. Magn Reson Med 2004; 51:263-72. [PMID: 14755650 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.10697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A multiple quantum filter strategy is presented for spectrally discriminating metabolites with strongly coupled spins from those whose spins are either uncoupled or weakly coupled. The strategy also includes a means for selectively suppressing the background multiplets of metabolites that also have strongly coupled spins. As a demonstration of its efficacy at 3.0 T, the strategy is shown to enhance by a factor of approximately 5 the signal-to-background ratio of the myo-inositol band at 3.6 ppm relative to that in response to a PRESS sequence with the same sequence timings. This is done by eliminating the uncoupled resonance of glycine and the weakly coupled multiplets of glutamate and glutamine, and by selectively suppressing the strongly coupled taurine multiplet 3-fold. The macromolecular background was effectively removed through its transverse decay over 105 ms. The associated cost of gaining the signal to background enhancement is a drop in signal yield by a factor of 0.75 relative to PRESS at the same timings. The myo-inositol signal to noise ratio was nevertheless maintained by the filter at approximately 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Du F, Chu WJ, Yang B, Den Hollander JA, Ng TC. In vivo GABA detection with improved selectivity and sensitivity by localized double quantum filter technique at 4.1T. Magn Reson Imaging 2004; 22:103-8. [PMID: 14972399 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2003.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2002] [Revised: 06/02/2003] [Accepted: 06/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter for the normal function of mammal and human brain. It is difficult to detect GABA signal with the conventional single quantum technique due to its relatively low concentration and overlapping with other signals from creatine (Cr), glutathione (GSH), as well as macromolecules. Using a high-selective read pulse, DANTE, and at the facility of increased sensitivity and chemical shift resolution at high-field 4.1T, GABA editing by double quantum filter (DQF) with robust suppression of Cr and GSH was achieved. Our editing efficiency of 40-50% was achievable on a GABA phantom (50 mM GABA and 61 mM choline). Furthermore, GABA editing spectra were acquired with echo time TE = 77 ms, and any possible macromolecular contamination to GABA editing spectra was found to be negligible. This high-field DQF setup was applied to 11 healthy volunteers, and the mean GABA level was measured to be 1.12 +/- 0.15 mM in the occipital lobe in reference to 7.1 mM Cr concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Du
- Department of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
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Trabesinger AH, Meier D, Boesiger P. In vivo 1H NMR spectroscopy of individual human brain metabolites at moderate field strengths. Magn Reson Imaging 2003; 21:1295-302. [PMID: 14725936 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2003.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews spectral editing techniques for in vivo 1H NMR spectroscopy of human brain tissue at moderate field strengths of 1.5-3 Tesla. Various aspects of 1H NMR spectroscopy are discussed with regard to in vivo applications. The parameter set [delta, J, n] (delta being the relative chemical shift, J the scalar coupling constant and n the number of coupled spins) is used to characterize the spin systems under investigation and to classify the editing techniques that are used in in vivo 1H NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Trabesinger
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
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Choi IY, Lee SP, Kim SG, Gruetter R. In vivo measurements of brain glucose transport using the reversible Michaelis-Menten model and simultaneous measurements of cerebral blood flow changes during hypoglycemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 21:653-63. [PMID: 11488534 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200106000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucose is the major substrate that sustains normal brain function. When the brain glucose concentration approaches zero, glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier becomes rate limiting for metabolism during, for example, increased metabolic activity and hypoglycemia. Steady-state brain glucose concentrations in alpha-chloralose anesthetized rats were measured noninvasively as a function of plasma glucose. The relation between brain and plasma glucose was linear at 4.5 to 30 mmol/L plasma glucose, which is consistent with the reversible Michaelis-Menten model. When the model was fitted to the brain glucose measurements, the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant, Kt, was 3.3 +/- 1.0 mmol/L, and the ratio of the maximal transport rate relative to CMRglc, Tmax/CMRglc, was 2.7 +/- 0.1. This Kt is comparable to the authors' previous human data, suggesting that glucose transport kinetics in humans and rats are similar. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was simultaneously assessed and constant above 2 mmol/L plasma glucose at 73 +/- 6 mL 100 g(-1) min(-1). Extrapolation of the reversible Michaelis-Menten model to hypoglycemia correctly predicted the plasma glucose concentration (2.1 +/- 0.6 mmol/L) at which brain glucose concentrations approached zero. At this point, CBF increased sharply by 57% +/- 22%, suggesting that brain glucose concentration is the signal that triggers defense mechanisms aimed at improving glucose delivery to the brain during hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Y Choi
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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Lei H, Dunn J. The effects of slice-selective excitation/refocusing in localized spectral editing with gradient-selected double-quantum coherence transfer. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2001; 150:17-25. [PMID: 11330978 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.2001.2304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Spectral editing using gradient-selected double-quantum filtering (DQF) with PRESS localization has been used for selective observation of metabolites in vivo. In previous studies using localized DQF sequences, it is generally assumed that the slice-selective pulses used in the sequence have no roles in coherence transfer, and do not interfere with DQF. To validate this assumption, the effects of slice-selective excitation/refocusing on DQF were investigated in DQF lactate editing sequences combined with PRESS localization. Contrary to the previous assumption, the results show that, due to chemical shift displacement artifact and J coupling, slice selection in DQF does interfere with coherence transfer, affecting both the accuracy of spatial localization and the detection sensitivity adversely. In the case of lactate editing, the effects of this interference can be accounted for simply by adjusting the strength of the slice-selection gradients and by using narrowband slice-selective refocusing pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lei
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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Köckenberger W. Nuclear magnetic resonance micro-imaging in the investigation of plant cell metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2001; 52:641-652. [PMID: 11373312 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/52.356.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Micro-imaging based on nuclear magnetic resonance offers the possibility to map metabolites in plant tissues non-invasively. Major metabolites such as sucrose and amino acids can be observed with high spatial resolution. Stable isotope tracers, such as (13)C-labelled metabolites can be used to measure the in vivo conversion rates in a metabolic network. This review summarizes the different nuclear magnetic resonance micro-imaging techniques that are available to obtain spatially resolved information on metabolites in plants. A short general introduction into NMR imaging techniques is provided. Particular emphasis is given to the difficulties encountered when NMR micro-imaging is applied to plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Köckenberger
- Magnetic Resonance Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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Trabesinger AH, Mueller DC, Boesiger P. Single-quantum coherence filter for strongly coupled spin systems for localized (1)H NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2000; 145:237-245. [PMID: 10910692 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.2000.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A pulse sequence for localized in vivo (1)H NMR spectroscopy is presented, which selectively filters single-quantum coherence built up by strongly coupled spin systems. Uncoupled and weakly coupled spin systems do not contribute to the signal output. Analytical calculations using a product operator description of the strongly coupled AB spin system as well as in vitro tests demonstrate that the proposed filter produces a signal output for a strongly coupled AB spin system, whereas the resonances of a weakly coupled AX spin system and of uncoupled spins are widely suppressed. As a potential application, the detection of the strongly coupled AA'BB' spin system of taurine at 1.5 T is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Trabesinger
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Informatics, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Lei H, Peeling J. Off-resonance effects of the radiofrequency pulses used in spectral editing with double-quantum coherence transfer. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2000; 144:89-95. [PMID: 10783277 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.2000.2053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Spectral editing using gradient selected double-quantum (DQ) coherence transfer is often used for the selective observation of metabolites in vivo. In attempting to optimize the detection sensitivity of a conventional DQ spectral editing sequence, the effects of using radiofrequency (RF) pulses that are not at the resonance frequency of the observed peaks were investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The results show that spectral editing using pulses at the frequency of the observed resonance does not necessarily give the optimal detection sensitivity. At 7 T, the detection sensitivity of lactate observed using a DQ editing method can be increased by up to 30% by setting the RF pulses off resonance at the proper frequency. The results also suggest that slice selective RF pulses used in DQ spectral editing combined with PRESS localization may have slice profiles different from those when the same pulses are used for standard PRESS spatial localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Abstract
A frequency-selective multiple-quantum-coherence spectral editing pulse sequence, Ssel-MQC, was implemented for the detection of the betaH1-glucose resonance at 4.63 ppm in rat brain in vivo. Unwanted signal suppression and glucose coherence transfer pathway selection were performed with magnetic field gradients. To optimize sensitivity, the sequence was executed with surface coil signal reception and adiabatic RF pulse transmission. The glucose editing capabilities of Ssel-MQC were first evaluated in vitro. Ssel-MQC achieved excellent water suppression (suppression factor >10(5)), at the expense of an approximately 60% loss of the glucose signal due to incomplete coherence transfer pathway selection. Next, the sequence was used for in vivo glucose detection in normal rat brain during D-glucose infusion and in the brain of diabetic rats prior to and following insulin infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A de Graaf
- Department of Experimental In Vivo NMR, Image Sciences Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Lei H, Peeling J. Simultaneous spectral editing for gamma-aminobutyric acid and taurine using double quantum coherence transfer. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2000; 143:95-100. [PMID: 10698650 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.1999.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Conventional double quantum (DQ) editing techniques recover resonances of one metabolite at a time and are thus inefficient for monitoring metabolic changes involving several metabolites. A DQ coherence transfer double editing sequence using a dual-band DQ coherence read pulse is described here. The sequence permits simultaneous spectral editing for two metabolites with similar J coupling constants in a single scan. Simultaneous editing for taurine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is demonstrated using solution phantoms and rat brain tissue. Selectivity of the double editing sequence for the target metabolites is as good as that achieved using conventional DQ editing which selects each metabolite individually. With experimental parameters of the double editing sequence chosen to optimize GABA editing, the sensitivity for GABA detection is the same as that with GABA editing only, while the sensitivity for taurine detection is decreased slightly compared to that with taurine editing only.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W3, Canada
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Abstract
Noninvasive detection of taurine, an important amino acid involved in numerous physiological processes, by in vivo (1)H magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy is complicated by severe overlap of the taurine resonances with those of a number of other metabolites. Unambiguous differentiation of the taurine resonances requires spectral editing. In this study, the development of a localized spectral editing technique based on double-quantum filtering optimized for in vivo detection of taurine is described. The sequence recovers the taurine signal while substantially eliminating overlapping resonances and provides excellent three-dimensional spatial localization. The performance of the sequence is demonstrated both in phantoms and in rat brain in vivo. Magn Reson Med 42:454-460, 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Trabesinger AH, Weber OM, Duc CO, Boesiger P. Detection of glutathione in the human brain in vivo by means of double quantum coherence filtering. Magn Reson Med 1999; 42:283-9. [PMID: 10440953 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2594(199908)42:2<283::aid-mrm10>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of selective in vivo detection of glutathione (L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine, GSH) in the human brain by means of (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at 1.5 T is demonstrated. A double quantum coherence (DQC) filtering sequence was used in combination with PRESS volume selection. The strongly coupled cysteinyl CH(2) compound of GSH was found to be the most suitable target for spectral editing. Analytical calculations employing a product operator description of the cysteinyl ABX three-spin system were made in order to optimize the inherent yield of the sequence. A pulse phase calibration procedure, which precedes the spectrum acquisition, secures maximal signal yield independently of the spatial localization of the volume of interest and thus comparability between individual examinations. In vitro tests show that the DQC filtering method provides good discrimination between the GSH signal at 2.9 ppm and the interfering resonances of creatine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and aspartate. In measurements in the frontal lobe of 12 healthy volunteers a mean ratio of GSH signal to tissue water signal of 5.7 +/- 2.3 x 10(-5) was found, corresponding to a mean GSH tissue concentration of 2-5 mmol/L. The proposed technique allows for the detection of a biologically highly relevant metabolite at moderate field strength. Magn Reson Med 42:283-289, 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Trabesinger
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Informatics, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kanamori K, Ross BD. In vivo detection of (15)N-coupled protons in rat brain by ISIS localization and multiple-quantum editing. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 1999; 139:240-249. [PMID: 10423361 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.1999.1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional image-selected in vivo spectroscopy (ISIS) was combined with phase-cycled (1)H-(15)N heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (HMQC) transfer NMR for localized selective observation of protons J-coupled to (15)N in phantoms and in vivo. The ISIS-HMQC sequence, supplemented by jump-return water suppression, permitted localized selective observation of 2-5 micromol of [(15)N(indole)]tryptophan, a precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin, through the (15)N-coupled proton in 20-40 min of acquisition in vitro at 4.7 T. In vivo, the amide proton of [5-(15)N]glutamine was selectively observed in the brain of spontaneously breathing (15)NH(4)(+)-infused rats, using a volume probe with homogeneous (1)H and (15)N fields. Signal recovery after three-dimensional localization was 72-82% in phantoms and 59 +/- 4% in vivo. The result demonstrates that localized selective observation of (15)N-coupled protons, with complete cancellation of all other protons except water, can be achieved in spontaneously breathing animals by the ISIS-HMQC sequence. This sequence performs both volume selection and heteronuclear editing through an addition/subtraction scheme and predicts the highest intrinsic sensitivity for detection of (15)N-coupled protons in the selected volume. The advantages and limitations of this method for in vivo application are compared to those of other localized editing techniques currently in use for non-exchanging protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kanamori
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Laboratory, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 660 South Fair Oaks Avenue, Pasadena, California 91105, USA.
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Thompson RB, Allen PS. Sources of variability in the response of coupled spins to the PRESS sequence and their potential impact on metabolite quantification. Magn Reson Med 1999; 41:1162-9. [PMID: 10371448 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2594(199906)41:6<1162::aid-mrm12>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Using a numerical method of solving the equation of motion of the density matrix, an evaluation is presented of the sources of the marked variability in the response to the point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) pulse sequence of coupled proton spin systems. The consequences of an inappropriate 180 degrees pulse design and of the limitations on radiofrequency power are demonstrated for a weakly coupled example, lactate. The dominating role of strong coupling, which is present in most brain metabolites, is demonstrated for glutamate, in which 160 terms in the density operator were tracked to monitor the gross changes in lineshape and signal intensity as a function of the two echo times. The predictions of the numerical solutions were confirmed by experiments on phantoms of aqueous metabolite solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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