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Sun Y, Davis E. Nanoplatforms for Targeted Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery: A Review of Platform Materials and Stimuli-Responsive Release and Targeting Mechanisms. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:746. [PMID: 33809633 PMCID: PMC8000772 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To achieve the promise of stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems for the treatment of cancer, they should (1) avoid premature clearance; (2) accumulate in tumors and undergo endocytosis by cancer cells; and (3) exhibit appropriate stimuli-responsive release of the payload. It is challenging to address all of these requirements simultaneously. However, the numerous proof-of-concept studies addressing one or more of these requirements reported every year have dramatically expanded the toolbox available for the design of drug delivery systems. This review highlights recent advances in the targeting and stimuli-responsiveness of drug delivery systems. It begins with a discussion of nanocarrier types and an overview of the factors influencing nanocarrier biodistribution. On-demand release strategies and their application to each type of nanocarrier are reviewed, including both endogenous and exogenous stimuli. Recent developments in stimuli-responsive targeting strategies are also discussed. The remaining challenges and prospective solutions in the field are discussed throughout the review, which is intended to assist researchers in overcoming interdisciplinary knowledge barriers and increase the speed of development. This review presents a nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems toolbox that enables the application of techniques across platforms and inspires researchers with interdisciplinary information to boost the development of multifunctional therapeutic nanoplatforms for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward Davis
- Materials Engineering Program, Mechanical Engineering Department, Auburn University, 101 Wilmore Drive, Auburn, AL 36830, USA;
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2
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Chemistry of Molecular Imaging: An Overview. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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3
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Kiaie N, Gorabi AM, Penson PE, Watts G, Johnston TP, Banach M, Sahebkar A. A new approach to the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis: the era of the liposome. Drug Discov Today 2019; 25:58-72. [PMID: 31525463 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) include myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and angina pectoris, which are major causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite current therapeutic strategies to reduce risk, patients still experience the consequences of ASCVD. Consequently, a current goal is to enhance visualization of early atherosclerotic lesions to improve residual ASCVD risk. The uses of liposomes, in the context of ASCVD, can include as contrast agents for imaging techniques, as well as for the delivery of antiatherosclerotic drugs, genes, and cells to established sites of plaque. Additionally, liposomes have a role as vaccine adjuvants against mediators of atherosclerosis. Here. we review the scientific and clinical evidence relating to the use of liposomes in the diagnosis and management of ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Kiaie
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armita Mahdavi Gorabi
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gerald Watts
- Lipid Disorders Clinic, Cardiovascular Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MI, USA
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Kee P, Bagalkot V, Johnson E, Danila D. Noninvasive detection of macrophages in atheroma using a radiocontrast-loaded phosphatidylserine-containing liposomal contrast agent for computed tomography. Mol Imaging Biol 2016; 17:328-36. [PMID: 25301703 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0798-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Macrophage plays an important role in plaque destabilization in atherosclerosis. By harnessing the affinity of macrophages to certain phospholipid species, a liposomal contrast agent containing phosphatidylserine (PS) and X-ray computed tomographic (CT) contrast agent was prepared and evaluated for CT imaging of plaque-associated macrophages in rabbit models of atherosclerosis. PROCEDURES Liposomes containing PS and iodixanol were evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics, in vitro macrophage uptake, in vivo blood pool clearance, and organ distribution. Plaque enhancement in the aorta was imaged with CT in two atherosclerotic rabbit models. RESULTS In vitro macrophage uptake of PS liposomes increased with increasing amount of PS in the liposomes. Overall clearance of PS liposomes was more rapid than control liposomes. Smaller PS liposomes (d = 112 ± 4 nm) were more effective than control liposomes of similar size or larger control and PS liposomes (d = 172 ± 17 nm) in enhancing aortic plaques in both rabbit models. CONCLUSIONS Proper liposomal surface modification and appropriate sizing are important determinant for CT-based molecular imaging of macrophages in atheroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kee
- The University of Texas Health Science Center of Houston, 1881 East Road, 3SCRB 6.4607, Houston, TX, 77054, USA,
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Abstract
Nanoparticle imaging agents for vascular pathologies are in development, and some agents are already in clinical trials. Untargeted agents, with long circulation, are excellent blood-pool agents, but molecularly targeted agents have significant advantages due to the signal enhancement possible with nanoparticle presentation of the contrast agent molecules. Molecular targets that are accessible directly from the vasculature are optimal for such agents. Targets that are removed from the vasculature, such as those on tumor cell surfaces, have limited accessibility owing to the enhanced permeation and retention effect. Yet, efforts at molecular targeting have tested small molecules, peptides, antibodies, and most recently aptamers as possible targeting ligands. The future is bright for nanoparticle-based imaging of vascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananth Annapragada
- The Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030;
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Juenet M, Varna M, Aid-Launais R, Chauvierre C, Letourneur D. Nanomedicine for the molecular diagnosis of cardiovascular pathologies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:476-84. [PMID: 26129770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Predicting acute clinical events caused by atherosclerotic plaque rupture remains a clinical challenge. Anatomic mapping of the vascular tree provided by standard imaging technologies is not always sufficient for a robust diagnosis. Yet biological mechanisms leading to unstable plaques have been identified and corresponding biomarkers have been described. Nanosystems charged with contrast agents and targeted towards these specific biomarkers have been developed for several types of imaging modalities. The first systems that have reached the clinic are ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Their potential relies on their passive accumulation by predominant physiological mechanisms in rupture-prone plaques. Active targeting strategies are under development to improve their specificity and set up other types of nanoplatforms. Preclinical results show a huge potential of nanomedicine for cardiovascular diagnosis, as long as the safety of these nanosystems in the body is studied in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Juenet
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Institut Galilée, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Mariana Varna
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Institut Galilée, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Rachida Aid-Launais
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Institut Galilée, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Chauvierre
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Institut Galilée, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France.
| | - Didier Letourneur
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Institut Galilée, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France
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Barua S, Mitragotri S. Challenges associated with Penetration of Nanoparticles across Cell and Tissue Barriers: A Review of Current Status and Future Prospects. NANO TODAY 2014; 9:223-243. [PMID: 25132862 PMCID: PMC4129396 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 705] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as an effective modality for the treatment of various diseases including cancer, cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. Various forms of NPs including liposomes, polymer particles, micelles, dendrimers, quantum dots, gold NPs and carbon nanotubes have been synthesized and tested for therapeutic applications. One of the greatest challenges that limit the success of NPs is their ability to reach the therapeutic site at necessary doses while minimizing accumulation at undesired sites. The biodistribution of NPs is determined by body's biological barriers that manifest in several distinct ways. For intravascular delivery of NPs, the barrier manifests in the form of: (i) immune clearance in the liver and spleen, (ii) permeation across the endothelium into target tissues, (iii) penetration through the tissue interstitium, (iv) endocytosis in target cells, (v) diffusion through cytoplasm and (vi) eventually entry into the nucleus, if required. Certain applications of NPs also rely on delivery through alternate routes including skin and mucosal membranes of the nose, lungs, intestine and vagina. In these cases, the diffusive resistance of these tissues poses a significant barrier to delivery. This review focuses on the current understanding of penetration of NPs through biological barriers. Emphasis is placed on transport barriers and not immunological barriers. The review also discusses design strategies for overcoming the barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Barua
- Center for Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Center for Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
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Ogawa M, Umeda IO, Kosugi M, Kawai A, Hamaya Y, Takashima M, Yin H, Kudoh T, Seno M, Magata Y. Development of 111In-Labeled Liposomes for Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque Imaging. J Nucl Med 2013; 55:115-20. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.123158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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9
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Langereis S, Geelen T, Grüll H, Strijkers GJ, Nicolay K. Paramagnetic liposomes for molecular MRI and MRI-guided drug delivery. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:728-44. [PMID: 23703874 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes are a versatile class of nanoparticles with tunable properties, and multiple liposomal drug formulations have been clinically approved for cancer treatment. In recent years, an extensive library of gadolinium (Gd)-containing liposomal MRI contrast agents has been developed for molecular and cellular imaging of disease-specific markers and for image-guided drug delivery. This review discusses the advances in the development and novel applications of paramagnetic liposomes in molecular and cellular imaging, and in image-guided drug delivery. A high targeting specificity has been achieved in vitro using ligand-conjugated paramagnetic liposomes. On targeting of internalizing cell receptors, the effective longitudinal relaxivity r1 of paramagnetic liposomes is modulated by compartmentalization effects. This provides unique opportunities to monitor the biological fate of liposomes. In vivo contrast-enhanced MRI studies with nontargeted liposomes have shown the extravasation of liposomes in diseases associated with endothelial dysfunction, such as tumors and myocardial infarction. The in vivo use of targeted paramagnetic liposomes has facilitated the specific imaging of pathophysiological processes, such as angiogenesis and inflammation. Paramagnetic liposomes loaded with drugs have been utilized for therapeutic interventions. MR image-guided drug delivery using such liposomes allows the visualization and quantification of local drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Langereis
- Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research Eindhoven, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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Geninatti Crich S, Alberti D, Orio L, Stefania R, Longo D, Aime S. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles in Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-012-9180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Kamaly N, Xiao Z, Valencia PM, Radovic-Moreno AF, Farokhzad OC. Targeted polymeric therapeutic nanoparticles: design, development and clinical translation. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:2971-3010. [PMID: 22388185 PMCID: PMC3684255 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15344k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1146] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric materials have been used in a range of pharmaceutical and biotechnology products for more than 40 years. These materials have evolved from their earlier use as biodegradable products such as resorbable sutures, orthopaedic implants, macroscale and microscale drug delivery systems such as microparticles and wafers used as controlled drug release depots, to multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) capable of targeting, and controlled release of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. These newer generations of targeted and controlled release polymeric NPs are now engineered to navigate the complex in vivo environment, and incorporate functionalities for achieving target specificity, control of drug concentration and exposure kinetics at the tissue, cell, and subcellular levels. Indeed this optimization of drug pharmacology as aided by careful design of multifunctional NPs can lead to improved drug safety and efficacy, and may be complimentary to drug enhancements that are traditionally achieved by medicinal chemistry. In this regard, polymeric NPs have the potential to result in a highly differentiated new class of therapeutics, distinct from the original active drugs used in their composition, and distinct from first generation NPs that largely facilitated drug formulation. A greater flexibility in the design of drug molecules themselves may also be facilitated following their incorporation into NPs, as drug properties (solubility, metabolism, plasma binding, biodistribution, target tissue accumulation) will no longer be constrained to the same extent by drug chemical composition, but also become in-part the function of the physicochemical properties of the NP. The combination of optimally designed drugs with optimally engineered polymeric NPs opens up the possibility of improved clinical outcomes that may not be achievable with the administration of drugs in their conventional form. In this critical review, we aim to provide insights into the design and development of targeted polymeric NPs and to highlight the challenges associated with the engineering of this novel class of therapeutics, including considerations of NP design optimization, development and biophysicochemical properties. Additionally, we highlight some recent examples from the literature, which demonstrate current trends and novel concepts in both the design and utility of targeted polymeric NPs (444 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Kamaly
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zeyu Xiao
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pedro M. Valencia
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aleksandar F. Radovic-Moreno
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Omid C. Farokhzad
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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13
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Bonnet CS, Tóth É. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470661345.smc104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Sharif F, Lohan DG, Wijns W. Non-invasive detection of vulnerable coronary plaque. World J Cardiol 2011; 3:219-29. [PMID: 21860703 PMCID: PMC3158870 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v3.i7.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical coronary stenoses have been shown to contribute to only a minority of acute coronary syndromes and sudden cardiac death. Autopsy studies have identified a subgroup of high-risk patients with disrupted vulnerable plaque and modest stenosis. Consequently, a clinical need exists to develop methods to identify these plaques prospectively before disruption and clinical expression of disease. Recent advances in invasive and non-invasive imaging techniques have shown the potential to identify these high-risk plaques. Non-invasive imaging with magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and positron emission tomography holds the potential to differentiate between low- and high-risk plaques. There have been significant technological advances in non-invasive imaging modalities, and the aim is to achieve a diagnostic sensitivity for these technologies similar to that of the invasive modalities. Molecular imaging with the use of novel targeted nanoparticles may help in detecting high-risk plaques that will ultimately cause acute myocardial infarction. Moreover, nanoparticle-based imaging may even provide non-invasive treatments for these plaques. However, at present none of these imaging modalities are able to detect vulnerable plaque nor have they been shown to definitively predict outcome. Further trials are needed to provide more information regarding the natural history of high-risk but non-flow-limiting plaque to establish patient specific targeted therapy and to refine plaque stabilizing strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Sharif
- Faisal Sharif, Department of Cardiology, Regional Hospital Galway, and Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, County Galway, Ireland
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15
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Abstract
Molecular MRI plays an important role in studying molecular and cellular processes associated with heart disease. Targeted probes that recognize important biomarkers of atherosclerosis, apoptosis, necrosis, angiogenesis, thrombosis and inflammation have been developed. This review discusses the properties of chemically different contrast agents including iron oxide nanoparticles, gadolinium-based nanoparticles or micelles, discrete peptide conjugates and activatable probes. Numerous examples of contrast agents based on these approaches have been used in preclinical MRI of cardiovascular diseases. Clinical applications are still under investigation for some selected agents with highly promising initial results. Molecular MRI shows great potential for the detection and characterization of a wide range of cardiovascular diseases, as well as for monitoring response to therapy.
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16
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Gupta AS. Nanomedicine approaches in vascular disease: a review. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 7:763-79. [PMID: 21601009 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nanomedicine approaches have revolutionized the treatment of cancer and vascular diseases, where the limitations of rapid nonspecific clearance, poor biodistribution and harmful side effects associated with direct systemic drug administration can be overcome by packaging the agents within sterically stabilized, long-circulating nanovehicles that can be further surface-modified with ligands to actively target cellular/molecular components of the disease. With significant advancements in genetics, proteomics, cellular and molecular biology and biomaterials engineering, the nanomedicine strategies have become progressively refined regarding the modulation of surface and bulk chemistry of the nanovehicles, control of drug release kinetics, manipulation of nanoconstruct geometry and integration of multiple functionalities on single nanoplatforms. The current review aims to capture the various nanomedicine approaches directed specifically toward vascular diseases during the past two decades. Analysis of the promises and limitations of these approaches will help identify and optimize vascular nanomedicine systems to enhance their efficacy and clinical translation in the future. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Nanomedicine-based approaches have had a major impact on the treatment and diagnosis of malignancies and vascular diseases. This review discusses various nanomedicine approaches directed specifically toward vascular diseases during the past two decades, highlighting their advantages, limitations and offering new perspectives on future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Sen Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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17
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van Tilborg GAF, Vucic E, Strijkers GJ, Cormode DP, Mani V, Skajaa T, Reutelingsperger CPM, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJM, Nicolay K. Annexin A5-functionalized bimodal nanoparticles for MRI and fluorescence imaging of atherosclerotic plaques. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 21:1794-803. [PMID: 20804153 DOI: 10.1021/bc100091q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis and macrophage burden are believed to correlate with atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability and are therefore considered important diagnostic and therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis. These cell types are characterized by the exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) at their surface. In the present study, we developed and applied a small micellar fluorescent annexin A5-functionalized nanoparticle for noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of PS exposing cells in atherosclerotic lesions. Annexin A5-mediated target-specificity was confirmed with ellipsometry and in vitro binding to apoptotic Jurkat cells. In vivo T(1)-weighted MRI of the abdominal aorta in atherosclerotic ApoE(-/-) mice revealed enhanced uptake of the annexin A5-micelles as compared to control-micelles, which was corroborated with ex vivo near-infrared fluorescence images of excised whole aortas. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) demonstrated that the targeted agent was associated with macrophages and apoptotic cells, whereas the nonspecific control agent showed no clear uptake by such cells. In conclusion, the annexin A5-conjugated bimodal micelles displayed potential for noninvasive assessment of cell types that are considered to significantly contribute to plaque instability and therefore may be of great value in the assessment of atherosclerotic lesion phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geralda A F van Tilborg
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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18
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Chen W, Cormode DP, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJM. Nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents for vascular and cardiac diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 3:146-161. [PMID: 20967875 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Advances in nanoparticle contrast agents for molecular imaging have made magnetic resonance imaging a promising modality for noninvasive visualization and assessment of vascular and cardiac disease processes. This review provides a description of the various nanoparticles exploited for imaging cardiovascular targets. Nanoparticle probes detecting inflammation, apoptosis, extracellular matrix, and angiogenesis may provide tools for assessing the risk of progressive vascular dysfunction and heart failure. The utility of nanoparticles as multimodal probes and/or theranostic agents has also been investigated. Although clinical application of these nanoparticles is largely unexplored, the potential for enhancing disease diagnosis and treatment is considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David P Cormode
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Kenny GD, Kamaly N, Kalber TL, Brody LP, Sahuri M, Shamsaei E, Miller AD, Bell JD. Novel multifunctional nanoparticle mediates siRNA tumour delivery, visualisation and therapeutic tumour reduction in vivo. J Control Release 2010; 149:111-6. [PMID: 20888381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is being widely explored as a means of tumour therapy due to the specific and potent silencing of targeted genes. However, in vivo delivery of RNAi effectors, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) and detection of delivery is fraught with problems. Here, we describe novel theranostic PEGylated siRNA nanoparticles termed liposome-entrapped siRNA (LEsiRNA) nanoparticles. Our LEsiRNA nanoparticles are MR sensitive, contain labels for fluorescence microscopy/histology and promote functional siRNA delivery to tumours in mice leading to a significant reduction in both Survivin expression and tumour growth. LEsiRNA nanoparticles, administered by intravenous injection, were shown to accumulate in xenograft tumours by MR contrast image enhancements 24h post-administration. Fluorescence microscopy was used to corroborate the MR results and simultaneously demonstrate co-localisation of nanoparticles and siRNA within the tumours. The LEsiRNA nanoparticle-mediated delivery of the anti-cancer Survivin siRNA causes significant reduction in tumour growth when compared to controls. Our results suggest that LEsiRNA nanoparticles can be valuable as an in vivo delivery agent for siRNA therapy to tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin D Kenny
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, Imaging Sciences Department, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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van Bochove GS, Paulis LEM, Segers D, Mulder WJM, Krams R, Nicolay K, Strijkers GJ. Contrast enhancement by differently sized paramagnetic MRI contrast agents in mice with two phenotypes of atherosclerotic plaque. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2010; 6:35-45. [PMID: 20882509 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the use of contrast-enhanced MRI to enable in vivo specific characterization of atherosclerotic plaques is increasing. In this study the intrinsic ability of three differently sized gadolinium-based contrast agents to permeate different mouse plaque phenotypes was evaluated with MRI. A tapered cast was implanted around the right carotid artery of apoE(-/-) mice to induce two different plaque phenotypes: a thin cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) and a non-TCFA lesion. Both plaques were allowed to develop over 6 and 9 weeks, leading to an intermediate and advanced lesion, respectively. Signal enhancement in the carotid artery wall, following intravenous injection of Gd-HP-DO3A as well as paramagnetic micelles and liposomes was evaluated. In vivo T(1) -weighted MRI plaque enhancement characteristics were complemented by fluorescence microscopy and correlated to lesion phenotype. The two smallest contrast agents, i.e. Gd-HP-DO3A and micelles, were found to enhance contrast in T(1) -weighted MR images of all investigated plaque phenotypes. Maximum contrast enhancement ranged between 53 and 70% at 6 min after injection of Gd-HP-DO3A with highest enhancement and longest retention in the non-TCFA lesion. Twenty-four hours after injection of micelles maximum contrast enhancement ranged between 24 and 35% in all plaque phenotypes. Administration of the larger liposomes did not cause significant contrast enhancement in the atherosclerotic plaques. Confocal fluorescence microscopy confirmed the MRI-based differences in plaque permeation between micelles and liposomes. Plaque permeation of contrast agents was strongly dependent on size. Our results implicate that, when equipped with targeting ligands, liposomes are most suitable for the imaging of plaque-associated endothelial markers due to low background enhancement, whereas micelles, which accumulate extravascularly on a long timescale, are suited for imaging of less abundant markers inside plaques. Low molecular weight compounds may be employed for target-specific imaging of highly abundant extravascular plaque-associated targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda S van Bochove
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
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Kaijzel EL, van Heijningen PM, Wielopolski PA, Vermeij M, Koning GA, van Cappellen WA, Que I, Chan A, Dijkstra J, Ramnath NW, Hawinkels LJ, Bernsen MR, Löwik CW, Essers J. Multimodality Imaging Reveals a Gradual Increase in Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity at Aneurysmal Lesions in Live Fibulin-4 Mice. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 3:567-77. [DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.109.933093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric L. Kaijzel
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (E.L.K., I.Q., C.W.G.M.L.); Department of Radiology (J.D.), Division of Image Processing; and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics (L.J.A.C.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (P.M.H., N.W.M.R., J.E.), Department of Radiology (P.A.W., M.R.B.), Department of Pathology (M.V.), Department of Surgical Oncology (G.A.K.), Department of Vascular
| | - Paula M. van Heijningen
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (E.L.K., I.Q., C.W.G.M.L.); Department of Radiology (J.D.), Division of Image Processing; and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics (L.J.A.C.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (P.M.H., N.W.M.R., J.E.), Department of Radiology (P.A.W., M.R.B.), Department of Pathology (M.V.), Department of Surgical Oncology (G.A.K.), Department of Vascular
| | - Piotr A. Wielopolski
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (E.L.K., I.Q., C.W.G.M.L.); Department of Radiology (J.D.), Division of Image Processing; and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics (L.J.A.C.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (P.M.H., N.W.M.R., J.E.), Department of Radiology (P.A.W., M.R.B.), Department of Pathology (M.V.), Department of Surgical Oncology (G.A.K.), Department of Vascular
| | - Marcel Vermeij
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (E.L.K., I.Q., C.W.G.M.L.); Department of Radiology (J.D.), Division of Image Processing; and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics (L.J.A.C.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (P.M.H., N.W.M.R., J.E.), Department of Radiology (P.A.W., M.R.B.), Department of Pathology (M.V.), Department of Surgical Oncology (G.A.K.), Department of Vascular
| | - Gerben A. Koning
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (E.L.K., I.Q., C.W.G.M.L.); Department of Radiology (J.D.), Division of Image Processing; and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics (L.J.A.C.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (P.M.H., N.W.M.R., J.E.), Department of Radiology (P.A.W., M.R.B.), Department of Pathology (M.V.), Department of Surgical Oncology (G.A.K.), Department of Vascular
| | - Wiggert A. van Cappellen
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (E.L.K., I.Q., C.W.G.M.L.); Department of Radiology (J.D.), Division of Image Processing; and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics (L.J.A.C.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (P.M.H., N.W.M.R., J.E.), Department of Radiology (P.A.W., M.R.B.), Department of Pathology (M.V.), Department of Surgical Oncology (G.A.K.), Department of Vascular
| | - Ivo Que
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (E.L.K., I.Q., C.W.G.M.L.); Department of Radiology (J.D.), Division of Image Processing; and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics (L.J.A.C.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (P.M.H., N.W.M.R., J.E.), Department of Radiology (P.A.W., M.R.B.), Department of Pathology (M.V.), Department of Surgical Oncology (G.A.K.), Department of Vascular
| | - Alan Chan
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (E.L.K., I.Q., C.W.G.M.L.); Department of Radiology (J.D.), Division of Image Processing; and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics (L.J.A.C.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (P.M.H., N.W.M.R., J.E.), Department of Radiology (P.A.W., M.R.B.), Department of Pathology (M.V.), Department of Surgical Oncology (G.A.K.), Department of Vascular
| | - Jouke Dijkstra
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (E.L.K., I.Q., C.W.G.M.L.); Department of Radiology (J.D.), Division of Image Processing; and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics (L.J.A.C.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (P.M.H., N.W.M.R., J.E.), Department of Radiology (P.A.W., M.R.B.), Department of Pathology (M.V.), Department of Surgical Oncology (G.A.K.), Department of Vascular
| | - Natasja W.M. Ramnath
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (E.L.K., I.Q., C.W.G.M.L.); Department of Radiology (J.D.), Division of Image Processing; and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics (L.J.A.C.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (P.M.H., N.W.M.R., J.E.), Department of Radiology (P.A.W., M.R.B.), Department of Pathology (M.V.), Department of Surgical Oncology (G.A.K.), Department of Vascular
| | - Lukas J.A.C. Hawinkels
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (E.L.K., I.Q., C.W.G.M.L.); Department of Radiology (J.D.), Division of Image Processing; and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics (L.J.A.C.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (P.M.H., N.W.M.R., J.E.), Department of Radiology (P.A.W., M.R.B.), Department of Pathology (M.V.), Department of Surgical Oncology (G.A.K.), Department of Vascular
| | - Monique R. Bernsen
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (E.L.K., I.Q., C.W.G.M.L.); Department of Radiology (J.D.), Division of Image Processing; and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics (L.J.A.C.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (P.M.H., N.W.M.R., J.E.), Department of Radiology (P.A.W., M.R.B.), Department of Pathology (M.V.), Department of Surgical Oncology (G.A.K.), Department of Vascular
| | - Clemens W.G.M. Löwik
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (E.L.K., I.Q., C.W.G.M.L.); Department of Radiology (J.D.), Division of Image Processing; and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics (L.J.A.C.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (P.M.H., N.W.M.R., J.E.), Department of Radiology (P.A.W., M.R.B.), Department of Pathology (M.V.), Department of Surgical Oncology (G.A.K.), Department of Vascular
| | - Jeroen Essers
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (E.L.K., I.Q., C.W.G.M.L.); Department of Radiology (J.D.), Division of Image Processing; and Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics (L.J.A.C.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (P.M.H., N.W.M.R., J.E.), Department of Radiology (P.A.W., M.R.B.), Department of Pathology (M.V.), Department of Surgical Oncology (G.A.K.), Department of Vascular
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Villaraza AJL, Bumb A, Brechbiel MW. Macromolecules, dendrimers, and nanomaterials in magnetic resonance imaging: the interplay between size, function, and pharmacokinetics. Chem Rev 2010; 110:2921-59. [PMID: 20067234 PMCID: PMC2868950 DOI: 10.1021/cr900232t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Joseph L. Villaraza
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ambika Bumb
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martin W. Brechbiel
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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MRI-determined carotid artery flow velocities and wall shear stress in a mouse model of vulnerable and stable atherosclerotic plaque. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 23:77-84. [PMID: 20229088 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-010-0200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We report here on the pre-clinical MRI characterization of an apoE-/- mouse model of stable and vulnerable carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques, which were induced by a tapered restriction (cast) around the artery. Specific focus was on the quantification of the wall shear stress, which is considered a key player in the development of the plaque phenotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo MRI was performed at 9.4 T. The protocol consisted of time-of-flight angiography, high-resolution T1- and T2-weighted black-blood imaging and phase-contrast flow velocity imaging as function of time in the cardiac cycle. Wall shear stress was determined by fitting the flow profile to a quadratic polynomial. RESULTS Time-of-flight angiography confirmed preservation of blood flow through the carotid arteries in all cases. T1- and T2-weighted MRI resulted in high-resolution images in which the position of the cast, luminal narrowing introduced by cast and plaque, as well as the arterial wall could be well identified. Laminar flow with low wall shear stress (11.2+/- 5.2 Pa) was measured upstream to the cast at the position of the vulnerable plaque. Downstream to the cast at the position of the stable plaque, the apparent velocities were low, which is consistent with vortices and an oscillatory nature of the flow. CONCLUSIONS Flow velocities and wall shear stress were successfully measured in this mouse model of stable and unstable plaque. The presented tools can be used to provide valuable insights in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Tsotsalas MM, Kopka K, Luppi G, Wagner S, Law MP, Schäfers M, De Cola L. Encapsulating (111)In in nanocontainers for scintigraphic imaging: synthesis, characterization, and in vivo biodistribution. ACS NANO 2010; 4:342-348. [PMID: 20020752 DOI: 10.1021/nn901166u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy for the radiolabeling of porous nanocontainers has been developed, and the first experiments in vivo are reported. Our approach consists of the use of nanometer-sized zeolites whose channels have been filled with the positively charged gamma-emitter (111)In(3+) via simple ion exchange. To avoid leaching of the isotope under physiological conditions, the entrances of the channels have been closed using a specifically designed molecular stopcock. This stopcock has a positively charged group that enters the channels and entraps the loaded radionuclides via electrostatic and steric repulsion. The other side of the stopcock is a bulky triethoxysilane group that can covalently bind to the walls of the zeolite entrances, thereby irreversibly closing the channels. The surface of the zeolites has been functionalized with different chemical groups in order to investigate the different biodistributions depending of the nature of the functionalizations. Preliminary in vivo experiments with Wistar rats have been performed and showed the potential of the approach. This strategy leads to a nanoimaging probe with a very high density of radioisotopes in a confined space, which is highly stable in physiological solution and could allow a large variety of functionalities on its external surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel M Tsotsalas
- Physikalisches Institut and NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster, Mendelstrasse 7, D-48149 Munster, Germany
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Recent developments and new perspectives on imaging of atherosclerotic plaque: role of anatomical, cellular and molecular MRI part III. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 26:447-57. [PMID: 20058083 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-009-9566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque disruption accounts for the major part of cardiovascular mortality and the risk of disruption appears to depend on plaque composition. Carotid plaques in patients, scheduled for endarterectomy, have been successfully characterised with MRI. MRI has the advantage of combining information about morphology and function. Unfortunately, the tortuosity and size of the coronary arteries, and the respiratory and cardiac motion hinder the in vivo characterisation of human coronary plaque. In addition to plaque composition several molecular markers of the different processes involved in atherosclerosis, such as integrins, matrix metalloproteinases and fibrin seem to correlate with risk of plaque rupture and clinical outcome. These molecular markers can be targeted with antibodies coupled to carriers, which are loaded with gadolinium for detection (molecular MRI). Several cellular/molecular MRI studies in animal models and some in human patients have been conducted with varying levels of success. The advent of clinical high field magnets, the development of contrast agent carriers with high relaxivity and the development of relatively new MR contrast techniques appear to be promising in the field of plaque imaging. Future MRI studies will have to focus on the molecular target of the atherosclerotic process, which has the highest prognostic value with regard to acute coronary syndromes and on the most suitable contrast agent to visualize that target.
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Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging and potential therapeutic applications in neurooncology and central nervous system inflammatory pathologies, a review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:15-35. [PMID: 19756021 PMCID: PMC2949106 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have diverse diagnostic and potential therapeutic applications in the central nervous system (CNS). They are useful as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents to evaluate: areas of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction related to tumors and other neuroinflammatory pathologies, the cerebrovasculature using perfusion-weighted MRI sequences, and in vivo cellular tracking in CNS disease or injury. Novel, targeted, nanoparticle synthesis strategies will allow for a rapidly expanding range of applications in patients with brain tumors, cerebral ischemia or stroke, carotid atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, and epilepsy. These strategies may ultimately improve disease detection, therapeutic monitoring, and treatment efficacy especially in the context of antiangiogenic chemotherapy and antiinflammatory medications. The purpose of this review is to outline the current status of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in the context of biomedical nanotechnology as they apply to diagnostic MRI and potential therapeutic applications in neurooncology and other CNS inflammatory conditions.
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Kozlowska D, Foran P, MacMahon P, Shelly MJ, Eustace S, O'Kennedy R. Molecular and magnetic resonance imaging: The value of immunoliposomes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:1402-11. [PMID: 19796661 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging has the potential to transform the field of diagnostic imaging through enabling far more detailed investigation and characterisation of disease processes than is currently possible. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is capable of three-dimensional non-invasive imaging of opaque tissues at near cellular resolution. Among the imaging techniques available today, MRI has, perhaps, the greatest potential to exploit the possibilities that molecular imaging presents. Nanoparticles are the focus of intense research, due to a wide variety of potential applications in the biomedical, optical, and electronic fields. In this article we examine the progress made in the development of nanoparticles as targeted contrast agents for molecular magnetic resonance imaging. In particular, we will examine the potential of antibody-targeted liposomes (immunoliposomes) as vehicles for delivering MRI contrast agents to cellular biomarkers, thus enabling visualisation of structures and processes at the molecular level. We will address some of the challenges that must be faced by researchers in this field before the progress made in the laboratory can be translated into improved clinical diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Cheng Z, Thorek DLJ, Tsourkas A. Porous Polymersomes with Encapsulated Gd-labeled Dendrimers as Highly Efficient MRI Contrast Agents. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2009; 19:3753-3759. [PMID: 23293575 PMCID: PMC3536029 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.200901253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanovesicles with encapsulated Gd as MR contrast agents has largely been ignored due to the detrimental effects of the slow water exchange rate through the vesicle bilayer on the relaxivity of encapsulated Gd. Here, we describe the facile synthesis of a composite MR contrast platform, consisting of dendrimer conjugates encapsulated in porous polymersomes. These nanoparticles exhibit improved permeability to water flux and a large capacity to store chelated Gd within the aqueous lumen, resulting in enhanced longitudinal relaxivity. The porous polymersomes, ~130 nm in diameter, were produced through the aqueous assembly of the polymers, polyethylene oxide-b-polybutadiene (PBdEO), and polyethylene oxide-b-polycaprolactone (PEOCL). Subsequent hydrolysis of the caprolactone (CL) block resulted in a highly permeable outer membrane. To prevent the leakage of small Gd-chelate through the pores, Gd was conjugated to PAMAM dendrimer via diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid dianhydride (DTPA dianhydride) prior to encapsulation. As a result of the slower rotational correlation time of Gd-labeled dendrimers, the porous outer membrane of the nanovesicle, and the high Gd payload, these functional nanoparticles were found to exhibit a relaxivity (R1) of 292,109 mM(-1) s(-1) per particle. The polymersomes were also found to exhibit unique pharmacokinetics with a circulation half-life of >3.5 hrs and predominantly renal clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania 210 South 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA)
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Douma K, Prinzen L, Slaaf DW, Reutelingsperger CPM, Biessen EAL, Hackeng TM, Post MJ, van Zandvoort MAMJ. Nanoparticles for optical molecular imaging of atherosclerosis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:544-557. [PMID: 19226595 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging contributes to future personalized medicine dedicated to the treatment of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of mortality in industrialized countries. Endoscope-compatible optical imaging techniques would offer a stand-alone alternative and high spatial resolution validation technique to clinically accepted imaging techniques in the (intravascular) assessment of vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions, which are predisposed to initiate acute clinical events. Efficient optical visualization of molecular epitopes specific for vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions requires targeting of high-quality optical-contrast-enhancing particles. In this review, we provide an overview of both current optical nanoparticles and targeting ligands for optical molecular imaging of atherosclerotic lesions and speculate on their applicability in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Douma
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Sanders HMHF, Strijkers GJ, Mulder WJM, Huinink HP, Erich SJF, Adan OCG, Sommerdijk NAJM, Merkx M, Nicolay K. Morphology, binding behavior and MR-properties of paramagnetic collagen-binding liposomes. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2009; 4:81-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cormode DP, Skajaa T, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJM. Nanotechnology in medical imaging: probe design and applications. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 29:992-1000. [PMID: 19057023 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.165506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have become more and more prevalent in reports of novel contrast agents, especially for molecular imaging, the detection of cellular processes. The advantages of nanoparticles include their potency to generate contrast, the ease of integrating multiple properties, lengthy circulation times, and the possibility to include high payloads. As the chemistry of nanoparticles has improved over the past years, more sophisticated examples of nano-sized contrast agents have been reported, such as paramagnetic, macrophage targeted quantum dots or alpha(v)beta(3)-targeted, MRI visible microemulsions that also carry a drug to suppress angiogenesis. The use of these particles is producing greater knowledge of disease processes and the effects of therapy. Along with their excellent properties, nanoparticles may produce significant toxicity, which must be minimized for (clinical) application. In this review we discuss the different factors that are considered when designing a nanoparticle probe and highlight some of the most advanced examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Cormode
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1234, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Maiseyeu A, Mihai G, Kampfrath T, Simonetti OP, Sen CK, Roy S, Rajagopalan S, Parthasarathy S. Gadolinium-containing phosphatidylserine liposomes for molecular imaging of atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 2008; 50:2157-63. [PMID: 19017616 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800405-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Exteriorized phosphatidylserine (PS) residues in apoptotic cells trigger rapid phagocytosis by macrophage scavenger receptor pathways. Mimicking apoptosis with liposomes containing PS may represent an attractive approach for molecular imaging of atherosclerosis. We investigated the utility of paramagnetic gadolinium liposomes enriched with PS (Gd-PS) in imaging atherosclerotic plaque. Gd-PS-containing Gd-conjugated lipids, fluorescent rhodamine, and PS were prepared and characterized. Cellular uptake in RAW macrophages (fluorescent uptake of rhodamine) was studied on a fluorescence plate reader, while Gd-PS-induced alteration in T1 relaxivity was evaluated using a 1.5 T MRI scanner. RAW cells demonstrate PS-dependent uptake of across a range of concentrations (2, 6, 12, and 20%) in comparison to control liposomes with no PS (0%). In vivo performance of Gd-PS was evaluated in the ApoE(-/-) mouse model by collection of serial T1 weighted gradient echo MR images using an 11.7 T MRI system and revealed rapid and significant enhancement of the aortic wall that was seen for at least 4 h after injection. Gd-PS-enriched liposomes enhance atherosclerotic plaque and colocalize with macrophages in experimental atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Maiseyeu
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Terreno E, Delli Castelli D, Cabella C, Dastrù W, Sanino A, Stancanello J, Tei L, Aime S. Paramagnetic Liposomes as Innovative Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance (MR) Molecular Imaging Applications. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:1901-1912. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Taatjes DJ, Wadsworth MP, Quinn AS, Rand JH, Bovill EG, Sobel BE. Imaging aspects of cardiovascular disease at the cell and molecular level. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:235-45. [PMID: 18506469 PMCID: PMC2491710 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell and molecular imaging has a long and distinguished history. Erythrocytes were visualized microscopically by van Leeuwenhoek in 1674, and microscope technology has evolved mightily since the first single-lens instruments, and now incorporates many types that do not use photons of light for image formation. The combination of these instruments with preparations stained with histochemical and immunohistochemical markers has revolutionized imaging by allowing the biochemical identification of components at subcellular resolution. The field of cardiovascular disease has benefited greatly from these advances for the characterization of disease etiologies. In this review, we will highlight and summarize the use of microscopy imaging systems, including light microscopy, electron microscopy, confocal scanning laser microscopy, laser scanning cytometry, laser microdissection, and atomic force microscopy in conjunction with a variety of histochemical techniques in studies aimed at understanding mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases at the cell and molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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Erpelding TN, Caruthers SD, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Nanotechnology in the diagnosis of atherosclerotic disease. EXPERT OPINION ON MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS 2008; 2:635-649. [PMID: 23495775 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.6.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease in which ruptured plaques can lead to serious thrombotic events, including myocardial infarction or stroke. Often these cardiovascular events occur with no previous recognition of symptoms and only moderate stenosis. New diagnostic techniques are needed for earlier diagnosis and staging of atherosclerotic disease, so appropriate treatments, interventional procedures, or lifestyle changes can begin. Recent developments in nanotechnology could advance clinical imaging of molecular biomarkers, particularly for cardiovascular diagnosis. OBJECTIVE In this review, selected nanotechnologies under development for early detection of atherosclerotic disease and identification of vulnerable plaques are presented. METHOD The scope of this review encompasses molecular imaging of atherosclerosis using nanoparticle contrast agents. Nanoparticle approaches are grouped by their corresponding diagnostic imaging modality. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Diagnostic imaging techniques employing nanoparticle contrast agents targeted to molecular signatures of atherosclerotic disease offer hope for improved non-invasive detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd N Erpelding
- Philips Research North America, 345 Scarborough Road, Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510, USA
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37
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Determination of water permeability of paramagnetic liposomes of interest in MRI field. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:1112-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Frías JC, Lipinski MJ, Albelda MT, Ibáñez B, Soriano C, García-España E, Jiménez-Borreguero LJ, Badimon JJ. Nanoparticles as Contrast Agents for MRI of Atherosclerotic Lesions. Clin Med Cardiol 2008. [DOI: 10.4137/cmc.s642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Frías
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Michael Joseph Lipinski
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, U.S.A
| | | | - Borja Ibáñez
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, U.S.A
| | - Conxa Soriano
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan José Badimon
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, U.S.A
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Canet-Soulas E, Letourneur D. Biomarkers of atherosclerosis and the potential of MRI for the diagnosis of vulnerable plaque. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2007; 20:129-42. [PMID: 17605060 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-007-0078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease. As it is an inflammation process, many cellular and molecular events are involved at each step of the progression of atherosclerosis from an early fatty streak lesion to a highly dangerous rupture-prone plaque. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a well-established diagnostic tool for many kinds of chronic inflammation in various systems and organs, and recent improvements in spatial resolution and contrast strategies make it a promising technique for the characterization of inflammatory vessel walls. The first part of this review will briefly introduce the main cellular and molecular processes involved in atherosclerotic lesions; the second part will focus on the use of high-resolution MRI and present-generation contrast agents for plaque characterization; and the third part will present some recent and ongoing cellular and molecular MRI studies of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Canet-Soulas
- Université Lyon 1, ESCPE, Laboratoire CREATIS-LRMN, CNRS UMR 5220, INSERM U630, Domaine Scientifique de la Doua, 43 Bd 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Beckmann N, Kneuer R, Gremlich HU, Karmouty-Quintana H, Blé FX, Müller M. In vivo mouse imaging and spectroscopy in drug discovery. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2007; 20:154-85. [PMID: 17451175 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Imaging modalities such as micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), micro-positron emission tomography (micro-PET), high-resolution MRI, optical imaging, and high-resolution ultrasound have become invaluable tools in preclinical pharmaceutical research. They can be used to non-invasively investigate, in vivo, rodent biology and metabolism, disease models, and pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. The advantages and limitations of each approach usually determine its application, and therefore a small-rodent imaging laboratory in a pharmaceutical environment should ideally provide access to several techniques. In this paper we aim to illustrate how these techniques may be used to obtain meaningful information for the phenotyping of transgenic mice and for the analysis of compounds in murine models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau Beckmann
- Discovery Technologies, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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Falk E, Schwartz SM, Galis ZS, Rosenfeld ME. Putative Murine Models of Plaque Rupture. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:969-72. [PMID: 17377150 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000261572.33474.e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Alsaid H, Sabbah M, Bendahmane Z, Fokapu O, Felblinger J, Desbleds-Mansard C, Corot C, Briguet A, Crémillieux Y, Canet-Soulas E. High-resolution contrast-enhanced MRI of atherosclerosis with digital cardiac and respiratory gating in mice. Magn Reson Med 2007; 58:1157-63. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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