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Inam O, Qureshi M, Laraib Z, Akram H, Omer H. GPU accelerated Cartesian GRAPPA reconstruction using CUDA. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2022; 337:107175. [PMID: 35259611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE GRAPPA (Generalized Auto-calibrating Partially Parallel Acquisition) is an advanced parallel MRI reconstruction method (pMRI) that enables under-sampled data acquisition with multiple receiver coils to reduce the MRI scan time and reconstructs artifact free image from the acquired under-sampled data. However, the reduction in MRI scan time comes at the expense of long reconstruction time. It is because the GRAPPA reconstruction time shows exponential growth with increasing number of receiver coils. Consequently, the conventional CPU platforms may not adhere to the requirements of fast data processing for MR image reconstruction. METHODS Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) have recently emerged as a viable commodity hardware to reduce the reconstruction time of pMRI methods. This paper presents a novel GPU based implementation of GRAPPA using custom built CUDA kernels, to meet the rising demands of fast MRI processing. The proposed framework exploits intrinsic parallelism in the calibration and synthesis phases of GRAPPA reconstruction process, aiming to achieve high speed MR image reconstruction for various GRAPPA configuration settings using different number of receiver coils, auto-calibration signals (ACS), sizes of GRAPPA kernel and acceleration factors. In-vivo experiments (using 8, 12 and 30 receiver coils) are performed to compare the performance of the proposed GPU accelerated GRAPPA with the CPU based GRAPPA extensions and GPU counterpart. RESULTS The results indicate that the proposed method achieves up to ≈47.8× , ≈17× and ≈3.8× speed up gains over multicore CPU (single thread), multicore CPU (8 thread) and Gadgetron (GPU based GRAPPA) respectively, without compromising the reconstruction accuracy. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method reduces the GRAPPA reconstruction time by employing the calibration phase (GRAPPA weights estimation) and synthesis phase (interpolation) on GPU. Our study shows that the proposed GPU based parallel framework for GRAPPA reconstruction provides a solution for high-speed image reconstruction while maintaining the quality of the reconstructed images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omair Inam
- Medical Image Processing Research Group (MIPRG), Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Mahmood Qureshi
- Medical Image Processing Research Group (MIPRG), Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Zoia Laraib
- Medical Image Processing Research Group (MIPRG), Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hamza Akram
- Medical Image Processing Research Group (MIPRG), Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Omer
- Medical Image Processing Research Group (MIPRG), Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Wang H, Jia S, Chang Y, Zhu Y, Zou C, Li Y, Liu X, Zheng H, Liang D. Improving GRAPPA reconstruction using joint nonlinear kernel mapped and phase conjugated virtual coils. Phys Med Biol 2019; 64:14NT01. [PMID: 31167169 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab274d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To improve the reconstruction condition and alleviate the noise amplification of GRAPPA reconstruction by aggregating the phase conjugated and nonlinear kernel mapped coils with the original physical coil. Nonlinear GRAPPA (NL-GRAPPA) is a kernel-based non-iterative approach which can reduce noise-induced error in GRAPPA reconstruction. And virtual conjugate coil (VCC) embeds the conjugate symmetric property of k-space into GRAPPA data synthesis to improve reconstruction condition. This work proposed NL-VCC-GRAPPA to jointly utilize the nonlinear mapped virtual coil and phase conjugated virtual coil to further reduce noise amplification in parallel imaging. In vivo static and dynamic 2D imaging accelerated by uniform undersampling schemes were performed to evaluate the proposed method in terms of visual image quality, root-mean-square-error (RMSE), and geometry factor (g-factor). The effects of acceleration factors, calibration data size and kernel shape on the proposed model were also separately analyzed and discussed. The proposed method illustrated improved visual image quality evidenced by reduced retrospective RMSE and prospective g-factor comparing with conventional GRAPPA and the recently proposed iterative SENSE-LORAKS reconstructions. Although a larger amount of calibration data and smaller kernel size were required to stabilize the calibration of fourfold extended kernel for the proposed method, it was non-iterative and relatively insensitive to parameter adjustment in the applications. The proposed NL-VCC-extension to conventional GRAPPA brings visible improvements for imaging scenarios accelerated by the widely available uniform undersampling schemes in a practically efficient manner without iteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Wang
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. Co-First/Equal Authorship
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Liu Y, Lyu M, Barth M, Yi Z, Leong ATL, Chen F, Feng Y, Wu EX. PEC-GRAPPA reconstruction of simultaneous multislice EPI with slice-dependent 2D Nyquist ghost correction. Magn Reson Med 2018; 81:1924-1934. [PMID: 30368895 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide simultaneous multislice (SMS) EPI reconstruction with k-space implementation and robust Nyquist ghost correction. METHODS 2D phase error correction SENSE (PEC-SENSE) was recently developed for Nyquist ghost correction in SMS EPI reconstruction for which virtual coil simultaneous autocalibration and k-space estimation (VC-SAKE) was used to remove slice-dependent Nyquist ghosts and intershot 2D phase variations in multi-shot EPI reference scan. However, masking coil sensitivity maps to exclude background region in PEC-SENSE and manually selecting slice-wise target ranks in VC-SAKE are cumbersome procedures in practice. To avoid masking, the concept of PEC-SENSE is extended to k-space implementation and termed as PEC-GRAPPA. Furthermore, a singular value shrinkage scheme is incorporated in VC-SAKE to circumvent the empirical slice-wise target rank selection. PEC-GRAPPA was evaluated and compared to PEC-SENSE with/without masking and 1D linear phase correction GRAPPA. RESULTS PEC-GRAPPA robustly reconstructed SMS EPI images from 7T phantom and human brain data, effectively removing the phase error-induced artifacts. The resulting residual artifact level and temporal SNR were comparable to those by PEC-SENSE with careful tuning. PEC-GRAPPA outperformed PEC-SENSE without masking and 1D linear phase correction GRAPPA. CONCLUSION Our proposed PEC-GRAPPA approach effectively removes the artifacts caused by Nyquist ghosts in SMS EPI without cumbersome tuning. This approach provides a robust and practical implementation of SMS EPI reconstruction in k-space with slice-dependent 2D Nyquist ghost correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Liu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengye Lyu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Markus Barth
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zheyuan Yi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Alex T L Leong
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqiu Feng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ed X Wu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Hamilton J, Franson D, Seiberlich N. Recent advances in parallel imaging for MRI. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 101:71-95. [PMID: 28844222 PMCID: PMC5927614 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is an essential technology in modern medicine. However, one of its main drawbacks is the long scan time needed to localize the MR signal in space to generate an image. This review article summarizes some basic principles and recent developments in parallel imaging, a class of image reconstruction techniques for shortening scan time. First, the fundamentals of MRI data acquisition are covered, including the concepts of k-space, undersampling, and aliasing. It is demonstrated that scan time can be reduced by sampling a smaller number of phase encoding lines in k-space; however, without further processing, the resulting images will be degraded by aliasing artifacts. Nearly all modern clinical scanners acquire data from multiple independent receiver coil arrays. Parallel imaging methods exploit properties of these coil arrays to separate aliased pixels in the image domain or to estimate missing k-space data using knowledge of nearby acquired k-space points. Three parallel imaging methods-SENSE, GRAPPA, and SPIRiT-are described in detail, since they are employed clinically and form the foundation for more advanced methods. These techniques can be extended to non-Cartesian sampling patterns, where the collected k-space points do not fall on a rectangular grid. Non-Cartesian acquisitions have several beneficial properties, the most important being the appearance of incoherent aliasing artifacts. Recent advances in simultaneous multi-slice imaging are presented next, which use parallel imaging to disentangle images of several slices that have been acquired at once. Parallel imaging can also be employed to accelerate 3D MRI, in which a contiguous volume is scanned rather than sequential slices. Another class of phase-constrained parallel imaging methods takes advantage of both image magnitude and phase to achieve better reconstruction performance. Finally, some applications are presented of parallel imaging being used to accelerate MR Spectroscopic Imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Hamilton
- Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Dominique Franson
- Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Nicole Seiberlich
- Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Real-time imaging with radial GRAPPA: Implementation on a heterogeneous architecture for low-latency reconstructions. Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 32:747-58. [PMID: 24690453 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Combination of non-Cartesian trajectories with parallel MRI permits to attain unmatched acceleration rates when compared to traditional Cartesian MRI during real-time imaging. However, computationally demanding reconstructions of such imaging techniques, such as k-space domain radial generalized auto-calibrating partially parallel acquisitions (radial GRAPPA) and image domain conjugate gradient sensitivity encoding (CG-SENSE), lead to longer reconstruction times and unacceptable latency for online real-time MRI on conventional computational hardware. Though CG-SENSE has been shown to work with low-latency using a general purpose graphics processing unit (GPU), to the best of our knowledge, no such effort has been made for radial GRAPPA. Radial GRAPPA reconstruction, which is robust even with highly undersampled acquisitions, is not iterative, requiring only significant computation during initial calibration while achieving good image quality for low-latency imaging applications. In this work, we present a very fast, low-latency, reconstruction framework based on a heterogeneous system using multi-core CPUs and GPUs. We demonstrate an implementation of radial GRAPPA that permits reconstruction times on par with or faster than acquisition of highly accelerated datasets in both cardiac and dynamic musculoskeletal imaging scenarios. Acquisition and reconstruction times are reported.
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Ding Y, Xue H, Ahmad R, Ting ST, Simonetti OP. SC-GRAPPA: Self-constraint noniterative GRAPPA reconstruction with closed-form solution. Med Phys 2012; 39:7686-93. [PMID: 23231316 DOI: 10.1118/1.4768162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Parallel MRI (pMRI) reconstruction techniques are commonly used to reduce scan time by undersampling the k-space data. GRAPPA, a k-space based pMRI technique, is widely used clinically because of its robustness. In GRAPPA, the missing k-space data are estimated by solving a set of linear equations; however, this set of equations does not take advantage of the correlations within the missing k-space data. All k-space data in a neighborhood acquired from a phased-array coil are correlated. The correlation can be estimated easily as a self-constraint condition, and formulated as an extra set of linear equations to improve the performance of GRAPPA. The authors propose a modified k-space based pMRI technique called self-constraint GRAPPA (SC-GRAPPA) which combines the linear equations of GRAPPA with these extra equations to solve for the missing k-space data. Since SC-GRAPPA utilizes a least-squares solution of the linear equations, it has a closed-form solution that does not require an iterative solver. METHODS The SC-GRAPPA equation was derived by incorporating GRAPPA as a prior estimate. SC-GRAPPA was tested in a uniform phantom and two normal volunteers. MR real-time cardiac cine images with acceleration rate 5 and 6 were reconstructed using GRAPPA and SC-GRAPPA. RESULTS SC-GRAPPA showed a significantly lower artifact level, and a greater than 10% overall signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain over GRAPPA, with more significant SNR gain observed in low-SNR regions of the images. CONCLUSIONS SC-GRAPPA offers improved pMRI reconstruction, and is expected to benefit clinical imaging applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Hansen MS, Sørensen TS. Gadgetron: An open source framework for medical image reconstruction. Magn Reson Med 2012; 69:1768-76. [PMID: 22791598 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schacht Hansen
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Saybasili H, Faranesh AZ, Saikus CE, Ozturk C, Lederman RJ, Guttman MA. Interventional MRI using multiple 3D angiography roadmaps with real-time imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 31:1015-9. [PMID: 20373448 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To enhance real-time magnetic resonance (MR)-guided catheter navigation by overlaying colorized multiphase MR angiography (MRA) and cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) roadmaps in an anatomic context. MATERIALS AND METHODS Time-resolved MRA and respiratory-gated MRCP were acquired prior to real-time imaging in a pig model. MRA and MRCP data were loaded into a custom real-time MRI reconstruction and visualization workstation where they were displayed as maximum intensity projections (MIPs) in distinct colors. The MIPs were rendered in 3D together with real-time multislice imaging data using alpha blending. Interactive rotation allowed different views of the combined data. RESULTS Fused display of the previously acquired MIP angiography data with real-time imaging added anatomical context during endovascular interventions in swine. The use of multiple MIPs rendered in different colors facilitated differentiation of vascular structures, improving visual feedback during device navigation. CONCLUSION Interventional real-time MRI may be enhanced by combining with previously acquired multiphase angiograms. Rendered as 3D MIPs together with 2D slice data, this technique provided useful anatomical context that enhanced MRI-guided interventional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Saybasili
- Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1061, USA.
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Saybasili H, Derbyshire JA, Kellman P, Griswold MA, Ozturk C, Lederman RJ, Seiberlich N. RT-GROG: parallelized self-calibrating GROG for real-time MRI. Magn Reson Med 2010; 64:306-12. [PMID: 20577983 PMCID: PMC3406175 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A real-time implementation of self-calibrating Generalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisitions (GRAPPA) operator gridding for radial acquisitions is presented. Self-calibrating GRAPPA operator gridding is a parallel-imaging-based, parameter-free gridding algorithm, where coil sensitivity profiles are used to calculate gridding weights. Self-calibrating GRAPPA operator gridding's weight-set calculation and image reconstruction steps are decoupled into two distinct processes, implemented in C++ and parallelized. This decoupling allows the weights to be updated adaptively in the background while image reconstruction threads use the most recent gridding weights to grid and reconstruct images. All possible combinations of two-dimensional gridding weights G(x)(m)G(y)(n) are evaluated for m,n = {-0.5, -0.4, ..., 0, 0.1, ..., 0.5} and stored in a look-up table. Consequently, the per-sample two-dimensional weights calculation during gridding is eliminated from the reconstruction process and replaced by a simple look-up table access. In practice, up to 34x faster reconstruction than conventional (parallelized) self-calibrating GRAPPA operator gridding is achieved. On a 32-coil dataset of size 128 x 64, reconstruction performance is 14.5 frames per second (fps), while the data acquisition is 6.6 fps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Saybasili
- Translational Medicine Branch, National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1061, USA.
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