1
|
Fuetterer M, Traechtler J, Busch J, Peereboom SM, Dounas A, Manka R, Weisskopf M, Cesarovic N, Stoeck CT, Kozerke S. Hyperpolarized Metabolic and Parametric CMR Imaging of Longitudinal Metabolic-Structural Changes in Experimental Chronic Infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2022; 15:2051-2064. [PMID: 36481073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged ischemia and myocardial infarction are followed by a series of dynamic processes that determine the fate of the affected myocardium toward recovery or necrosis. Metabolic adaptions are considered to play a vital role in the recovery of salvageable myocardium in the context of stunned and hibernating myocardium. OBJECTIVES The potential of hyperpolarized pyruvate cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) alongside functional and parametric CMR as a tool to study the complex metabolic-structural interplay in a longitudinal study of chronic myocardial infarction in an experimental pig model is investigated. METHODS Metabolic imaging using hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate and proton-based CMR including cine, T1/T2 relaxometry, dynamic contrast-enhanced, and late gadolinium enhanced imaging were performed on clinical 3.0-T and 1.5-T MR systems before infarction and at 6 days and 5 and 9 weeks postinfarction in a longitudinal study design. Chronic myocardial infarction in pigs was induced using catheter-based occlusion and compared with healthy controls. RESULTS Metabolic image data revealed temporarily elevated lactate-to-bicarbonate ratios at day 6 in the infarcted relative to remote myocardium. The temporal changes of lactate-to-bicarbonate ratios were found to correlate with changes in T2 and impaired local contractility. Assessment of pyruvate dehydrogenase flux via the hyperpolarized [13C] bicarbonate signal revealed recovery of aerobic cellular respiration in the hibernating myocardium, which correlated with recovery of local radial strain. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the potential of hyperpolarized CMR to longitudinally detect metabolic changes after cardiac infarction over days to weeks. Viable myocardium in the area at risk was identified based on restored pyruvate dehydrogenase flux.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Fuetterer
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Traechtler
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Busch
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Dounas
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Manka
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Weisskopf
- Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikola Cesarovic
- Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Translational Cardiovascular Technologies, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Torben Stoeck
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kozerke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lau AZ, Chen AP, Cunningham CH. Cardiac metabolic imaging using hyperpolarized [1- 13 C]lactate as a substrate. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4532. [PMID: 33963784 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized (HP) [1-13 C]lactate is an attractive alternative to [1-13 C]pyruvate as a substrate to investigate cardiac metabolism in vivo: it can be administered safely at a higher dose and can be polarized to a degree similar to pyruvate via dynamic nuclear polarization. While 13 C cardiac experiments using HP lactate have been performed in small animal models, they have not been demonstrated in large animal models or humans. Utilizing the same hardware and data acquisition methods as the first human HP 13 C cardiac study, 13 C metabolic images were acquired following injections of HP [1-13 C]lactate in porcine hearts. Data were also acquired using HP [1-13 C]pyruvate for comparison. The 13 C bicarbonate signal was localized to the myocardium and had a similar appearance with both substrates for all animals. No 13 C pyruvate signal was detected in the experiments following injection of HP 13 C lactate. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of injected lactate was 88 ± 4% of the SNR of injected pyruvate, and the SNR of bicarbonate in the experiments using lactate as the substrate was 52 ± 19% of the SNR in the experiments using pyruvate as the substrate. The lower SNR was likely due to the shorter T1 of [1-13 C]lactate as compared with [1-13 C]pyruvate and the additional enzyme-catalyzed metabolic conversion step before the 13 C nuclei from [1-13 C]lactate were detected as 13 C bicarbonate. While challenges remain, the potential of HP lactate as a substrate for clinical metabolic imaging of human heart has been demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angus Z Lau
- Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Charles H Cunningham
- Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shaul D, Azar A, Sapir G, Uppala S, Nardi-Schreiber A, Gamliel A, Sosna J, Gomori JM, Katz-Brull R. Correlation between lactate dehydrogenase/pyruvate dehydrogenase activities ratio and tissue pH in the perfused mouse heart: A potential noninvasive indicator of cardiac pH provided by hyperpolarized magnetic resonance. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4444. [PMID: 33258527 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases account for more than 30% of all deaths worldwide and many could be ameliorated with early diagnosis. Current cardiac imaging modalities can assess blood flow, heart anatomy and mechanical function. However, for early diagnosis and improved treatment, further functional biomarkers are needed. One such functional biomarker could be the myocardium pH. Although tissue pH is already determinable via MR techniques, and has been since the early 1990s, it remains elusive to use practically. The objective of this study was to explore the possibility to evaluate cardiac pH noninvasively, using in-cell enzymatic rates of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate metabolism (ie, moles of product produced per unit time) determined directly in real time using magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a perfused mouse heart model. As a gold standard for tissue pH we used 31 P spectroscopy and the chemical shift of the inorganic phosphate (Pi) signal. The nonhomogenous pH distribution of the perfused heart was analyzed using a multi-parametric analysis of this signal, thus taking into account the heterogeneous nature of this characteristic. As opposed to the signal ratio of hyperpolarized [13 C]bicarbonate to [13 CO2 ], which has shown correlation to pH in other studies, we investigated here the ratio of two intracellular enzymatic rates: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), by way of determining the production rates of [1-13 C]lactate and [13 C]bicarbonate, respectively. The enzyme activities determined here are intracellular, while the pH determined using the Pi signal may contain an extracellular component, which could not be ruled out. Nevertheless, we report a strong correlation between the tissue pH and the LDH/PDH activities ratio. This work may pave the way for using the LDH/PDH activities ratio as an indicator of cardiac intracellular pH in vivo, in an MRI examination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Shaul
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Assad Azar
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gal Sapir
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sivaranjan Uppala
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Atara Nardi-Schreiber
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ayelet Gamliel
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jacob Sosna
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - J Moshe Gomori
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Katz-Brull
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tyler A, Lau JYC, Ball V, Timm KN, Zhou T, Tyler DJ, Miller JJ. A 3D hybrid-shot spiral sequence for hyperpolarized 13 C imaging. Magn Reson Med 2020; 85:790-801. [PMID: 32894618 PMCID: PMC7611357 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Hyperpolarized imaging experiments have conflicting requirements of high spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution. Spectral-spatial RF excitation has been shown to form an attractive magnetization-efficient method for hyperpolarized imaging, but the optimum readout strategy is not yet known. Methods In this work, we propose a novel 3D hybrid-shot spiral sequence which features two constant density regions that permit the retrospective reconstruction of either high spatial or high temporal resolution images post hoc, (adaptive spatiotemporal imaging) allowing greater flexibility in acquisition and reconstruction. Results We have implemented this sequence, both via simulation and on a preclinical scanner, to demonstrate its feasibility, in both a 1H phantom and with hyperpolarized 13C pyruvate in vivo. Conclusions This sequence forms an attractive method for acquiring hyperpolarized imaging datasets, providing adaptive spatiotemporal imaging to ameliorate the conflict of spatial and temporal resolution, with significant potential for clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Centre for Clinical Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Level 0, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Y C Lau
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Centre for Clinical Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Level 0, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky Ball
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin N Timm
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Centre for Clinical Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Level 0, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, United Kingdom
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Centre for Clinical Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Level 0, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, United Kingdom
| | - Jack J Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Centre for Clinical Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Level 0, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, United Kingdom.,Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Topping GJ, Hundshammer C, Nagel L, Grashei M, Aigner M, Skinner JG, Schulte RF, Schilling F. Acquisition strategies for spatially resolved magnetic resonance detection of hyperpolarized nuclei. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 33:221-256. [PMID: 31811491 PMCID: PMC7109201 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-019-00807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization is an emerging method in magnetic resonance imaging that allows nuclear spin polarization of gases or liquids to be temporarily enhanced by up to five or six orders of magnitude at clinically relevant field strengths and administered at high concentration to a subject at the time of measurement. This transient gain in signal has enabled the non-invasive detection and imaging of gas ventilation and diffusion in the lungs, perfusion in blood vessels and tissues, and metabolic conversion in cells, animals, and patients. The rapid development of this method is based on advances in polarizer technology, the availability of suitable probe isotopes and molecules, improved MRI hardware and pulse sequence development. Acquisition strategies for hyperpolarized nuclei are not yet standardized and are set up individually at most sites depending on the specific requirements of the probe, the object of interest, and the MRI hardware. This review provides a detailed introduction to spatially resolved detection of hyperpolarized nuclei and summarizes novel and previously established acquisition strategies for different key areas of application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey J Topping
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Hundshammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Luca Nagel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Grashei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Aigner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jason G Skinner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rider OJ, Apps A, Miller JJJJ, Lau JYC, Lewis AJM, Peterzan MA, Dodd MS, Lau AZ, Trumper C, Gallagher FA, Grist JT, Brindle KM, Neubauer S, Tyler DJ. Noninvasive In Vivo Assessment of Cardiac Metabolism in the Healthy and Diabetic Human Heart Using Hyperpolarized 13C MRI. Circ Res 2020; 126:725-736. [PMID: 32078413 PMCID: PMC7077975 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.316260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The recent development of hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy has made it possible to measure cellular metabolism in vivo, in real time. OBJECTIVE By comparing participants with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), we report the first case-control study to use this technique to record changes in cardiac metabolism in the healthy and diseased human heart. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirteen people with T2DM (glycated hemoglobin, 6.9±1.0%) and 12 age-matched healthy controls underwent assessment of cardiac systolic and diastolic function, myocardial energetics (31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy), and lipid content (1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy) in the fasted state. In a subset (5 T2DM, 5 control), hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate magnetic resonance spectra were also acquired and in 5 of these participants (3 T2DM, 2 controls), this was successfully repeated 45 minutes after a 75 g oral glucose challenge. Downstream metabolism of [1-13C]pyruvate via PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase, [13C]bicarbonate), lactate dehydrogenase ([1-13C]lactate), and alanine transaminase ([1-13C]alanine) was assessed. Metabolic flux through cardiac PDH was significantly reduced in the people with T2DM (Fasted: 0.0084±0.0067 [Control] versus 0.0016±0.0014 [T2DM], Fed: 0.0184±0.0109 versus 0.0053±0.0041; P=0.013). In addition, a significant increase in metabolic flux through PDH was observed after the oral glucose challenge (P<0.001). As is characteristic of diabetes mellitus, impaired myocardial energetics, myocardial lipid content, and diastolic function were also demonstrated in the wider study cohort. CONCLUSIONS This work represents the first demonstration of the ability of hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy to noninvasively assess physiological and pathological changes in cardiac metabolism in the human heart. In doing so, we highlight the potential of the technique to detect and quantify metabolic alterations in the setting of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Rider
- From the Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (O.J.R., A.A., J.J.J.J.M., J.Y.C.L., A.J.M.L., M.A.P., C.T., S.N., D.J.T.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Apps
- From the Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (O.J.R., A.A., J.J.J.J.M., J.Y.C.L., A.J.M.L., M.A.P., C.T., S.N., D.J.T.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jack J J J Miller
- From the Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (O.J.R., A.A., J.J.J.J.M., J.Y.C.L., A.J.M.L., M.A.P., C.T., S.N., D.J.T.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.J.J.J.M., J.Y.C.L., D.J.T.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics (J.J.J.J.M.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Y C Lau
- From the Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (O.J.R., A.A., J.J.J.J.M., J.Y.C.L., A.J.M.L., M.A.P., C.T., S.N., D.J.T.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.J.J.J.M., J.Y.C.L., D.J.T.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J M Lewis
- From the Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (O.J.R., A.A., J.J.J.J.M., J.Y.C.L., A.J.M.L., M.A.P., C.T., S.N., D.J.T.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Peterzan
- From the Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (O.J.R., A.A., J.J.J.J.M., J.Y.C.L., A.J.M.L., M.A.P., C.T., S.N., D.J.T.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Dodd
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, United Kingdom (M.S.D.)
| | - Angus Z Lau
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (A.Z.L.)
| | - Claire Trumper
- From the Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (O.J.R., A.A., J.J.J.J.M., J.Y.C.L., A.J.M.L., M.A.P., C.T., S.N., D.J.T.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ferdia A Gallagher
- Department of Radiology (F.A.G., J.T.G.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James T Grist
- Department of Radiology (F.A.G., J.T.G.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M Brindle
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute (K.M.B.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Neubauer
- From the Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (O.J.R., A.A., J.J.J.J.M., J.Y.C.L., A.J.M.L., M.A.P., C.T., S.N., D.J.T.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Damian J Tyler
- From the Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (O.J.R., A.A., J.J.J.J.M., J.Y.C.L., A.J.M.L., M.A.P., C.T., S.N., D.J.T.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.J.J.J.M., J.Y.C.L., D.J.T.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Molecular Imaging to Monitor Left Ventricular Remodeling in Heart Failure. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-019-9487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
8
|
Skinner JG, Menichetti L, Flori A, Dost A, Schmidt AB, Plaumann M, Gallagher FA, Hövener JB. Metabolic and Molecular Imaging with Hyperpolarised Tracers. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 20:902-918. [PMID: 30120644 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since reaching the clinic, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an irreplaceable radiological tool because of the macroscopic information it provides across almost all organs and soft tissues within the human body, all without the need for ionising radiation. The sensitivity of MR, however, is too low to take full advantage of the rich chemical information contained in the MR signal. Hyperpolarisation techniques have recently emerged as methods to overcome the sensitivity limitations by enhancing the MR signal by many orders of magnitude compared to the thermal equilibrium, enabling a new class of metabolic and molecular X-nuclei based MR tracers capable of reporting on metabolic processes at the cellular level. These hyperpolarised (HP) tracers have the potential to elucidate the complex metabolic processes of many organs and pathologies, with studies so far focusing on the fields of oncology and cardiology. This review presents an overview of hyperpolarisation techniques that appear most promising for clinical use today, such as dissolution dynamic nuclear polarisation (d-DNP), parahydrogen-induced hyperpolarisation (PHIP), Brute force hyperpolarisation and spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP), before discussing methods for tracer detection, emerging metabolic tracers and applications and progress in preclinical and clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Graham Skinner
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Luca Menichetti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Flori
- Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Dost
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Benjamin Schmidt
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Section Biomedical Imaging and MOIN CC, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Plaumann
- Institute of Biometrics and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging and MOIN CC, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tougaard RS, Szocska Hansen ES, Laustsen C, Nørlinger TS, Mikkelsen E, Lindhardt J, Nielsen PM, Bertelsen LB, Schroeder M, Bøtker HE, Kim WY, Wiggers H, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H. Hyperpolarized [1- 13 C]pyruvate MRI can image the metabolic shift in cardiac metabolism between the fasted and fed state in a porcine model. Magn Reson Med 2018; 81:2655-2665. [PMID: 30387898 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Owing to its noninvasive nature, hyperpolarized MRI may improve delineation of myocardial metabolic derangement in heart disease. However, consistency may depend on the changeable nature of cardiac metabolism in relation to whole-body metabolic state. This study investigates the impact of feeding status on cardiac hyperpolarized MRI in a large animal model resembling human physiology. METHODS Thirteen 30-kg pigs were subjected to an overnight fast, and 5 pigs were fed a carbohydrate-rich meal on the morning of the experiments. Vital parameters and blood samples were registered. All pigs were then scanned by hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate cardiac MRI, and results were compared between the 2 groups and correlated with circulating substrates and hormones. RESULTS The fed group had higher blood glucose concentration and mean arterial pressure than the fasted group. Plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (FFAs) were decreased in the fed group, whereas plasma insulin concentrations were similar between groups. Hyperpolarized MRI showed that fed animals had increased lactate/pyruvate, alanine/pyruvate, and bicarbonate/pyruvate ratios. Metabolic ratios correlated negatively with FFA levels. CONCLUSION Hyperpolarized MR can identify the effects of different metabolic states on cardiac metabolism in a large animal model. Unlike previous rodent studies, all metabolic derivatives of pyruvate increased in the myocardium of fed pigs. Carbohydrate-rich feeding seems to be a feasible model for standardized, large animal hyperpolarized MRI studies of myocardial carbohydrate metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Stilling Tougaard
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esben Søvsø Szocska Hansen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Emmeli Mikkelsen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Lindhardt
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Mose Nielsen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lotte Bonde Bertelsen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie Schroeder
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hans Erik Bøtker
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Won Yong Kim
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Wiggers
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Miller JJ, Grist JT, Serres S, Larkin JR, Lau AZ, Ray K, Fisher KR, Hansen E, Tougaard RS, Nielsen PM, Lindhardt J, Laustsen C, Gallagher FA, Tyler DJ, Sibson N. 13C Pyruvate Transport Across the Blood-Brain Barrier in Preclinical Hyperpolarised MRI. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15082. [PMID: 30305655 PMCID: PMC6180068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarised MRI with Dynamic Nuclear Polarisation overcomes the fundamental thermodynamic limitations of conventional magnetic resonance, and is translating to human studies with several early-phase clinical trials in progress including early reports that demonstrate the utility of the technique to observe lactate production in human brain cancer patients. Owing to the fundamental coupling of metabolism and tissue function, metabolic neuroimaging with hyperpolarised [1-13C]pyruvate has the potential to be revolutionary in numerous neurological disorders (e.g. brain tumour, ischemic stroke, and multiple sclerosis). Through the use of [1-13C]pyruvate and ethyl-[1-13C]pyruvate in naïve brain, a rodent model of metastasis to the brain, or porcine brain subjected to mannitol osmotic shock, we show that pyruvate transport across the blood-brain barrier of anaesthetised animals is rate-limiting. We show through use of a well-characterised rat model of brain metastasis that the appearance of hyperpolarized [1-13C]lactate production corresponds to the point of blood-brain barrier breakdown in the disease. With the more lipophilic ethyl-[1-13C]pyruvate, we observe pyruvate production endogenously throughout the entire brain and lactate production only in the region of disease. In the in vivo porcine brain we show that mannitol shock permeabilises the blood-brain barrier sufficiently for a dramatic 90-fold increase in pyruvate transport and conversion to lactate in the brain, which is otherwise not resolvable. This suggests that earlier reports of whole-brain metabolism in anaesthetised animals may be confounded by partial volume effects and not informative enough for translational studies. Issues relating to pyruvate transport and partial volume effects must therefore be considered in pre-clinical studies investigating neuro-metabolism in anaesthetised animals, and we additionally note that these same techniques may provide a distinct biomarker of blood-brain barrier permeability in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
| | - James T Grist
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sébastien Serres
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - James R Larkin
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angus Z Lau
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kevin Ray
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Esben Hansen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Stilling Tougaard
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Mose Nielsen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Lindhardt
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Sibson
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Apps A, Lau J, Peterzan M, Neubauer S, Tyler D, Rider O. Hyperpolarised magnetic resonance for in vivo real-time metabolic imaging. Heart 2018; 104:1484-1491. [PMID: 29703741 PMCID: PMC6161668 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although non-invasive perfusion and viability imaging often provide the gateway to coronary revascularisation, current non-invasive imaging methods only report the surrogate markers of inducible hypoperfusion and presence or absence of myocardial scar, rather than actually visualising areas of ischaemia and/or viable myocardium. This may lead to suboptimal revascularisation decisions. Normally respiring (viable) cardiomyocytes convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO2/bicarbonate (via pyruvate dehydrogenase), but under ischaemic conditions characteristically shift this conversion to lactate (by lactate dehydrogenase). Imaging pyruvate metabolism thus has the potential to improve upon current imaging techniques. Using the novel hyperpolarisation technique of dynamic nuclear polarisation (DNP), the magnetic resonance signal of injected [1-13C]pyruvate can be transiently magnified >10 000 times over that seen in conventional MR spectroscopy, allowing the characteristic metabolic signatures of ischaemia (lactate production) and viability (CO2/bicarbonate production) to be directly imaged. As such DNP imaging of the downstream metabolism of [1-13C]pyruvate could surpass the diagnostic capabilities of contemporary ischaemia and viability testing. Here we review the technique, and with brief reference to the salient biochemistry, discuss its potential applications within cardiology. These include ischaemia and viability testing, and further characterisation of the altered metabolism seen at different stages during the natural history of heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Apps
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Justin Lau
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark Peterzan
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stefan Neubauer
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Damian Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver Rider
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lau AZ, Lau JYC, Chen AP, Cunningham CH. Simultaneous multislice acquisition without trajectory modification for hyperpolarized 13 C experiments. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:1588-1594. [PMID: 29427366 PMCID: PMC6120460 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the feasibility of performing large FOV hyperpolarized 13C metabolic imaging using simultaneous multislice excitation. Methods A spectral‐spatial multislice excitation pulse was constructed by cosine modulation and incorporated into a 13C spiral imaging sequence. Phantom and in vivo pig experiments were performed to test the feasibility of simultaneous multislice data acquisition and image reconstruction. In vivo cardiac‐gated images of hyperpolarized pyruvate, bicarbonate, and lactate were obtained at 1 × 1 × 1 cm3 resolution over a 48 × 48 × 24 cm3 FOV with 2‐fold acceleration in the slice direction. Sensitivity encoding was used for image reconstruction with both autocalibrated and numerically calculated coil sensitivities. Results Simultaneous multislice images obtained with 2‐fold acceleration were comparable to reference unaccelerated images. Retained SNR figures greater than 80% were achieved over the part of the image containing the heart. Conclusion This method is anticipated to enable large FOV imaging studies using hyperpolarized 13C substrates, with an aim toward whole‐body exams that have to date been out of reach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angus Z Lau
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin Y C Lau
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Charles H Cunningham
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cunningham CH, Lau JYC, Chen AP, Geraghty BJ, Perks WJ, Roifman I, Wright GA, Connelly KA. Hyperpolarized 13C Metabolic MRI of the Human Heart: Initial Experience. Circ Res 2016; 119:1177-1182. [PMID: 27635086 PMCID: PMC5102279 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Rationale: Altered cardiac energetics is known to play an important role in the progression toward heart failure. A noninvasive method for imaging metabolic markers that could be used in longitudinal studies would be useful for understanding therapeutic approaches that target metabolism. Objective: To demonstrate the first hyperpolarized 13C metabolic magnetic resonance imaging of the human heart. Methods and Results: Four healthy subjects underwent conventional proton cardiac magnetic resonance imaging followed by 13C imaging and spectroscopic acquisition immediately after intravenous administration of a 0.1 mmol/kg dose of hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate. All subjects tolerated the procedure well with no adverse effects reported ≤1 month post procedure. The [1-13C]pyruvate signal appeared within the chambers but not within the muscle. Imaging of the downstream metabolites showed 13C-bicarbonate signal mainly confined to the left ventricular myocardium, whereas the [1-13C]lactate signal appeared both within the chambers and in the myocardium. The mean 13C image signal:noise ratio was 115 for [1-13C]pyruvate, 56 for 13C-bicarbonate, and 53 for [1-13C]lactate. Conclusions: These results represent the first 13C images of the human heart. The appearance of 13C-bicarbonate signal after administration of hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate was readily detected in this healthy cohort (n=4). This shows that assessment of pyruvate metabolism in vivo in humans is feasible using current technology. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02648009.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Cunningham
- From the Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada (C.H.C., J.Y.C.L., B.J.G., G.A.W.); Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (C.H.C., J.Y.C.L., B.J.G., G.A.W.); GE Healthcare, Toronto, ON, Canada (A.P.C.); Pharmacy (W.J.P.) and Schulich Heart Program (I.R., G.A.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (K.A.C).
| | - Justin Y C Lau
- From the Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada (C.H.C., J.Y.C.L., B.J.G., G.A.W.); Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (C.H.C., J.Y.C.L., B.J.G., G.A.W.); GE Healthcare, Toronto, ON, Canada (A.P.C.); Pharmacy (W.J.P.) and Schulich Heart Program (I.R., G.A.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (K.A.C)
| | - Albert P Chen
- From the Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada (C.H.C., J.Y.C.L., B.J.G., G.A.W.); Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (C.H.C., J.Y.C.L., B.J.G., G.A.W.); GE Healthcare, Toronto, ON, Canada (A.P.C.); Pharmacy (W.J.P.) and Schulich Heart Program (I.R., G.A.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (K.A.C)
| | - Benjamin J Geraghty
- From the Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada (C.H.C., J.Y.C.L., B.J.G., G.A.W.); Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (C.H.C., J.Y.C.L., B.J.G., G.A.W.); GE Healthcare, Toronto, ON, Canada (A.P.C.); Pharmacy (W.J.P.) and Schulich Heart Program (I.R., G.A.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (K.A.C)
| | - William J Perks
- From the Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada (C.H.C., J.Y.C.L., B.J.G., G.A.W.); Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (C.H.C., J.Y.C.L., B.J.G., G.A.W.); GE Healthcare, Toronto, ON, Canada (A.P.C.); Pharmacy (W.J.P.) and Schulich Heart Program (I.R., G.A.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (K.A.C)
| | - Idan Roifman
- From the Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada (C.H.C., J.Y.C.L., B.J.G., G.A.W.); Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (C.H.C., J.Y.C.L., B.J.G., G.A.W.); GE Healthcare, Toronto, ON, Canada (A.P.C.); Pharmacy (W.J.P.) and Schulich Heart Program (I.R., G.A.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (K.A.C)
| | - Graham A Wright
- From the Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada (C.H.C., J.Y.C.L., B.J.G., G.A.W.); Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (C.H.C., J.Y.C.L., B.J.G., G.A.W.); GE Healthcare, Toronto, ON, Canada (A.P.C.); Pharmacy (W.J.P.) and Schulich Heart Program (I.R., G.A.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (K.A.C)
| | - Kim A Connelly
- From the Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada (C.H.C., J.Y.C.L., B.J.G., G.A.W.); Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (C.H.C., J.Y.C.L., B.J.G., G.A.W.); GE Healthcare, Toronto, ON, Canada (A.P.C.); Pharmacy (W.J.P.) and Schulich Heart Program (I.R., G.A.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (K.A.C)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dominguez-Viqueira W, Geraghty BJ, Lau JYC, Robb FJ, Chen AP, Cunningham CH. Intensity correction for multichannel hyperpolarized 13C imaging of the heart. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:859-65. [PMID: 26619820 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Develop and test an analytic correction method to correct the signal intensity variation caused by the inhomogeneous reception profile of an eight-channel phased array for hyperpolarized (13) C imaging. THEORY AND METHODS Fiducial markers visible in anatomical images were attached to the individual coils to provide three dimensional localization of the receive hardware with respect to the image frame of reference. The coil locations and dimensions were used to numerically model the reception profile using the Biot-Savart Law. The accuracy of the coil sensitivity estimation was validated with images derived from a homogenous (13) C phantom. Numerical coil sensitivity estimates were used to perform intensity correction of in vivo hyperpolarized (13) C cardiac images in pigs. RESULTS In comparison to the conventional sum-of-squares reconstruction, improved signal uniformity was observed in the corrected images. CONCLUSION The analytical intensity correction scheme was shown to improve the uniformity of multichannel image reconstruction in hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]pyruvate and (13) C-bicarbonate cardiac MRI. The method is independent of the pulse sequence used for (13) C data acquisition, simple to implement and does not require additional scan time, making it an attractive technique for multichannel hyperpolarized (13) C MRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin J Geraghty
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Justin Y C Lau
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Charles H Cunningham
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yoshihara HAI, Bastiaansen JAM, Berthonneche C, Comment A, Schwitter J. An intact small animal model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion: Characterization of metabolic changes by hyperpolarized 13C MR spectroscopy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H2058-66. [PMID: 26453328 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00376.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((13)C MRS) enables the sensitive and noninvasive assessment of the metabolic changes occurring during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Ischemia-reperfusion models using hyperpolarized (13)C MRS are established in heart preparations ex vivo and in large animals in vivo, but an in vivo model in small animals would be advantageous to allow the study of reperfusion metabolism with neuroendocrine and inflammatory responses intact with the option to perform a greater number of experiments. A novel intact rat model of ischemia-reperfusion is presented that incorporates hyperpolarized (13)C MRS to characterize reperfusion metabolism. Typically, in an in vivo model, a tissue input function (TIF) is required to account for apparent changes in the metabolism of injected hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate resulting from changes in perfusion. Whereas the measurement of a TIF by metabolic imaging is particularly challenging in small animals, the ratios of downstream metabolites can be used as an alternative. The ratio of [(13)C]bicarbonate:[1-(13)C]lactate (RatioBic/Lac) measured within 1-2 min after coronary release decreased vs. baseline in ischemic rats (n = 10, 15-min occlusion, controls: n = 10; P = 0.017 for interaction, 2-way ANOVA). The decrease in oxidative pyruvate metabolism [RatioBic/Lac(Ischemia)/RatioBic/Lac(Baseline)] modestly correlated with area at risk (r = 0.66; P = 0.002). Hyperpolarized (13)C MRS was also used to examine alanine production during ischemia, which is observed in ex vivo models, but no significant change was noted; metrics incorporating [1-(13)C]alanine did not substantially improve the discrimination of ischemic-reperfused myocardium from nonischemic myocardium. This intact rat model, which mimics the human situation of reperfused myocardial infarction, could be highly valuable for the testing of new drugs to treat reperfusion injury, thereby facilitating translational research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hikari A I Yoshihara
- Division of Cardiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne, Switzerland; Cardiac MR Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jessica A M Bastiaansen
- Institute of Physics of Biological Systems, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Berthonneche
- Cardiovascular Assessment Facility, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Comment
- Institute of Physics of Biological Systems, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juerg Schwitter
- Division of Cardiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; Cardiac MR Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen AP, Lau JYC, Alvares RDA, Cunningham CH. Using [1-(13) C]lactic acid for hyperpolarized (13) C MR cardiac studies. Magn Reson Med 2014; 73:2087-93. [PMID: 25046652 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate in solution may be a clinically relevant and safe substrate for real time MR investigations of key metabolic pathways. The potential of using hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate for magnetic resonance studies of cardiac metabolism in vivo was explored. METHODS Neat [1-(13) C]lactic acid was hyperpolarized using the dynamic nuclear polarization process. Cardiac MR spectroscopy experiments were performed in vivo using hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate and [1-(13) C]pyruvate in solutions. RESULTS A high degree of polarization was achieved for [1-(13) C]lactate in solution (16.7%). (13) C-bicarbonate was observed in rat hearts in vivo after either hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate or hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]pyruvate was infused, but lower (13) C-bicarbonate to substrate ratio was observed with hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate infusions. The response of (13) C-bicarbonate signal as a function of hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate doses was also investigated and a saturation of (13) C-bicarbonate signal was observed at the highest dose of [1-(13) C]lactate used (0.69 mmol/kg). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the use of neat [1-(13) C]lactic acid as the DNP sample is a potential alternative to [1-(13) C]pyruvic acid for cardiac hyperpolarized (13) C MR studies. Hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate may enable noninvasive assessment of cardiac PDH flux in cardiac patients in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Y C Lau
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rohan D A Alvares
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, UTM, Mississauga, Canada
| | - Charles H Cunningham
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ball DR, Cruickshank R, Carr CA, Stuckey DJ, Lee P, Clarke K, Tyler DJ. Metabolic imaging of acute and chronic infarction in the perfused rat heart using hyperpolarised [1-13C]pyruvate. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:1441-1450. [PMID: 23775685 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarised (13)C MRI can be used to generate metabolic images of the heart in vivo. However, there have been no similar studies performed in the isolated perfused heart. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a method for the creation of (13)C metabolite maps of the perfused rat heart and to demonstrate the technique in a study of acute and chronic myocardial infarction. Male Wistar rat hearts were isolated, perfused and imaged before and after occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, creating an acute infarct group. In addition, a chronic infarct group was generated from hearts which had their LAD coronary artery occluded in vivo. Four weeks later, hearts were excised, perfused and imaged to generate metabolic maps of infused pyruvate and its metabolites lactate and bicarbonate. Myocardial perfusion and energetics were assessed by first-pass perfusion imaging and (31)P MRS, respectively. In both acute and chronically infarcted hearts, perfusion was reduced to the infarct region, as revealed by reduced gadolinium influx and lower signal intensity in the hyperpolarised pyruvate images. In the acute infarct region, there were significant alterations in the lactate (increased) and bicarbonate (decreased) signal ratios. In the chronically infarcted region, there was a significant reduction in both bicarbonate and lactate signals. (31)P-derived energetics revealed a significant decrease between control and chronic infarcted hearts. Significant decreases in contractile function between control and both acute and chronic infracted hearts were also seen. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that hyperpolarised pyruvate can detect reduced perfusion in the rat heart following both acute and chronic infarction. Changes in lactate and bicarbonate ratios indicate increased anaerobic metabolism in the acute infarct, which is not observed in the chronic infarct. Thus, this study has successfully demonstrated a novel imaging approach to assess altered metabolism in the isolated perfused rat heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Ball
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rider OJ, Tyler DJ. Clinical implications of cardiac hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013; 15:93. [PMID: 24103786 PMCID: PMC3819516 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in cardiac metabolism are now considered a cause, rather than a result, of cardiac disease. Although magnetic resonance spectroscopy has allowed investigation of myocardial energetics, the inherently low sensitivity of the technique has limited its clinical application in the study of cardiac metabolism. The development of a novel hyperpolarization technique, based on the process of dynamic nuclear polarization, when combined with the metabolic tracers [1-(13)C] and [2-(13)C] pyruvate, has resulted in significant advances in the understanding of real time myocardial metabolism in the normal and diseased heart in vivo. This review focuses on the changes in myocardial substrate selection and downstream metabolism of hyperpolarized 13C labelled pyruvate that have been shown in diabetes, ischaemic heart disease, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure in animal models of disease and how these could translate into clinical practice with the advent of clinical grade hyperpolarizer systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Rider
- University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Metabolic Imaging Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Oxford Metabolic Imaging Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xing Y, Reed GD, Pauly JM, Kerr AB, Larson PEZ. Optimal variable flip angle schemes for dynamic acquisition of exchanging hyperpolarized substrates. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2013; 234:75-81. [PMID: 23845910 PMCID: PMC3765634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In metabolic MRI with hyperpolarized contrast agents, the signal levels vary over time due to T1 decay, T2 decay following RF excitations, and metabolic conversion. Efficient usage of the nonrenewable hyperpolarized magnetization requires specialized RF pulse schemes. In this work, we introduce two novel variable flip angle schemes for dynamic hyperpolarized MRI in which the flip angle is varied between excitations and between metabolites. These were optimized to distribute the magnetization relatively evenly throughout the acquisition by accounting for T1 decay, prior RF excitations, and metabolic conversion. Simulation results are presented to confirm the flip angle designs and evaluate the variability of signal dynamics across typical ranges of T1 and metabolic conversion. They were implemented using multiband spectral-spatial RF pulses to independently modulate the flip angle at various chemical shift frequencies. With these schemes we observed increased SNR of [1-(13)C]lactate generated from [1-(13)C]pyruvate, particularly at later time points. This will allow for improved characterization of tissue perfusion and metabolic profiles in dynamic hyperpolarized MRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xing
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Galen D. Reed
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John M. Pauly
- Magnetic Resonance Systems Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Adam B. Kerr
- Magnetic Resonance Systems Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Peder E. Z. Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Walker CM, Lee J, Ramirez MS, Schellingerhout D, Millward S, Bankson JA. A catalyzing phantom for reproducible dynamic conversion of hyperpolarized [1-¹³C]-pyruvate. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71274. [PMID: 23977006 PMCID: PMC3744565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo real time spectroscopic imaging of hyperpolarized ¹³C labeled metabolites shows substantial promise for the assessment of physiological processes that were previously inaccessible. However, reliable and reproducible methods of measurement are necessary to maximize the effectiveness of imaging biomarkers that may one day guide personalized care for diseases such as cancer. Animal models of human disease serve as poor reference standards due to the complexity, heterogeneity, and transient nature of advancing disease. In this study, we describe the reproducible conversion of hyperpolarized [1-¹³C]-pyruvate to [1-¹³C]-lactate using a novel synthetic enzyme phantom system. The rate of reaction can be controlled and tuned to mimic normal or pathologic conditions of varying degree. Variations observed in the use of this phantom compare favorably against within-group variations observed in recent animal studies. This novel phantom system provides crucial capabilities as a reference standard for the optimization, comparison, and certification of quantitative imaging strategies for hyperpolarized tracers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Walker
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jaehyuk Lee
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marc S. Ramirez
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dawid Schellingerhout
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Steven Millward
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - James A. Bankson
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lau AZ, Chen AP, Gu Y, Ladouceur-Wodzak M, Nayak KS, Cunningham CH. Noninvasive identification and assessment of functional brown adipose tissue in rodents using hyperpolarized ¹³C imaging. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:126-31. [PMID: 23689358 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The recent identification of functional depots of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans has potential implications for the treatment of obesity. In order to evaluate new therapies aimed at inducing the production of more BAT or activating BAT in humans, it will be important to develop noninvasive methods to assess the functional state of the tissue in vivo. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of using hyperpolarized (13)C imaging to noninvasively identify functional, activated BAT in an in vivo rodent model, in less than 1 min, following an infusion of pre-polarized [1-(13)C] pyruvate. DESIGN Hyperpolarized (13)C imaging was used to monitor BAT metabolic conversion of pre-polarized [1-(13)C] pyruvate in rats during baseline and norepinephrine (NE)-stimulated conditions. RESULTS Activated BAT, stimulated by NE injection, can be detected in rats by increased conversion of pre-polarized [1-(13)C] pyruvate into its downstream products (13)C bicarbonate and [1-(13)C] lactate. The colocalization of the (13)C signal to interscapular BAT was validated using hematoxylin-eosin histological staining. CONCLUSION The radiation-free nature and recent translation into the clinic of the hyperpolarized (13)C-imaging test may potentially facilitate trials of therapeutics targeting BAT activation in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Z Lau
- 1] Department of Medical Biophysics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Department of Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A P Chen
- GE Healthcare, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Y Gu
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Ladouceur-Wodzak
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K S Nayak
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C H Cunningham
- 1] Department of Medical Biophysics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Department of Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|