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Rogers T, Campbell-Washburn AE, Ramasawmy R, Yildirim DK, Bruce CG, Grant LP, Stine AM, Kolandaivelu A, Herzka DA, Ratnayaka K, Lederman RJ. Interventional cardiovascular magnetic resonance: state-of-the-art. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2023; 25:48. [PMID: 37574552 PMCID: PMC10424337 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-023-00956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcatheter cardiovascular interventions increasingly rely on advanced imaging. X-ray fluoroscopy provides excellent visualization of catheters and devices, but poor visualization of anatomy. In contrast, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides excellent visualization of anatomy and can generate real-time imaging with frame rates similar to X-ray fluoroscopy. Realization of MRI as a primary imaging modality for cardiovascular interventions has been slow, largely because existing guidewires, catheters and other devices create imaging artifacts and can heat dangerously. Nonetheless, numerous clinical centers have started interventional cardiovascular magnetic resonance (iCMR) programs for invasive hemodynamic studies or electrophysiology procedures to leverage the clear advantages of MRI tissue characterization, to quantify cardiac chamber function and flow, and to avoid ionizing radiation exposure. Clinical implementation of more complex cardiovascular interventions has been challenging because catheters and other tools require re-engineering for safety and conspicuity in the iCMR environment. However, recent innovations in scanner and interventional device technology, in particular availability of high performance low-field MRI scanners could be the inflection point, enabling a new generation of iCMR procedures. In this review we review these technical considerations, summarize contemporary clinical iCMR experience, and consider potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Rogers
- Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/Room 2C713, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1538, USA.
- Section of Interventional Cardiology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving St NW, Suite 4B01, Washington, DC, 20011, USA.
| | - Adrienne E Campbell-Washburn
- Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/Room 2C713, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1538, USA
| | - Rajiv Ramasawmy
- Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/Room 2C713, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1538, USA
| | - D Korel Yildirim
- Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/Room 2C713, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1538, USA
| | - Christopher G Bruce
- Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/Room 2C713, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1538, USA
| | - Laurie P Grant
- Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/Room 2C713, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1538, USA
| | - Annette M Stine
- Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/Room 2C713, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1538, USA
| | - Aravindan Kolandaivelu
- Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/Room 2C713, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1538, USA
- Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel A Herzka
- Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/Room 2C713, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1538, USA
| | - Kanishka Ratnayaka
- Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/Room 2C713, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1538, USA
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Lederman
- Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/Room 2C713, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1538, USA.
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Schmidt EJ, Olson G, Tokuda J, Alipour A, Watkins RD, Meyer EM, Elahi H, Stevenson WG, Schweitzer J, Dumoulin CL, Johnson T, Kolandaivelu A, Loew W, Halperin HR. Intracardiac MR imaging (ICMRI) guiding-sheath with amplified expandable-tip imaging and MR-tracking for navigation and arrythmia ablation monitoring: Swine testing at 1.5 and 3T. Magn Reson Med 2022; 87:2885-2900. [PMID: 35142398 PMCID: PMC8957513 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Develop a deflectable intracardiac MR imaging (ICMRI) guiding-sheath to accelerate imaging during MR-guided electrophysiological (EP) interventions for radiofrequency (500 kHz) ablation (RFA) of arrythmia. Requirements include imaging at three to five times surface-coil SNR in cardiac chambers, vascular insertion, steerable-active-navigation into cardiac chambers, operation with ablation catheters, and safe levels of MR-induced heating. METHODS ICMRI's 6 mm outer-diameter (OD) metallic-braided shaft had a 2.6 mm OD internal lumen for ablation-catheter insertion. Miniature-Baluns (MBaluns) on ICMRI's 1 m shaft reduced body-coil-induced heating. Distal section was a folded "star"-shaped imaging-coil mounted on an expandable frame, with an integrated miniature low-noise-amplifier overcoming cable losses. A handle-activated movable-shaft expanded imaging-coil to 35 mm OD for imaging within cardiac-chambers. Four MR-tracking micro-coils enabled navigation and motion-compensation, assuming a tetrahedron-shape when expanded. A second handle-lever enabled distal-tip deflection. ICMRI with a protruding deflectable EP catheter were used for MR-tracked navigation and RFA using a dedicated 3D-slicer user-interface. ICMRI was tested at 3T and 1.5T in swine to evaluate (a) heating, (b) cardiac-chamber access, (c) imaging field-of-view and SNR, and (d) intraprocedural RFA lesion monitoring. RESULTS The 3T and 1.5T imaging SNR demonstrated >400% SNR boost over a 4 × 4 × 4 cm3 FOV in the heart, relative to body and spine arrays. ICMRI with MBaluns met ASTM/IEC heating limits during navigation. Tip-deflection allowed navigating ICMRI and EP catheter into atria and ventricles. Acute-lesion long-inversion-time-T1-weighted 3D-imaging (TWILITE) ablation-monitoring using ICMRI required 5:30 min, half the time needed with surface arrays alone. CONCLUSION ICMRI assisted EP-catheter navigation to difficult targets and accelerated RFA monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud J. Schmidt
- Medicine (Cardiology)Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Gregory Olson
- Cardiac Arrhythmia and Heart Failure DivisionAbbott LaboratoriesMinnetonkaMinnesotaUSA
| | - Junichi Tokuda
- RadiologyBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Akbar Alipour
- Medicine (Cardiology)Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Eric M. Meyer
- Medicine (Cardiology)Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Hassan Elahi
- Medicine (Cardiology)Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Jeffrey Schweitzer
- Cardiac Arrhythmia and Heart Failure DivisionAbbott LaboratoriesMinnetonkaMinnesotaUSA
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Loew
- RadiologyCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
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Schmidt EJ, Watkins RD, Zviman MM, Guttman MA, Wang W, Halperin HA. A Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Conditional External Cardiac Defibrillator for Resuscitation Within the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanner Bore. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 9:CIRCIMAGING.116.005091. [PMID: 27729363 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.116.005091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjects undergoing cardiac arrest within a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner are currently removed from the bore and then from the MRI suite, before the delivery of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation, potentially increasing the risk of mortality. This precludes many higher-risk (acute ischemic and acute stroke) patients from undergoing MRI and MRI-guided intervention. An MRI-conditional cardiac defibrillator should enable scanning with defibrillation pads attached and the generator ON, enabling application of defibrillation within the seconds of MRI after a cardiac event. An MRI-conditional external defibrillator may improve patient acceptance for MRI procedures. METHODS AND RESULTS A commercial external defibrillator was rendered 1.5 Tesla MRI-conditional by the addition of novel radiofrequency filters between the generator and commercial disposable surface pads. The radiofrequency filters reduced emission into the MRI scanner and prevented cable/surface pad heating during imaging, while preserving all the defibrillator monitoring and delivery functions. Human volunteers were imaged using high specific absorption rate sequences to validate MRI image quality and lack of heating. Swine were electrically fibrillated (n=4) and thereafter defibrillated both outside and inside the MRI bore. MRI image quality was reduced by 0.8 or 1.6 dB, with the generator in monitoring mode and operating on battery or AC power, respectively. Commercial surface pads did not create artifacts deeper than 6 mm below the skin surface. Radiofrequency heating was within US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. Defibrillation was completely successful inside and outside the MRI bore. CONCLUSIONS A prototype MRI-conditional defibrillation system successfully defibrillated in the MRI without degrading the image quality or increasing the time needed for defibrillation. It can increase patient acceptance for MRI procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud J Schmidt
- From the Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (E.J.S., W.W.); Department of Radiology, Stanford University, CA (R.D.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.M.Z., M.A.G., H.A.H.).
| | - Ronald D Watkins
- From the Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (E.J.S., W.W.); Department of Radiology, Stanford University, CA (R.D.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.M.Z., M.A.G., H.A.H.)
| | - Menekhem M Zviman
- From the Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (E.J.S., W.W.); Department of Radiology, Stanford University, CA (R.D.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.M.Z., M.A.G., H.A.H.)
| | - Michael A Guttman
- From the Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (E.J.S., W.W.); Department of Radiology, Stanford University, CA (R.D.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.M.Z., M.A.G., H.A.H.)
| | - Wei Wang
- From the Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (E.J.S., W.W.); Department of Radiology, Stanford University, CA (R.D.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.M.Z., M.A.G., H.A.H.)
| | - Henry A Halperin
- From the Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (E.J.S., W.W.); Department of Radiology, Stanford University, CA (R.D.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.M.Z., M.A.G., H.A.H.)
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Chubb H, Williams SE, Whitaker J, Harrison JL, Razavi R, O'Neill M. Cardiac Electrophysiology Under MRI Guidance: an Emerging Technology. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2017; 6:85-93. [PMID: 28845235 DOI: 10.15420/aer.2017.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
MR-guidance of electrophysiological (EP) procedures offers the potential for enhanced arrhythmia substrate assessment, improved procedural guidance and real-time assessment of ablation lesion formation. Accurate device tracking techniques, using both active and passive methods, have been developed to offer an interface similar to electroanatomic mapping platforms, and MR-compatible EP equipment continues to be developed. Progress to clinical implementation of these technically complex fields has been relatively slow over the last 10 years, but recent developments have led to successful clinical experience. However, further advances, particularly in harnessing the full imaging potential of CMR, are required to realise the mainstream adoption of this powerful guidance modality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven E Williams
- King's College London, London, UK.,Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - James L Harrison
- King's College London, London, UK.,Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Mark O'Neill
- King's College London, London, UK.,Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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