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Hobson MA, Hu Y, Caldwell B, Cohen GN, Glide-Hurst C, Huang L, Jackson PD, Jang S, Langner U, Lee HJ, Levesque IR, Narayanan S, Park JC, Steffen J, Wu QJ, Zhou Y. AAPM Task Group 334: A guidance document to using radiotherapy immobilization devices and accessories in an MR environment. Med Phys 2024; 51:3822-3849. [PMID: 38648857 PMCID: PMC11330642 DOI: 10.1002/mp.17061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Use of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in radiation therapy has increased substantially in recent years as more radiotherapy centers are having MR simulators installed, requesting more time on clinical diagnostic MR systems, or even treating with combination MR linear accelerator (MR-linac) systems. With this increased use, to ensure the most accurate integration of images into radiotherapy (RT), RT immobilization devices and accessories must be able to be used safely in the MR environment and produce minimal perturbations. The determination of the safety profile and considerations often falls to the medical physicist or other support staff members who at a minimum should be a Level 2 personnel as per the ACR. The purpose of this guidance document will be to help guide the user in making determinations on MR Safety labeling (i.e., MR Safe, Conditional, or Unsafe) including standard testing, and verification of image quality, when using RT immobilization devices and accessories in an MR environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza A Hobson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yanle Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Barrett Caldwell
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Gil'ad N Cohen
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carri Glide-Hurst
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin--Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin--Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Long Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Paul D Jackson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sunyoung Jang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ulrich Langner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Hannah J Lee
- Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
| | - Ives R Levesque
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology and Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medical Physics, McGill University Health Centre, Cedars Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sreeram Narayanan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Mason Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Justin C Park
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Q Jackie Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Radiology Services, Corewell Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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Christie LB, Zheng W, Johnson W, Marecki EK, Heidrich J, Xia J, Oh KW. Review of imaging test phantoms. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:080903. [PMID: 37614568 PMCID: PMC10442662 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.8.080903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Significance Photoacoustic tomography has emerged as a prominent medical imaging technique that leverages its hybrid nature to provide deep penetration, high resolution, and exceptional optical contrast with notable applications in early cancer detection, functional brain imaging, drug delivery monitoring, and guiding interventional procedures. Test phantoms are pivotal in accelerating technology development and commercialization, specifically in photoacoustic (PA) imaging, and can be optimized to achieve significant advancements in PA imaging capabilities. Aim The analysis of material properties, structural characteristics, and manufacturing methodologies of test phantoms from existing imaging technologies provides valuable insights into their applicability to PA imaging. This investigation enables a deeper understanding of how phantoms can be effectively employed in the context of PA imaging. Approach Three primary categories of test phantoms (simple, intermediate, and advanced) have been developed to differentiate complexity and manufacturing requirements. In addition, four sub-categories (tube/channel, block, test target, and naturally occurring phantoms) have been identified to encompass the structural variations within these categories, resulting in a comprehensive classification system for test phantoms. Results Based on a thorough examination of literature and studies on phantoms in various imaging modalities, proposals have been put forth for the development of multiple PA-capable phantoms, encompassing considerations related to the material composition, structural design, and specific applications within each sub-category. Conclusions The advancement of novel and sophisticated test phantoms within each sub-category is poised to foster substantial progress in both the commercialization and development of PA imaging. Moreover, the continued refinement of test phantoms will enable the exploration of new applications and use cases for PA imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam B. Christie
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab, Electrical Engineering, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Wenhan Zheng
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Optical and Ultrasonic Imaging Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - William Johnson
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab, Electrical Engineering, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Eric K. Marecki
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab, Electrical Engineering, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - James Heidrich
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab, Electrical Engineering, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Jun Xia
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Optical and Ultrasonic Imaging Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Kwang W. Oh
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab, Electrical Engineering, Buffalo, New York, United States
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El Sayed R, Sharifi A, Park CC, Haussen DC, Allen JW, Oshinski JN. Optimization of 4D Flow MRI Spatial and Temporal Resolution for Examining Complex Hemodynamics in the Carotid Artery Bifurcation. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2023; 14:476-488. [PMID: 37156900 PMCID: PMC10524741 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-023-00667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional, ECG-gated, time-resolved, three-directional, velocity-encoded phase-contrast MRI (4D flow MRI) has been applied extensively to measure blood velocity in great vessels but has been much less used in diseased carotid arteries. Carotid artery webs (CaW) are non-inflammatory intraluminal shelf-like projections into the internal carotid artery (ICA) bulb that are associated with complex flow and cryptogenic stroke. PURPOSE Optimize 4D flow MRI for measuring the velocity field of complex flow in the carotid artery bifurcation model that contains a CaW. METHODS A 3D printed phantom model created from computed tomography angiography (CTA) of a subject with CaW was placed in a pulsatile flow loop within the MRI scanner. 4D Flow MRI images of the phantom were acquired with five different spatial resolutions (0.50-2.00 mm3) and four different temporal resolutions (23-96 ms) and compared to a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solution of the flow field as a reference. We examined four planes perpendicular to the vessel centerline, one in the common carotid artery (CCA) and three in the internal carotid artery (ICA) where complex flow was expected. At these four planes pixel-by-pixel velocity values, flow, and time average wall shear stress (TAWSS) were compared between 4D flow MRI and CFD. HYPOTHESIS An optimized 4D flow MRI protocol will provide a good correlation with CFD velocity and TAWSS values in areas of complex flow within a clinically feasible scan time (~ 10 min). RESULTS Spatial resolution affected the velocity values, time average flow, and TAWSS measurements. Qualitatively, a spatial resolution of 0.50 mm3 resulted in higher noise, while a lower spatial resolution of 1.50-2.00 mm3 did not adequately resolve the velocity profile. Isotropic spatial resolutions of 0.50-1.00 mm3 showed no significant difference in total flow compared to CFD. Pixel-by-pixel velocity correlation coefficients between 4D flow MRI and CFD were > 0.75 for 0.50-1.00 mm3 but were < 0.5 for 1.50 and 2.00 mm3. Regional TAWSS values determined from 4D flow MRI were generally lower than CFD and decreased at lower spatial resolutions (larger pixel sizes). TAWSS differences between 4D flow and CFD were not statistically significant at spatial resolutions of 0.50-1.00 mm3 but were different at 1.50 and 2.00 mm3. Differences in temporal resolution only affected the flow values when temporal resolution was > 48.4 ms; temporal resolution did not affect TAWSS values. CONCLUSION A spatial resolution of 0.74-1.00 mm3 and a temporal resolution of 23-48 ms (1-2 k-space segments) provides a 4D flow MRI protocol capable of imaging velocity and TAWSS in regions of complex flow within the carotid bifurcation at a clinically acceptable scan time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retta El Sayed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Wallace H. Coulter, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alireza Sharifi
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Charlie C Park
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Jason W Allen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Wallace H. Coulter, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John N Oshinski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Wallace H. Coulter, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Valls-Esteve A, Tejo-Otero A, Lustig-Gainza P, Buj-Corral I, Fenollosa-Artés F, Rubio-Palau J, Barber-Martinez de la Torre I, Munuera J, Fondevila C, Krauel L. Patient-Specific 3D Printed Soft Models for Liver Surgical Planning and Hands-On Training. Gels 2023; 9:gels9040339. [PMID: 37102951 PMCID: PMC10138006 DOI: 10.3390/gels9040339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pre-surgical simulation-based training with three-dimensional (3D) models has been intensively developed in complex surgeries in recent years. This is also the case in liver surgery, although with fewer reported examples. The simulation-based training with 3D models represents an alternative to current surgical simulation methods based on animal or ex vivo models or virtual reality (VR), showing reported advantages, which makes the development of realistic 3D-printed models an option. This work presents an innovative, low-cost approach for producing patient-specific 3D anatomical models for hands-on simulation and training. Methods: The article reports three paediatric cases presenting complex liver tumours that were transferred to a major paediatric referral centre for treatment: hepatoblastoma, hepatic hamartoma and biliary tract rhabdomyosarcoma. The complete process of the additively manufactured liver tumour simulators is described, and the different steps for the correct development of each case are explained: (1) medical image acquisition; (2) segmentation; (3) 3D printing; (4) quality control/validation; and (5) cost. A digital workflow for liver cancer surgical planning is proposed. Results: Three hepatic surgeries were planned, with 3D simulators built using 3D printing and silicone moulding techniques. The 3D physical models showed highly accurate replications of the actual condition. Additionally, they proved to be more cost-effective in comparison with other models. Conclusions: It is demonstrated that it is possible to manufacture accurate and cost-effective 3D-printed soft surgical planning simulators for treating liver cancer. The 3D models allowed for proper pre-surgical planning and simulation training in the three cases reported, making it a valuable aid for surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Valls-Esteve
- Innovation Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Medicina i Recerca Translacional, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer de Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- 3D Unit (3D4H), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Aitor Tejo-Otero
- Centre CIM, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (CIM UPC), Carrer de Llorens i Artigas, 12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pamela Lustig-Gainza
- Centre CIM, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (CIM UPC), Carrer de Llorens i Artigas, 12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Buj-Corral
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Barcelona School of Industrial Engineering (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal, 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felip Fenollosa-Artés
- Centre CIM, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (CIM UPC), Carrer de Llorens i Artigas, 12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Barcelona School of Industrial Engineering (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal, 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Rubio-Palau
- Medicina i Recerca Translacional, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer de Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- 3D Unit (3D4H), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Pediatric Surgical Oncology Unit, Pediatric Surgery Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Maxillofacial Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | - Josep Munuera
- Medicina i Recerca Translacional, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer de Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- 3D Unit (3D4H), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Constantino Fondevila
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery and Transplantation, General and Digestive Surgery, Metabolic and Digestive Diseases Institute (ICMDM), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Lucas Krauel
- Medicina i Recerca Translacional, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer de Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- 3D Unit (3D4H), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Pediatric Surgical Oncology Unit, Pediatric Surgery Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
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Development of Phantoms for Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Particle Imaging. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193925. [PMID: 36235873 PMCID: PMC9571530 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phantoms are crucial for the development of imaging techniques based on magnetic nanoparticles (MNP). They serve as test objects to simulate application scenarios but are also used for quality assurance and interlaboratory comparisons. Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is excellent for specifically detecting magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) without any background signals. To obtain information about the surrounding soft tissue, MPI is often used in combination with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For such application scenarios, this poses a challenge for phantom fabrication, as they need to accommodate MNP as well as provide MR visibility. Recently, layer-by-layer fabrication of parts using Additive Manufacturing (AM) has emerged as a powerful tool for creating complex and patient-specific phantoms, but these are characterized by poor MR visibility of the AM material. We present the systematic screening of AM materials as candidates for multimodal MRI/MPI imaging. Of all investigated materials, silicone (Dreve, Biotec) exhibited the best properties with sufficient MR-signal performance and the lowest absorption of MNP at the interface of AM materials. With the help of AM and the selection of appropriate materials, we have been able to produce suitable MRI/MPI phantoms.
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6
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Valladares A, Oberoi G, Berg A, Beyer T, Unger E, Rausch I. Additively manufactured, solid object structures for adjustable image contrast in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Z Med Phys 2022; 32:466-476. [PMID: 35597743 PMCID: PMC9948875 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The choice of materials challenges the development of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) phantoms and, to date, is mainly limited to water-filled compartments or gel-based components. Recently, solid materials have been introduced through additive manufacturing (AM) to mimic complex geometrical structures. Nonetheless, no such manufactured solid materials are available with controllable MRI contrast to mimic organ substructures or lesion heterogeneities. Here, we present a novel AM design that allows MRI contrast manipulation by varying the partial volume contribution to a ROI/voxel of MRI-visible material within an imaging object. Two sets of 11 cubes and three replicates of a spherical tumour model were designed and printed using AM. Most samples presented varying MRI-contrast in standard MRI sequences, based mainly on spin density and partial volume signal variation. A smooth and continuous MRI-contrast gradient could be generated in a single-compartment tumour model. This concept supports the development of more complex MRI phantoms that mimic the appearance of heterogeneous tumour tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Valladares
- QIMP Team, Centre for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gunpreet Oberoi
- Centre for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Berg
- Centre for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, MR-Physics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,High-field MR-Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Beyer
- QIMP Team, Centre for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ewald Unger
- Centre for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivo Rausch
- QIMP Team, Centre for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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7
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Detamornrat U, McAlister E, Hutton ARJ, Larrañeta E, Donnelly RF. The Role of 3D Printing Technology in Microengineering of Microneedles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106392. [PMID: 35362226 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microneedles (MNs) are minimally invasive devices, which have gained extensive interest over the past decades in various fields including drug delivery, disease diagnosis, monitoring, and cosmetics. MN geometry and shape are key parameters that dictate performance and therapeutic efficacy, however, traditional fabrication methods, such as molding, may not be able to offer rapid design modifications. In this regard, the fabrication of MNs using 3D printing technology enables the rapid creation of complex MN prototypes with high accuracy and offers customizable MN devices with a desired shape and dimension. Moreover, 3D printing shows great potential in producing advanced transdermal drug delivery systems and medical devices by integrating MNs with a variety of technologies. This review aims to demonstrate the advantages of exploiting 3D printing technology as a new tool to microengineer MNs. Various 3D printing methods are introduced, and representative MNs manufactured by such approaches are highlighted in detail. The development of advanced MN devices is also included. Finally, clinical translation and future perspectives for the development of MNs using 3D printing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usanee Detamornrat
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Emma McAlister
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Aaron R J Hutton
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Eneko Larrañeta
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
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8
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Wu X, Huang W, Wu X, Wu S, Huang J. Classification of thermal image of clinical burn based on incremental reinforcement learning. Neural Comput Appl 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-021-05772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Bastawrous S, Wu L, Liacouras PC, Levin DB, Ahmed MT, Strzelecki B, Amendola MF, Lee JT, Coburn J, Ripley B. Establishing 3D Printing at the Point of Care: Basic Principles and Tools for Success. Radiographics 2022; 42:451-468. [PMID: 35119967 DOI: 10.1148/rg.210113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As the medical applications of three-dimensional (3D) printing increase, so does the number of health care organizations in which adoption or expansion of 3D printing facilities is under consideration. With recent advancements in 3D printing technology, medical practitioners have embraced this powerful tool to help them to deliver high-quality patient care, with a focus on sustainability. The use of 3D printing in the hospital or clinic at the point of care (POC) has profound potential, but its adoption is not without unanticipated challenges and considerations. The authors provide the basic principles and considerations for building the infrastructure to support 3D printing inside the hospital. This process includes building a business case; determining the requirements for facilities, space, and staff; designing a digital workflow; and considering how electronic health records may have a role in the future. The authors also discuss the supported applications and benefits of medical 3D printing and briefly highlight quality and regulatory considerations. The information presented is meant to be a practical guide to assist radiology departments in exploring the possibilities of POC 3D printing and expanding it from a niche application to a fixture of clinical care. An invited commentary by Ballard is available online. ©RSNA, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bastawrous
- Department of Radiology (S.B., L.W., B.R.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.B.L.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Departments of Radiology (S.B., L.W., B.R.) and Research and Development (B.S.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Mailbox S-114, Radiology, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108-1597; 3D Medical Applications Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Md (P.C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Ky (M.T.A., J.T.L.); Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Surgical Services (112), Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Va (M.F.A.); and Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Md (J.C.)
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Radiology (S.B., L.W., B.R.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.B.L.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Departments of Radiology (S.B., L.W., B.R.) and Research and Development (B.S.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Mailbox S-114, Radiology, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108-1597; 3D Medical Applications Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Md (P.C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Ky (M.T.A., J.T.L.); Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Surgical Services (112), Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Va (M.F.A.); and Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Md (J.C.)
| | - Peter C Liacouras
- Department of Radiology (S.B., L.W., B.R.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.B.L.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Departments of Radiology (S.B., L.W., B.R.) and Research and Development (B.S.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Mailbox S-114, Radiology, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108-1597; 3D Medical Applications Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Md (P.C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Ky (M.T.A., J.T.L.); Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Surgical Services (112), Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Va (M.F.A.); and Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Md (J.C.)
| | - Dmitry B Levin
- Department of Radiology (S.B., L.W., B.R.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.B.L.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Departments of Radiology (S.B., L.W., B.R.) and Research and Development (B.S.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Mailbox S-114, Radiology, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108-1597; 3D Medical Applications Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Md (P.C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Ky (M.T.A., J.T.L.); Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Surgical Services (112), Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Va (M.F.A.); and Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Md (J.C.)
| | - Mohamed Tarek Ahmed
- Department of Radiology (S.B., L.W., B.R.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.B.L.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Departments of Radiology (S.B., L.W., B.R.) and Research and Development (B.S.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Mailbox S-114, Radiology, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108-1597; 3D Medical Applications Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Md (P.C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Ky (M.T.A., J.T.L.); Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Surgical Services (112), Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Va (M.F.A.); and Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Md (J.C.)
| | - Brian Strzelecki
- Department of Radiology (S.B., L.W., B.R.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.B.L.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Departments of Radiology (S.B., L.W., B.R.) and Research and Development (B.S.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Mailbox S-114, Radiology, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108-1597; 3D Medical Applications Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Md (P.C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Ky (M.T.A., J.T.L.); Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Surgical Services (112), Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Va (M.F.A.); and Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Md (J.C.)
| | - Michael F Amendola
- Department of Radiology (S.B., L.W., B.R.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.B.L.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Departments of Radiology (S.B., L.W., B.R.) and Research and Development (B.S.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Mailbox S-114, Radiology, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108-1597; 3D Medical Applications Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Md (P.C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Ky (M.T.A., J.T.L.); Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Surgical Services (112), Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Va (M.F.A.); and Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Md (J.C.)
| | - James T Lee
- Department of Radiology (S.B., L.W., B.R.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.B.L.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Departments of Radiology (S.B., L.W., B.R.) and Research and Development (B.S.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Mailbox S-114, Radiology, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108-1597; 3D Medical Applications Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Md (P.C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Ky (M.T.A., J.T.L.); Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Surgical Services (112), Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Va (M.F.A.); and Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Md (J.C.)
| | - James Coburn
- Department of Radiology (S.B., L.W., B.R.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.B.L.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Departments of Radiology (S.B., L.W., B.R.) and Research and Development (B.S.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Mailbox S-114, Radiology, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108-1597; 3D Medical Applications Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Md (P.C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Ky (M.T.A., J.T.L.); Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Surgical Services (112), Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Va (M.F.A.); and Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Md (J.C.)
| | - Beth Ripley
- Department of Radiology (S.B., L.W., B.R.) and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.B.L.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Departments of Radiology (S.B., L.W., B.R.) and Research and Development (B.S.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Mailbox S-114, Radiology, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108-1597; 3D Medical Applications Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Md (P.C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Ky (M.T.A., J.T.L.); Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Surgical Services (112), Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Va (M.F.A.); and Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Md (J.C.)
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10
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Sparks AJ, Smith CM, Allman AB, Senko JL, Meess KM, Ducharme RW, Springer ME, Waqas M, Siddiqui AH. Compliant vascular models 3D printed with the Stratasys J750: a direct characterization of model distensibility using intravascular ultrasound. 3D Print Med 2021; 7:28. [PMID: 34477997 PMCID: PMC8414686 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-021-00114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to evaluate biomechanical accuracy of 3D printed anatomical vessels using a material jetting printer (J750, Stratasys, Rehovot, Israel) by measuring distensibility via intravascular ultrasound. MATERIALS AND METHODS The test samples are 3D printed tubes to simulate arterial vessels (aorta, carotid artery, and coronary artery). Each vessel type is defined by design geometry of the vessel inner diameter and wall thickness. Vessel inner diameters are aorta = 30mm, carotid = 7mm, and coronary = 3mm. Vessel wall thickness are aorta = 3mm, carotid = 1.5mm, and coronary = 1mm. Each vessel type was printed in 3 different material options. Material options are user-selected from the J750 printer software graphical user interface as blood vessel wall anatomy elements in 'compliant', 'slightly compliant', and 'rigid' options. Three replicates of each vessel type were printed in each of the three selected material options, for a total of 27 models. The vessels were connected to a flow loop system where pressure was monitored via a pressure wire and cross-sectional area was measured with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Distensibility was calculated by comparing the % difference in cross-sectional area vs. pulse pressure to clinical literature values. Target clinical ranges for normal and diseased population distensibility are 10.3-44 % for the aorta, 5.1-10.1 % for carotid artery, and 0.5-6 % for coronary artery. RESULTS Aorta test vessels had the most clinically representative distensibility when printed in user-selected 'compliant' and 'slightly compliant' material. All aorta test vessels of 'compliant' material (n = 3) and 2 of 3 'slightly compliant' vessels evaluated were within target range. Carotid vessels were most clinically represented in distensibility when printed in 'compliant' and 'slightly compliant' material. For carotid test vessels, 2 of 3 'compliant' material samples and 1 of 3 'slightly compliant' material samples were within target range. Coronary arteries were most clinically represented in distensibility when printed in 'slightly compliant' and 'rigid' material. For coronary test vessels, 1 of 3 'slightly compliant' materials and 3 of 3 'rigid' material samples fell within target range. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that advancements in materials and 3D printing technology introduced with the J750 Digital Anatomy 3D Printer can enable anatomical models with clinically relevant distensibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High Street, Suite B4, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Adnan H Siddiqui
- The Jacobs Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High Street, Suite B4, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA.
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11
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Lennie E, Tsoumpas C, Sourbron S. Multimodal phantoms for clinical PET/MRI. EJNMMI Phys 2021; 8:62. [PMID: 34436671 PMCID: PMC8390737 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-021-00408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phantoms are commonly used throughout medical imaging and medical physics for a multitude of applications, the designs of which vary between modalities and clinical or research requirements. Within positron emission tomography (PET) and nuclear medicine, phantoms have a well-established role in the validation of imaging protocols so as to reduce the administration of radioisotope to volunteers. Similarly, phantoms are used within magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to perform quality assurance on clinical scanners, and gel-based phantoms have a longstanding use within the MRI research community as tissue equivalent phantoms. In recent years, combined PET/MRI scanners for simultaneous acquisition have entered both research and clinical use. This review explores the designs and applications of phantom work within the field of simultaneous acquisition PET/MRI as published over the period of a decade. Common themes in the design, manufacture and materials used within phantoms are identified and the solutions they provided to research in PET/MRI are summarised. Finally, the challenges remaining in creating multimodal phantoms for use with simultaneous acquisition PET/MRI are discussed. No phantoms currently exist commercially that have been designed and optimised for simultaneous PET/MRI acquisition. Subsequently, commercially available PET and nuclear medicine phantoms are often utilised, with CT-based attenuation maps substituted for MR-based attenuation maps due to the lack of MR visibility in phantom housing. Tissue equivalent and anthropomorphic phantoms are often developed by research groups in-house and provide customisable alternatives to overcome barriers such as MR-based attenuation correction, or to address specific areas of study such as motion correction. Further work to characterise materials and manufacture methods used in phantom design would facilitate the ability to reproduce phantoms across sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Lennie
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Charalampos Tsoumpas
- Biomedical Imaging Science Department, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Sourbron
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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12
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Silvestro E, Betts KN, Francavilla ML, Andronikou S, Sze RW. Imaging Properties of Additive Manufactured (3D Printed) Materials for Potential Use for Phantom Models. J Digit Imaging 2021; 33:456-464. [PMID: 31520278 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-019-00257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, there has been growing interest in the application of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing for medical research and clinical application. Imaging phantoms offer clear benefits in the way of training, planning, and quality assurance, but the model's availability per catalog tend to be suited for general testing purposes only. AM, on the contrary, offers flexibility to clinicians by enabling custom-built phantoms based on specific interests or even individual patient needs. This study aims to quantify the radiographic properties (ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography) of common additive manufacturing technologies and to discuss potential opportunities to fabricate imaging phantoms. Test phantoms were composed of samples from the three most common AM styles, namely PolyJet, fused deposition modeling (FDM), and stereolithography (SLA). Test imaging of the phantoms was performed on ultrasound, MRI, and CT and reviewed and evaluated with radiology software. The ultrasound images showed clearly defined upper and lower edges of the material but did not demonstrate distinct differences in internal echogenicity between materials. The MR scans revealed a distinct signal intensity difference between the model (17 grayscale value) and the printer support (778 grayscale value). Finally, the CT images showed a slight variation between the plastic (82 HU) and rubber (145 HU) materials. The radiographic properties of AM offer a clear opportunity to create basic two- or three-material phantoms. These would be high-accuracy and cost-effective models. Although the materials currently available are not suitable for complex multi-material applications as realistic as true human anatomy, one can easily foresee the development of new materials with broader density in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Silvestro
- Children's Hospital Additive Manufacturing for Pediatrics (CHAMP Lab), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Khalil N Betts
- Children's Hospital Additive Manufacturing for Pediatrics (CHAMP Lab), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael L Francavilla
- Children's Hospital Additive Manufacturing for Pediatrics (CHAMP Lab), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Savvas Andronikou
- Children's Hospital Additive Manufacturing for Pediatrics (CHAMP Lab), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raymond W Sze
- Children's Hospital Additive Manufacturing for Pediatrics (CHAMP Lab), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Catana C, Laforest R, An H, Boada F, Cao T, Faul D, Jakoby B, Jansen FP, Kemp BJ, Kinahan PE, Larson PEZ, Levine MA, Maniawski P, Mawlawi O, McConathy J, McMillan A, Price JC, Rajagopal A, Sunderland J, Veit-Haibach P, Wangerin KA, Ying C, Hope TA. A Path to Qualification of PET/MR Scanners for Multicenter Brain Imaging Studies: Evaluation of MR-based Attenuation Correction Methods Using a Patient Phantom. J Nucl Med 2021; 63:615-621. [PMID: 34301784 PMCID: PMC8973286 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.261881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PET/MRI scanners cannot be qualified in the manner adopted for hybrid PET/CT devices. The main hurdle with qualification in PET/MRI is that attenuation correction (AC) cannot be adequately measured in conventional PET phantoms because of the difficulty in converting the MR images of the physical structures (e.g., plastic) into electron density maps. Over the last decade, a plethora of novel MRI-based algorithms has been developed to more accurately derive the attenuation properties of the human head, including the skull. Although promising, none of these techniques has yet emerged as an optimal and universally adopted strategy for AC in PET/MRI. In this work, we propose a path for PET/MRI qualification for multicenter brain imaging studies. Specifically, our solution is to separate the head AC from the other factors that affect PET data quantification and use a patient as a phantom to assess the former. The emission data collected on the integrated PET/MRI scanner to be qualified should be reconstructed using both MRI- and CT-based AC methods, and whole-brain qualitative and quantitative (both voxelwise and regional) analyses should be performed. The MRI-based approach will be considered satisfactory if the PET quantification bias is within the acceptance criteria specified here. We have implemented this approach successfully across 2 PET/MRI scanner manufacturers at 2 sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian Catana
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Richard Laforest
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | | | - Fernando Boada
- Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, New York University Langone Medical Center
| | - Tuoyu Cao
- Shanghai United Imaging Healthcare Co., Ltd., China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Piotr Maniawski
- Philips Healthcare, Advanced Molecular Imaging, United States
| | | | | | - Alan McMillan
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | | | - Abhejit Rajagopal
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | | | | | - Chunwei Ying
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis
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14
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Liu X, Li Z, Rong Y, Cao M, Li H, Jia C, Shi L, Lu W, Gong G, Yin Y, Qiu J. A Comparison of the Distortion in the Same Field MRI and MR-Linac System With a 3D Printed Phantom. Front Oncol 2021; 11:579451. [PMID: 34150605 PMCID: PMC8209415 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.579451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A 3D printed geometric phantom was developed that can be scanned with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure the geometric distortion and determine the relevant dose changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A self-designed 3D printed photosensitive resin phantom was used, which adopts grid-like structures and has 822 1 cm2 squares. The scanning plan was delivered by three MRI scanners: the Elekta Unity MR-Linac 1.5T, GE Signa HDe 1.5T, and GE Discovery-sim 750 3.0T. The geometric distortion comparison was concentrated on two 1.5T MRI systems, whereas the 3.0T MRI was used as a supplemental experiment. The most central transverse images in each dataset were selected to demonstrate the plane distortion. Some mark points were selected to analyze the distortion in the 3D direction based on the plane geometric distortion. A treatment plan was created with the off-line Monaco system. RESULTS The distortion increases gradually from the center to the outside. The distortion range is 0.79 ± 0.40 mm for the Unity, 1.31 ± 0.56 mm for the GE Signa HDe, and 2.82 ± 1.48 mm for the GE Discovery-sim 750. Additionally, the geometric distortion slightly affects the actual planning dose of the radiotherapy. CONCLUSION Geometric distortion increases gradually from the center to the outside. The distortion values of the Unity were smaller than those of the GE Signa HDe, and the Unity has the smallest geometric distortion. Finally, the Unity's dose variation best matched with the standard treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Liu
- Medical Engineering and Technology Research Center, Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai’an, China
- Department of Radiation Physics, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenjiang Li
- Department of Radiation Physics, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Rong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Minsong Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hongyu Li
- Academy of Marine Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuntao Jia
- Academy of Marine Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Liting Shi
- Medical Engineering and Technology Research Center, Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai’an, China
| | - Weizhao Lu
- Medical Engineering and Technology Research Center, Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai’an, China
| | - Guanzhong Gong
- Department of Radiation Physics, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Yin
- Department of Radiation Physics, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jianfeng Qiu
- Medical Engineering and Technology Research Center, Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai’an, China
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15
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Talanki VR, Peng Q, Shamir SB, Baete SH, Duong TQ, Wake N. Three-Dimensional Printed Anatomic Models Derived From Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data: Current State and Image Acquisition Recommendations for Appropriate Clinical Scenarios. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 55:1060-1081. [PMID: 34046959 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies have been increasingly utilized in medicine over the past several years and can greatly facilitate surgical planning thereby improving patient outcomes. Although still much less utilized compared to computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is gaining traction in medical 3D printing. The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) to determine the prevalence in the existing literature of using MRI to create 3D printed anatomic models for surgical planning and 2) to provide image acquisition recommendations for appropriate clinical scenarios where MRI is the most suitable imaging modality. The workflow for creating 3D printed anatomic models from medical imaging data is complex and involves image segmentation of the regions of interest and conversion of that data into 3D surface meshes, which are compatible with printing technologies. CT is most commonly used to create 3D printed anatomic models due to the high image quality and relative ease of performing image segmentation from CT data. As compared to CT datasets, 3D printing using MRI data offers advantages since it provides exquisite soft tissue contrast needed for accurate organ segmentation and it does not expose patients to unnecessary ionizing radiation. MRI, however, often requires complicated imaging techniques and time-consuming postprocessing procedures to generate high-resolution 3D anatomic models needed for 3D printing. Despite these challenges, 3D modeling and printing from MRI data holds great clinical promises thanks to emerging innovations in both advanced MRI imaging and postprocessing techniques. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 2 TECHNICAL EFFICATCY: 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha R Talanki
- Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Qi Peng
- Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Stephanie B Shamir
- Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Steven H Baete
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R) and Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Timothy Q Duong
- Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nicole Wake
- Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R) and Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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16
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Standard MRI-based attenuation correction for PET/MRI phantoms: a novel concept using MRI-visible polymer. EJNMMI Phys 2021; 8:18. [PMID: 33599876 PMCID: PMC7892652 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-021-00364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PET/MRI phantom studies are challenged by the need of phantom-specific attenuation templates to account for attenuation properties of the phantom material. We present a PET/MRI phantom built from MRI-visible material for which attenuation correction (AC) can be performed using the standard MRI-based AC. Methods A water-fillable phantom was 3D-printed with a commercially available MRI-visible polymer. The phantom had a cylindrical shape and the fillable compartment consisted of a homogeneous region and a region containing solid rods of different diameters. The phantom was filled with a solution of water and [18F]FDG. A 30 min PET/MRI acquisition including the standard Dixon-based MR-AC method was performed. In addition, a CT scan of the phantom was acquired on a PET/CT system. From the Dixon in-phase, opposed-phase and fat images, a phantom-specific AC map (Phantom MR-AC) was produced by separating the phantom material from the water compartment using a thresholding-based method and assigning fixed attenuation coefficients to the individual compartments. The PET data was reconstructed using the Phantom MR-AC, the original Dixon MR-AC, and an MR-AC just containing the water compartment (NoWall-AC) to estimate the error of ignoring the phantom walls. CT-based AC was employed as the reference standard. Average %-differences in measured activity between the CT corrected PET and the PET corrected with the other AC methods were calculated. Results The phantom housing and the liquid compartment were both visible and distinguishable from each other in the Dixon images and allowed the segmentation of a phantom-specific MR-based AC. Compared to the CT-AC PET, average differences in measured activity in the whole water compartment in the phantom of −0.3%, 9.4%, and −24.1% were found for Dixon phantom MR-AC, MR-AC, and NoWall-AC based PET, respectively. Average differences near the phantom wall in the homogeneous region were −0.3%, 6.6%, and −34.3%, respectively. Around the rods, activity differed from the CT-AC PET by 0.7%, 8.9%, and −45.5%, respectively. Conclusion The presented phantom material is visible using standard MR sequences, and thus, supports the use of standard, phantom-independent MR measurements for MR-AC in PET/MRI phantom studies.
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17
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Modelling and manufacturing of 3D-printed, patient-specific, and anthropomorphic gastric phantoms: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18976. [PMID: 33149133 PMCID: PMC7643145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interventional devices including intragastric balloons are widely used to treat obesity. This study aims to develop 3D-printed, patient-specific, and anthropomorphic gastric phantoms with mechanical properties similar to those of human stomach. Using computed tomography gastrography (CTG) images of three patients, gastric phantoms were modelled through shape registration to align the stomach shapes of three different phases. Shape accuracies of the original gastric models versus the 3D-printed phantoms were compared using landmark distances. The mechanical properties (elongation and tensile strength), number of silicone coatings (0, 2, and 8 times), and specimen hardness (50, 60, and 70 Shore A) of three materials (Agilus, Elastic, and Flexa) were evaluated. Registration accuracy was significantly lower between the arterial and portal phases (3.16 ± 0.80 mm) than that between the portal and delayed phases (8.92 ± 0.96 mm). The mean shape accuracy difference was less than 10 mm. The mean elongations and tensile strengths of the Agilus, Elastic, and Flexa were 264%, 145%, and 146% and 1.14, 1.59, and 2.15 MPa, respectively, and their mechanical properties differed significantly (all p < 0.05). Elongation and tensile strength assessments, CTG image registration and 3D printing resulted in highly realistic and patient-specific gastric phantoms with reasonable shape accuracies.
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18
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Yunker BE, Stupic KF, Wagner JL, Huddle S, Shandas R, Weir RF, Russek SE, Keenan KE. Characterization of 3-Dimensional Printing and Casting Materials for use in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Phantoms at 3 T. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; vol:vol125.028. [PMID: 35573857 PMCID: PMC9097953 DOI: 10.6028/jres.125.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Imaging phantoms are used to calibrate and validate the performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems. Many new materials have been developed for additive manufacturing (three-dimensional [3D] printing) processes that may be useful in the direct printing or casting of dimensionally accurate, anatomically accurate, patient-specific, and/or biomimetic MRI phantoms. The T1, T2, and T2* spin relaxation times of polymer samples were tested to discover materials for use as tissue mimics and structures in MRI phantoms. This study included a cohort of polymer compounds that was tested in cured form. The cohort consisted of 101 standardized polymer samples fabricated from: two-part silicones and polyurethanes used in commercial casting processes; one-part optically cured polyurethanes used in 3D printing; and fused deposition thermoplastics used in 3D printing. The testing was performed at 3 T using inversion recovery, spin echo, and gradient echo sequences for T1, T2, and T2*, respectively. T1, T2, and T2* values were plotted with error bars to allow the reader to assess how well a polymer matches a tissue for a specific application. A correlation was performed between T1, T2, T2* values and material density, elongation, tensile strength, and hardness. Two silicones, SI_XP-643 and SI_P-45, may be usable mimics for reported liver values; one silicone, SI_XP-643, may be a useful mimic for muscle; one silicone, SI_XP-738, may be a useful mimic for white matter; and four silicones, SI_P-15, SI_GI-1000, SI_GI-1040, and SI_GI-1110, may be usable mimics for spinal cord. Elongation correlated to T2 (p = 0.0007), tensile strength correlated to T1 (p = 0.002), T2 (p = 0.0003), and T2* (p = 0.003). The 80 samples not providing measurable signal with T1, T2, T2* relaxation values too short to measure with the standard sequences, may be useful for MRI-invisible fixturing and medical devices at 3 T.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. E. Yunker
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305,
USA
- University of Colorado-Denver/Anschutz, Aurora, CO 80045,
USA
| | - K. F. Stupic
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305,
USA
| | - J. L. Wagner
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305,
USA
| | - S. Huddle
- University of Colorado-Denver/Anschutz, Aurora, CO 80045,
USA
| | - R. Shandas
- University of Colorado-Denver/Anschutz, Aurora, CO 80045,
USA
| | - R. F. Weir
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305,
USA
| | - S. E. Russek
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305,
USA
| | - K. E. Keenan
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305,
USA
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19
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Rai R, Holloway LC, Brink C, Field M, Christiansen RL, Sun Y, Barton MB, Liney GP. Multicenter evaluation of MRI-based radiomic features: A phantom study. Med Phys 2020; 47:3054-3063. [PMID: 32277703 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This work describes the development of a novel radiomics phantom designed for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that can be used in a multicenter setting. The purpose of this study is to assess the stability and reproducibility of MRI-based radiomic features using this phantom across different MRI scanners. METHODS & MATERIALS A set of phantoms were three-dimensional (3D) printed using MRI visible materials. One set of phantoms were imaged on seven MRI scanners and one was imaged on one MRI scanner. Radiomics analysis of the phantoms, which included first-order features, shape and texture features was performed. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the stability of radiomic features across eight scanners and the reproducibility of two printed models on one scanner. Coefficient of variation (COV) was used to assess the reproducibility of radiomics measurements in the phantom on a single scanner. RESULTS The phantom models provide sufficient signal-to-noise and contrast in all the tumor models permitting robust automatic segmentation. During a 12-month period of monitoring, the phantom material was stable with T1 and T2 of 150.7 ± 6.7 ms and 56.1 ± 3.9 ms, respectively. Of all the radiomic features computed, 34 of 69 had COV < 10%. Features from first-order statistics were the most robust in stability across the eight scanners with eight of 12 (67%) having high stability. About 29 of 50 (58%) texture features had high stability and no shape features had high stability features across the eight scanners. CONCLUSION A novel MRI radiomics phantom has been developed to assess the reproducibility and stability of MRI-based radiomic features across multiple institutions. The variation in radiomic feature stability demonstrates the need for caution when interpreting these features for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robba Rai
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia.,Liverpool and Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centre, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia
| | - Lois C Holloway
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia.,Liverpool and Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centre, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia.,Centre of Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Institute of Medical Physics, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carsten Brink
- Laboratory of Radiation Physics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Matthew Field
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia
| | - Rasmus L Christiansen
- Laboratory of Radiation Physics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Yu Sun
- Institute of Medical Physics, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael B Barton
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia.,Liverpool and Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centre, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia
| | - Gary P Liney
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia.,Liverpool and Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centre, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia.,Centre of Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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20
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Valladares A, Beyer T, Rausch I. Physical imaging phantoms for simulation of tumor heterogeneity in PET, CT, and MRI: An overview of existing designs. Med Phys 2020; 47:2023-2037. [PMID: 31981214 PMCID: PMC7216968 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In oncology, lesion characterization is essential for tumor grading, treatment planning, and follow-up of cancer patients. Hybrid imaging systems, such as Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)/CT, Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/CT, or PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), play an essential role for the noninvasive quantification of tumor characteristics. However, most of the existing approaches are challenged by intra- and intertumor heterogeneity. Novel quantitative imaging parameters that can be derived from textural feature analysis (as part of radiomics) are promising complements for improved characterization of tumor heterogeneity, thus, supporting clinically relevant implementations of personalized medicine concepts. Nevertheless, establishing new quantitative parameters for tumor characterization requires the use of standardized imaging objects to test the reliability of results prior to their implementation in patient studies. METHODS In this review, we summarize existing reports on heterogeneous phantoms with a focus on simulating tumor heterogeneity. We discuss the techniques, materials, advantages, and limitations of the existing phantoms for PET, CT, and MR imaging modalities. CONCLUSIONS Finally, we outline the future directions and requirements for the design of cross modality imaging phantoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Valladares
- QIMP TeamCentre for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaVienna1090Austria
| | - Thomas Beyer
- QIMP TeamCentre for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaVienna1090Austria
| | - Ivo Rausch
- QIMP TeamCentre for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaVienna1090Austria
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21
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Chandramohan D, Cao P, Han M, An H, Sunderland JJ, Kinahan PE, Laforest R, Hope TA, Larson PEZ. Bone material analogues for PET/MRI phantoms. Med Phys 2020; 47:2161-2170. [PMID: 32034945 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop bone material analogues that can be used in construction of phantoms for simultaneous PET/MRI systems. METHODS Plaster was used as the basis for the bone material analogues tested in this study. It was mixed with varying concentrations of an iodinated CT contrast, a gadolinium-based MR contrast agent, and copper sulfate to modulate the attenuation properties and MRI properties (T1 and T2*). Attenuation was measured with CT and 68 Ge transmission scans, and MRI properties were measured with quantitative ultrashort echo time pulse sequences. A proof-of-concept skull was created by plaster casting. RESULTS Undoped plaster has a 511 keV attenuation coefficient (~0.14 cm-1 ) similar to cortical bone (0.10-0.15 cm-1 ), but slightly longer T1 (~500 ms) and T2* (~1.2 ms) MR parameters compared to bone (T1 ~ 300 ms, T2* ~ 0.4 ms). Doping with the iodinated agent resulted in increased attenuation with minimal perturbation to the MR parameters. Doping with a gadolinium chelate greatly reduced T1 and T2*, resulting in extremely short T1 values when the target T2* values were reached, while the attenuation coefficient was unchanged. Doping with copper sulfate was more selective for T2* shortening and achieved comparable T1 and T2* values to bone (after 1 week of drying), while the attenuation coefficient was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Plaster doped with copper sulfate is a promising bone material analogue for a PET/MRI phantom, mimicking the MR properties (T1 and T2*) and 511 keV attenuation coefficient of human cortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharshan Chandramohan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Misung Han
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Hongyu An
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - John J Sunderland
- Departments of Radiology, Radiation Oncology, and Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Paul E Kinahan
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Richard Laforest
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Thomas A Hope
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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22
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Neumann W, Pusch TP, Siegfarth M, Schad LR, Stallkamp JL. CT and MRI compatibility of flexible 3D-printed materials for soft actuators and robots used in image-guided interventions. Med Phys 2019; 46:5488-5498. [PMID: 31587313 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Three-dimensional (3D) printing allows for the fabrication of medical devices with complex geometries, such as soft actuators and robots that can be used in image-guided interventions. This study investigates flexible and rigid 3D-printing materials in terms of their impact on multimodal medical imaging. METHODS The generation of artifacts in clinical computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was evaluated for six flexible and three rigid materials, each with a cubical and a cylindrical geometry, and for one exemplary flexible fluidic actuator. Additionally, CT Hounsfield units (HU) were quantified for various parameter sets iterating peak voltage, x-ray tube current, slice thickness, and convolution kernel. RESULTS We found the image artifacts caused by the materials to be negligible in both CT and MR images. The HU values mainly depended on the elemental composition of the materials and applied peak voltage was ranging between 80 and 140 kVp. Flexible, nonsilicone-based materials were ranged between 51 and 114 HU. The voltage dependency was less than 29 HU. Flexible, silicone-based materials were ranged between 60 and 365 HU. The voltage-dependent influence was as large as 172 HU. Rigid materials ranged between -69 and 132 HU. The voltage-dependent influence was <33 HU. CONCLUSIONS All tested materials may be employed for devices placed in the field of view during CT and MR imaging as no significant artifacts were measured. Moreover, the material selection in CT could be based on the desired visibility of the material depending on the application. Given the wide availability of the tested materials, we expect our results to have a positive impact on the development of devices and robots for image-guided interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Neumann
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tim P Pusch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation, Project Group for Automation in Medicine and Biotechnology, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marius Siegfarth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation, Project Group for Automation in Medicine and Biotechnology, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lothar R Schad
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jan L Stallkamp
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation, Project Group for Automation in Medicine and Biotechnology, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.,Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
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23
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Shulman M, Cho E, Aasi B, Cheng J, Nithiyanantham S, Waddell N, Sussman D. Quantitative analysis of fetal magnetic resonance phantoms and recommendations for an anthropomorphic motion phantom. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 33:257-272. [PMID: 31487004 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-019-00775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a review and quantitative analysis of the available fetal MR imaging phantoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was conducted across Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Ryerson University Library databases to identify fetal MR imaging phantoms. Phantoms were graded on a semi-quantitative scale in regards to four evaluation categories: (1) anatomical accuracy in size and shape, (2) dielectric conductivity similar to the simulated tissue, (3) relaxation times similar to simulated tissue, and (4) physiological motion similar to fetal gross body, cardiovascular, and breathing motion. This was followed by statistical analysis to identify significant findings. RESULTS Seventeen fetal phantoms were identified and had an average overall percentage accuracy of 26%, with anatomical accuracy being satisfied the most (56%) and physiological motion the least (7%). Phantoms constructed using 3D printing were significantly more accurate than conventionally constructed phantoms. DISCUSSION Currently available fetal phantoms lack accuracy and motion simulation. 3D printing may lead to higher accuracy compared with traditional manufacturing. Future research needs to focus on properly simulating both fetal anatomy and physiological motion to produce a phantom that is appropriate for fetal MRI sequence development and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Shulman
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Bipin Aasi
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Jin Cheng
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Saiee Nithiyanantham
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Nicole Waddell
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Dafna Sussman
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada. .,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada. .,The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada. .,Department of Biomedical Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.
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24
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Zhai Z, Staring M, Hernández Girón I, Veldkamp WJH, Kroft LJ, Ninaber MK, Stoel BC. Automatic quantitative analysis of pulmonary vascular morphology in CT images. Med Phys 2019; 46:3985-3997. [PMID: 31206181 PMCID: PMC6852650 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Vascular remodeling is a significant pathological feature of various pulmonary diseases, which may be assessed by quantitative computed tomography (CT) imaging. The purpose of this study was therefore to develop and validate an automatic method for quantifying pulmonary vascular morphology in CT images. METHODS The proposed method consists of pulmonary vessel extraction and quantification. For extracting pulmonary vessels, a graph-cuts-based method is proposed which considers appearance (CT intensity) and shape (vesselness from a Hessian-based filter) features, and incorporates distance to the airways into the cost function to prevent false detection of airway walls. For quantifying the extracted pulmonary vessels, a radius histogram is generated by counting the occurrence of vessel radii, calculated from a distance transform-based method. Subsequently, two biomarkers, slope α and intercept β, are calculated by linear regression on the radius histogram. A public data set from the VESSEL12 challenge was used to independently evaluate the vessel extraction. The quantitative analysis method was validated using images of a three-dimensional (3D) printed vessel phantom, scanned by a clinical CT scanner and a micro-CT scanner (to obtain a gold standard). To confirm the association between imaging biomarkers and pulmonary function, 77 scleroderma patients were investigated with the proposed method. RESULTS In the independent evaluation with the public data set, our vessel segmentation method obtained an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.976. The median radius difference between clinical and micro-CT scans of a 3D printed vessel phantom was 0.062 ± 0.020 mm, with interquartile range of 0.199 ± 0.050 mm. In the studied patient group, a significant correlation between diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide and the biomarkers, α (R = -0.27, P = 0.018) and β (R = 0.321, P = 0.004), was obtained. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the proposed method was validated independently using a public data set resulting in an area under the ROC curve of 0.976 and using a 3D printed vessel phantom data set, showing a vessel sizing error of 0.062 mm (0.16 in-plane pixel units). The correlation between imaging biomarkers and diffusion capacity in a clinical data set confirmed an association between lung structure and function. This quantification of pulmonary vascular morphology may be helpful in understanding the pathophysiology of pulmonary vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhai
- Division of Image ProcessingDepartment of RadiologyLeiden University Medical CenterPO Box 96002300 RCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Marius Staring
- Division of Image ProcessingDepartment of RadiologyLeiden University Medical CenterPO Box 96002300 RCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Irene Hernández Girón
- Medical Physics, Department of RadiologyLeiden University Medical CenterPO Box 96002300 RCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Wouter J. H. Veldkamp
- Medical Physics, Department of RadiologyLeiden University Medical CenterPO Box 96002300 RCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Lucia J. Kroft
- Department of RadiologyLeiden University Medical CenterPO Box 96002300 RCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Maarten K. Ninaber
- Department of PulmonologyLeiden University Medical CenterPO Box 96002300 RCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Berend C. Stoel
- Division of Image ProcessingDepartment of RadiologyLeiden University Medical CenterPO Box 96002300 RCLeidenThe Netherlands
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25
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Parthasarathy J, Krishnamurthy R, Ostendorf A, Shinoka T, Krishnamurthy R. 3D printing with MRI in pediatric applications. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 51:1641-1658. [PMID: 31329332 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
3D printing (3DP) applications for clinical evaluation, preoperative planning, patient and trainee education, and simulation has increased in the past decade. Most of the applications are found in cardiovascular, head and neck, orthopedic, neurological, urological, and oncological surgical cases. This review has three parts. The first part discusses the technical pathway to realizing a physical model, 3DP considerations in pediatric MRI image acquisition, data and resolution requirements, and related structural segmentation and postprocessing steps needed to generalize both virtual and physical models. Standard practices and processing software used in these processes will be assessed. The second part discusses complementary examples in pediatric applications, including cases from cardiology, neuroradiology, neurology, and neurosurgery, head and neck, orthopedics, pelvic and urological applications, oncological applications, and fetal imaging. The third part explores other 3D printing applications and considerations such as using 3DP to develop tissue-specific phantoms and devices for testing in the MR environment, to educate patients and their families, to train clinicians and students, and facility requirements for building a 3DP program. Level of Evidence: 5 Technical Efficacy: Stage 5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:1641-1658.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam Ostendorf
- Department of Neurology Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Toshiharu Shinoka
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rajesh Krishnamurthy
- The Department of Radiology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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26
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Rai R, Wang YF, Manton D, Dong B, Deshpande S, Liney GP. Development of multi-purpose 3D printed phantoms for MRI. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 64:075010. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab0b49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Kobe A, Zadory M, Hamie QM, Froehlich JM, Klarhöfer M, Elsässer T, Pfammatter T, Guggenberger R. Development of an anthropomorphic spine phantom suitable for fusion of MR neurography with interventional flat-panel CT. Eur J Radiol 2019; 112:153-160. [PMID: 30777205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To design a spine phantom suitable for fusion of MR neurography (MRN) with interventional flat panel computed tomography (FPCT) images from tissue-equivalent agarose gels and artificial nerves in MRI, including material with equal attenuation to bone in computed tomography (CT). METHODS T1-/T2-relaxation times of target tissue were determined in vivo (n = 5) using MR mapping-techniques. Serial dilution of castor oil lipogels was performed ex vivo in order to define correct composition for tissue-equivalent relaxation times. Similarly, serial dilution series of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and barium sulphate (BaSO4) in synthetic resin were used to adjust radiodensity of selected vertebral bodies (L1-L5) and sacrum in CT. Nerve tissue was simulated with agarose-impregnated polyethylene fibers. Spine phantom was assembled using respective components in anthropomorphic geometry. A fat-saturated, T2-weighted 3D SPACE STIR sequence was acquired for MRN and subsequently fused with an on-site FPCT scan of the phantom. RESULTS In vivo T1-/T2-values for fat tissue were found to be at 394 ± 16 ms and 161 ± 16 ms, corresponding to a castor oil concentration of 50%. Analogously, bone marrow-equivalent values were measured at 822 ± 21 ms and 67 ± 6 ms, simulated with 40% castor oil. Cortical bone-like radiodensity of 1'115 ± 80 HU was achieved for artificial bone with 30% CaCO3 and 1.5% BaSO4. Simulated nerves were successfully depicted in MRN and fused with FPCT, combining optimal contrasts for nerves and bones on-site. CONCLUSIONS The customized phantom showed analogous tissue contrasts to in vivo conditions in both MRN and FPCT, facilitating simulations of fusion-image guided spine interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Kobe
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Qeumars M Hamie
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Pfammatter
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roman Guggenberger
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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28
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Zhang F, Zhang H, Zhao H, He Z, Shi L, He Y, Ju N, Rong Y, Qiu J. Design and fabrication of a personalized anthropomorphic phantom using 3D printing and tissue equivalent materials. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2019; 9:94-100. [PMID: 30788250 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2018.08.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To fabricate an individualized anthropomorphic lung phantom with tissue-equivalent radiation attenuation properties using a cost-effective three-dimensional (3D) printing technique. Based on anonymized human chest CT images, the phantom contained a 3D-printed skin shell, filled with tissue equivalent materials with similar radiation attenuation characteristics. The filling materials were a mixture of CaCO3, MgO, agarose, NaCl, pearl powder and silica gel. The dose calculation accuracy of different treatment planning system (TPS) algorithms was validated and compared with the ion chamber measurements in the phantom, including tumor and surrounding normal tissues. The chest phantom was shown to represent a human's chest in terms of radiation attenuation property and human anatomy. The Hounsfield unit ranges were -60 to -100, 20 to 60, and 120 to 300 for fat, muscle, and bone, respectively. The actual measured values of the ionization chamber were 213.7 cGy for the tumor, 53.85 cGy for normal lung tissue, and 4.1 cGy for the spinal cord, compared to 214.1, 55.2, and 4.5 cGy, respectively, with use of the Monte Carlo algorithm in TPS. The application of 3D printing in anthropomorphic phantoms can improve personalized medical need and efficiency with reduce costs thus, can be used for radiation dose verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuquan Zhang
- Medical Engineering and Technical Center, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Haozhao Zhang
- Medical Engineering and Technical Center, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Huihui Zhao
- Medical Engineering and Technical Center, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Zhengzhong He
- Radiation Department, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Liting Shi
- Medical Engineering and Technical Center, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Yaoyao He
- Medical Engineering and Technical Center, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Nan Ju
- Medical Engineering and Technical Center, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Yi Rong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jianfeng Qiu
- Medical Engineering and Technical Center, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China
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29
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Wang D, Zhang Y, Guo Q. Sub-10 nm Cu 5FeS 4 cube for magnetic resonance imaging-guided photothermal therapy of cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:7987-7996. [PMID: 30538472 PMCID: PMC6263250 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s181056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facile synthesis and small size theranostic agents have shown great potential for cancer diagnosis and treatment. PURPOSE A ternary compound (Cu5FeS4), Fe doped copper sulfide, with novel magnetic properties and strong near-infrared absorption was prepared for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging guided photothermal therapy of cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Firstly, the capability of magnetic resonance imaging based on the novel magnetic properties and the photothermal performance due to the strong near-infrared absorption was investigated in vitro. Then, the magnetic resonance imaging guided photothermal therapy for 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse was carried out. RESULTS The Cu5FeS4 cube with good T1-weighted MRI, excellent photothermal performance and low cytotoxicity has been investigated. More importantly, the T1-weighted MRI for 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse will get the best contrast effect at tumor site after 8 h of intravenous injection of Cu5FeS4 cube. Under the guidance of the T1-weighted MRI, the PTT was carried out at 8 h after intravenous injection of Cu5FeS4 cube and only the group combined intravenous administration of Cu5FeS4 cube and laser irradiation nearly cured the tumor after 14 days. CONCLUSION Our study not only provides a new material for personalized treatment of tumors, but also further promotes potential applications of the cancer theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China,
| | - Yuwen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China,
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China
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Shin J, Sandhu RS, Shih G. Imaging Properties of 3D Printed Materials: Multi-Energy CT of Filament Polymers. J Digit Imaging 2018; 30:572-575. [PMID: 28168529 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-017-9954-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical applications of 3D printing are increasingly commonplace, likewise the frequency of inclusion of 3D printed objects on imaging studies. Although there is a general familiarity with the imaging appearance of traditional materials comprising common surgical hardware and medical devices, comparatively less is known regarding the appearance of available 3D printing materials in the consumer market. This work detailing the CT appearance of a selected number of common filament polymer classes is an initial effort to catalog these data, to provide for accurate interpretation of imaging studies incidentally or intentionally including fabricated objects. Furthermore, this information can inform the design of image-realistic tissue-mimicking phantoms for a variety of applications, with clear candidate material analogs for bone, soft tissue, water, and fat attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Shin
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Radiology, 525 E 68th St., New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Ranjit S Sandhu
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Radiology, 525 E 68th St., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - George Shih
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Radiology, 525 E 68th St., New York, NY, 10065, USA
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Haleem A, Javaid M. Role of CT and MRI in the design and development of orthopaedic model using additive manufacturing. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2018; 9:213-217. [PMID: 30202151 PMCID: PMC6128794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the role of Computed tomography (CT) and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for design and development of orthopaedic model using additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. METHODS A significant number of research papers in this area are studied to provide the direction of development along with the future scope. RESULTS Briefly discussed various steps used to create a 3D model by Additive Manufacturing using CT and MRI scan. These scanning technologies are used to produce medical as well as orthopaedic implants by using AM technologies. The images so produced are exported in different software like OsiriX Imaging Software, 3D slicer, Mimics, Magics, 3D doctor and InVesalius to produce a 3D digital model. Various criteria's achieved by CT and MRI scan for design and development of orthopaedic implant using additive manufacturing are also discussed briefly. AM model created by this process show exact shape, size, dimensions, textures, colour and features. CONCLUSION AM technologies help to convert the digital model into a 3D physical object, thereby improving the understanding of patient anatomy for treatment as well as for educational purpose. These scanning technologies have various applications to enhance the AM in the field of orthopaedic. In orthopaedic every patient model is a customised unit, sourced from the individual patient. 3D CAD data captured by these scanning technologies are directly exported in standard triangulate language (STL) format for printing by AM technologies. Crossestion of the physical model fabricated by this process shows a patient's anatomy if the model prepared by using the bone-like material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Javaid
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Filippou V, Tsoumpas C. Recent advances on the development of phantoms using 3D printing for imaging with CT, MRI, PET, SPECT, and ultrasound. Med Phys 2018; 45. [PMID: 29933508 PMCID: PMC6849595 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Printing technology, capable of producing three-dimensional (3D) objects, has evolved in recent years and provides potential for developing reproducible and sophisticated physical phantoms. 3D printing technology can help rapidly develop relatively low cost phantoms with appropriate complexities, which are useful in imaging or dosimetry measurements. The need for more realistic phantoms is emerging since imaging systems are now capable of acquiring multimodal and multiparametric data. This review addresses three main questions about the 3D printers currently in use, and their produced materials. The first question investigates whether the resolution of 3D printers is sufficient for existing imaging technologies. The second question explores if the materials of 3D-printed phantoms can produce realistic images representing various tissues and organs as taken by different imaging modalities such as computer tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US), and mammography. The emergence of multimodal imaging increases the need for phantoms that can be scanned using different imaging modalities. The third question probes the feasibility and easiness of "printing" radioactive or nonradioactive solutions during the printing process. METHODS A systematic review of medical imaging studies published after January 2013 is performed using strict inclusion criteria. The databases used were Scopus and Web of Knowledge with specific search terms. In total, 139 papers were identified; however, only 50 were classified as relevant for this paper. In this review, following an appropriate introduction and literature research strategy, all 50 articles are presented in detail. A summary of tables and example figures of the most recent advances in 3D printing for the purposes of phantoms across different imaging modalities are provided. RESULTS All 50 studies printed and scanned phantoms in either CT, PET, SPECT, mammography, MRI, and US-or a combination of those modalities. According to the literature, different parameters were evaluated depending on the imaging modality used. Almost all papers evaluated more than two parameters, with the most common being Hounsfield units, density, attenuation and speed of sound. CONCLUSIONS The development of this field is rapidly evolving and becoming more refined. There is potential to reach the ultimate goal of using 3D phantoms to get feedback on imaging scanners and reconstruction algorithms more regularly. Although the development of imaging phantoms is evident, there are still some limitations to address: One of which is printing accuracy, due to the printer properties. Another limitation is the materials available to print: There are not enough materials to mimic all the tissue properties. For example, one material can mimic one property-such as the density of real tissue-but not any other property, like speed of sound or attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Filippou
- Institute of Medical and Biological EngineeringFaculty of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTWest YorkshireUK
| | - Charalampos Tsoumpas
- Department of Biomedical Imaging ScienceSchool of MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9NLWest YorkshireUK
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Tappa K, Jammalamadaka U. Novel Biomaterials Used in Medical 3D Printing Techniques. J Funct Biomater 2018; 9:E17. [PMID: 29414913 PMCID: PMC5872103 DOI: 10.3390/jfb9010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of an implant depends on the type of biomaterial used for its fabrication. An ideal implant material should be biocompatible, inert, mechanically durable, and easily moldable. The ability to build patient specific implants incorporated with bioactive drugs, cells, and proteins has made 3D printing technology revolutionary in medical and pharmaceutical fields. A vast variety of biomaterials are currently being used in medical 3D printing, including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. With continuous research and progress in biomaterials used in 3D printing, there has been a rapid growth in applications of 3D printing in manufacturing customized implants, prostheses, drug delivery devices, and 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The current review focuses on the novel biomaterials used in variety of 3D printing technologies for clinical applications. Most common types of medical 3D printing technologies, including fused deposition modeling, extrusion based bioprinting, inkjet, and polyjet printing techniques, their clinical applications, different types of biomaterials currently used by researchers, and key limitations are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Tappa
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Udayabhanu Jammalamadaka
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Hodgdon T, Danrad R, Patel MJ, Smith SE, Richardson ML, Ballard DH, Ali S, Trace AP, DeBenedectis CM, Zygmont ME, Lenchik L, Decker SJ. Logistics of Three-dimensional Printing: Primer for Radiologists. Acad Radiol 2018; 25:40-51. [PMID: 29030283 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Association of University Radiologists Radiology Research Alliance Task Force on three-dimensional (3D) printing presents a review of the logistic considerations for establishing a clinical service using this new technology, specifically focused on implications for radiology. Specific topics include printer selection for 3D printing, software selection, creating a 3D model for printing, providing a 3D printing service, research directions, and opportunities for radiologists to be involved in 3D printing. A thorough understanding of the technology and its capabilities is necessary as the field of 3D printing continues to grow. Radiologists are in the unique position to guide this emerging technology and its use in the clinical arena.
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Ballard DH, Trace AP, Ali S, Hodgdon T, Zygmont ME, DeBenedectis CM, Smith SE, Richardson ML, Patel MJ, Decker SJ, Lenchik L. Clinical Applications of 3D Printing: Primer for Radiologists. Acad Radiol 2018; 25:52-65. [PMID: 29030285 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing refers to a number of manufacturing technologies that create physical models from digital information. Radiology is poised to advance the application of 3D printing in health care because our specialty has an established history of acquiring and managing the digital information needed to create such models. The 3D Printing Task Force of the Radiology Research Alliance presents a review of the clinical applications of this burgeoning technology, with a focus on the opportunities for radiology. Topics include uses for treatment planning, medical education, and procedural simulation, as well as patient education. Challenges for creating custom implantable devices including financial and regulatory processes for clinical application are reviewed. Precedent procedures that may translate to this new technology are discussed. The task force identifies research opportunities needed to document the value of 3D printing as it relates to patient care.
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An Assembled Prototype Multimaterial Three-Dimensional-Printed Model of the Neck for Computed Tomography- and Ultrasound-Guided Interventional Procedures. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2017; 41:941-948. [PMID: 28708733 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000000630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A low-cost, semirealistic, multimaterial prototype phantom of the neck was developed for computed tomography- and ultrasound-guided interventions, using three-dimensional (3D) printing with a variety of materials as well as through molding techniques. This dual-modality phantom can be used by trainees for practicing procedures and can also serve as a prototype for developing more complex and realistic 3D-printed models, particularly with the continued development and advancement in multimaterial 3D printing technologies.
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Wang S, Deng S, Zhu L, Lu JJ, Wang Y, Lang JH. Preoperative Evaluation for Complex Female Genital Tract Malformation Using Three-dimensional Printing Technology. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 130:2388-2390. [PMID: 28937050 PMCID: PMC5634095 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.215337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shan Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jing-Jing Lu
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jing-He Lang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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George E, Liacouras P, Rybicki FJ, Mitsouras D. Measuring and Establishing the Accuracy and Reproducibility of 3D Printed Medical Models. Radiographics 2017; 37:1424-1450. [PMID: 28800287 PMCID: PMC5621728 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2017160165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the rapid growth of three-dimensional (3D) printing applications in medicine, the accuracy and reproducibility of 3D printed medical models have not been thoroughly investigated. Although current technologies enable 3D models to be created with accuracy within the limits of clinical imaging spatial resolutions, this is not always achieved in practice. Inaccuracies are due to errors that occur during the imaging, segmentation, postprocessing, and 3D printing steps. Radiologists' understanding of the factors that influence 3D printed model accuracy and the metrics used to measure this accuracy is key in directing appropriate practices and establishing reference standards and validation procedures. The authors review the various factors in each step of the 3D model printing process that contribute to model inaccuracy, including the intrinsic limitations of each printing technology. In addition, common sources of model inaccuracy are illustrated. Metrics involving comparisons of model dimensions and morphology that have been developed to quantify differences between 3D models also are described and illustrated. These metrics can be used to define the accuracy of a model, as compared with the reference standard, and to measure the variability of models created by different observers or using different workflows. The accuracies reported for specific indications of 3D printing are summarized, and potential guidelines for quality assurance and workflow assessment are discussed. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth George
- From the Applied Imaging Science Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115 (E.G., D.M.); 3D Medical Applications Center, Department of Radiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Md (P.L.); and Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (F.J.R.)
| | - Peter Liacouras
- From the Applied Imaging Science Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115 (E.G., D.M.); 3D Medical Applications Center, Department of Radiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Md (P.L.); and Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (F.J.R.)
| | - Frank J. Rybicki
- From the Applied Imaging Science Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115 (E.G., D.M.); 3D Medical Applications Center, Department of Radiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Md (P.L.); and Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (F.J.R.)
| | - Dimitrios Mitsouras
- From the Applied Imaging Science Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115 (E.G., D.M.); 3D Medical Applications Center, Department of Radiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Md (P.L.); and Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (F.J.R.)
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3D Printing Technologies. 3D Print Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-61924-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
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George E, Liacouras P, Lee TC, Mitsouras D. 3D-Printed Patient-Specific Models for CT- and MRI-Guided Procedure Planning. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 38:E46-E47. [PMID: 28450440 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E George
- Department of Radiology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
| | - P Liacouras
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Bethesda, Maryland
| | - T C Lee
- Department of Radiology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
| | - D Mitsouras
- Department of Radiology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
Medical 3-dimensional (3D) printing is emerging as a clinically relevant imaging tool in directing preoperative and intraoperative planning in many surgical specialties and will therefore likely lead to interdisciplinary collaboration between engineers, radiologists, and surgeons. Data from standard imaging modalities such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, echocardiography, and rotational angiography can be used to fabricate life-sized models of human anatomy and pathology, as well as patient-specific implants and surgical guides. Cardiovascular 3D-printed models can improve diagnosis and allow for advanced preoperative planning. The majority of applications reported involve congenital heart diseases and valvular and great vessels pathologies. Printed models are suitable for planning both surgical and minimally invasive procedures. Added value has been reported toward improving outcomes, minimizing perioperative risk, and developing new procedures such as transcatheter mitral valve replacements. Similarly, thoracic surgeons are using 3D printing to assess invasion of vital structures by tumors and to assist in diagnosis and treatment of upper and lower airway diseases. Anatomic models enable surgeons to assimilate information more quickly than image review, choose the optimal surgical approach, and achieve surgery in a shorter time. Patient-specific 3D-printed implants are beginning to appear and may have significant impact on cosmetic and life-saving procedures in the future. In summary, cardiothoracic 3D printing is rapidly evolving and may be a potential game-changer for surgeons. The imager who is equipped with the tools to apply this new imaging science to cardiothoracic care is thus ideally positioned to innovate in this new emerging imaging modality.
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Leng S, McGee K, Morris J, Alexander A, Kuhlmann J, Vrieze T, McCollough CH, Matsumoto J. Anatomic modeling using 3D printing: quality assurance and optimization. 3D Print Med 2017; 3:6. [PMID: 29782614 PMCID: PMC5954797 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-017-0014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study is to provide a framework for the development of a quality assurance (QA) program for use in medical 3D printing applications. An interdisciplinary QA team was built with expertise from all aspects of 3D printing. A systematic QA approach was established to assess the accuracy and precision of each step during the 3D printing process, including: image data acquisition, segmentation and processing, and 3D printing and cleaning. Validation of printed models was performed by qualitative inspection and quantitative measurement. The latter was achieved by scanning the printed model with a high resolution CT scanner to obtain images of the printed model, which were registered to the original patient images and the distance between them was calculated on a point-by-point basis. Results A phantom-based QA process, with two QA phantoms, was also developed. The phantoms went through the same 3D printing process as that of the patient models to generate printed QA models. Physical measurement, fit tests, and image based measurements were performed to compare the printed 3D model to the original QA phantom, with its known size and shape, providing an end-to-end assessment of errors involved in the complete 3D printing process. Measured differences between the printed model and the original QA phantom ranged from -0.32 mm to 0.13 mm for the line pair pattern. For a radial-ulna patient model, the mean distance between the original data set and the scanned printed model was -0.12 mm (ranging from -0.57 to 0.34 mm), with a standard deviation of 0.17 mm. Conclusions A comprehensive QA process from image acquisition to completed model has been developed. Such a program is essential to ensure the required accuracy of 3D printed models for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Leng
- 1Department of Radiology, 200 First Street SW, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55901 MN USA
| | - Kiaran McGee
- 1Department of Radiology, 200 First Street SW, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55901 MN USA
| | - Jonathan Morris
- 1Department of Radiology, 200 First Street SW, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55901 MN USA
| | - Amy Alexander
- 1Department of Radiology, 200 First Street SW, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55901 MN USA
| | - Joel Kuhlmann
- Division of Engineering, 200 First Street SW, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55901 MN USA
| | - Thomas Vrieze
- 1Department of Radiology, 200 First Street SW, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55901 MN USA
| | - Cynthia H McCollough
- 1Department of Radiology, 200 First Street SW, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55901 MN USA
| | - Jane Matsumoto
- 1Department of Radiology, 200 First Street SW, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55901 MN USA
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Shepard L, Sommer K, Izzo R, Podgorsak A, Wilson M, Said Z, Rybicki FJ, Mitsouras D, Rudin S, Angel E, Ionita CN. Initial Simulated FFR Investigation Using Flow Measurements in Patient-specific 3D Printed Coronary Phantoms. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [PMID: 28649159 DOI: 10.1117/12.2253889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Accurate patient-specific phantoms for device testing or endovascular treatment planning can be 3D printed. We expand the applicability of this approach for cardiovascular disease, in particular, for CT-geometry derived benchtop measurements of Fractional Flow Reserve, the reference standard for determination of significant individual coronary artery atherosclerotic lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Coronary CT Angiography (CTA) images during a single heartbeat were acquired with a 320×0.5mm detector row scanner (Toshiba Aquilion ONE). These coronary CTA images were used to create 4 patient-specific cardiovascular models with various grades of stenosis: severe, <75% (n=1); moderate, 50-70% (n=1); and mild, <50% (n=2). DICOM volumetric images were segmented using a 3D workstation (Vitrea, Vital Images); the output was used to generate STL files (using AutoDesk Meshmixer), and further processed to create 3D printable geometries for flow experiments. Multi-material printed models (Stratasys Connex3) were connected to a programmable pulsatile pump, and the pressure was measured proximal and distal to the stenosis using pressure transducers. Compliance chambers were used before and after the model to modulate the pressure wave. A flow sensor was used to ensure flow rates within physiological reported values. RESULTS 3D model based FFR measurements correlated well with stenosis severity. FFR measurements for each stenosis grade were: 0.8 severe, 0.7 moderate and 0.88 mild. CONCLUSIONS 3D printed models of patient-specific coronary arteries allows for accurate benchtop diagnosis of FFR. This approach can be used as a future diagnostic tool or for testing CT image-based FFR methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Shepard
- University Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.,Toshiba Stroke and Vascular Research Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Kelsey Sommer
- University Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.,Toshiba Stroke and Vascular Research Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Richard Izzo
- University Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.,Toshiba Stroke and Vascular Research Center, Buffalo, NY.,The Jacobs Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Alexander Podgorsak
- University Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.,Toshiba Stroke and Vascular Research Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Michael Wilson
- Interventional Cardiology, University at Buffalo Medicine, UBMD, Buffalo, NY
| | - Zaid Said
- Interventional Cardiology, University at Buffalo Medicine, UBMD, Buffalo, NY
| | - Frank J Rybicki
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and the Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, CA
| | | | - Stephen Rudin
- University Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.,Toshiba Stroke and Vascular Research Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Erin Angel
- Toshiba American Medical Systems, Tustin, CA
| | - Ciprian N Ionita
- University Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.,Toshiba Stroke and Vascular Research Center, Buffalo, NY
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Computer-Based Vertebral Tumor Cryoablation Planning and Procedure Simulation Involving Two Cases Using MRI-Visible 3D Printing and Advanced Visualization. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2016; 207:1128-1131. [PMID: 27505064 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.16.16059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We report the development and use of MRI-compatible and MRI-visible 3D printed models in conjunction with advanced visualization software models to plan and simulate safe access routes to achieve a theoretic zone of cryoablation for percutaneous image-guided treatment of a C7 pedicle osteoid osteoma and an L1 lamina osteoblastoma. Both models altered procedural planning and patient care. CONCLUSION Patient-specific MRI-visible models can be helpful in planning complex percutaneous image-guided cryoablation procedures.
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